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Huang Q, Zhu L, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Thymic epithelial tumor medical treatment: A narrative review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189167. [PMID: 39117091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors, a malignancy originating in the thymus, are the commonest primary neoplasm of the anterior mediastinum; however, among thoracic tumors, they have a relatively low incidence rare. Thymic epithelial tumors can be broadly classified into thymic carcinoma and thymoma. As the cornerstone of thymic tumor treatment, surgery is the preferred treatment for early-stage patients, whereas, for advanced unresectable thymic tumors, the treatment is chemoradiotherapy. Targeted therapy is less effective for thymic tumors. Moreover, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors as another effective treatment option for advanced unresectable thymic tumors, particularly thymomas, is limited owing to immune-related adverse effects. Here, we have summarized all pertinent information regarding chemotherapy, especially preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and chemotherapy in combination with other treatments, and reviewed the effectiveness of these procedures and recent advances in targeted therapy. In addition, we analyzed the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in thymic epithelial tumors, to provide a holistic treatment view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Kamal K, Richardsdotter‐Andersson E, Dondalska A, Wahren‐Herlenius M, Spetz A. A Non-Coding Oligonucleotide Recruits Cutaneous CD11b + Cells that Inhibit Thelper Responses and Promote Tregs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400260. [PMID: 38896803 PMCID: PMC11336929 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Skin-resident antigen-presenting cells (APC) play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance via immune checkpoint proteins and induction of T regulatory cells (Tregs). However, there is a lack of knowledge on how to expand or recruit immunoregulatory cutaneous cells without causing inflammation. Here, it is shown that administration of a non-coding single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON) leads to CCR2-dependent accumulation of CD45+CD11b+Ly6C+ cells in the skin that express substantial levels of PD-L1 and ILT3. Transcriptomic analyses of skin biopsies reveal the upregulation of key immunosuppressive genes after ssON administration. Functionally, the cutaneous CD11b+ cells inhibit Th1/2/9 responses and promote the induction of CD4+FoxP3+ T-cells. In addition, ssON treatment of imiquimod-induced inflammation results in significantly reduced Th17 responses. It is also shown that induction of IL-10 production in the presence of cutaneous CD11b+ cells isolated after ssON administrations is partly PD-L1 dependent. Altogether, an immunomodulatory ssON is identified that can be used therapeutically to recruit cutaneous CD11b+ cells with the capacity to dampen Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahkashan Kamal
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 20CStockholmSE‐106 91Sweden
| | | | - Aleksandra Dondalska
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 20CStockholmSE‐106 91Sweden
| | - Marie Wahren‐Herlenius
- Department of MedicineKarolinska University HospitalKarolinska InstitutetVisionsgatan 18, L8SolnaSE‐171 76Sweden
| | - Anna‐Lena Spetz
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 20CStockholmSE‐106 91Sweden
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Li J, Deng Z, Liu Y, Jin J, Xie C, Gan J. Prognostic and immunological significance of metastasis-associated protein 3 in patients with thymic epithelial tumors. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:216. [PMID: 38852126 PMCID: PMC11162987 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising anticancer activity and have recently been proposed as a therapy for thymic epithelial tumors (TETs); however, this treatment is only effective for a subgroup of TET patients. Thus, this study aims to identify the potential genes implicated in the regulation of cancer immunity in TETs. METHODS The TETs RNA-seq and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The clinical significance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in TETs was evaluated. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify the immune response-related hub genes. The expression of metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3) in TETs was investigated in public datasets and a patient cohort. Kaplan‒Meier curves were generated to analyze the prognostic value of various factors. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER2.0) was used to estimate the relevance of MTA3 to immune cell infiltration. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and pathway enrichment analysis were applied to explore the MTA3-related pathways. RESULTS The TME was found to be clinically significant in TETs. Moreover, MTA3 was identified as a key gene associated with the immune score, and lower MTA3 expression was linked to poor TME and reduced cytotoxic activity in TETs. Furthermore, MTA3 was found to be deregulated in TETs, predictive of poor prognosis. MTA3 was also significantly associated with the infiltration levels of various immune cell types and highly correlated with their corresponding markers. Notably, MTA3 was positively associated with various immune response pathways. CONCLUSION MTA3 is clinically significant in TETs and correlated with immune cell infiltration. Thus, MTA3 might be a biomarker for predicting the prognosis and immune status of TET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhenyan Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guilin Hospital of the Second Xiangya Hospital CSU, Guilin, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiamin Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chichu Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jinfeng Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
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Dakal TC, George N, Xu C, Suravajhala P, Kumar A. Predictive and Prognostic Relevance of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells: Tailoring Personalized Treatments against Different Cancer Types. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1626. [PMID: 38730579 PMCID: PMC11082991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
TIICs are critical components of the TME and are used to estimate prognostic and treatment responses in many malignancies. TIICs in the tumor microenvironment are assessed and quantified by categorizing immune cells into three subtypes: CD66b+ tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In addition, many cancers have tumor-infiltrating M1 and M2 macrophages, neutrophils (Neu), CD4+ T cells (T-helper), CD8+ T cells (T-cytotoxic), eosinophils, and mast cells. A variety of clinical treatments have linked tumor immune cell infiltration (ICI) to immunotherapy receptivity and prognosis. To improve the therapeutic effectiveness of immune-modulating drugs in a wider cancer patient population, immune cells and their interactions in the TME must be better understood. This study examines the clinicopathological effects of TIICs in overcoming tumor-mediated immunosuppression to boost antitumor immune responses and improve cancer prognosis. We successfully analyzed the predictive and prognostic usefulness of TIICs alongside TMB and ICI scores to identify cancer's varied immune landscapes. Traditionally, immune cell infiltration was quantified using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE, and other platforms that use integrated immune gene sets from previously published studies. We have also thoroughly examined traditional limitations and newly created unsupervised clustering and deconvolution techniques (SpatialVizScore and ProTICS). These methods predict patient outcomes and treatment responses better. These models may also identify individuals who may benefit more from adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. Overall, we think that the significant contribution of TIICs in cancer will greatly benefit postoperative follow-up, therapy, interventions, and informed choices on customized cancer medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nancy George
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
| | - Caiming Xu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O. 690525, Kerala, India;
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
