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Drygiannakis I, Kolios G, Filidou E, Bamias G, Valatas V. Intestinal Stromal Cells in the Turmoil of Inflammation and Defective Connective Tissue Remodeling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae066. [PMID: 38581412 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In steady state, intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts form a thin layer below the basement membrane. Unlike the rest of the stromal cells in the lamina propria, they express tensile proteins, guide epithelial regeneration, and sense luminal microbiota. Upon inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), they express activation markers, accept trophic signaling by infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages, and are activated by cytokines from helper T cells to produce a narrow spectrum of cytokines and a wider spectrum of chemokines, attract cells of innate and adaptive immunity, orchestrate inflammatory responses, and qualitatively and quantitatively modify the extracellular matrix. Thus, beyond being structural tissue components, they assume active roles in the pathogenesis of complicated IBD. Discrimination between myofibroblasts and fibroblasts may be an oversimplification in light of single-cell sequencing data unveiling the complexity of multiple phenotypes of stromal cells with distinct roles and plasticity. Spatial transcriptomics revealed distinct phenotypes by histologic localization and, more intriguingly, the assembly of mucosal neighborhoods that support spatially distinct functions. Current IBD treatments target inflammation but fail in fibrostenotic or fistulizing disease. Baseline and recent findings on stromal cells, molecules, and pathways involved in disrupted extracellular matrix homeostasis are reviewed to provide relevant pharmacologic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Drygiannakis
- Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Gastroenterology Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Third Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Valatas
- Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Gastroenterology Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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2
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Craig CF, Finkelstein DI, McQuade RM, Diwakarla S. Understanding the potential causes of gastrointestinal dysfunctions in multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106296. [PMID: 37714308 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by autonomic, pyramidal, parkinsonian and/or cerebellar dysfunction. Autonomic symptoms of MSA include deficits associated with the gastrointestinal (GI) system, such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain and bloating, nausea, delayed gastric emptying, and constipation. To date, studies assessing GI dysfunctions in MSA have primarily focused on alterations of the gut microbiome, however growing evidence indicates other structural components of the GI tract, such as the enteric nervous system, the intestinal barrier, GI hormones, and the GI-driven immune response may contribute to MSA-related GI symptoms. Here, we provide an in-depth exploration of the physiological, structural, and immunological changes theorised to underpin GI dysfunction in MSA patients and highlight areas for future research in order to identify more suitable pharmaceutical treatments for GI symptoms in patients with MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia.
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3
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Pratelli G, Tamburini B, Carlisi D, De Blasio A, D’Anneo A, Emanuele S, Notaro A, Affranchi F, Giuliano M, Seidita A, Lauricella M, Di Liberto D. Foodomics-Based Approaches Shed Light on the Potential Protective Effects of Polyphenols in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14619. [PMID: 37834065 PMCID: PMC10572570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract (GT) caused by a wide range of genetic, microbial, and environmental factors. IBD is characterized by chronic inflammation and decreased gut microbial diversity, dysbiosis, with a lower number of beneficial bacteria and a concomitant increase in pathogenic species. It is well known that dysbiosis is closely related to the induction of inflammation and oxidative stress, the latter caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular antioxidant capacity, leading to cellular ROS accumulation. ROS are responsible for intestinal epithelium oxidative damage and the increased intestinal permeability found in IBD patients, and their reduction could represent a potential therapeutic strategy to limit IBD progression and alleviate its symptoms. Recent evidence has highlighted that dietary polyphenols, the natural antioxidants, can maintain redox equilibrium in the GT, preventing gut dysbiosis, intestinal epithelium damage, and radical inflammatory responses. Here, we suggest that the relatively new foodomics approaches, together with new technologies for promoting the antioxidative properties of dietary polyphenols, including novel delivery systems, chemical modifications, and combination strategies, may provide critical insights to determine the clinical value of polyphenols for IBD therapy and a comprehensive perspective for implementing natural antioxidants as potential IBD candidate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pratelli
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (D.C.); (S.E.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Daniela Carlisi
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (D.C.); (S.E.)
| | - Anna De Blasio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (F.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Antonella D’Anneo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (F.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Sonia Emanuele
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (D.C.); (S.E.)
| | - Antonietta Notaro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (F.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Federica Affranchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (F.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Michela Giuliano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (F.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Aurelio Seidita
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marianna Lauricella
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (D.C.); (S.E.)
| | - Diana Di Liberto
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (D.C.); (S.E.)
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4
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Jarmakiewicz-Czaja S, Sokal A, Ferenc K, Motyka E, Helma K, Filip R. The Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation in Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Descending Process or a Programmed Consequence? Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1167. [PMID: 37372347 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of chronic diseases characterized by recurring periods of exacerbation and remission. Fibrosis of the intestine is one of the most common complications of IBD. Based on current analyses, it is evident that genetic factors and mechanisms, as well as epigenetic factors, play a role in the induction and progression of intestinal fibrosis in IBD. Key genetic factors and mechanisms that appear to be significant include NOD2, TGF-β, TLRs, Il23R, and ATG16L1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modification, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference are the primary epigenetic mechanisms. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which seem to be important in the pathophysiology and progression of IBD, may potentially be used in targeted therapy in the future. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gather and discuss selected mechanisms and genetic factors, as well as epigenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Sokal
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ferenc
- Institute of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Motyka
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Kacper Helma
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Rafał Filip
- Institute of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Gastroenterology with IBD, Clinical Hospital No. 2 im. Św. Jadwigi Królowej, 35-301 Rzeszow, Poland
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5
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Jamieson PE, Carbonero F, Stevens JF. Dietary (poly)phenols mitigate inflammatory bowel disease: Therapeutic targets, mechanisms of action, and clinical observations. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100521. [PMID: 37266414 PMCID: PMC10230173 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are a rapidly growing public health concern worldwide. These diseases are heterogeneous at the clinical, immunological, molecular, genetic, and microbial level, but characteristically involve a disrupted immune-microbiome axis. Shortcomings in conventional treatment options warrant the need for novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate these life-long and relapsing disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Polyphenols, a diverse group of phytochemicals, have gained attention as candidate treatments due to their array of biological effects. Polyphenols exert broad anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through the modulation of cellular signaling pathways and transcription factors important in IBD progression. Polyphenols also bidirectionally modulate the gut microbiome, supporting commensals and inhibiting pathogens. One of the primary means by which gut microbiota interface with the host is through the production of metabolites, which are small molecules produced as intermediate or end products of metabolism. There is growing evidence to support that modulation of the gut microbiome by polyphenols restores microbially derived metabolites critical to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis that are adversely disrupted in IBD. This review aims to define the therapeutic targets of polyphenols that may be important for mitigation of IBD symptoms, as well as to collate evidence for their clinical use from randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Jamieson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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6
