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Marszałek-Kruk BA, Myśliwiec A, Lipowicz A, Wolański W, Kulesa-Mrowiecka M, Dowgierd K. Children with Rare Nager Syndrome-Literature Review, Clinical and Physiotherapeutic Management. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:29. [PMID: 38254920 PMCID: PMC10815867 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nager syndrome is a rare human developmental disorder characterized by craniofacial defects including the downward slanting of the palpebral fissures, cleft palate, limb deformities, mandibular hypoplasia, hypoplasia or absence of thumbs, microretrognathia, and ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. The prevalence is very rare and the literature describes only about a hundred cases of Nager syndrome. There is evidence of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance for Nager syndrome, suggesting genetic heterogeneity. The majority of the described causes of Nager syndrome include pathogenic variants in the SF3B4 gene, which encodes a component of the spliceosome; therefore, the syndrome belongs to the spliceosomopathy group of diseases. The diagnosis is made on the basis of physical and radiological examination and detection of mutations in the SF3B4 gene. Due to the diversity of defects associated with Nager syndrome, patients require multidisciplinary, complex, and long-lasting treatment. Usually, it starts from birth until the age of twenty years. The surgical procedures vary over a patient's lifetime and are related to the needed function. First, breathing and feeding must be facilitated; then, oral and facial clefts should be addressed, followed by correcting eyelid deformities and cheekbone reconstruction. In later age, a surgery of the nose and external ear is performed. Speech and hearing disorders require specialized logopedic treatment. A defect of the thumb is treated by transplanting a tendon and muscle or transferring the position of the index finger. In addition to surgery, in order to maximize a patient's benefit and to reduce functional insufficiency, complementary treatments such as rehabilitation and physiotherapy are recommended. In our study, we describe eight patients of different ages with various cases of Nager syndrome. The aim of our work was to present the actual genetic knowledge on this disease and its treatment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Myśliwiec
- Laboratory of Physiotherapy and Physioprevention, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Lipowicz
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wolański
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kulesa-Mrowiecka
- Department of Rehabilitation in Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dowgierd
- Head and Neck Surgery Clinic for Children and Young Adults, Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
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Serigatto HR, Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Vendramini-Pittoli S, Tonello C, Moura PP, Peixoto AP, Gomes LP, Zechi-Ceide RM. Oculoauriculofrontonasal syndrome: Refining the phenotype through a new case series and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:2493-2507. [PMID: 37282829 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The oculoauriculofrontonasal syndrome (OAFNS) is a rare condition, with unknown etiology, characterized by the association of frontonasal dysplasia (FND) and oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS). Main clinical findings include widely spaced eyes, epibulbar dermoid, broad nose, mandibular hypoplasia, and preauricular tags. Here, we describe a case series of 32 Brazilian individuals with OAFNS and review the literature ascertaining individuals presenting phenotypes compatible with the diagnosis of OAFNS, aiming to refine the phenotype. This series emphasizes the phenotypic variability of the OAFNS and highlights the occurrence of rare craniofacial clefts as a part of the phenotype. The ectopic nasal bone, a hallmark of OAFNS, was frequent in our series, reinforcing the clinical diagnosis. The absence of recurrence, consanguinity, chromosomal, and genetic abnormalities reinforces the hypothesis of a nontraditional inheritance model. The phenotypic refinement provided by this series contributes to an investigation regarding the etiology of OAFNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Regonaschi Serigatto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy Mizue Kokitsu-Nakata
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Siulan Vendramini-Pittoli
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Tonello
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Padilha Moura
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Porto Peixoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Gomes
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseli Maria Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hennocq Q, Bongibault T, Marlin S, Amiel J, Attie-Bitach T, Baujat G, Boutaud L, Carpentier G, Corre P, Denoyelle F, Djate Delbrah F, Douillet M, Galliani E, Kamolvisit W, Lyonnet S, Milea D, Pingault V, Porntaveetus T, Touzet-Roumazeille S, Willems M, Picard A, Rio M, Garcelon N, Khonsari RH. AI-based diagnosis in mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly using external ear shapes. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1171277. [PMID: 37664547 PMCID: PMC10469912 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1171277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mandibulo-Facial Dysostosis with Microcephaly (MFDM) is a rare disease with a broad spectrum of symptoms, characterized by zygomatic and mandibular hypoplasia, microcephaly, and ear abnormalities. Here, we aimed at describing the external ear phenotype of MFDM patients, and train an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based model to differentiate MFDM ears from non-syndromic control ears (binary classification), and from ears of the main differential diagnoses of this condition (multi-class classification): Treacher Collins (TC), Nager (NAFD) and CHARGE syndromes. Methods The training set contained 1,592 ear photographs, corresponding to 550 patients. We extracted 48 patients completely independent of the training set, with only one photograph per ear per patient. After a CNN-(Convolutional Neural Network) based ear detection, the images were automatically