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Perrino M, Voulaz E, Balin S, Cazzato G, Fontana E, Franzese S, Defendi M, De Vincenzo F, Cordua N, Tamma R, Borea F, Aliprandi M, Airoldi M, Cecchi LG, Fazio R, Alloisio M, Marulli G, Santoro A, Di Tommaso L, Ingravallo G, Russo L, Da Rin G, Villa A, Della Bella S, Zucali PA, Mavilio D. Autoimmunity in thymic epithelial tumors: a not yet clarified pathologic paradigm associated with several unmet clinical needs. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1288045. [PMID: 38629065 PMCID: PMC11018877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1288045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare mediastinal cancers originating from the thymus, classified in two main histotypes: thymoma and thymic carcinoma (TC). TETs affect a primary lymphoid organ playing a critical role in keeping T-cell homeostasis and ensuring an adequate immunological tolerance against "self". In particular, thymomas and not TC are frequently associated with autoimmune diseases (ADs), with Myasthenia Gravis being the most common AD present in 30% of patients with thymoma. This comorbidity, in addition to negatively affecting the quality and duration of patients' life, reduces the spectrum of the available therapeutic options. Indeed, the presence of autoimmunity represents an exclusion criteria for the administration of the newest immunotherapeutic treatments with checkpoint inhibitors. The pathophysiological correlation between TETs and autoimmunity remains a mystery. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of a residual and active thymopoiesis in adult patients affected by thymomas, especially in mixed and lymphocytic-rich thymomas, currently known as type AB and B thymomas. The aim of this review is to provide the state of art in regard to the histological features of the different TET histotype, to the role of the different immune cells infiltrating tumor microenvironments and their impact in the break of central immunologic thymic tolerance in thymomas. We discuss here both cellular and molecular immunologic mechanisms inducing the onset of autoimmunity in TETs, limiting the portfolio of therapeutic strategies against TETs and greatly impacting the prognosis of associated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Perrino
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Voulaz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Balin
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
- Human Genome and Biomedical Technologies Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Franzese
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Defendi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio De Vincenzo
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Cordua
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Borea
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Aliprandi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Airoldi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Giovanni Cecchi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Fazio
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Alloisio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marulli
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Armando Santoro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- Clinical Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Da Rin
- Clinical Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Andrea Zucali
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Nabe Y, Inoue M, Yoshida J. Perspectives on surgical treatment for thymic epithelial tumors: a narrative review. Gland Surg 2024; 13:225-235. [PMID: 38455346 PMCID: PMC10915418 DOI: 10.21037/gs-23-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Thymic epithelial tumors are relatively rare; thus, mostly retrospective studies and a few prospective randomized controlled trials have been conducted on the treatment and the biomarkers, with no standard therapy established. Indications for extended thymectomy, robot-assisted thoracic surgery, and multidisciplinary treatment are controversial. Here, we considered the prospects of surgical treatment and the possibility of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment for thymic epithelial tumors. Methods This is a narrative review; PubMed was searched using a set of keywords related to thymoma and its proposed treatments over the last 5 years. Key Content and Findings Thymic epithelial tumors are associated with autoimmune diseases. They are relatively rare, and their pathology remains unclear. Therefore, accumulating more case reports is important. Surgical resection is generally considered for both diagnosis and treatment. If the tumor has a strong tendency to invade surrounding areas, such as thymic carcinoma/thymoma, the diagnosis may be confirmed preoperatively by needle biopsy, and induction chemotherapy may be selected. Surgical resection is the most effective treatment, and complete resection is important. In cases where complete resection is difficult, multidisciplinary treatment is performed. Although there are various obstacles, using ICIs may prove effective for treatment both as preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy in the future, as shown for other cancers. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immunoinhibitory molecule that suppresses T cells activation, leading to tumor progression. Overexpression of PD-L1 in some cancers is associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, the role of PD-L1 expression as a prognostic factor remains controversial. Therefore, various biomarkers other than PD-L1 have been identified. Conclusions We reviewed the latest treatments for thymic epithelial tumors. If new therapeutic agents such as ICIs and molecular-targeted drugs are developed, this review suggests that surgery will become more important not only as therapy but also as part of multidisciplinary treatment that includes tissue collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nabe
- Department of Chest Surgery, Shimonoseki City Hospital, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inoue
- Department of Chest Surgery, Shimonoseki City Hospital, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Department of Chest Surgery, Shimonoseki City Hospital, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Zhang P, Liu Y, Chen S, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Li J, Yang Z, Xiong K, Duan S, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang P. Distribution of multi-level B cell subsets in thymoma and thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2674. [PMID: 38302676 PMCID: PMC10834956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
B-cell subsets in peripheral blood (PB) and tumor microenvironment (TME) were evaluated to determine myasthenia gravis (MG) severity in patients with thymoma-associated MG (TMG) and the distribution of B cells in type B TMG. The distribution of mature B cells, including Bm1-Bm5, CD19+ and CD20+ B cells and non-switched (NSMBCs) and switched (SMBCs) memory B cells, were determined in 79 patients with thymoma or TMG. Quantitative relationships between the T and TMG groups and the TMG-low and TMG-high subgroups were determined. NSMBCs and SMBCs were compared in TME and PB. Type B thymoma was more likely to develop into MG, with types B2 and B3 being especially associated with MG worsening. The percentage of CD19+ B cells in PB gradually increased, whereas the percentage of CD20+ B cells and the CD19/CD20 ratio were not altered. The (Bm2 + Bm2')/(eBm5 + Bm5) index was significantly higher in the TMG-high than in thymoma group. The difference between SMBC/CD19+ and NSMBC/CD19+ B cell ratios was significantly lower in the thymoma than TMG group. NSMBCs assembled around tertiary lymphoid tissue in thymomas of patients with TMG. Few NSMBCs were observed in patients with thymoma alone, with these cells being diffusely distributed. MG severity in patients with TMG can be determined by measuring CD19+ B cells and Bm1-Bm5 in PB. The CD19/CD20 ratio is a marker of disease severity in TMG patients. Differences between NSMBCs and SMBCs in PB and TME of thymomas can synergistically determine MG severity in patients with TMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shuning Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zeyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Tianjin Ruichuang Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Tianjin, China