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Investigation of TLR4 Antagonists for Prevention of Intestinal Inflammation. Inflammation 2023; 46:103-114. [PMID: 35867263 PMCID: PMC9971050 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been shown to be a major influence on the inflammatory signalling pathways in intestinal mucositis (IM), as demonstrated by TLR4 knock-out mice. Pharmacological TLR4 inhibition has thus been postulated as a potential new therapeutic approach for the treatment of IM but specific TLR4 inhibitors have yet to be investigated. As such, we aimed to determine whether direct TLR4 antagonism prevents inflammation in pre-clinical experimental models of IM. The non-competitive and competitive TLR4 inhibitors, TAK-242 (10 µM) and IAXO-102 (10 µM), respectively, or vehicle were added to human T84, HT-29, and U937 cell lines and mouse colonic explants 1 h before the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (in vitro: 100 µg/mL; ex vivo: 10 µg/mL), SN-38 (in vitro: 1 µM or 1 nM; ex vivo: 2 µM), and/or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (5 µg/mL). Supernatant was collected for human IL-8 and mouse IL-6 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), as a measure of inflammatory signalling. Cell viability was measured using XTT assays. Explant tissue was used in histopathological and RT-PCR analysis for genes of interest: TLR4, MD2, CD14, MyD88, IL-6, IL-6R, CXCL2, CXCR1, CXCR2. SN-38 increased cytostasis compared to vehicle (P < 0.0001). However, this was not prevented by either antagonist (P > 0.05) in any of the 3 cell lines. Quantitative histological assessment scores showed no differences between vehicle and treatment groups (P > 0.05). There were no differences in in vitro IL-8 (P > 0.05, in all 3 cells lines) and ex vivo IL-6 (P > 0.05) concentrations between vehicle and treatment groups. Transcript expression of all genes was similar across vehicle and treatment groups (P > 0.05). TLR4 antagonism using specific inhibitors TAK-242 and IAXO-102 was not effective at blocking IM in these pre-clinical models of mucositis. This work indicates that specific epithelial inhibition of TLR4 with these compounds is insufficient to manage mucositis-related inflammation. Rather, TLR4 signalling through immune cells may be a more important target to prevent IM.
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7
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Jeon H, Amarasekara DS, Lee N, Park HW, Yu J, Rho J. TDAG51 deficiency attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20619. [PMID: 36450854 PMCID: PMC9712416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the multifactorial etiology of IBD pathogenesis is relatively well documented, the regulatory factors that confer a risk of IBD pathogenesis remain less explored. In this study, we report that T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51/PHLDA1) is a novel regulator of the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. TDAG51 expression was elevated in the colon tissues of DSS-induced experimental colitis mice. TDAG51 deficiency protected mice against acute DSS-induced lethality and body weight changes and disease severity. DSS-induced structural damage and mucus secretion in colon tissues were significantly reduced in TDAG51-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. We observed similar results in a DSS-induced chronic colitis mouse model. Finally, we showed that the production of inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory enzymes, molecules and cytokines, was decreased in DSS-treated TDAG51-deficient mice compared with DSS-treated wild-type mice. Thus, we demonstrated that TDAG51 deficiency plays a protective role against DSS-induced colitis by decreasing the production of inflammatory mediators in mice. These findings suggest that TDAG51 is a novel regulator of the development of DSS-induced colitis and is a potential therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoeun Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Dulshara Sachini Amarasekara
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Nari Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Hye-Won Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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8
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Zhang T, Zhang B, Tian W, Wang F, Zhang J, Ma X, Wei Y, Tang X. Research trends in ulcerative colitis: A bibliometric and visualized study from 2011 to 2021. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:951004. [PMID: 36199683 PMCID: PMC9529236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.951004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease with repeated relapses and remissions. Despite decades of effort, numerous aspects, including the initiating event and pathogenesis of UC, still remain ambiguous, which requires ongoing investigation. Given the mass of publications on UC, there are multidimensional challenges to evaluating the scientific impact of relevant work and identifying the current foci of the multifaceted disease. Accordingly, herein, we aim to assess the global growth of UC research production, analyze patterns of research areas, and evaluate trends in this area. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection of Clarivate Analytics was searched for articles related to UC published from 2011 to 2021. Microsoft Office Excel 2019 was used to visualize the number of publications over time. Knowledge maps were generated using CiteSpace and VOSviewer to analyze collaborations among countries, institutions, and authors and to present the journey of UC research as well as to reveal the current foci of UC research. Results: A total of 5,088 publications were evaluated in the present study. China had the most publications (1,099, 22.5%). Univ Calif San Diego was the most productive institution (126, 2.48%). William J Sandborn published the greatest number of articles (100, 1.97%). Toshifumi Hibi was the most influential author in the field with a betweenness centrality of 0.53. Inflammatory bowel diseases was identified as the most prolific journal (379, 7.45%). Gastroenterology was the most co-cited journal (3,730, 4.02%). “Vedolizumab,” “tofacitinib,” “Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,” “fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT),” “toll-like receptor 4,” and “nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome” were considered the hot topics. Conclusion: In UC research, manuscripts that had high impacts on the scientific community provided an evidence base. UC therapy has entered the era of personalized and precision therapy. As research on FMT, anti-integrin antibodies, Janus kinase inhibitors, and anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs continues to grow, their use in the clinical setting may also expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beihua Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Tian
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxue Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xudong Tang,
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Xiong L, McCoy M, Murtazina R, Podrez EA, Byzova TV. Timely Wound Healing is Dependent upon Endothelial but not Hair Follicle Stem Cell Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3082-3092.e1. [PMID: 35561753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a part of innate immunity, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an important function in most defensive responses of the organism, including but not limited to infections. Cutaneous injury, one of the most common challenges for mammals, mobilizes a number of cell types, including epithelial, immune, and vascular cells for timely tissue repair. However, in contrast to immune cells, little is known about TLR2 function on non-immune cells during skin regeneration. Here, we used two tissue-specific conditional TLR2 knockout mouse lines to address the impact of TLR2 in endothelial and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) on cutaneous wound healing. The loss of TLR2 on endothelial cells diminishes their ability to migrate, sprout, and proliferate in response to specific TLR2 ligands, and also reduces the secretion of key pro-angiogenic factors. Lack of TLR2 on endothelial cells prolongs wound healing due to diminished angiogenesis. TLR2 is expressed in key structures of hair follicle including HFSCs, secondary hair germ, and dermal papilla. Despite the prominent role for HFSCs in skin regeneration, excision of TLR2 from HFSCs has no impact on their proliferation or wound healing potential. Our study demonstrates that timely tissue regeneration after skin injury is dependent upon endothelial TLR2 for robust angiogenesis, while HFSC TLR2 is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael McCoy
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rakhilya Murtazina
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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10
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Phytochemicals targeting Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) in inflammatory bowel disease. Chin Med 2022; 17:53. [PMID: 35484567 PMCID: PMC9047385 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00611-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a collective term for inflammatory diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Inhibition of TLR4 has been recognized as an effective target for the treatment of IBD. Many phytochemicals have been shown to have potential as new drugs for the treatment of IBD. This review surveyed the available literature and reports which focused on the in vivo effects of phytochemicals targeting TLR4 in different models of IBD, and clarified the significance of TLR4 as a current therapeutic target for IBD. Based on our review, we have concluded that phytochemicals targeting TLR4 are potentially effective candidates for developing new therapeutic drugs against IBD.