landmarked. Generalized Procrustes Analysis was then performed, along with a dimension reduction using PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The principal components were used as inputs in an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model, optimized using a 5-fold cross-validation. Finally, the model was tested on an independent validation set. Results We trained the model on 1,592 ear photographs, corresponding to 1,296 control ears, 105 MFDM, 33 NAFD, 70 TC and 88 CHARGE syndrome ears. The model detected MFDM with an accuracy of 0.969 [0.838-0.999] (p < 0.001) and an AUC (Area Under the Curve) of 0.975 within controls (binary classification). Balanced accuracies were 0.811 [0.648-0.920] (p = 0.002) in a first multiclass design (MFDM vs. controls and differential diagnoses) and 0.813 [0.544-0.960] (p = 0.003) in a second multiclass design (MFDM vs. differential diagnoses). Conclusion This is the first AI-based syndrome detection model in dysmorphology based on the external ear, opening promising clinical applications both for local care and referral, and for expert centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Hennocq
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire ‘Forme et Croissance du Crâne’, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bongibault
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Laboratoire ‘Forme et Croissance du Crâne’, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Marlin
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Boutaud
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Georges Carpentier
- CHU Lille, Inserm, Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, U1008-Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Corre
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, INSERM U1229—Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton RMeS, Nantes, France
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nantes University, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Françoise Denoyelle
- Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Eva Galliani
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Wuttichart Kamolvisit
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dan Milea
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Véronique Pingault
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sandrine Touzet-Roumazeille
- CHU Lille, Inserm, Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, U1008-Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Département de Génétique Clinique, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Picard
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Roman H. Khonsari
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire ‘Forme et Croissance du Crâne’, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Yang K, Fu LM, Chu XY, Zhang J, Chen WQ, Yan YS, Wang YP, Zhang DL, Yin CH, Guo Q. Assessment of a novel variation in DHODH gene causing Miller syndrome: The first report in Chinese population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023:e2186. [PMID: 37120754 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miller syndrome is a rare type of postaxial acrofacial dysostosis caused by biallelic mutations in the DHODH gene, which is characterized mainly by craniofacial malformations of micrognathia, orofacial clefts, cup-shaped ears, and malar hypoplasia, combined with postaxial limb deformities like the absence of fifth digits. METHODS In this study, a prenatal case with multiple orofacial-limb abnormities was enrolled, and a thorough clinical and imaging examination was performed. Subsequently, genetic detection with karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) was carried out. In vitro splicing analysis was also conducted to clarify the impact of one novel variant. RESULTS The affected fetus displayed typical manifestations of Miller syndrome, and WES identified a diagnostic compound heterozygous variation in DHODH, consisting of two variants: exon(1-3)del and c.819 + 5G > A. We conducted a further in vitro validation with minigene system, and the result indicated that the c.819 + 5G > A variant would lead to an exon skipping in mRNA splicing. CONCLUSIONS These findings provided with the first exonic deletion and first splice site variant in DHODH, which expanded the mutation spectrum of Miller syndrome and offered reliable evidence for genetic counseling to the affected family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Man Fu
- Ultrasonic Department, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Chu
- Department of Stomatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Qi Chen
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - You-Sheng Yan
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Peng Wang
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Hong Yin
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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The Core Splicing Factors EFTUD2, SNRPB and TXNL4A Are Essential for Neural Crest and Craniofacial Development. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10030029. [PMID: 35893124 PMCID: PMC9326569 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD) is a human congenital disorder characterized by hypoplastic neural-crest-derived craniofacial bones often associated with outer and middle ear defects. There is growing evidence that mutations in components of the spliceosome are a major cause for MFD. Genetic variants affecting the function of several core splicing factors, namely SF3B4, SF3B2, EFTUD2, SNRPB and TXNL4A, are responsible for MFD in five related but distinct syndromes known as Nager and Rodriguez syndromes (NRS), craniofacial microsomia (CFM), mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM), cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS) and Burn–McKeown syndrome (BMKS), respectively. Animal models of NRS and MFDM indicate that MFD results from an early depletion of neural crest progenitors through a mechanism that involves apoptosis. Here we characterize the knockdown phenotype of Eftud2, Snrpb and Txnl4a in Xenopus embryos at different stages of neural crest and craniofacial development. Our results point to defects in cranial neural crest cell formation as the likely culprit for MFD associated with EFTUD2, SNRPB and TXNL4A haploinsufficiency, and suggest a commonality in the etiology of these craniofacial spliceosomopathies.
