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Zhou JS, Liu ZN, Chen YY, Liu YX, Shen H, Hou LJ, Ding Y. New advances in circulating tumor cell‑mediated metastasis of breast cancer (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 19:71. [PMID: 37614367 PMCID: PMC10442766 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent form of cancer affecting women, with metastasis serving as a leading cause of mortality among patients with breast cancer. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the metastatic mechanism in breast cancer is essential for early detection and precision treatment of the disease. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a vital role in this context, representing cancer cells that detach from tumor tissues and enter the bloodstream of cancer patients. These cells travel in the blood circulation as single cells or clusters. Recent research has shed light on the enhanced metastatic potential of CTC clusters compared to single CTCs, despite their limited occurrence. The aim of the present review was to explore recent findings on CTCs with a particular focus on the clustering phenomenon of CTCs observed in breast cancer. Additionally, the present review delved into the comparison between single CTCs and CTC clusters regarding their implications for the treatment and prognosis of patients diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. By examining the role and mechanisms of CTCs in breast cancer metastasis, the present review provided an improved understanding of CTCs and their significance in early detection of breast cancer metastasis through peripheral blood analysis. Moreover, it contributed to the comprehension of cancer prognosis and prediction by highlighting the implications of CTCs in these aspects. Ultimately, the present study seeks to advance knowledge in the field and pave the way for improved approaches to breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Shan Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Ning Liu
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xi Liu
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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Ma L, Li C, Yin H, Huang J, Yu S, Zhao J, Tang Y, Yu M, Lin J, Ding L, Cui Q. The Mechanism of DNA Methylation and miRNA in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119360. [PMID: 37298314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world. Currently, the main treatments for breast cancer are radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and surgery. The treatment measures for breast cancer depend on the molecular subtype. Thus, the exploration of the underlying molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for breast cancer remains a hotspot in research. In breast cancer, a high level of expression of DNMTs is highly correlated with poor prognosis, that is, the abnormal methylation of tumor suppressor genes usually promotes tumorigenesis and progression. MiRNAs, as non-coding RNAs, have been identified to play key roles in breast cancer. The aberrant methylation of miRNAs could lead to drug resistance during the aforementioned treatment. Therefore, the regulation of miRNA methylation might serve as a therapeutic target in breast cancer. In this paper, we reviewed studies on the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA and DNA methylation in breast cancer from the last decade, focusing on the promoter region of tumor suppressor miRNAs methylated by DNMTs and the highly expressed oncogenic miRNAs inhibited by DNMTs or activating TETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Ma
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Hanlin Yin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Jiashu Huang
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Shenghao Yu
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yongxu Tang
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Min Yu
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, Kunming 650214, China
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Scannell Bryan M, Ogundiran T, Ojengbede O, Zheng W, Blot W, Domcheck S, Hennis A, Nemesure B, Ambs S, Olopade OI, Huo D. Associations between age of menarche and genetic variation in women of African descent: genome-wide association study and polygenic score analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 76:411-417. [PMID: 34706928 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-216000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many diseases of adulthood are associated with a woman's age at menarche. Genetic variation affects age at menarche, but it remains unclear whether in women of African ancestry the timing of menarche is regulated by genetic variants that were identified in predominantly European and East Asian populations. METHODS We explored the genetic architecture of age at menarche in 3145 women of African ancestry who live in the USA, Barbados and Nigeria. We undertook a genome-wide association study, and evaluated the performance of previously identified variants. RESULTS One variant was associated with age at menarche, a deletion at chromosome 2 (chr2:207216165) (p=1.14×10-8). 349 genotyped variants overlapped with these identified in populations of non-African ancestry; these replicated weakly, with 51.9% having concordant directions of effect. However, collectively, a polygenic score constructed of those previous variants was suggestively associated with age at menarche (beta=0.288 years; p=0.041). Further, this association was strong in women enrolled in the USA and Barbados (beta=0.445 years, p=0.008), but not in Nigerian women (beta=0.052 years; p=0.83). DISCUSSION This study suggests that in women of African ancestry the genetic drivers of age at menarche may differ from those identified in populations of non-African ancestry, and that these differences are more pronounced in women living in Nigeria, although some associated trait loci may be shared across populations. This highlights the need for well-powered ancestry-specific genetic studies to fully characterise the genetic influences of age at menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Scannell Bryan
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Temidayo Ogundiran