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Xie Y, Tang G, Xie P, Zhao X, Chen C, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang B, Luo Y. High CD204 + tumor-associated macrophage density predicts a poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Cancer 2024; 15:1511-1522. [PMID: 38370385 PMCID: PMC10869983 DOI: 10.7150/jca.91928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in solid tumors and display varying characteristics depending on the specific tumor microenvironment (TME). The study investigated the presence and characteristics of TAMs in renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and assessed their influence on patient prognosis. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to identify CD204+ TAMs in a cohort of 72 patients with ccRCC. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test were used to evaluate the prognostic significance of CD204+ TAMs in each group. The TCGA-KIRC cohort was used to analyze the relationship between CD204 and immunity. The functions of CD204+ TAMs in the TCGA-KIRC cohort were analyzed through GO enrichment analysis. Immunofluorescence (IF) was conducted to confirm the positive effects of CD204 on regulatory T (Treg) cells and exhausted T (Tex) cells. Results: There was a negative relation between high infiltration of CD204+ TAMs and both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in ccRCC. A positive correlation was found between high-infiltrating CD204+ TAMs and distant organ metastasis, as well as lymph node metastasis. In the TCGA-KIRC cohort, the group with high expression of CD204 exhibited significant up-regulation of 120 genes as well as enrichment in the negative regulation of immunity. CD204 high-expression group showed up-regulation of Treg cells and Tex cells. Conclusion: The presence of CD204+ TAMs in ccRCC is associated with a negative prognosis in patients. The high infiltration of CD204 promotes distant organ metastasis by aggerating Treg cells and Tex cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Xie
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Urology, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojun Tang
- The First People's Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, 526000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xie
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Urology, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Urology, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuhao Chen
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Urology, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Urology, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Urology, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Urology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Luo
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Urology, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
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Lin J, Huang G, Zeng Q, Zhang R, Lin Y, Li Y, Huang B, Pan H. IGFBP5, as a Prognostic Indicator Promotes Tumor Progression and Correlates with Immune Microenvironment in Glioma. J Cancer 2024; 15:232-250. [PMID: 38164271 PMCID: PMC10751672 DOI: 10.7150/jca.87733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) is highly expressed in multiple human cancers, including glioma. Despite this, it remains unclear what role it plays in glioma. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether IGFBP5 could be used as a predictor of prognosis and immune infiltration in glioma. Methods: Glioma patients' clinical information was collected from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), Rembrandt, and Gravendeel databases. The diagnostic and prognostic roles of IGFBP5 were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier survival curves, diagnostic receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, nomogram model, Cox regression analysis and Enrichment analysis by R software. Moreover, the correlation between IGFBP5 expression and immune cell infiltration, and immune checkpoint genes was conducted. Immunohistochemistry staining, CCK8, colony formation, scratch and transwell assays and western blot were used to interrogate the expression and function of IGFBP5 in glioma. Results: IGFBP5 levels were obviously increased in glioma with higher malignancy and predicted poor outcomes by Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis. The biological function analysis revealed that IGFBP5 correlated closely with immune signatures. Moreover, IGFBP5 expression was associated with tumor infiltration of B cells, T cells, macrophages, and NK cells. IGFBP5 affected glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion probably involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Hippo-YAP signaling pathway. Further study showed that IGFBP5 induced the expression of PD-L1 and CXCR4. Conclusions: IGFBP5 as an oncogene is a useful biomarker of prognosis and correlates with progression and immune infiltration in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiediao Lin
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Qianru Zeng
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Rendong Zhang
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- The Breast Center, Surgical Oncology Session No. 1, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yaochen Li
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Baohua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Hongchao Pan
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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10
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Barachini S, Pardini E, Burzi IS, Sardo Infirri G, Montali M, Petrini I. Molecular and Functional Key Features and Oncogenic Drivers in Thymic Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:166. [PMID: 38201593 PMCID: PMC10778094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors, comprising thymic carcinomas and thymomas, are rare neoplasms. They differ in histology, prognosis, and association with autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis. Thymomas, but not thymic carcinomas, often harbor GTF2I mutations. Mutations of CDKN2A, TP53, and CDKN2B are the most common thymic carcinomas. The acquisition of mutations in genes that control chromatin modifications and epigenetic regulation occurs in the advanced stages of thymic carcinomas. Anti-angiogenic drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown promising results for the treatment of unresectable tumors. Since thymic carcinomas are frankly aggressive tumors, this report presents insights into their oncogenic drivers, categorized under the established hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Barachini
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Sofia Burzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gisella Sardo Infirri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina Montali
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Petrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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11
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Agrafiotis AC, Brandão M, Berghmans T, Durieux V, Jungels C. Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapies Efficacy in Thymic Epithelial Tumors: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2722. [PMID: 37893096 PMCID: PMC10604659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic epithelial tumors (TET) are rare neoplasms of the anterior mediastinum. Surgery is the mainstay treatment for resectable TET, whereas systemic treatments are reserved for unresectable and metastatic tumors. The development of new treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and targeted therapies, with promising results in other types of solid tumors, has led to the investigation of their potential efficacy in TET. The study of tumor microenvironments (TME) is another field of investigation that has gained the interest of researchers. Taking into account the complex structure of the thymus and its function in the development of immunity, researchers have focused on TME elements that could predict ICI efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary objective of this systematic review was to investigate the efficacy of ICI in TET. Secondary objectives included the toxicity of ICI, the efficacy of targeted therapies in TET, and the evaluation of the elements of TME that may be predictive factors of ICI efficacy. A literature search was conducted in February 2023 using the Ovid Medline and SciVerse Scopus databases. RESULTS 2944 abstracts were retrieved, of which 31 were retained for the systematic review. Five phase II and one retrospective study assessed ICI efficacy. The overall response rate (ORR) varied from 0% to 34%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) ranged from 3.8 to 8.6 months, being lower in thymic carcinoma (TC) (3.8-4.2 months). Median overall survival (OS) ranged from 14.1 to 35.4 months. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 6.6% to 27.3% of patients. Sixteen studies assessed targeted therapies. The most active molecule was lenvatinib, with 38% ORR in patients with TC while no activity was detected for imatinib, erlotinib plus bevacizumab, and saracatinib. Ten studies assessed TME elements that could predict ICI efficacy. Four studies focused on the tumor-infiltrating immune cells suggesting improved outcomes in patients with TC and high tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte densities. Another study showed that CD8+, CD20+, and CD204+ tumor-infiltrating immune cells in cancer stroma might be prognostic biomarkers in TC. Another study identified the immune-related long non-coding RNAs as a predictor of response to ICI. Tumor mutational burden was identified as a predictive factor of ICI efficacy in one study. CONCLUSIONS Despite study heterogeneity, this review shows that ICI could be a therapeutic option for selected patients with TET that are not amenable to curative radical treatment after first-line chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos C. Agrafiotis