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11
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Pergolizzi S, Alesci A, Centofanti A, Aragona M, Pallio S, Magaudda L, Cutroneo G, Lauriano ER. Role of Serotonin in the Maintenance of Inflammatory State in Crohn’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040765. [PMID: 35453516 PMCID: PMC9030789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic intestinal inflammation considered to be a major entity of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), affecting different segments of the whole gastrointestinal tract. Peripheral serotonin (5-HT), a bioactive amine predominantly produced by gut enterochromaffin cells (ECs), is crucial in gastrointestinal functions, including motility, sensitivity, secretion, and the inflammatory response. These actions are mediated by a large family of serotonin receptors and specialized serotonin transporter (SERT) located on a variety of cell types in the gut. Several studies indicate that intestinal 5-HT signaling is altered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Paraformaldehyde-fixed intestinal tissues, obtained from fifteen patients with Crohn’s disease were analyzed by immunostaining for serotonin, Langerin/CD207, and alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA). As controls, unaffected (normal) intestinal specimens of seven individuals were investigated. This study aimed to show the expression of serotonin in dendritic cells (DCs) and myofibroblast which have been characterized with Langerin/CD207 and α-SMA, respectively; furthermore, for the first time, we have found the presence of serotonin in goblet cells. Our results show the correlation between different types of intestinal cells in the maintenance of the inflammatory state in CD linked to the recall of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Centofanti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.M.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Socrate Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98147 Messina, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Magaudda
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Cutroneo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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12
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Wu X, Mu Y, Yao J, Lin F, Wu D, Ma Z. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells From Patients With Ulcerative Colitis Exhibit Impaired Immunosuppressive Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:822772. [PMID: 35252190 PMCID: PMC8894714 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.822772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are able to modulate the immune response and are used for treating ulcerative colitis (UC). However, it is possible that ADSCs from patients with inflammatory or autoimmune disorders may show defective immunosuppression. We investigated the use of ADSCs from UC patients for autologous cell treatment, specifically, ADSCs from healthy donors (H-ADSCs) and UC patients (P-ADSCs) in terms of various functions, including differentiation, proliferation, secretion, and immunosuppression. The efficacy of P-ADSCs for treating UC was examined in mouse models of acute or chronic colitis. Both H-ADSCs and P-ADSCs were similar in cell morphology, size, adipogenic differentiation capabilities, and cell surface markers. We found that P-ADSCs had lower proliferative capacity, cloning ability, and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential than H-ADSCs. P-ADSCs exhibited a diminished capacity to inhibit peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, suppress CD25 and CD69 marker expression, decrease the production of inflammation-associated cytokines interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, and reduce their cytotoxic effect on A549 cells. When primed with inflammatory cytokines, P-ADSCs secreted lower levels of prostaglandin E2, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, and tumor necrosis factor-α–induced protein 6, which mediated their reduced immunopotency. Moreover, P-ADSCs exhibited weaker therapeutic effects than H-ADSCs, determined by disease activity, histology, myeloperoxidase activity, and body weight. These findings indicate that the immunosuppressive properties of ASCs are affected by donor metabolic characteristics. This study shows, for the first time, the presence of defective ADSC immunosuppression in UC, indicating that autologous transplantation of ADSCs may be inappropriate for patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Technology, Research Center for Hua-Da Precision Medicine of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- Department of Interventional, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Yongxu Mu
- Department of Interventional, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Jingyi Yao
- Experimental Center, Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fuhong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng College, Chifeng, China
| | - Daocheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Daocheng Wu, ; Zhijie Ma,
| | - Zhijie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Daocheng Wu, ; Zhijie Ma,
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13
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Hayashi Y, Nakase H. The Molecular Mechanisms of Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis in Crohn’s Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:845078. [PMID: 35222098 PMCID: PMC8874128 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.845078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with repeated remissions and relapses. As the disease progresses, fibrosis and narrowing of the intestine occur, leading to severe complications such as intestinal obstruction. Endoscopic balloon dilatation, surgical stricture plasty, and bowel resection have been performed to treat intestinal stenosis. The clinical issue is that some patients with CD have a recurrence of intestinal stenosis even after the medical treatments. On the other hand, there exist no established medical therapies to prevent stenosis. With the progressive intestinal inflammation, cytokines and growth factors, including transforming growth factor (TGF-β), stimulate intestinal myofibroblasts, contributing to fibrosis of the intestine, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and mesenteric fat hypertrophy. Therefore, chronically sustained inflammation has long been considered a cause of intestinal fibrosis and stenosis. Still, even after the advent of biologics and tighter control of inflammation, intestinal fibrosis’s surgical rate has not necessarily decreased. It is essential to elucidate the mechanisms involved in intestinal fibrosis in CD from a molecular biological level to overcome clinical issues. Recently, much attention has been paid to several key molecules of intestinal fibrosis: peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor gamma (PPARγ), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), Th17 immune response, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). As a major problem in the treatment of CD, the pathophysiology of patients with CD is not the same and varies depending on each patient. It is necessary to integrate these key molecules for a better understanding of the mechanism of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis.
