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Huang Z, Huang L, Waters MJ, Chen C. Insulin and Growth Hormone Balance: Implications for Obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:642-654. [PMID: 32416957 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of endocrine hormonal balance (i.e., increased levels of insulin, and reduced levels of growth hormone, GH) often occurs in pre-obesity and obesity. Using distinct intracellular signaling pathways to control cell and body metabolism, GH and insulin also regulate each other's secretion to maintain overall metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of insulin and GH balance is essential for understanding endocrine hormonal contributions to energy storage and utilization. In this review we summarize the actions of, and interactions between, insulin and GH at the cellular level, and highlight the association between the insulin/GH ratio and energy metabolism, as well as fat accumulation. Use of the [insulin]:[GH] ratio as a biomarker for predicting the development of obesity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
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Karastergiou K, Bredella MA, Lee MJ, Smith SR, Fried SK, Miller KK. Growth hormone receptor expression in human gluteal versus abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: Association with body shape. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1090-1096. [PMID: 27015877 PMCID: PMC5084456 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) administration reduces abdominal, but not lower body, fat mass. To gain insight into the underlying mechanisms, this study examined the expression of the GH receptor (GHR) and some of its targets in abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue. METHODS GHR and GH targets in the lipolytic pathway were assessed (quantitative PCR/Western blotting) in adipose aspirates from premenopausal women [n = 15, age 26.9 ± 6.1 years, body mass index (BMI) 28.0 ± 6.8 kg/m(2) ] and men (n = 28, age 29.2 ± 7.0 years, BMI 26.9 ± 3.7 kg/m(2) ). RESULTS GHR mRNA expression was lower in the gluteal depot when compared with the abdominal depot (P = 0.01). Abdominal GHR correlated negatively with age and BMI, whereas gluteal GHR was associated with lower waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), that is, pear shape. In both sites, GHR mRNA correlated strongly with genes important for the regulation of lipolysis: adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase, perilipin, and CIDEA (all P < 0.001), independently of BMI, WHR, age, and sex. GHR protein was lower in the gluteal fat when compared with the abdominal fat (P = 0.03) and correlated with ATGL protein in the gluteal depot (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS GHR levels correlate with levels of lipases and lipid droplet-associated proteins crucial for lipolysis. Thus, higher GHR expression in the abdominal depot when compared with the gluteal depot may underlie the in vivo effect of GH to specifically reduce abdominal adipose tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalypso Karastergiou
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miriam A. Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Sanford/Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Susan K. Fried
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen K. Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bachmann KN, Bruno AG, Bredella MA, Schorr M, Lawson EA, Gill CM, Singhal V, Meenaghan E, Gerweck AV, Eddy KT, Ebrahimi S, Koman SL, Greenblatt JM, Keane RJ, Weigel T, Dechant E, Misra M, Klibanski A, Bouxsein ML, Miller KK. Vertebral Strength and Estimated Fracture Risk Across the BMI Spectrum in Women. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:281-8. [PMID: 26332401 PMCID: PMC4833882 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Somewhat paradoxically, fracture risk, which depends on applied loads and bone strength, is elevated in both anorexia nervosa and obesity at certain skeletal sites. Factor-of-risk (Φ), the ratio of applied load to bone strength, is a biomechanically based method to estimate fracture risk; theoretically, higher Φ reflects increased fracture risk. We estimated vertebral strength (linear combination of integral volumetric bone mineral density [Int.vBMD] and cross-sectional area from quantitative computed tomography [QCT]), vertebral compressive loads, and Φ at L4 in 176 women (65 anorexia nervosa, 45 lean controls, and 66 obese). Using biomechanical models, applied loads were estimated for: 1) standing; 2) arms flexed 90°, holding 5 kg in each hand (holding); 3) 45° trunk flexion, 5 kg in each hand (lifting); 4) 20° trunk right lateral bend, 10 kg in right hand (bending). We also investigated associations of Int.vBMD and vertebral strength with lean mass (from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT, from QCT). Women with anorexia nervosa had lower, whereas obese women had similar, Int.vBMD and estimated vertebral strength compared with controls. Vertebral loads were highest in obesity and lowest in anorexia nervosa for standing, holding, and lifting (p < 0.0001) but were highest in anorexia nervosa for bending (p < 0.02). Obese women had highest Φ for standing and lifting, whereas women with anorexia nervosa had highest Φ for bending (p < 0.0001). Obese and anorexia nervosa subjects had higher Φ for holding than controls (p < 0.03). Int.vBMD and estimated vertebral strength were associated positively with lean mass (R = 0.28 to 0.45, p ≤ 0.0001) in all groups combined and negatively with VAT (R = -[0.36 to 0.38], p < 0.003) within the obese group. Therefore, women with anorexia nervosa had higher estimated vertebral fracture risk (Φ) for holding and bending because of inferior vertebral strength. Despite similar vertebral strength as controls, obese women had higher vertebral fracture risk for standing, holding, and lifting because of higher applied loads from higher body weight. Examining the load-to-strength ratio helps explain increased fracture risk in both low-weight and obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Bachmann
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander G Bruno
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melanie Schorr
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corey M Gill
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vibha Singhal
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erinne Meenaghan
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anu V Gerweck
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seda Ebrahimi
- Cambridge Eating Disorders Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Weigel
- Klarman Center, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Esther Dechant
- Klarman Center, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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