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
- European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariana Brandão
- European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Berghmans
- European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Durieux
- European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Bibliothèque des Sciences de la Santé, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiane Jungels
- European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Oncological Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Li E, Qiao H, Sun J, Ma Q, Lin L, He Y, Li S, Mao X, Zhang X, Liao B. Cuproptosis-related gene expression is associated with immune infiltration and CD47/CD24 expression in glioblastoma, and a risk score based on these genes can predict the survival and prognosis of patients. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1011476. [PMID: 37546426 PMCID: PMC10399623 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1011476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most invasive type of glioma, is insensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and has high proliferation and invasive ability, with a 5-year survival rate of <5%. Cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) have been successfully used to predict the prognosis of many types of tumors. However, the relationship between cuproptosis and GBM remains unclear. Methods Here, we sought to identify CRGs in GBM and elucidate their role in the tumor immune microenvironment and prognosis. To that aim, changes in CRGs in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) transcriptional and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GEO4290 and GEO15824) were characterized, and the expression patterns of these genes were analyzed. Results A risk score based on CRG expression characteristics could predict the survival and prognosis of patients with GBM and was significantly associated with immune infiltration levels and the expression of CD47 and CD24, which are immune checkpoints of the "don't eat me "signal. Furthermore, we found that the CDKN2A gene may predict GBM sensitivity and resistance to drugs. Discussion Our findings suggest that CRGs play a crucial role in GBM outcomes and provide new insights into CRG-related target drugs/molecules for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erliang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yixiang He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinggang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Maniar R, Loehrer PJ. Understanding the landscape of immunotherapy in thymic epithelial tumors. Cancer 2023; 129:1162-1172. [PMID: 36808725 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are a rare group of malignancies arising from the thymus. Surgery remains the foundation of treatment for patients with early-stage disease. Limited treatment options are available for the treatment of unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent TETs and are associated with modest clinical efficacy. The emergence of immunotherapies in the treatment of solid tumors has generated significant interest in understanding their role in TET treatment. However, the high rates of comorbid paraneoplastic autoimmune disorders, particularly in thymoma, have tempered expectations regarding the role of immune-based therapies. Clinical studies of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in thymoma and thymic carcinoma have revealed higher frequencies of immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) and limited efficacy. Despite these setbacks, the growing understanding of the thymic tumor microenvironment and systemic immune system has advanced the understanding of these diseases and provided opportunities for novel immunotherapy modalities. Ongoing studies are evaluating numerous immune-based treatments in TETs with the goal of improving clinical efficacy and mitigating IRAE risk. This review will provide insight into the current understanding of the thymic immune microenvironment, outcomes of previous ICB studies, and review treatments currently being explored for the management of TET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Maniar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Patrick J Loehrer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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14
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Katsuya Y, Kitano S, Yamashita M, Ouchi M, Yagishita S, Hamada A, Nakamura H, Hosoda F, Shibata T, Motoi N, Nakayama T, Seto T, Umemura S, Hosomi Y, Satouchi M, Nishio M, Kozuki T, Hida T, Ohe Y, Horinouchi H. Comprehensive biomarker analysis from phase II study of nivolumab in patients with thymic carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 12:966527. [PMID: 36698400 PMCID: PMC9869613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.966527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In a phase II trial of nivolumab in advanced thymic carcinoma (UMIN000022007), long SD (SD for more than 24 weeks) was seen in three patients and irAE (Gr2 or higher) was seen in four patients among 15 patients. Here, we report preplanned comprehensive biomarker analyses. We obtained tumor samples for immunohistochemistry, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma and serum for pharmacokinetic analysis of nivolumab and cytokine evaluations, and whole blood for immuno pharmacogenomic (PGx) analysis. PD-L1 expression on tumor cells were not associated with therapeutic efficacy, but FOXP3 expression in tumor area and stroma, CD204 expression in stroma, and MHC class I in tumor area were all low among long SD patients. PBMC of long SD patients presented with larger number of naïve/memory cells prior to treatment, suggesting priming after nivolumab administration. Immuno-PGx analysis showed non-synonymous SNVs in ITGAX and PDCD1 had some correlation with PFS. Concentration of nivolumab in blood during the treatment was not related to PFS, with their overall trend towards decreased nivolumab concentration in patients with irAEs. Low immunogenicity of thymic carcinoma demonstrated in our study may require the activation of immune systems via a combination of immune checkpoint blockades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Katsuya
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Advanced Medical Development Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamashita
- Advanced Medical Development Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Fundamental Innovative Oncology Core, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yagishita
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hamada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Fundamental Innovative Oncology Core, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan,Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakamura
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Hosoda
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Motoi
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Pathology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Seto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Umemura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukio Hosomi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Honkomagome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Satouchi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishio
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kozuki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Hida
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Gifu, Japan,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ohe
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehito Horinouchi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Hidehito Horinouchi,
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15