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14
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Beyaz S, Chung C, Mou H, Bauer-Rowe KE, Xifaras ME, Ergin I, Dohnalova L, Biton M, Shekhar K, Eskiocak O, Papciak K, Ozler K, Almeqdadi M, Yueh B, Fein M, Annamalai D, Valle-Encinas E, Erdemir A, Dogum K, Shah V, Alici-Garipcan A, Meyer HV, Özata DM, Elinav E, Kucukural A, Kumar P, McAleer JP, Fox JG, Thaiss CA, Regev A, Roper J, Orkin SH, Yilmaz ÖH. Dietary suppression of MHC class II expression in intestinal epithelial cells enhances intestinal tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1922-1935.e5. [PMID: 34529935 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how interactions of diet, intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and immune cells affect early-stage intestinal tumorigenesis. We show that a high-fat diet (HFD) reduces the expression of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) genes in intestinal epithelial cells, including ISCs. This decline in epithelial MHC class II expression in a HFD correlates with reduced intestinal microbiome diversity. Microbial community transfer experiments suggest that epithelial MHC class II expression is regulated by intestinal flora. Mechanistically, pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) signaling regulates epithelial MHC class II expression. MHC class II-negative (MHC-II-) ISCs exhibit greater tumor-initiating capacity than their MHC class II-positive (MHC-II+) counterparts upon loss of the tumor suppressor Apc coupled with a HFD, suggesting a role for epithelial MHC class II-mediated immune surveillance in suppressing tumorigenesis. ISC-specific genetic ablation of MHC class II increases tumor burden cell autonomously. Thus, HFD perturbs a microbiome-stem cell-immune cell interaction that contributes to tumor initiation in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Charlie Chung
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Haiwei Mou
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Khristian E Bauer-Rowe
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael E Xifaras
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilgin Ergin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Lenka Dohnalova
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Moshe Biton
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Onur Eskiocak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Kadir Ozler
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Mohammad Almeqdadi
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian Yueh
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Miriam Fein
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Damodaran Annamalai
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eider Valle-Encinas
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aysegul Erdemir
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karoline Dogum
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vyom Shah
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Hannah V Meyer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Deniz M Özata
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alper Kucukural
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jeremy P McAleer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Jatin Roper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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15
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Sallustio F, Picerno A, Tatullo M, Rampino A, Rengo C, Valletta A, Torretta S, Falcone RM. Toll-Like Receptors in Stem/Progenitor Cells. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 276:175-212. [PMID: 34595583 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the bridges that control the cross-talk between the innate and adaptive immune systems is toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs interact with molecules shared and maintained by the source pathogens, but also with endogenous molecules derived from injured tissues (damage/danger-associated molecular patterns - DAMPs). This is likely why some kinds of stem/progenitor cells (SCs) have been found to express TLRs. The role of TLRs in regulating basal motility, proliferation, processes of differentiation, self-renewal, and immunomodulation has been demonstrated in these cells. In this book chapter, we will discuss the many different functions assumed by the TLRs in SCs, pointing out that, depending on the context and the type of ligands they perceive, they may have different effects. In addition, the role of TLR in SC's response to specific tissue damage and in reparative processes will be addressed, as well as how the discovery of molecules mediating TLR signaling's differential function may be decisive for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Given the available studies on TLRs in SCs, the significance of TLRs in sensing an injury to stem/progenitor cells and evaluating their action and reparative activity, which depends on the circumstances, will be discussed here. It could also be possible that SCs used in therapy could theoretically be exposed to TLR ligands, which could modulate their in vivo therapeutic potential. In this context, we need to better understand the mechanisms of action of TLRs on SCs and learn how to regulate these receptors and their downstream pathways in a precise way in order to modulate SC proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation in the pathological environment. In this way, cell therapy may be strengthened and made safer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Angela Picerno
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, DETO, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Tatullo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs-University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Rengo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valletta
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Torretta
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Falcone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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16
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Guo J, Liao M, Wang J. TLR4 signaling in the development of colitis-associated cancer and its possible interplay with microRNA-155. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:90. [PMID: 34479599 PMCID: PMC8414775 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) has closely been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, the exact mechanisms underlying colitis-associated cancer (CAC) development remain unclear. As a classic pattern-recognition receptor, Toll like receptor (TLR)4 is a canonical receptor for lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria (including two CAC-associated pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Salmonella), and functions as a key bridge molecule linking oncogenic infection to colonic inflammatory and malignant processes. Accumulating studies verified the overexpression of TLR4 in colitis and CAC, and the over-expressed TLR4 might promote colitis-associated tumorigenesis via facilitating cell proliferation, protecting malignant cells against apoptosis, accelerating invasion and metastasis, as well as contributing to the creation of tumor-favouring cellular microenvironment. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the regulation of TLR4 signaling in the context of colitis-associated tumorigenesis. MicroRNA (miR)-155 and TLR4 exhibited a similar dynamic expression change during CAC development and shared similar CAC-promoting properties. The available data demonstrated an interplay between TLR4 and miR-155 in the context of different disorders or cell lines. miR-155 could augment TLR4 signaling through targeting negative regulators SOCS1 and SHIP1; and TLR4 activation would induce miR-155 expression via transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. This possible TLR4-miR-155 positive feedback loop might result in the synergistic accelerating effect of TLR4 and miR-155 on CAC development.![]() Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfan Liao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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17
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Tam JSY, Coller JK, Hughes PA, Prestidge CA, Bowen JM. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists as potential therapeutics for intestinal inflammation. Indian J Gastroenterol 2021; 40:5-21. [PMID: 33666891 PMCID: PMC7934812 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-020-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal inflammation is a hallmark of highly prevalent disorders, including cancer treatment-induced mucositis and ulcerative colitis. These disorders cause debilitating symptoms, have a significant impact on quality of life, and are poorly managed. The activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been proposed to have a major influence on the inflammatory signalling pathways of the intestinal tract. Inhibition of TLR4 has been postulated as an effective way to treat intestinal inflammation. However, there are a limited number of studies looking into the potential of TLR4 antagonism as a therapeutic approach for intestinal inflammation. This review surveyed available literature and reported on the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo effects of TLR4 antagonism on different models of intestinal inflammation. Of the studies reviewed, evidence suggests that there is indeed potential for TLR4 antagonists to treat inflammation, although only a limited number of studies have investigated treating intestinal inflammation with TLR4 antagonists directly. These results warrant further research into the effect of TLR4 antagonists in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine S. Y. Tam
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Janet K. Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Patrick A. Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Clive A. Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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18
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Effects of TLR agonists on immune responses in Trichinella spiralis infected mice. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2505-2510. [PMID: 32535733 PMCID: PMC7292931 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is acquired by eating raw or undercooked meats carrying muscle larvae of Trichinella spp. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. However, little is known about the potential application of TLR agonists for immunotherapy against Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection. Here, we evaluated the effects of four TLR agonists (i.e., TLR3, TLR4, TLR8, and TLR9 agonists) on T. spiralis infection in mice. The reduction rate of worm burden showed that TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) significantly reduced T. spiralis infection rather than TLR4, TLR8, and TLR9 agonists (p < 0.05). Moreover, TLR3 showed a continuous high-level of expression during 6–35 days post infection (dpi). The levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-6 increased significantly in mice serum compared with control group after treatment with TLR3 agonist at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, and 35 dpi (p < 0.05). A significant decreasing trend was also detected in levels of IL-10 and IL-4 after treatment with TLR3 agonist compared with control group at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, and 35 dpi (p < 0.05). Overall, this study suggested that TLR3-targeted therapies might be effective on worm burden reduction by regulation of the cytokine levels in the mice infected with T. spiralis.