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Ryu JH, Kim HY, Ko JM, Kim MJ, Seong MW, Choi BY, Chae JH. Clinical and molecular delineation of mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly in six Korean patients: When to consider EFTUD2 analysis? Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104478. [PMID: 35395430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM, OMIM#610536) is an extremely rare genetic syndrome characterised by microcephaly, external ear deformity, hearing loss, and distinct facial appearance, including zygomatic hypoplasia and micrognathia. Occasionally, various malformations in other internal organs, including oesophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula, may lead to life-threatening situations. Haploinsufficiency of EFTUD2 is responsible for MFDM. Here, we present the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of six Korean children who were diagnosed with MFDM by molecular genetic testing. All but one patient had occipitofrontal circumferences below the -2.0 standard deviation score. Micrognathia was identified in all patients. A cleft palate (66.7%) and other facial dysmorphisms, including facial asymmetry (50%) and malar hypoplasia (50%), were also frequently observed. Hearing loss was observed in all patients along with one or more internal and external ear deformities, including ossicular anomalies, auditory canal stenosis, and microtia. Two patients (33.3%) had undergone surgery for tracheoesophageal fistula type C. Most patients were initially misdiagnosed as other better-known syndromes with overlapping characteristics, such as Treacher Collins or CHARGE syndrome. The first three patients were diagnosed using exome sequencing. However, after increased awareness of MFDM in the first three patients, MFDM was considered one of the initial differential diagnoses and could be diagnosed by target gene analysis in the remaining three cases. Thus, we recommend targeted EFTUD2 analysis as the initial workup for the rapid diagnosis of MFDM in patients with facial dysostosis, microcephaly, and otologic problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hui Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, South Korea
| | - Hwa Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, South Korea.
| | - Man Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Yoon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, South Korea
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Abstract
The field of craniofacial malformations is comprehensive and does not allow to discuss all craniofacial malformations which have been described as single entities. Many of the syndromes with craniofacial malformations are ultrarare. In this review we have chosen craniofacial malformation syndromes which are of relevance for the pediatrician, especially neonatologist: different types of craniosynostoses, oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, Pierre Robin sequence and Treacher Collins syndrome. These syndromes will be described in detail. Diagnostic and therapeutic options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Schmetz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Ibrahim R, Eid N. Possible autosomal recessive inheritance in a neonate with Nager syndrome: Case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 70:102896. [PMID: 34691433 PMCID: PMC8519802 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and importance Nager syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by craniofacial malformations occurring in association with abnormalities of the thumb and radial parts of the forearm. Case presentation We presented a 18-day-old boy with Nager syndrome. The diagnosis based on his clinical presentation. He was born to non-consanguineous healthy parents. He had three deceased siblings who had similar clinical features. This family gave further evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance. Nager syndrome can be detected using prenatal screening ultrasound. Clinical discussion The etiology of Nager Syndrome is poorly described. Most cases arise spontaneously, although autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant modes of inheritance have been reported. Nager syndrome is suspected to have an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, when unaffected parents have more than one affected child. Conclusion Treatment required the coordinated efforts of a team of specialists. Many manifestations of the disease can be improved by surgery and other supportive treatments. Nager syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by craniofacial malformations associated with abnormalities of the thumb and radial parts of the forearm. The etiology of Nager Syndrome is poorly described. Most cases arise spontaneously, although autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant modes of inheritance have been reported. Treatment required the coordinated efforts of a team of specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaf Ibrahim
- Pediatric department, Damascus University Pediatric Hospital, Damascus, Syria
| | - Nader Eid
- Neonatology Intensive Care department, Damascus University Pediatric Hospital, Damascus, Syria