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Wang W, Hua S, Li J, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Han B. Tumour microenvironment landscape and immunotherapy response in bladder cancer decoded by stromal MOXD1 based on copper-related genes signature. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1081091. [PMID: 36620542 PMCID: PMC9815449 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1081091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to develop a copper-related gene (CRG) signature that can be used to evaluate prognosis and guide therapeutic management in bladder cancer patients. Methods The raw transcriptome profiles and clinical data of 405 bladder samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and differentially expressed copper-related genes were identifified using the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) database and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. A multigene prognostic signature based on 14 CRGs was developed by least absolute shrinkage and selection operation (LASSO) analysis in the TCGA cohort and validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort. Multiple analyses were then conducted in which the nomograms, clinicopathological features, immune-related cell infifiltration characteristics, and therapy responses of the high- and low-risk score groups were compared. Results A 14 CRGs signature was constructed and used to classify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. Compared to patients classifified as high-risk, low-risk patients in both the TCGA cohort and the GEO cohort had better overall survival. Patients in high-risk groups had more aggressive clinical features, immunologically "cold" infifiltrating characteristics, and experienced lower therapeutic effificacy. We identifified a CRG signature of bladder cancer and validated it using unsupervised clustering analysis. Monooxygenase DBH-like 1 (MOXD1) was further identifified, and its potential for evaluating the tumor immune microenvironment and predicting the immunotherapy response was explored. Discussion These results suggest a novel research direction for precision therapy of bladder cancer and demonstrate that copper-related genes can play a promising role in predicting prognosis and may serve as therapeutic targets for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bangmin Han
- *Correspondence: Juntao Jiang, ; Bangmin Han,
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16
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Agrafiotis AC, Siozopoulou V, Hendriks JMH, Pauwels P, Koljenovic S, Van Schil PE. Tumor Microenvironment in Thymic Epithelial Tumors: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246082. [PMID: 36551568 PMCID: PMC9775621 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and constantly changing entity. The TME consists of stromal cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and innate and adaptive immune cells. Cancer development and progression occurs through this interplay between the tumor and the adjacent stroma. Cancer cells are capable of modifying their microenvironment by secreting various message-carrying molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, and other factors. This action causes a reprogramming of the neighboring cells, which are enabled to play a crucial role in tumor survival and progression. The study of TME has many clinical implications in terms of cancer therapeutics because many new drugs, such as antibodies, kinase inhibitors, and liposome formulations that can encapsulate anti-cancer drugs, can be developed. Although chemotherapy is considered the standard of treatment for advanced disease, recent research has brought to light immunotherapy as a possible systemic alternative. However, the complex structure and function of the thymus hinders its routine use in clinical practice. The aim of this review paper is to discuss the recent advances in the investigation of the unique characteristics of the TME of thymic epithelial tumors that could possibly lead to the development of novel promising therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos C. Agrafiotis
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jeroen M. H. Hendriks
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Laboratory of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Senada Koljenovic
- Laboratory of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul E. Van Schil
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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17
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Huang B, Pan W, Wang W, Wang Y, Liu P, Geng W. Overexpression of Pleckstrin Homology Domain-Containing Family A Member 4 Is Correlated with Poor Prognostic Outcomes and Immune Infiltration in Lower-Grade Glioma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1292648. [PMID: 36408463 PMCID: PMC9674417 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1292648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global incidence of brain tumors, the most common of which is lower grade glioma (LGG), remains high. Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 4 (PLEKHA4) has been reported to be related to tumor invasion and growth. However, its role and correlation with immunity in LGG remain elusive. METHODS We evaluated the expression pattern, prognostic value, biological functions, and immune effects of PLEKHA4 in LGG. We also analyzed the association between PLEKHA4 levels in different tumors, patient prognosis, and its role in tumor immunity. Depending on the type of research data, we used statistical methods such as Student's t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests one-way ANOVA tests Kruskal-Wallis tests Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests in this paper. Results and Conclusions. The results revealed that PLEKHA4 levels were markedly elevated in most tumors (such as LGG). High PLEKHA4 levels are associated with poor overall survival (OS), progression-free interval (PFI) rates, and disease-specific survival (DSS) in LGG patients. Cox regression analysis and nomograms showed that PLEKHA4 levels are independent prognostic factors for LGG patients. According to functional enrichment analysis, PLEKHA4 levels in LGG are associated with immune infiltration and immunotherapy. In conclusion, PLEKHA4 is a potential prognostic marker and immunotherapy target for LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijian Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wujun Geng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Ohno M, Kitano S, Satomi K, Yoshida A, Miyakita Y, Takahashi M, Yanagisawa S, Tamura Y, Ichimura K, Narita Y. Assessment of radiographic and prognostic characteristics of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in high-grade gliomas. J Neurooncol 2022; 160:463-472. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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19
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Cerro PA, Mascaraque M, Gallego-Rentero M, Almenara-Blasco M, Nicolás-Morala J, Santiago JL, González S, Gracia-Cazaña T, Juarranz Á, Gilaberte Y. Tumor microenvironment in non-melanoma skin cancer resistance to photodynamic therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:970279. [PMID: 36338755 PMCID: PMC9634550 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.970279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer has recently seen an increase in prevalence, and it is estimated that this grow will continue in the coming years. In this sense, the importance of therapy effectiveness has increased, especially photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy has attracted much attention as a minimally invasive, selective and repeatable approach for skin cancer treatment and prevention. Although its high efficiency, this strategy has also faced problems related to tumor resistance, where the tumor microenvironment has gained a well-deserved role in recent years. Tumor microenvironment denotes a wide variety of elements, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells or the extracellular matrix, where their interaction and the secretion of a wide diversity of cytokines. Therefore, the need of designing new strategies targeting elements of the tumor microenvironment to overcome the observed resistance has become evident. To this end, in this review we focus on the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages in the resistance to photodynamic therapy. We are also exploring new approaches consisting in the combination of new and old drugs targeting these cells with photodynamic therapy to enhance treatment outcomes of non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina A. Cerro
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Marta Mascaraque
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gallego-Rentero
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Almenara-Blasco
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Jimena Nicolás-Morala
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santiago
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Salvador González
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experminetal Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángeles Juarranz, ; Yolanda Gilaberte,
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángeles Juarranz, ; Yolanda Gilaberte,
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20