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19
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Song H, Zeng M, Chen X, Chen X, Peng J, Lin Y, Yu R, Cai X, Peng Q. Antiulcerogenic Activity of Li-Zhong Decoction on Duodenal Ulcers Induced by Indomethacin in Rats: Involvement of TLR-2/MyD88 Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:6538156. [PMID: 32063985 PMCID: PMC6996687 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6538156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often causes small intestinal ulcers in patients, but few effective drugs are currently available to manage such serious adverse events of NSAIDs. Li-Zhong decoction (LZD), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is commonly prescribed for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-ulcerogenic activity of LZD on indomethacin- (IND-) induced duodenal ulcer in rats. Mechanistic studies of action of LZD were focused on involvement of TLR-2/MyD88 signaling pathway. METHODS Fifty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly and evenly divided into five groups: normal control, ulcer control (IND, 25 mg/kg), IND + esomeprazole (ESO, 4.17 mg/kg), and IND + low and high doses of LZD (3.75 and 7.50 g/kg). Macroscopic and histopathological examinations were performed for evaluation of ulcer index (UI), curative index (CI), and microscopic score (MS). Levels of duodenal inflammatory biomarkers and cytoprotective mediators including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α (TNF. RESULTS Gross and microscopic examinations of the IND-treated rats revealed severe duodenal hemorrhagic necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, villus destruction, and crypt abscess, while LZD-treated rats manifested these pathological events to a markedly lesser degree. LZD significantly decreased UI and MS, increased CI, preserved the integrity of the villus and crypt, and normalized the tissue architecture of the duodenum of rats. The elevated TNF-α (TNF. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that LZD protects the duodenal mucosa from IND-caused lesions, which is at least partially attributable to the interaction of its potential cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms together with enhancement of the mucosal immunity through TLR-2/MyD88 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houpan Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meiyan Zeng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiong Cai
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghua Peng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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20
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Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Actuating Stem/Progenitor Cell Repair Mechanisms: Different Functions in Different Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:6795845. [PMID: 31089331 PMCID: PMC6476106 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6795845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent one of the bridges that regulate the cross-talk between the innate and adaptive immune systems. TLRs interact with molecules shared and preserved by the pathogens of origin but also with endogenous molecules (damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)) that derive from injured tissues. This is probably why TLRs have been found to be expressed on several kinds of stem/progenitor cells (SCs). In these cells, the role of TLRs in the regulation of the basal motility, proliferation, differentiation processes, self-renewal, and immunomodulation has been demonstrated. In this review, we analyze the many different functions that the TLRs assume in SCs, pointing out that they can have different effects, depending on the background and on the kind of ligands that they recognize. Moreover, we discuss the TLR involvement in the response of SC to specific tissue damage and in the reparative processes, as well as how the identification of molecules mediating the differential function of TLR signaling could be decisive for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Considering the available studies on TLRs in SCs, here we address the importance of TLRs in sensing an injury by stem/progenitor cells and in determining their behavior and reparative activity, which is dependent on the conditions. Therefore, it could be conceivable that SCs employed in therapy could be potentially exposed to TLR ligands, which might modulate their therapeutic potential in vivo. In this context, to modulate SC proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation in the pathological environment, we need to better understand the mechanisms of action of TLRs on SCs and learn how to control these receptors and their downstream pathways in a precise way. In this manner, in the future, cell therapy could be improved and made safer.
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21
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Chen Y, Yang XQ, Tseng BY, Tsai YH, Tseng SH, Lee CH, Yao CL. Deferoxamine preconditioning activated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in intestinal stem cells. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:2349-2356. [PMID: 29475626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important regulators of innate immunity, and TLR4 pathway can regulate the survival, migration, and differentiation of stem cells, including intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Deferoxamine (DFO), a hypoxia-mimic compound, can activate the proliferation of ISCs. In this study, we investigated the response of TLR4 signaling to DFO-induced hypoxia in cultured ISCs in vitro. METHODS After DFO treatment, the crypt organoid number was counted, and the expression levels of Lgr5, Hsp70, HMGB1, HIF-1α, TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, and TRAM in ISCs were examined using QPCR and Western blotting. The chemical inhibitors of different signaling molecules were then used to determine their role in DFO-induced change in ISCs. RESULTS The expression levels of Lgr5, HIF-1α, TLR4, MyD88, and TRIF in ISCs increased after DFO treatment, with peak expression of these molecules 6h after DFO treatment. In addition, DFO-induced gene expression of Lgr5 and HIF-1α was partially reversed by pretreatment with the inhibitor of TLR4 or MyD88, but not TRIF inhibitor. Inhibition of HIF-1α also resulted in partial downregulation of DFO-induced elevation of Lgr5 and TLR4. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that DFO treatment activated HIF-1α and the TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway, which might mediate the activation of ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Qin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Yuan Tseng
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Materials and Textiles, Oriental Institute of Technology, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hong Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of General Surgery, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ling Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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22
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Cellular Interactions in the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 67:19-26. [PMID: 30242440 PMCID: PMC6434028 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are one of the most actively cycling cells in a mammalian organism and therefore are prone to malignant transformation. Already during organogenesis, the connective tissue (mesenchyme) provides instructive signals for the epithelium. In an adult organism, the mesenchyme is believed to provide crucial regulatory signals for the maintenance and regeneration of epithelial cells. Here, we discuss the role of intestinal myofibroblasts, α-smooth muscle actin-positive stromal (mesenchymal) cells, as an important regulatory part of the intestinal stem cell niche. Better understanding of the cross-talk between myofibroblasts and the epithelium in the intestine has implications for advances in regenerative medicine, and improved therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal fibrosis and colorectal cancer.