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Lu M, Yang B, Chen Z, Jiang H, Pan B. Phenotype Analysis and Genetic Study of Chinese Patients With Treacher Collins Syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:1038-1047. [PMID: 34397304 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211037509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to confirm the pathogenic variants, explore the genotype-phenotype correlation and characteristics of Chinese patients with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS). DESIGN Clinical details of 3 TCS family cases and 2 sporadic cases were collected and analyzed. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were conducted to detect causative variants. SETTING Tertiary clinical care. PATIENTS This study included 8 patients clinically diagnosed with TCS who were from 3 familial cases and 2 sporadic cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES When filtering the database, variants were saved as rare variants if their frequency were less than 0.005 in the 1000 Genomes Project Database, the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) browser, and the Novogene database, or they would be removed as common ones. The pathogenic variants identified were verified by polymerase chain reaction. The sequencing results were analyzed by Chromas 2.1 software. RESULTS Two novel pathogenic variants (NM_000356.3: c.537del and NM_000356.3: c.1965_1966dupGG) and 2 known pathogenic variants (NM_000356.3: c.1535del, NM_000356.3: c.4131_4135del) were identified within TCOF1 which are predicted to lead to premature termination codons resulting in a truncated protein. There was a known missense SNP (NM_015972.3: c.139G>A) within POLR1D. No phenotype-genotype correlation was observed. Instead, these 8 patients demonstrated the high genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity of TCS. CONCLUSIONS This study expands on the pathogenic gene pool of Chinese patients with TCS. Besides the great variation among patients which is similar to international reports, Chinese patients have their own characteristics in clinical phenotype and pathogenesis mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Digital Plastic Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiang Chen
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Over-activation of EFTUD2 correlates with tumor propagation and poor survival outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 24:93-103. [PMID: 34282556 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elongation factor Tu GTP-binding domain containing 2 (EFTUD2) is an essential constituent of U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and plays a crucial role in spliceosome activation and cancer. The mechanism of EFTUD2 on carcinogenesis and development of liver cancer still need further study. METHODS Bioinformatic analysis was performed to find differential expressed genes and related pathways. Western blotting and quantitative PCR assays were used to verify the EFTUD2 expression in HCC cell lines and tumor tissues of liver cancer patients. Transfection of shRNAs in SKHEP1 and Huh7 cell lines was conducted to explore the mechanisms of EFTUD2 in HCC. CCK-8 method, colony formation, and cell cycle detection kit were used to detect the proliferation. A tumor model in nude mice was used to explore the role of EFTUD2 in liver cancer in vivo. RESULTS Based on the tumor tissues and para-tumor tissues in our HCC patients, we identified EFTUD2 as highly expressed in HCC tissues (P < 0.001). Bioinformatic analysis from the TCGA database also supported this biological phenomenon (P = 1.911e-17). Furtherly, the results of clinical specimens and TCGA data suggested that higher EFTUD2 expression levels correlated with high histologic grades, high pathological grades, and poor survival prognoses in HCC patients. And knockdown of EFTUD2 suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro. In vivo, knockdown of EFTUD2 constrained the tumor growing and expansion derived from SKHEP1 cells and induced a decrease in the tumor volume and tumor weight resected from nude mice. Furthermore, RNA sequencing based on EFTUD2 knockdown revealed that EFTUD2 affected target genes concerned with the cell cycle. Flow cytometric analyses in the SKHEP1 cell model revealed that knockdown significantly suppressed cell cycle course and caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. CyclinD1 proteins were also inhibited by knocking down of EFTUD2. CONCLUSION EFTUD2 is markedly overexpressed in HCC tumor tissues. High EFTUD2 expression in HCC patients is associated with clinical features. Moreover, we confirmed that EFTUD2 shows a pivotal role in HCC cell proliferation and cell cycle course and could be a possible therapeutic avenue in HCC through disturbing EFTUD2.
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11
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Maharana SK, Saint-Jeannet JP. Molecular mechanisms of hearing loss in Nager syndrome. Dev Biol 2021; 476:200-208. [PMID: 33864777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nager syndrome is a rare human developmental disorder characterized by hypoplastic neural crest-derived craniofacial bones and limb defects. Mutations in SF3B4 gene, which encodes a component of the spliceosome, are a major cause for Nager. A review of the literature indicates that 45% of confirmed cases are also affected by conductive, sensorineural or mixed hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss is due to defective middle ear ossicles, which are neural crest derived, while sensorineural hearing loss typically results from defective inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve, which are both derived from the otic placode. Animal model of Nager syndrome indicates that upon Sf3b4 knockdown cranial neural crest progenitors are depleted, which may account for the conductive hearing loss in these patients. To determine whether Sf3b4 plays a role in otic placode formation we analyzed the impact of Sf3b4 knockdown on otic development. Sf3b4-depleted Xenopus embryos exhibited reduced expression of several pan-placodal genes six1, dmrta1 and foxi4.1. We confirmed the dependence of placode genes expression on Sf3b4 function in animal cap explants expressing noggin, a BMP antagonist critical to induce placode fate in the ectoderm. Later in development, Sf3b4 morphant embryos had reduced expression of pax8, tbx2, otx2, bmp4 and wnt3a at the otic vesicle stage, and altered otic vesicle development. We propose that in addition to the neural crest, Sf3b4 is required for otic development, which may account for sensorineural hearing loss in Nager syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Maharana
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, USA
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12