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Gudgeon J, Marín-Rubio JL, Trost M. The role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012002. [PMID: 36325338 PMCID: PMC9618966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), also named CD204, holds key inflammatory roles in multiple pathophysiologic processes. Present primarily on the surface of various types of macrophage, this receptor variably affects processes such as atherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, lung and liver disease, and more recently, cancer. As highlighted throughout this review, the role of MSR1 is often dichotomous, being either host protective or detrimental to the pathogenesis of disease. We will discuss the role of MSR1 in health and disease with a focus on the molecular mechanisms influencing MSR1 expression, how altered expression affects disease process and macrophage function, the limited cell signalling pathways discovered thus far, the emerging role of MSR1 in tumour associated macrophages as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting MSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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21
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Baldi S, He Y, Ivanov I, Khamgan H, Safi M, Alradhi M, Shopit A, Al-Danakh A, Al-Nusaif M, Gao Y, Tian H. Aberrantly hypermethylated ARID1B is a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target of colon adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:914354. [PMID: 36313455 PMCID: PMC9614077 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.914354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune cell infiltration (ICI) may help guide immunotherapy efforts for colon cancer (COAD). However, whether ARID1B is truly regulated by hypermethylation or linked to immune infiltration remains unknown. The current work focused on the ARID1B gene expression and methylation in COAD, as well as its relation with ICI. Methods and Results: Multiple tools based on TCGA were used to analyze the differences in the expression of the ARID1B gene, DNA methylation, and its association with various clinicopathological features, somatic mutations, copy number variation, and the prognosis of patients with COAD. According to the analysis results, patients with high mRNA, low methylation levels showed better overall survival than patients with low mRNA, high methylation levels. The correlation analysis of immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint gene expression showed that the infiltration rates of the main ICI subtypes, cancer-associated fibroblast, and myeloid cells were significantly enriched and correlated with ARID1B in COAD. An association between ARID1B expression and immune infiltration in COAD was found by correlating ICI indicators with ARID1B expression in the immune cell composition of the COAD microenvironment. Notably, M2 chemokines were related to ARID1B expression, while M1 chemokines were not. Conclusion: This study provided evidence that ARID1B may have a role in the pathogenesis of COAD. The specific underlying mechanisms that could be responsible for ARID1B’s downregulation in COAD will need to be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Baldi
- Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Sequencing, Axbio Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Salem Baldi, ; Yaping Gao, ; Hui Tian,
| | - Yun He
- Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Sequencing, Axbio Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Sequencing, Axbio Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hassan Khamgan
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Safi
- Department of respiratory, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mohammed Alradhi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Abdullah Shopit
- Academic Integrated Medicine and Collage of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Abdullah Al-Danakh
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Murad Al-Nusaif
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yaping Gao
- Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Sequencing, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Salem Baldi, ; Yaping Gao, ; Hui Tian,
| | - Hui Tian
- Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Sequencing, Axbio Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Salem Baldi, ; Yaping Gao, ; Hui Tian,
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22
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Ge X, Xu M, Cheng T, Hu N, Sun P, Lu B, Wang Z, Li J. TP53I13 promotes metastasis in glioma via macrophages, neutrophils, and fibroblasts and is a potential prognostic biomarker. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974346. [PMID: 36275718 PMCID: PMC9585303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TP53I13 is a protein coding tumor suppression gene encoded by the tumor protein p53. Overexpression of TP53I13 impedes tumor cell proliferation. Nevertheless, TP53I13 role and expression in the emergence and progression of glioma (low-grade glioma and glioblastoma) are yet to be identified. Thus, we aim to use comprehensive bioinformatics analyses to investigate TP53I13 and its prognostic value in gliomas. Methods Multiple databases were consulted to evaluate and assess the expression of TP53I13, such as the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), GeneMANIA, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive. TP53I13 expression was further explored using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). Through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), the biological functions of TP53I13 and metastatic processes associated with it were studied. Results The expression of TP53I13 was higher in tumor samples compared to normal samples. In samples retrieved from the TCGA and CGGA databases, high TP53I13 expression was associated with poor survival outcomes. The analysis of multivariate Cox showed that TP53I13 might be an independent prognostic marker of glioma. It was also found that increased expression of TP53I13 was significantly correlated with PRS type, status, 1p/19q codeletion status, IDH mutation status, chemotherapy, age, and tumor grade. According to CIBERSORT (Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcript), the expression of TP53I13 correlates with macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. GSEA shows a close correlation between TP53I13 and p53 signaling pathways, DNA replication, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Conclusion Our results reveal a close correlation between TP53I13 and gliomas. Further, TP53I13 expression could affect the survival outcomes in glioma patients. In addition, TP53I13 was an independent marker that was crucial in regulating the infiltration of immune cells into tumors. As a result of these findings, TP53I13 might represent a new biomarker of immune infiltration and prognosis in patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Ge
- Department of Clinical Biobank & Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Manyu Xu
- Department of Clinical Biobank & Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- Department of Clinical Biobank & Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Pingping Sun
- Department of Clinical Biobank & Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Clinical Biobank & Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ziheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Biobank & Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Li, ; Ziheng Wang,
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Li, ; Ziheng Wang,
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23
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Wei Z, Shen Y, Zhou C, Cao Y, Deng H, Shen Z. CD3D: a prognostic biomarker associated with immune infiltration and immunotherapeutic response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13784-13800. [PMID: 35712757 PMCID: PMC9276048 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2084254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that CD3D activates T-cell-related signal transduction and is associated with the antitumor immune response in several cancers. This study explored the role of CD3D in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A total of 499 HNSCC tissues and 44 normal controls were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas as the training cohort. GSE65858 included 270 HNSCC patients and was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database as the test cohort. Overall, 172 HNSCC patients were collected as the validation cohort. CD3D expression in the validation cohort was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The Kaplan-Meier plot revealed that high CD3D expression was associated with longer overall survival in HNSCC patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that CD3D expression was an independent prognostic factor for HNSCC patients, which was confirmed in the test cohort and validation cohort. Furthermore, GO, KEGG, and GSEA analyses revealed the association of CD3D with immune-related pathways. Subsequently, ESTIMATE analysis showed the association between CD3D and the tumor microenvironment, while ssGSEA showed a remarkable positive link between CD3D and immune-related functions. Multiple algorithms demonstrated that high CD3D expression was associated with more immune effector cell infiltration. Finally, the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score and immunophenoscore (IPS) showed that patients with high CD3D could benefit from immunotherapy. In summary, CD3D was an independent favorable prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune cell infiltration and immune-related function, as well as an efficient indicator of immunotherapy response for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiming Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Zhou J, Meli VS, Yu-Tin Chen E, Kapre R, Nagalla R, Xiao W, Borowsky AD, Lam KS, Liu WF, Louie AY. Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor-associated-macrophages (TAMs) with a nanoparticle contrast agent. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7742-7756. [PMID: 35424752 PMCID: PMC8982161 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08061j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tumor micro-environment, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a predominant component of the total tumor mass, and TAMs play a complex and diverse role in cancer pathogenesis with potential for either tumor suppressive, or tumor promoting biology. Thus, understanding macrophage localization and function are essential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Typically, tissue biopsy is used to evaluate the density and polarization of TAMs, but provides a limited "snapshot" in time of a dynamic and potentially heterogeneous tumor immune microenvironment. Imaging has the potential for three-dimensional mapping; however, there is a paucity of macrophage-targeted contrast agents to specifically detect TAM subtypes. We have previously found that sulfated-dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles (SDIO) can target macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR-A, also known as CD204). Since CD204 (SR-A) is considered a biomarker for the M2 macrophage polarization, these SDIO might provide M2-specific imaging probes for MRI. In this work, we investigate whether SDIO can label M2-polarized cells in vitro. We evaluate the effect of degree of sulfation on uptake by primary cultured bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) and found that a higher degree of sulfation led to higher uptake, but there were no differences across the subtypes. Further analysis of the BMDM showed similar SR-A expression across stimulation conditions, suggesting that this classic model for macrophage subtypes may not be ideal for definitive M2 subtype marker expression, especially SR-A. We further examine the localization of SDIO in TAMs in vivo, in the mammary fat pad mouse model of breast cancer. We demonstrate that uptake by TAMs expressing SR-A scales with degree of sulfation, consistent with the in vitro studies. The TAMs demonstrate M2-like function and secrete Arg-1 but not iNOS. Uptake by these M2-like TAMs is validated by immunohistochemistry. SDIO show promise as a valuable addition to the toolkit of imaging probes targeted to different biomarkers for TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Zhou
- Chemistry Graduate Group, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Vijaykumar S. Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Esther Yu-Tin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Rohan Kapre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA,Biostatistics Graduate Group, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Raji Nagalla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Wenwu Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Alexander D. Borowsky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Kit S. Lam
- Chemistry Graduate Group, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA,Division of Hematology &Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Wendy F. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Angelique Y. Louie
- Chemistry Graduate Group, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
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25
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Yang Y, Xie L, Li C, Liu L, Ye X, Han J. Prognostic Model of Eleven Genes Based on the Immune Microenvironment in Patients With Thymoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:668696. [PMID: 35222524 PMCID: PMC8873981 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.668696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The pathogenesis of thymoma (THYM) remains unclear, and there is no uniform measurement standard for the complexity of THYM derived from different thymic epithelial cells. Consequently, it is necessary to develop novel biomarkers of prognosis estimation for patients with THYM. Methods: Consensus clustering and single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis were used to divide THYM samples into different immunotypes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between those immunotypes were used to do the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, Gene Ontology annotations, and protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, the survival-related DEGs were used to construct prognostic model with lasso regression. The model was verified by survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve, and principal component analysis. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients of stemness index and riskscore, tumor mutation burden (TMB) and riskscore, drug sensitivity and gene expression were calculated with Spearman method. Results: THYM samples were divided into immunotype A and immunotype B. A total of 707 DEGs were enriched in various cancer-related or immune-related pathways. An 11-genes signature prognostic model (CELF5, ODZ1, CD1C, DRP2, PTCRA, TSHR, HKDC1, KCTD19, RFX8, UGT3A2, and PRKCG) was constructed from 177 survival-related DEGs. The prognostic model was significantly related to overall survival, clinical features, immune cells, TMB, and stemness index. The expression of some genes were significantly related to drug sensitivity. Conclusion: For the first time, a prognostic model of 11 genes was identified based on the immune microenvironment in patients with THYM, which may be helpful for diagnosis and prediction. The associated factors (immune microenvironment, mutation status, and stemness) may be useful for exploring the mechanisms of THYM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Stroke Center and Departement of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqing Xie
- Stroke Center and Departement of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Li
- Stroke Center and Departement of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangle Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Ye
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianbang Han
- Stroke Center and Departement of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Jianbang Han,
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26
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Yanai Y, Kosaka T, Mikami S, Hongo H, Yasumizu Y, Takeda T, Matsumoto K, Miyauchi J, Kitano S, Oya M. CD8-positive T cells and CD204-positive M2-like macrophages predict postoperative prognosis of very high-risk prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22495. [PMID: 34795362 PMCID: PMC8602636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To stratify the heterogeneity of prostate cancer (PCa) with seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) immunologically after radical prostatectomy focusing on the tumor microenvironment. We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological data of 71 PCa patients with SVI, which is known as a factor of very high-risk PCa. Preoperative clinical variables and postoperative pathological variables were evaluated as predictors of biochemical recurrence (BCR) with a multivariate logistic regression. Immune cell infiltration including the CD8-positive cell (CD8+ cell) and CD204-positive M2-like macrophage (CD204+ cell) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The cumulative incidence and risk of BCR were assessed with a Kaplan-Meier analysis and competing risks regression. A higher CD8+ cell count in the SVI area significantly indicated a favorable prognosis for cancers with SVI (p = 0.004). A lower CD204+ cell count in the SVI area also significantly indicated a favorable prognosis for cancers with SVI (p = 0.004). Furthermore, the combination of the CD8+ and CD204+ cell infiltration ratio of the SVI area to the main tumor area was a significant factor for BCR in the patients with the PCa with SVI (p = 0.001). In PCa patients with SVI, the combination of CD8+ and CD204+ cell infiltration is useful to predict the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yanai
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan.