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Filidou E, Valatas V, Drygiannakis I, Arvanitidis K, Vradelis S, Kouklakis G, Kolios G, Bamias G. Cytokine Receptor Profiling in Human Colonic Subepithelial Myofibroblasts: A Differential Effect of Th Polarization-Associated Cytokines in Intestinal Fibrosis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2224-2241. [PMID: 29860326 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (cSEMFs) are mesenchymal cells with a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease (CD) fibrosis. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a complete expression mapping of cytokine receptors, implicated in inflammatory bowel diseases, in primary human cSEMFs and how pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate this expression. Furthermore, we show the effect of Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and Treg-related cytokines on a fibrosis-related phenotype of cSEMFs. METHODS Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts were isolated from healthy individuals' colonic biopsies. Interleukin (IL)-1α- and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced mRNA and protein expression of cytokine receptors was assayed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence, respectively. Th-related cytokine effects on mRNA and protein profibrotic factor expression were analyzed by qRT-PCR and/or colorimetric assays and on the wound-healing capacity of cSEMFs by scratch test. RESULTS In cSEMFs, we observed basal cytokine receptor expression, which was modified by IL-1α and TNF-α. Th1-related cytokines upregulated tissue factor (TF), collagen, fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and downregulated α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), MMP-9, and wound healing rate. Th2-related cytokines upregulated collagen, TF, α-SMA, MMP-1, and wound healing rate and downregulated fibronectin and MMP-9. IL-17 and IL-23 upregulated fibronectin, and IL-22 downregulated TF. IL-17 and IL-22 decreased wound healing rate. Similar to TGF-β, IL-23 upregulated MMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, collagen expression, and wound healing rates. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cSEMFs have a central role in inflammation and fibrosis, as they express a great variety of Th-related cytokine receptors, making them responsive to pro-inflammatory cytokines, abundant in the inflamed mucosa of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vasilis Valatas
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Stergios Vradelis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine of University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Kouklakis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine of University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- GI Unit, 3rd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Grosick R, Alvarado-Vazquez PA, Messersmith AR, Romero-Sandoval EA. High glucose induces a priming effect in macrophages and exacerbates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines after a challenge. J Pain Res 2018; 11:1769-1778. [PMID: 30237731 PMCID: PMC6136416 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s164493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Painful diabetic neuropathy is associated with chronic inflammation, in which macrophages are the key effectors. We utilized an in vitro approach to determine the effects of high glucose on macrophage phenotype. Materials and methods We exposed human THP-1 macrophages to normal glucose (5 mM) and a clinically relevant high glucose environment (15 mM) and measured the expression and concentration of molecules associated with a diabetic cellular phenotype. Results We found that THP-1 macrophages in high glucose conditions did not influence the basal expression of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor-4, or class A scavenger receptor mRNA, or the concentrations of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and IL-10, but induced a priming effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Then, we stimulated THP-1 macrophages with a strong pro-inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 µg/mL). After stimulation with LPS, we observed an exacerbated increase in TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 concentration in the high glucose condition compared to the normal glucose environment. THP-1 macrophages in high glucose conditions developed tolerance to IL-10 anti-inflammatory effects (TNF-α production) when challenged with LPS. Conclusion Our in vitro approach allows the study of macrophages as potential targets for therapeutic purposes since it compares them to primary human macrophages exposed to high glucose and macrophages from patients with diabetes or complications of painful diabetic neuropathy (i.e. ulcers, adipocytes, and pancreas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Grosick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Science, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA
| | | | - Amy R Messersmith
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Science, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA
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Chen Y, Zhou W, Roh T, Estes MK, Kaplan DL. In vitro enteroid-derived three-dimensional tissue model of human small intestinal epithelium with innate immune responses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187880. [PMID: 29186150 PMCID: PMC5706668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for functional in vitro 3D human intestine systems that can bridge the gap between conventional cell culture studies and human trials. The successful engineering in vitro of human intestinal tissues relies on the use of the appropriate cell sources, biomimetic scaffolds, and 3D culture conditions to support vital organ functions. We previously established a compartmentalized scaffold consisting of a hollow space within a porous bulk matrix, in which a functional and physiologically relevant intestinal epithelium system was generated using intestinal cell lines. In this study, we adopt the 3D scaffold system for the cultivation of stem cell-derived human small intestinal enteriods (HIEs) to engineer an in vitro 3D model of a nonstransformed human small intestinal epithelium. Characterization of tissue properties revealed a mature HIE-derived epithelium displaying four major terminally differentiated epithelial cell types (enterocytes, Goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells), with tight junction formation, microvilli polarization, digestive enzyme secretion, and low oxygen tension in the lumen. Moreover, the tissue model demonstrates significant antibacterial responses to E. coli infection, as evidenced by the significant upregulation of genes involved in the innate immune response. Importantly, many of these genes are activated in human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), implicating the potential application of the 3D stem-cell derived epithelium for the in vitro study of host-microbe-pathogen interplay and IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Wenda Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Terrence Roh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lipopolysaccharide from Crypt-Specific Core Microbiota Modulates the Colonic Epithelial Proliferation-to-Differentiation Balance. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01680-17. [PMID: 29042502 PMCID: PMC5646255 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01680-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a crypt-specific core microbiota (CSCM) dominated by strictly aerobic, nonfermentative bacteria in murine cecal and proximal colonic (PC) crypts and hypothesized that, among its possible functions, it may affect epithelial regeneration. In the present work, we isolated representative CSCM strains using selective media based upon our initial 16S rRNA-based molecular identification (i.e., Acinetobacter, Delftia, and Stenotrophomonas). Their tropism for the crypt was confirmed, and their influence on epithelial regeneration was demonstrated in vivo by monocolonization of germfree mice. We also showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), through its endotoxin activity, was the dominant bacterial agonist controlling proliferation. The relevant molecular mechanisms were analyzed using colonic crypt-derived organoids exposed to bacterial sonicates or highly purified LPS as agonists. We identified a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent program affecting crypts at different stages of epithelial differentiation. LPS played a dual role: it repressed cell proliferation through RIPK3-mediated necroptosis of stem cells and cells of the transit-amplifying compartment and concurrently enhanced cell differentiation, particularly the goblet cell lineage. The LPS from crypt-specific core microbiota controls intestinal epithelium proliferation through necroptosis of stem cells and enhances cell differentiation, mainly the goblet cell lineage.