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Reid L, Carroll W. Treacher Collins Syndrome in the United States: Examining Incidence and Inpatient Interventions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 58:1438-1442. [PMID: 33784859 DOI: 10.1177/1055665621998138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advancements have been made in the care of patients with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS), but epidemiological data are lacking given its rarity. A national database provides a valuable opportunity for studying the incidence of rare craniofacial conditions. We sought to evaluate disease incidence of phenotypically severe cases and the frequency of the most common associated diagnoses and interventions. DESIGN The 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database (KID), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was the first version to include updated International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Edition (ICD-10) coding encompassing a unique code for TCS. The 2016 KID was queried for the unique code. Incidence was calculated using national estimates. Diagnosis and procedure codes were pooled and analyzed. PATIENTS A total of 266 discharge cases with a diagnosis code for TCS (Q75.4). MAIN OUTCOMES Disease incidence and the most frequent diagnosis and procedure codes. RESULTS The estimated incidence of children born with a diagnosis of TCS was approximately 1 in 80,000. Two of the three most common ICD-10 diagnosis codes were tracheostomy status and obstructive sleep apnea. The most common procedures performed were airway examination procedures. CONCLUSIONS Treacher Collins syndrome is a rare craniofacial disorder requiring complex multidisciplinary management. Phenotypically severe cases requiring inpatient management may be rarer than previous estimates suggest. Inpatient airway interventions are very common, and multidisciplinary team members should anticipate the degree of potential airway risk these patients pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Reid
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William Carroll
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Augusta University Health, Augusta, GA, USA.,Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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13
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Wood KA, Eadsforth MA, Newman WG, O'Keefe RT. The Role of the U5 snRNP in Genetic Disorders and Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:636620. [PMID: 33584830 PMCID: PMC7876476 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.636620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is performed by the spliceosome, a dynamic macromolecular complex consisting of five small uridine-rich ribonucleoprotein complexes (the U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs) and numerous auxiliary splicing factors. A plethora of human disorders are caused by genetic variants affecting the function and/or expression of splicing factors, including the core snRNP proteins. Variants in the genes encoding proteins of the U5 snRNP cause two distinct and tissue-specific human disease phenotypes – variants in PRPF6, PRPF8, and SNRP200 are associated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), while variants in EFTUD2 and TXNL4A cause the craniofacial disorders mandibulofacial dysostosis Guion-Almeida type (MFDGA) and Burn-McKeown syndrome (BMKS), respectively. Furthermore, recurrent somatic mutations or changes in the expression levels of a number of U5 snRNP proteins (PRPF6, PRPF8, EFTUD2, DDX23, and SNRNP40) have been associated with human cancers. How and why variants in ubiquitously expressed spliceosome proteins required for pre-mRNA splicing in all human cells result in tissue-restricted disease phenotypes is not clear. Additionally, why variants in different, yet interacting, proteins making up the same core spliceosome snRNP result in completely distinct disease outcomes – RP, craniofacial defects or cancer – is unclear. In this review, we define the roles of different U5 snRNP proteins in RP, craniofacial disorders and cancer, including how disease-associated genetic variants affect pre-mRNA splicing and the proposed disease mechanisms. We then propose potential hypotheses for how U5 snRNP variants cause tissue specificity resulting in the restricted and distinct human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Wood
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Megan A Eadsforth
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William G Newman
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond T O'Keefe
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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14
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van der Plas PPJM, Yang S, Streppel M, Pullens B, Versnel SL, Koudstaal MJ, Wolvius EB, Mathijssen IMJ, Joosten KFM. Functional outcomes in patients with facial dysostosis and severe upper airway obstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 50:915-923. [PMID: 33334637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of upper airway obstruction (UAO) is seen in up to 95% of patients with facial dysostosis. Secondary to respiratory problems are feeding difficulties and increased nutritional requirements. Little has been described regarding these outcomes in this patient population. Hence, a retrospective cohort study was performed to gather data on functional outcomes. Eighteen patients with facial dysostosis and severe UAO were included. The median follow-up time was 3.42 years. A tracheostomy tube was placed in 13 patients, of whom 10 subsequently underwent mandibular distraction. Three of the five patients without a tracheostomy underwent mandibular distraction as the primary surgical treatment; the remaining two patients were treated conservatively with oxygen supplementation. At presentation, 13 patients had feeding difficulties. Overall malnutrition was present in 16 patients during follow-up. At the end of follow-up, severe UAO was present in 12 patients, feeding difficulties in seven patients, and malnutrition in four patients, while two patients died. In conclusion, patients with facial dysostosis have a high prevalence of severe UAO, feeding difficulties, and malnutrition. Importantly, mandibular distraction has limited success in treating severe UAO in these patients. Close follow-up by a specialized craniofacial team is of paramount importance to manage the long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P J M van der Plas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Yang