| | - Shuji Mikami
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hongo
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yota Yasumizu
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takeda
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Miyauchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Saitama City Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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27
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Yan X, Feng J, Hong B, Qian Y. The Expression of PD-L1 and B7-H4 in Thymic Epithelial Tumor and Its Relationship With Tumor Immune-Infiltrating Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:662010. [PMID: 34307135 PMCID: PMC8297388 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.662010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PD-L1 and B7-H4 have been reported to be expressed in various malignancies and are considered as promising prognostic factors and potential immunotherapy targets. Methods We analyzed the correlation between the expression of PD-L1 and B7-H4 transcriptomes and clinicopathological characteristics in 121 TET patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The immune-infiltration levels in the TET microenvironment were estimated using ssGSEA and quanTiseq algorithms. We collected 80 TET cases from 2008 to 2015. PD-L1、B7-H4、FOXP3 and CD163 protein expression in tumor tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results TCGA database showed PD-L1 mRNA levels can predict the OS (P = 0.018) and DFS (P = 0.033) of TET patients. B7-H4 mRNA levels were positively related to the World Health Organization (WHO) pathological classification (P = 0.003) but not correlated with patient prognosis. Immune infiltration analysis showed PD-L1 is positively correlated with Tregs and M2 macrophages, B7-H4 is positively correlated with Tregs. Patients with high PD-L1 and Tregs or M2 macrophages, high B7-H4 and Tregs had a worse prognosis. Immunohistochemistry showed PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the WHO pathological classification and Masaoka stage (P = 0.025, 0.003) and high PD-L1 expression can predict the poor OS of patients (P = 0.043); B7-H4 was also positively correlated with WHO pathological classification and Masaoka stage (P = 0.036, 0.049). However, B7-H4 expression did not correlate with patient prognosis. Evaluation of co-expression patterns showed TET patients with a high-grade WHO pathological classification harbored a 44.4% co-expression of PD-L1 and B7-H4. In addition, we found the expression level of PD-L1 is positively correlated with FOXP3 and CD163 (P = 0.004, P = 0.029) and B7-H4 is positively correlated with FOXP3 (P = 0.037). High PD-L1 combined with High FOXP3 and High CD163, High B7-H4 combined with High FOXP3 can be used to predict the poor prognosis of TET patients (P = 0.026, 0.031, 0.028, respectively). Conclusion PD-L1 and B7-H4 were related to the aggressiveness of TET and their expression level can indicate the suppressive immune microenvironment. Combined with FOXP3 and CD163, PD-L1 and B7-H4 can indicate a poor prognosis of TET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Apatinib combined with PD-L1 blockade synergistically enhances antitumor immune responses and promotes HEV formation in gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2209-2222. [PMID: 33891173 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apatinib, an antiangiogenic drug, has shown beneficial effects only in a fraction of advanced gastric cancer (GC) patients. Given the recent success of immunotherapies, combination of apatinib with immune checkpoint inhibitor may provide sustained and potent antitumor responses. METHODS Immunocompetent mice with subcutaneous MFC tumors grown were given a combination of apatinib and anti-PD-L1 antibody therapy. GC tissues from patients undergoing curative resection in China were collected, and the density of HEVs, MSI status and tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Combined apatinib and PD-L1 blockade therapy synergistically delayed tumor growth and increased survival in MFC-bearing immunocompetent mice. The combination therapy promoted antitumor immunity by increasing the ratio of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to Foxp3+ Treg cells, the accumulation of CD20+ B cells and the Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio (IFN-γ/IL-10). The combination therapy induced the formation of HEVs through activation of LTβR signaling, thus promoting CD8+ cytotoxic T cell and CD20+ B cell infiltration in tumors. In clinical GC samples, the density of HEVs positively correlated with the intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD20+ B cells. MSI-high GC showed a higher density of HEVs, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD20+ B cells than MSS/MSI-low GC. GC patients with high densities of HEVs, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD20+ B cells had an improved prognosis with superior overall survival. CONCLUSION Combining apatinib with PD-L1 blockade treatment synergistically enhances antitumor immune responses and promotes HEV formation in GC.
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Identification of a novel immune microenvironment signature predicting survival and therapeutic options for bladder cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2780-2802. [PMID: 33408272 PMCID: PMC7880321 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the potential of tumor immune microenvironment genes as indicators of urinary bladder cancer. Here, we sought to establish an immune-related gene signature for determining prognosis and treatment options. We developed a ten-gene tumor immune microenvironment signature and evaluated its prognostic capacity on internal and external cohorts. Multivariate Cox regression and nomogram analyses revealed the prognostic risk model as an independent and effective indicator of prognosis. We observed lower proportions of CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, higher proportions of macrophages and neutrophils in high UBC risk group. UBC tissues with high-risk score tend to exhibit high TP53 and RB1 mutation rates, high PD1/PD-L1 expression and poor-survival basal squamous subtypes, while those with low-risk score tend to have high FGFR3 mutation rates and luminal papillary subtypes. Unexpectedly, we found a highly significant positive correlation between glycolytic genes and risk score, highlighting metabolic competition in tumor ecosystem and potential therapeutic avenues. Our study thus revealed a tumor immune microenvironment signature for predicting prognostic and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors against bladder cancer. Prospective studies are required to further test the predictive capacity of this model.
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Fan T, Zhu M, Wang L, Liu Y, Tian H, Zheng Y, Tan F, Sun N, Li C, He J. Immune profile of the tumor microenvironment and the identification of a four-gene signature for lung adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2397-2417. [PMID: 33318300 PMCID: PMC7880407 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The composition and relative abundances of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment are key factors affecting the progression of lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) and the efficacy of immunotherapy. Using the cancer gene expression dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program, we scored stromal and immune cells for tumor purity prediction by CIBERSORT and ESTMATE. Differential expression analysis was employed to identify 374 genes between the high-score group and the low-score group, which were utilized to conduct Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and Cox regression analysis were performed on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to identify four key tumor microenvironment (TME) -related genes (CCR2, CCR4, P2RY12, and P2RY13). The expression levels of the four DEGs differed significantly among LUAD patients of different ages, genders, and TNM stages. We found that the infiltration of resting memory CD4+ T cells, memory B cells, and M0 macrophages into the TME was co-regulated by these four DEGs. These four genes were closely related to the prognosis of LUAD and affected the infiltration of immune cells into the TME, which had predictive prognostic value in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mingchuang Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Liyu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fengwei Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Sato J, Kitano S, Motoi N, Ino Y, Yamamoto N, Watanabe S, Ohe Y, Hiraoka N. CD20 + tumor-infiltrating immune cells and CD204 + M2 macrophages are associated with prognosis in thymic carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1921-1932. [PMID: 32277550 PMCID: PMC7293080 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic carcinoma is a rare malignant disease with no standard systemic chemotherapy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate tumor‐infiltrating immune cells (TIIC) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), focusing on the impact of TIIC and program death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression on clinical outcomes in thymic cancer. Patients with thymic carcinoma resected between 1973 and 2017 were investigated. The tissue specimens were analyzed through immunohistochemical staining to elucidate the prognostic effects of TIIC, their ratios and PD‐L1 in a preliminary cohort (n = 10). The density of TIIC as well as PD‐L1 expression was evaluated in intraepithelial and tumor‐stromal areas on the representative whole section of tumors. The immune factors showing significant association with disease‐free survival (DFS) were evaluated in the total cohort (n = 42). TIIC in the preliminary population showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, CD8, CD20, CD204, FOXP3 and CD20/CD204 ratio demonstrated a tendency to act as predictive markers for recurrence. In the total cohort, significant differences were observed for CD8+, CD20+ and CD204+ cells in tumor islets, and for CD8+, CD20+ and FOXP3+ cells as well as the CD8/CD204 and CD20/CD204 ratios in the stroma, indicating their prognostic effect. The prognostic effect of the PD‐L1 expression in tumor cells could not be established, possibly because of intratumoral heterogeneity. CD8, CD20 and CD204 positive TIIC in stroma were identified as possible better prognostic biomarkers, considering the heterogeneity of other biomarkers. The present study paves the way for exploring strategies of combination immunotherapy targeting B cell immunity in thymic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sato
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Motoi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ino
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichi Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ohe
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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