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Pierzchalska M, Panek M, Czyrnek M, Gielicz A, Mickowska B, Grabacka M. Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria or synthetic TLR2 agonist boost the growth of chicken embryo intestinal organoids in cultures comprising epithelial cells and myofibroblasts. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 53:7-18. [PMID: 28750869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells reside in close proximity to myofibroblasts and microbiota, which are supposed to have an impact on intestinal stem cells fate and to influence processes of tissue maturation and regeneration. Mechanism underlying these phenomena and their diversity among vertebrates can be studied in 3D organoid cultures. We investigated the growth of chicken embryo intestinal epithelial organoids in Matrigel with and without Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulation. The organoid cultures contained also some myofibroblasts with potential to promote intestinal stem cell survival. Organoid cells, expressing TLR4, TLR2 type 1 and TLR2 type 2 were incubated with their agonists (lipopolysaccharide - LPS and Pam3CSK4) or co-cultured with Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria (LA-5). Pam3CSK4 and LA-5 promoted organoid growth, which was demonstrated by comparing the morphological parameters (mean number and area of organoids). The profile of prostaglandins (PG), known to promote intestinal regeneration, in supernatants from organoid and fibroblast cultures were evaluated. Both PGE2 and PGD2 were detected. As compared to unstimulated controls, supernatants from the Pam3CSK4-stimulated organoids contained twice as much of PGE2 and PGD2. The changes in production of prostaglandins and the support of epithelial cell growth by myofibroblasts are factors potentially responsible for stimulatory effect of TLR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Panek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyrnek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Gielicz
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mickowska
- Malopolska Center of Food Monitoring, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
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Tsoi H, Chu ESH, Zhang X, Sheng J, Nakatsu G, Ng SC, Chan AWH, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Yu J. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius Induces Intracellular Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Colon Cells to Induce Proliferation and Causes Dysplasia in Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1419-1433.e5. [PMID: 28126350 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Stool samples from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have a higher abundance of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius than stool from individuals without CRC, based on metagenome sequencing. We investigated whether P anaerobius contributes to colon tumor formation in mice and its possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis. METHODS We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses to measure P anaerobius in 112 stool samples and 255 colon biopsies from patients with CRC or advanced adenoma and from healthy individuals (controls) undergoing colonoscopy examination at hospitals in Hong Kong and Beijing. C57BL/6 mice were given broad-spectrum antibiotics, followed by a single dose of azoxymethane, to induce colon tumor formation. Three days later, mice were given P anaerobius or Esherichia coli MG1655 (control bacteria), via gavage, for 6 weeks. Some mice were also given the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Intestine tissues were collected and analyzed histologically. The colon epithelial cell line NCM460 and colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2 were exposed to P anaerobius or control bacteria; cells were analyzed by immunoblot, proliferation, and bacterial attachment analyses and compared in gene expression profiling studies. Gene expression was knocked down in these cell lines with small interfering RNAs. RESULTS P anaerobius was significantly enriched in stool samples from patients with CRC and in biopsies from patients with colorectal adenoma or CRC compared with controls. Mice depleted of bacteria and exposed to azoxymethane and P anaerobius had a higher incidence of intestinal dysplasia (63%) compared with mice not given the bacteria (8.3%; P < .01). P anaerobius mainly colonized the colon compared with the rest of the intestine. Colon cells exposed to P anaerobius had significantly higher levels of proliferation than control cells. We found genes that regulate cholesterol biosynthesis, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling to be significantly up-regulated in cells exposed to P anaerobius. Total cholesterol levels were significantly increased in colon cell lines exposed to P anaerobius via activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2. P anaerobius interacted with TLR2 and TLR4 to increase intracellular levels of reactive oxidative species, which promoted cholesterol synthesis and cell proliferation. Depletion of reactive oxidative species by knockdown of TLR2 or TLR4, or incubation of cells with an antioxidant, prevented P anaerobius from inducing cholesterol biosynthesis and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Levels of P anaerobius are increased in human colon tumor tissues and adenomas compared with non-tumor tissues; this bacteria increases colon dysplasia in a mouse model of CRC. P anaerobius interacts with TLR2 and TLR4 on colon cells to increase levels of reactive oxidative species, which promotes cholesterol synthesis and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Tsoi
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eagle S H Chu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianqiu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Geicho Nakatsu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony W H Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Neuroimmunomodulation in the Gut: Focus on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1363818. [PMID: 27471349 PMCID: PMC4947661 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1363818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity is finely regulated by several concomitant and overlapping mechanisms, in order to efficiently sense external stimuli and mount an adequate response of either tolerance or defense. In this context, a complex interplay between immune and nonimmune cells is responsible for the maintenance of normal homeostasis. However, in certain conditions, the disruption of such an intricate network may result in intestinal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors acting in concert with an inappropriate immune response, which in turn interacts with nonimmune cells, including nervous system components. Currently, evidence shows that the interaction between the immune and the nervous system is bidirectional and plays a critical role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. Recently, the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis has been shown to be under the reciprocal control of the microbiota by immune mechanisms, whereas intestinal microorganisms can modulate mucosal immunity. Therefore, in addition to presenting the mechanisms underlying the interaction between immune and nervous systems in the gut, here we discuss the role of the microbiota also in the regulation of neuroimmune crosstalk involved in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation, with potential implications to IBD pathogenesis.
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Henning SJ, von Furstenberg RJ. GI stem cells - new insights into roles in physiology and pathophysiology. J Physiol 2016; 594:4769-79. [PMID: 27107928 DOI: 10.1113/jp271663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This overview gives a brief historical summary of key discoveries regarding stem cells of the small intestine. The current concept is that there are two pools of intestinal stem cells (ISCs): an actively cycling pool that is marked by Lgr5, is relatively homogeneous and is responsible for daily turnover of the epithelium; and a slowly cycling or quiescent pool that functions as reserve ISCs. The latter pool appears to be quite heterogeneous and may include partially differentiated epithelial lineages that can reacquire stem cell characteristics following injury to the intestine. Markers and methods of isolation for active and quiescent ISC populations are described as well as the numerous important advances that have been made in approaches to the in vitro culture of ISCs and crypts. Factors regulating ISC biology are briefly summarized and both known and unknown aspects of the ISC niche are discussed. Although most of our current knowledge regarding ISC physiology and pathophysiology has come from studies with mice, recent work with human tissue highlights the potential translational applications arising from this field of research. Many of these topics are further elaborated in the following articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Henning
- Department of Medicine - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7555, USA
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Buttó LF, Schaubeck M, Haller D. Mechanisms of Microbe-Host Interaction in Crohn's Disease: Dysbiosis vs. Pathobiont Selection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:555. [PMID: 26635787 PMCID: PMC4652232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a systemic chronic inflammatory condition mainly characterized by discontinuous transmural pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and frequent extraintestinal manifestations with intermittent episodes of remission and relapse. Genome-wide association studies identified a number of risk loci that, catalyzed by environmental triggers, result in the loss of tolerance toward commensal bacteria based on dysregulated innate effector functions and antimicrobial defense, leading to exacerbated adaptive immune responses responsible for chronic immune-mediated tissue damage. In this review, we discuss the inter-related role of changes in the intestinal microbiota, epithelial barrier integrity, and immune cell functions on the pathogenesis of CD, describing the current approaches available to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Substantial effort has been dedicated to define disease-associated changes in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) and to link pathobionts to the etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. A cogent definition of dysbiosis is lacking, as well as an agreement of whether pathobionts or complex shifts in the microbiota trigger inflammation in the host. Among the rarely available animal models, SAMP/Yit and TNFdeltaARE mice are the best known displaying a transmural CD-like phenotype. New hypothesis-driven mouse models, e.g., epithelial-specific Caspase8−/−, ATG16L1−/−, and XBP1−/− mice, validate pathway-focused function of specific CD-associated risk genes highlighting the role of Paneth cells in antimicrobial defense. To study the causal role of bacteria in initiating inflammation in the host, the use of germ-free mouse models is indispensable. Unraveling the interactions of genes, immune cells and microbes constitute a criterion for the development of safe, reliable, and effective treatment options for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica F Buttó
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Monika Schaubeck
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
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The Viral Mimetic Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Alters the Growth Characteristics of Small Intestinal and Colonic Crypt Cultures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138531. [PMID: 26414184 PMCID: PMC4587363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The intestinal epithelium is the first line of defense against enteric pathogens. We investigated the response of small intestinal and colonic crypt cultures to a panel of toll-like receptor ligands to assess the impact of microbial pattern recognition on epithelial growth. Methods Primary murine jejunal enteroids and colonoids were cultured with lipopeptide Pam3CSK4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) for 4 to 6 days. Surface area, budding and survival were assessed. Proliferation and numbers of lysozyme positive cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Gene expression was assessed by Nanostring and qRT-PCR. Results Exposure to Pam3CSK4 and LPS had minimal impact on either enteroids or colonoids. In contrast, Poly I:C increased the surface area of enteroids, while colonoids demonstrated decreased budding. Survival was decreased by Poly I:C in enteroids but not in colonoids. Both enteroids and colonoids exhibited upregulated gene expression of chemokines, but these were increased in magnitude in enteroids. Decreases in gene expression associated with epithelial differentiation and lysozyme positive cells were more apparent in enteroids than in colonoids. Baseline gene expression between enteroids and colonoids differed markedly in levels of stem cell and inflammatory markers. The changes in morphology induced by Poly I:C were mediated by the toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (Ticam1) in enteroids but not in colonoids. Conclusions Poly I:C alters the molecular program of epithelial cells and shifts from absorption and digestion towards defense and inflammation. Diversity of responses to microbial patterns in enteroids and colonoids may underlie differences in susceptibility to infection along the intestinal tract.