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Streppel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Pullens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S L Versnel
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J Koudstaal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E B Wolvius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I M J Mathijssen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K F M Joosten
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Bukowska-Olech E, Materna-Kiryluk A, Walczak-Sztulpa J, Popiel D, Badura-Stronka M, Koczyk G, Dawidziuk A, Jamsheer A. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing in the Diagnosis of Facial Dysostoses. Front Genet 2020; 11:580477. [PMID: 33262786 PMCID: PMC7686794 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.580477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Defects in the development of the first and second pharyngeal arches and their derivatives result in abnormal formation of the craniofacial complex, consequently giving rise to facial dysostoses (FDs). FDs represent a group of rare and highly heterogeneous disease entities that encompass mandibulofacial dysostoses (MFDs) with normal extremities and acrofacial dysostoses (AFDs) with limb anomalies in addition to craniofacial defects. Methods We examined 11 families with variable clinical symptoms of FDs, in most of which only one member was affected. We applied two custom gene panels—first comprising 37 genes related to the genetic disorders of craniofacial development such as FDs (On-Demand AmpliSeq Thermo Fisher Scientific gene panel with two primer pools) and second composed of 61 genes and 11 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) known to be involved in the development of skull malformations, mainly in the form of craniosynostoses (SureSelect Agilent Technologies). Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed using the Ion Torrent S5 platform. To confirm the presence of each detected variant, we have analyzed a genomic region of interest using Sanger sequencing. Results In this paper, we summarized the results of custom targeted gene panel sequencing in the cohort of sixteen patients from 11 consecutive families affected by distinct forms of FDs. We have found three novel pathogenic variants in the TCOF1 gene—c.2145_2148dupAAAG p.(Ser717Lysfs∗42), c.4370delA p.(Lys1457Argfs∗118), c.83G>C p.(Arg28Pro) causing Treacher Collins syndrome type 1, two novel missense variants in the EFTUD2 gene–c.491A>G p.(Asp164Gly) and c.779T>A p.(Ile260Asn) in two female patients affected by acrofacial dysostosis Guion-Almeida type, one previously reported–c.403C>T (p.Arg135Cys), as well as one novel missense variant–c.128C>T p.(Pro43Leu) in the DHODH gene in the male patient with Miller syndrome and finally one known pathogenic variant c.574G>T p.(Glu192∗) in the SF3B4 gene in the patient with Nager syndrome. Conclusion Our study confirms the efficiency and clinical utility of the targeted gene panel sequencing and shows that this strategy is suitable and efficient in the molecular screening of variable forms of FDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Bukowska-Olech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Materna-Kiryluk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | - Magdalena Badura-Stronka
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Koczyk
- Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Biometry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznań, Poland
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16
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Mandibulofacial Dysostosis Attributed to a Recessive Mutation of CYP26C1 in Hereford Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111246. [PMID: 33105751 PMCID: PMC7690606 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2020, six Hereford calves presented with congenital facial deformities attributed to a condition we termed mandibulofacial dysostosis (MD). Affected calves shared hallmark features of a variably shortened and/or asymmetric lower mandible and bilateral skin tags present 2–10 cm caudal to the commissure of the lips. Pedigree analysis revealed a single common ancestor shared by the sire and dam of each affected calf. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 20 animals led to the discovery of a variant (Chr26 g. 14404993T>C) in Exon 3 of CYP26C1 associated with MD. This missense mutation (p.L188P), is located in an α helix of the protein, which the identified amino acid substitution is predicted to break. The implication of this mutation was further validated through genotyping 2 additional affected calves, 760 other Herefords, and by evaluation of available WGS data from over 2500 other individuals. Only the affected individuals were homozygous for the variant and all heterozygotes had at least one pedigree tie to the suspect founder. CYP26C1 plays a vital role in tissue-specific regulation of retinoic acid (RA) during embryonic development. Dysregulation of RA can result in teratogenesis by altering the endothelin-1 signaling pathway affecting the expression of Dlx genes, critical to mandibulofacial development. We postulate that this recessive missense mutation in CYP26C1 impacts the catalytic activity of the encoded enzyme, leading to excess RA resulting in the observed MD phenotype.