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oladosu Ojengbede
- Center for Population and Reproductive Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan Domcheck
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anselm Hennis
- Chronic Disease Research Centre, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Preventative Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Olufunmilayo I Olopade
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Sanches SM, Braun AC, Calsavara VF, Barbosa PNVP, Chinen LTD. Comparison of hormonal receptor expression and HER2 status between circulating tumor cells and breast cancer metastases. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2971. [PMID: 34644733 PMCID: PMC8478133 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breast cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm in women. Biopsy of metastatic lesions is recommended to confirm estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status as there are discrepancies in these patterns between primary tumors and metastases in up to 40% of the cases. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are related to BC outcomes and could potentially be an alternative to the invasive procedures of metastasis rebiopsy. ISET® technology is not currently employed to detect CTCs in patients with BC. Emerging data support that the characterization of CTC protein expression can refine its prognostic value. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays a role in BC progression and invasiveness. Thus, in this study, we aimed to compare ER, PR, and HER2 expression in primary tumors, CTCs, and metastases and evaluate TGF-β type 1 receptor (TGF-β RI) expression in CTCs as prognostic factor for progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). METHODS This prospective study was conducted at the A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Brazil. Blood samples were processed in ISET® (Isolation by SizE of Tumors, Rarecells, France) before computed tomography-guided biopsy of suspected metastatic lesions. Protein expression levels in CTCs were compared to those in primary tumors/metastases (medical records). RESULTS Of the 39 patients initially included, 27 underwent both biopsies of metastases and blood collection and were considered for analysis. The concordance rates for ER, PR, and HER2 expression between primary tumors and metastases were high. No loss of HER2 expression at any metastasis site and retention of the same pattern of protein expression in all triple-negative (TN) tumors (92.5%, 81.5% and 96.2% respectively) (p<0.0001) was observed. When metastases/CTCs were classified as TN/non-TN, CTCs showed high specificity (93%), accuracy (84.2%), and negative predictive value (88%). The median OS of patients without TGF-β RI expression in CTCs was 42.6 versus 20.8 months for TGF-β RI expression-positive ones (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The role of CTCs detected by ISET has not yet been established in BC. Here, we suggest that this methodology may be useful to evaluate metastasis in non-TN cases as well as TGF-β RI expression in CTCs, which may impact patient survival. Due to sample limitations, future studies must focus on specific BC subtypes and an expansion of the cohort.
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Wen Y, Lin A, Zhu W, Wei T, Luo P, Guo L, Zhang J. Catenin Alpha-2 Mutation Changes the Immune Microenvironment in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:645862. [PMID: 34163353 PMCID: PMC8215613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.645862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer has always been the most prevalent cancer. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common lung cancer subtype and has a high tumor mutation rate. In addition to KRAS, EGFR, ALK, HER2, ROS1, and BRAF, which are known to have high mutation rates, we discovered some new mutated genes, such as catenin alpha-2 (CTNNA2), in LUAD patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). These mutant genes are potential therapeutic targets for LUAD. Methods: We analyzed a cohort of LUAD patients with somatic mutation and survival data in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and a cohort of LUAD patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors with clinical data and whole-exome sequencing (WES) mutation data to evaluate the role of CTNNA2 gene mutation in LUAD. In addition, CIBERSORT was used to analyze the immune characteristics of CTNNA2 wild-type patients and CTNNA2 mutant-type patients, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was employed for pathway enrichment analysis. The results were verified by downloading data regarding the drug sensitivity of LUAD cell lines from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database. Results: We found that CTNNA2 mutation was associated with longer overall survival (OS) in LUAD patients. Analysis of the cohort from the Cancer Genome Atlas showed that patients with CTNNA2 mutation had more tumor neoantigens and a greater tumor mutation burden (TMB). Through further analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment, we found that in LUAD patients with CTNNA2 mutations, the gene expression levels of chemokine C-X-C motif chemokine 9 (CXCL9) and granzyme B (GZMB) were elevated, and the gene expression level of inhibitory receptor killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 (KIR2DL1) was significantly reduced. These alterations might affect gene expression in macrophages, NK cells, and mast cell markers. In addition, LUAD patients with CTNNA2 mutation had a significantly increased number of mutations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes. The drug susceptibility results and gene set enrichment analysis showed that after CTNNA2 mutation occurred, changes were found in the DNA damage response pathway, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and others, indicating that CTNNA2 mutation can regulate the activation of PI3K and DDR pathways. Conclusion: Our findings provide novel insights into the underlying pathogenesis of LUAD. CTNNA2 mutation can change the immune microenvironment, thereby improving patient prognosis. The results also suggest that CTNNA2 may become a new biomarker and therapeutic target for LUAD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wen