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Forcén R, Latorre E, Pardo J, Alcalde AI, Murillo MD, Grasa L. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 modulate the contractile response induced by serotonin in mouse ileum: analysis of the serotonin receptors involved. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1258-66. [PMID: 26053401 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiota through toll-like receptors (TLR) may regulate gastrointestinal motility by activating neuroendocrine mechanisms. We evaluated the influence of TLR2 and TLR4 in the spontaneous contractions and serotonin (5-HT)-induced motor response in mouse ileum, and the 5-HT receptors involved. METHODS Muscle contractility studies to evaluate the spontaneous intestinal motility and the response to 5-HT were performed in the ileum from wild type (WT), TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and TLR2/4 double knockout (DKO) mice. 5-HT receptor expression was determined by real-time PCR. KEY RESULTS The amplitude of spontaneous contractions in ileum was higher in TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and TLR2/4 DKO mice with respect to WT. 5-HT evoked concentration-dependent contractile responses in the ileum from TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice similar to WT. However, in ileum from TLR2/4 DKO, 5-HT did not induce any contractile response. Expression of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptors resulted increased in ileum from TLR4(-/-) and TLR2/4 DKO. Expression of the 5-HT4 receptor was diminished in TLR2(-/-) and TLR2/4 DKO. High levels of 5-HT7 receptor expression were found in TLR2/4 DKO but not in TLR2(-/-) or TLR4(-/-). In WT and TLR4(-/-), 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists reduced the contractile response evoked by 5-HT. In TLR2(-/-) mice, 5-HT4 antagonist did not reduce the 5-HT response. In TLR2/4 DKO mice, only 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists reduced the relaxing response induced by 5-HT. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES TLR2 and TLR4 signaling may modulate the spontaneous contractions and the serotonin contractile response by acting on 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Forcén
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Latorre
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A I Alcalde
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M D Murillo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Abstract
Colonization with toxigenic Clostridium difficile may be associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic carriage to mild diarrhea to life-threatening colitis. Over the last 15 years, there has been a marked increase in the incidence of C. difficile infection, which predominantly affects elderly patients on antibiotics. More recently, there has been significant interest in the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and C. difficile infection. This review article discusses in some detail current knowledge of the mechanisms by which C. difficile toxins may mediate mucosal inflammation, together with the role of cell wall components of the microorganism in disease pathogenesis. Innate and adaptive host responses to C. difficile toxins and other components are described and include consideration of the potential role of known mucosal changes in IBD that may lead to an enhanced inflammatory response in the presence of C. difficile infection. Recent studies, which have characterized resident microbiota that may mediate protection against colonization by C. difficile, including their mechanisms of action, are also discussed. This includes the role of bile acids and 7α-dehydroxylase-expressing bacteria, such as Clostridium scindens. Recent studies suggest a higher carriage rate of C. difficile in patients with IBD. It is anticipated that future studies will determine the role of dysbiosis in IBD in predisposing to colonization with C. difficile.
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Owens BMJ. Inflammation, Innate Immunity, and the Intestinal Stromal Cell Niche: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Immunol 2015; 6:319. [PMID: 26150817 PMCID: PMC4471728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells of multiple tissues contribute to immune-mediated protective responses and, conversely, the pathological tissue changes associated with chronic inflammatory disease. However, unlike hematopoietic immune cells, tissue stromal cell populations remain poorly characterized with respect to specific surface marker expression, their ontogeny, self-renewal, and proliferative capacity within tissues and the extent to which they undergo phenotypic immunological changes during the course of an infectious or inflammatory insult. Extending our knowledge of the immunological features of stromal cells provides an exciting opportunity to further dissect the underlying biology of many important immune-mediated diseases, although several challenges remain in bringing the emerging field of stromal immunology to equivalence with the study of the hematopoietic immune cell compartment. This review highlights recent studies that have begun unraveling the complexity of tissue stromal cell function in immune responses, with a focus on the intestine, and proposes strategies for the development of the field to uncover the great potential for stromal immunology to contribute to our understanding of the fundamental pathophysiology of disease, and the opening of new therapeutic avenues in multiple chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M J Owens
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; Somerville College, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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The role of innate immunity receptors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:936193. [PMID: 25821356 PMCID: PMC4364059 DOI: 10.1155/2015/936193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense, fundamental for the recognition and the initiation of an inflammatory response against microorganisms. The innate immune response relies on the sensing of microbial-associated molecular patterns through specialized structures such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the nucleotide oligomerization domain- (NOD-) like receptors (NLRs). In the gut, these tasks are performed by the epithelial barrier and the presence of adaptive and innate immune mechanisms. TLRs and NLRs are distributed throughout the gastrointestinal mucosa, being more expressed in the epithelium, and in lamina propria immune and nonimmune cells. These innate immunity receptors exhibit complementary biological functions, with evidence for pathways overlapping. However, as tolerance is the predominant physiological response in the gastrointestinal mucosa, it appears that the TLRs are relatively downregulated, while NLRs play a critical role in mucosal defense in the gut.
Over the past two decades, genetic polymorphisms have been associated with several diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. Special emphasis has been given to the susceptibility to Crohn's disease, in association with abnormalities in the NOD2 and in the NLRP3/inflammasome. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying innate immune receptors dysfunction that result in the persistent inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease remain to be clarified.
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