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17
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Tu M, He L, You Y, Li J, Yao N, Qu C, Huang W, Xu L, Luo R, Hong J. EFTUD2 maintains the survival of tumor cells and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via the activation of STAT3. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:830. [PMID: 33024090 PMCID: PMC7538941 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing 2 (EFTUD2), a spliceosomal GTPase, plays a pivotal role in multiple organ development and innate immune. It has been reported that EFTUD2 is a new host factor with activity against HCV infection. However, the role of EFTUD2 in solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the molecular function of EFTUD2 in HCC. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) indicated an upregulation of EFTUD2 in HCC tissues compared to that in nontumor liver tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis performed on two independent HCC cohorts confirmed the upregulation of EFTUD2 in HCC tissues and further suggested that a high level of EFTUD2 expression predicted shorter overall and recurrence-free survival in HCC patients. Functional studies suggested that siRNA interference with EFTUD2 expression significantly suppressed cell viability, blocked cell cycle progression, facilitated tumor cell apoptosis, and inhibited metastasis, while the enhancement of EFTUD2 expression promoted the proliferation and migration of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, we also found that the stable knockdown of EFTUD2 expression via lentivirus infection was lethal for HCC cells. This finding suggested that EFTUD2 was essential for maintaining the survival of HCC cells. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) suggested that the gene sets of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the JAK/STAT3 pathway were enriched in EFTUD2-overexpressing cells. Further verification indicated that EFTUD2-overexpressing cells exhibited an EMT-like phenotype and had enhanced STAT3 activation, while the STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 partially blocked these pro-malignant effects of EFTUD2 overexpression. In summary, we report EFTUD2 as a novel oncogene that helps to maintain the survival of HCC cells and promotes HCC progression through the activation of STAT3. The high level of expression of EFTUD2 in HCC tissues indicates shorter overall and recurrence-free survival in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxian Tu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation and Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510315, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang You
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Qu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Leibo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation and Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510315, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Zhao J, Yang L. Broad-spectrum next-generation sequencing-based diagnosis of a case of Nager syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23426. [PMID: 32537850 PMCID: PMC7521291 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nager syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome characterized by craniofacial and preaxial limb anomalies. Haploinsufficiency of the SF3B4 gene has been identified as a significant reason for Nager syndrome. Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) has similar facial features; however, the TCOF1, POLR1D, and POLR1C genes have been reported as the critical disease-causing genes. Similar phenotypes make it easy to misdiagnose. CASE REPORT In this report, we have presented a case of one newborn with acrofacial dysostosis, who was first diagnosed with TCS. Expanded next-generation sequencing eventually detected a (c.1A>G) heterozygous mutation in the SF3B4 gene at chr1:149899651 that was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Combined with his preaxial limb anomalies discovered after his death, a diagnosis of Nager syndrome was made. CONCLUSIONS This report presents one patient with Nager syndrome who was initially misdiagnosed with TCS. Correct genetic testing will be beneficial to future prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Xiong F, Li S. SF3b4: A Versatile Player in Eukaryotic Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:14. [PMID: 32083075 PMCID: PMC7002316 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spliceosomes are large protein-RNA complexes regulating pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes. SF3b4 encodes a core subunit of the U2-type spliceosome, loss- or gain-of-function of which often associates with abnormal cell growth, leading to tumorigenesis. Homologs of SF3b4 in other phyla are also essential. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the function of SF3b4. Importantly, we highlight the versatile roles of SF3b4, not only as a component for pre-mRNA splicing, but also as a regulator for transcription, translation, and cell signaling. Recent studies of SF3b4 homologs in different species across evolution will facilitate a better understanding of human diseases caused by the malfunction of SF3b4, such as Nager syndrome (NS) and cancer, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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20
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Kubo S, Horinouchi T, Kinoshita M, Yoshizato T, Kozuma Y, Shinagawa T, Ushijima K. Visual diagnosis in utero: Prenatal diagnosis of Treacher-Collins syndrome using a 3D/4D ultrasonography. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 58:566-569. [PMID: 31307753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present a case with prenatal diagnosis of Treacher-Collins syndrome in which micrognathia and other facial and ear abnormalities were described using a three- and four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasonography in utero. CASE REPORT A 39-year-old Japanese pregnant woman was referred because of polyhydramnios at 29 weeks' gestation. Conventional ultrasonography showed a hypoplastic mandible on the sagittal section of fetal head. Continuous observation using a 3D ultrasonography additionally demonstrated bilateral downslanting palpebral fissures with symmetry and macrostomia as well as micrognathia. Both ears were microtia and no polydactyly or missing fingers were found. CONCLUSION The advantage of the rendering mode of 3D images covering entire face including ears and limbs was enhanced by a continuous observation, so called 4D ultrasonography, under a condition of polyhydramnios, providing visual diagnosis in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo Kubo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
| | - Takashi Horinouchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Yoshizato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Kozuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
| | - Takaaki Shinagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
| | - Kimio Ushijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
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21