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li C, Liu T, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zuo D. Prognostic value of tumour microenvironment-related genes by TCGA database in rectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5811-5822. [PMID: 33949771 PMCID: PMC8184694 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rectal cancer is a common malignant tumour and the progression is highly affected by the tumour microenvironment (TME). This study intended to assess the relationship between TME and prognosis, and explore prognostic genes of rectal cancer. The gene expression profile of rectal cancer was obtained from TCGA and immune/stromal scores were calculated by Estimation of Stromal and Immune cells in Malignant Tumors using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm. The correlation between immune/stromal scores and survival time as well as clinical characteristics were evaluated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified according to the stromal/immune scores, and the functional enrichment analyses were conducted to explore functions and pathways of DEGs. The survival analyses were conducted to clarify the DEGs with prognostic value, and the protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network was performed to explore the interrelation of prognostic DEGs. Finally, we validated prognostic DEGs using data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database by PrognoScan, and we verified these genes at the protein levels using the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. We downloaded gene expression profiles of 83 rectal cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The Kaplan‐Meier plot demonstrated that low‐immune score was associated with worse clinical outcome (P = .034), metastasis (M1 vs. M0, P = .031) and lymphatic invasion (+ vs. ‐, P < .001). A total of 540 genes were screened as DEGs with 539 up‐regulated genes and 1 down‐regulated gene. In addition, 60 DEGs were identified associated with overall survival. Functional enrichment analyses and PPI networks showed that the DEGs are mainly participated in immune process, and cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction. Finally, 19 prognostic genes were verified by GSE17536 and GSE17537 from GEO, and five genes (ADAM23, ARHGAP20, ICOS, IRF4,MMRN1) were significantly different in tumour tissues compared with normal tissues at the protein level. In summary, our study demonstrated the associations between TME and prognosis as well as clinical characteristics of rectal cancer. Moreover, we explored and verified microenvironment‐related genes, which may be the potential key prognostic genes of rectal cancer. Further clinical samples and functional studies are needed to validate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Didi Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Devani K, Plastow G, Orsel K, Valente TS. Genome-wide association study for mammary structure in Canadian Angus cows. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237818. [PMID: 32853245 PMCID: PMC7451565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and enduring mammary structure is pivotal for producer profitability, and animal health and welfare in beef production. Genetic evaluations for teat and udder score in Canadian Angus cattle have previously been developed. The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with teat and udder structure in Canadian Angus cows thereby enhancing knowledge of the biological architecture of these traits. Thus, we performed a weighted single-step genome wide association study (WssGWAS) to identify candidate genes for teat and udder score in 1,582 Canadian Angus cows typed with the GeneSeek® Genomic Profiler Bovine 130K SNP array. Genomically enhanced estimated breeding values (GEBVs) were converted to SNP marker effects using unequal variances for markers to calculate weights for each SNP over three iterations. At the genome wide level, we detected windows of 20 consecutive SNPs that explained more than 0.5% of the variance observed in these traits. A total of 35 and 28 windows were identified for teat and udder score, respectively, with two SNP windows in common for both traits. Using Ensembl, the SNP windows were used to search for candidate genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL). A total of 94 and 71 characterized genes were identified in the regions for teat and udder score, respectively. Of these, 7 genes were common for both traits. Gene network and enrichment analysis, using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), signified key pathways unique to each trait. Genes of interest were associated with immune response and wound healing, adipose tissue development and morphology, and epithelial and vascular development and morphology. Genetic architecture from this GWAS confirms that teat and udder score are distinct, polygenic traits involving varying and complex biological pathways, and that genetic selection for improved teat and udder score is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Devani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tiago S. Valente
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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EMT-Associated Heterogeneity in Circulating Tumor Cells: Sticky Friends on the Road to Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061632. [PMID: 32575608 PMCID: PMC7352430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) generate hybrid phenotypes with an enhanced ability to adapt to diverse microenvironments encountered during the metastatic spread. Accordingly, EMTs play a crucial role in the biology of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and contribute to their heterogeneity. Here, we review major EMT-driven properties that may help hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal CTCs to survive in the bloodstream and accomplish early phases of metastatic colonization. We then discuss how interrogating EMT in CTCs as a companion biomarker could help refine cancer patient management, further supporting the relevance of CTCs in personalized medicine.
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MicroRNAs Contribute to Breast Cancer Invasiveness. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111361. [PMID: 31683635 PMCID: PMC6912645 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer statistics in 2018 highlight an 8.6 million incidence in female cancers, and 4.2 million cancer deaths globally. Moreover, breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in females and twenty percent of these develop metastasis. This provides only a small chance for successful therapy, and identification of new molecular markers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of metastatic disease and development of innovative therapeutic molecules are therefore urgently required. Differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancers cause multiple changes in the expression of the tumorigenesis-promoting genes which have mostly been investigated in breast cancers. Herein, we summarize recent data on breast cancer-specific miRNA expression profiles and their participation in regulating invasive processes, in association with changes in cytoskeletal structure, cell-cell adhesion junctions, cancer cell-extracellular matrix interactions, tumor microenvironments, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions and cancer cell stem abilities. We then focused on the epigenetic regulation of individual miRNAs and their modified interactions with other regulatory genes, and reviewed the function of miRNA isoforms and exosome-mediated miRNA transfer in cancer invasiveness. Although research into miRNA’s function in cancer is still ongoing, results herein contribute to improved metastatic cancer management.
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10
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Saha N, Robev D, Himanen JP, Nikolov DB. ADAM proteases: Emerging role and targeting of the non-catalytic domains. Cancer Lett 2019; 467:50-57. [PMID: 31593799 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ADAM proteases are multi domain transmembrane metalloproteases that cleave a range of cell surface proteins and activate signaling pathways implicated in tumor progression, including those mediated by Notch, EFGR, and the Eph receptors. Consequently, they have emerged as key therapeutic targets in the efforts to inhibit tumor initiation and progression. To that end, two main approaches have been taken to develop ADAM antagonists: (i) small molecule inhibitors, and (ii) monoclonal antibodies. In this mini-review we describe the distinct features of ADAM proteases, particularly of ADAM10 and ADAM17, their domain organization, conformational rearrangements, regulation, as well as their emerging importance as therapeutic targets in cancer. Further, we highlight an anti-ADAM10 monoclonal antibody that we have recently developed, which has shown significant promise in inhibiting Notch signaling and deterring growth of solid tumors in pre-clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanendu Saha
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Dorothea Robev
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Juha P Himanen
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dimitar B Nikolov
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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11
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Zmetakova I, Kalinkova L, Smolkova B, Horvathova Kajabova V, Cierna Z, Danihel L, Bohac M, Sedlackova T, Minarik G, Karaba M, Benca J, Cihova M, Buocikova V, Miklikova S, Mego M, Fridrichova I. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 23 hypermethylation predicts decreased disease-free survival in low-risk breast cancer patients. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1695-1704. [PMID: 30815959 PMCID: PMC6500989 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 23 (ADAM23), a member of the ADAM family, is involved in neuronal differentiation and cancer. ADAM23 is considered a possible tumor suppressor gene and is frequently downregulated in various types of malignancies. Its epigenetic silencing through promoter hypermethylation was observed in breast cancer (BC). In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of ADAM23 promoter methylation for hematogenous spread and disease-free survival (DFS). Pyrosequencing was used to quantify ADAM23 methylation in tumors of 203 BC patients. Presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in their peripheral blood was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression of epithelial (KRT19) or mesenchymal (epithelial-mesenchymal transition [EMT]-inducing transcription factors TWIST1, SNAI1, SLUG and ZEB1) mRNA transcripts was examined in CD45-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ADAM23 methylation was significantly lower in tumors of patients with the mesenchymal CTC (P = .006). It positively correlated with Ki-67 proliferation, especially in mesenchymal CTC-negative patients (P = .001). In low-risk patients, characterized by low Ki-67 and mesenchymal CTC absence, ADAM23 hypermethylation was an independent predictor of DFS (P = .006). Our results indicate that ADAM23 is likely involved in BC progression and dissemination of mesenchymal CTC. ADAM23 methylation has the potential to function as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Zmetakova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Lenka Kalinkova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | | | - Zuzana Cierna
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Ludovit Danihel
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Martin Bohac
- 2nd Department of OncologyFaculty of MedicineNational Cancer InstituteComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Tatiana Sedlackova
- Institute of Molecular BiomedicineFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Institute of Molecular BiomedicineFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Marian Karaba
- 2nd Department of OncologyFaculty of MedicineNational Cancer InstituteComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
- Department of OncosurgeryNational Cancer InstituteBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Juraj Benca
- Department of OncosurgeryNational Cancer InstituteBratislavaSlovakia
- Department of MedicineSt. Elizabeth UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Marina Cihova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Verona Buocikova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Svetlana Miklikova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of OncologyFaculty of MedicineNational Cancer InstituteComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Ivana Fridrichova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
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