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Wood KA, Rowlands CF, Qureshi WMS, Thomas HB, Buczek WA, Briggs TA, Hubbard SJ, Hentges KE, Newman WG, O’Keefe RT. Disease modeling of core pre-mRNA splicing factor haploinsufficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3704-3723. [PMID: 31304552 PMCID: PMC6935387 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The craniofacial disorder mandibulofacial dysostosis Guion-Almeida type is caused by haploinsufficiency of the U5 snRNP gene EFTUD2/SNU114. However, it is unclear how reduced expression of this core pre-mRNA splicing factor leads to craniofacial defects. Here we use a CRISPR-Cas9 nickase strategy to generate a human EFTUD2-knockdown cell line and show that reduced expression of EFTUD2 leads to diminished proliferative ability of these cells, increased sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the mis-expression of several genes involved in the ER stress response. RNA-Seq analysis of the EFTUD2-knockdown cell line revealed transcriptome-wide changes in gene expression, with an enrichment for genes associated with processes involved in craniofacial development. Additionally, our RNA-Seq data identified widespread mis-splicing in EFTUD2-knockdown cells. Analysis of the functional and physical characteristics of mis-spliced pre-mRNAs highlighted conserved properties, including length and splice site strengths, of retained introns and skipped exons in our disease model. We also identified enriched processes associated with the affected genes, including cell death, cell and organ morphology and embryonic development. Together, these data support a model in which EFTUD2 haploinsufficiency leads to the mis-splicing of a distinct subset of pre-mRNAs with a widespread effect on gene expression, including altering the expression of ER stress response genes and genes involved in the development of the craniofacial region. The increased burden of unfolded proteins in the ER resulting from mis-splicing would exceed the capacity of the defective ER stress response, inducing apoptosis in cranial neural crest cells that would result in craniofacial abnormalities during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Wood
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, St. Mary’s Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Charlie F Rowlands
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, St. Mary’s Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
| | - Huw B Thomas
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
| | - Weronika A Buczek
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
| | - Tracy A Briggs
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, St. Mary’s Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon J Hubbard
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
| | - Kathryn E Hentges
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
| | - William G Newman
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, St. Mary’s Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Raymond T O’Keefe
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester
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22
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Silva JB, Soares D, Leão M, Santos H. Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly: a syndrome to remember. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/8/e229831. [PMID: 31413053 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is a rare condition that causes abnormalities of the head and face. Other major extracranial malformations may also be found. The authors present a case of an MFDM in a 35 weeks newborn with antenatal growth restriction. The patient required resuscitation at birth and was diagnosed with oesophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula at day 1. At physical examination he presented multiple congenital malformations including prominent forehead, plagiocephaly, low-set ears, malformed auricles, hypertelorism, downward-slanting eyes, micrognathia, everted lower lip, short neck, wide-spaced nipples and inguinal hernia. Imaging investigation showed dysplasia of the inner ear with agenesis of the vestibular-cochlear nerves and global cerebral atrophy. Analysis of the EFTUD2 gene revealed that the patient was a heterozygous carrier of a pathogenic mutation (c.831_832del[p.Lys277Asnsf*7]), which has not been previously described. This case illustrates the challenges faced in diagnosing and treating MFDM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Brandão Silva
- Pediatrics Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Diana Soares
- Pediatrics Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leão
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Paediatrics Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Santos
- Infancy and Adolescent Neurosciences Unit, Paediatrics Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
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23
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Drivas TG, Taylor JA, Zackai EH. The final demise of Rodriguez lethal acrofacial dysostosis: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1063-1068. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G. Drivas
- Clinical Genetics CenterThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Jesse A. Taylor
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Clinical Genetics CenterThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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24
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Merkuri F, Fish JL. Developmental processes regulate craniofacial variation in disease and evolution. Genesis 2018; 57:e23249. [PMID: 30207415 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Variation in development mediates phenotypic differences observed in evolution and disease. Although the mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation are still largely unknown, recent research suggests that variation in developmental processes may play a key role. Developmental processes mediate genotype-phenotype relationships and consequently play an important role regulating phenotypes. In this review, we provide an example of how shared and interacting developmental processes may explain convergence of phenotypes in spliceosomopathies and ribosomopathies. These data also suggest a shared pathway to disease treatment. We then discuss three major mechanisms that contribute to variation in developmental processes: genetic background (gene-gene interactions), gene-environment interactions, and developmental stochasticity. Finally, we comment on evolutionary alterations to developmental processes, and the evolution of disease buffering mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor Merkuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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25
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Bérubé-Simard FA, Pilon N. Molecular dissection of CHARGE syndrome highlights the vulnerability of neural crest cells to problems with alternative splicing and other transcription-related processes. Transcription 2018; 10:21-28. [PMID: 30205741 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2018.1521213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is characterized by co-occurrence of multiple malformations due to abnormal development of neural crest cells. Here, we review the phenotypic and molecular overlap between CHARGE syndrome and similar pathologies, and further discuss the observation that neural crest cells appear especially sensitive to malfunction of the chromatin-transcription-splicing molecular hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix-Antoine Bérubé-Simard
- a Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire du développement, Département des sciences biologiques , Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) , Montréal , QC , Canada.,b Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC) , Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Nicolas Pilon
- a Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire du développement, Département des sciences biologiques , Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) , Montréal , QC , Canada.,b Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC) , Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) , Montréal , QC , Canada.,c Département de pédiatrie , Université de Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada
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26
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Bertola DR, Hsia G, Alvizi L, Gardham A, Wakeling EL, Yamamoto GL, Honjo RS, Oliveira LAN, Di Francesco RC, Perez BA, Kim CA, Passos-Bueno MR. Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome: Expanding its phenotypic and genotypic spectrum. Clin Genet 2018; 93:800-811. [PMID: 29112243 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive acrofacial dysostosis that has been mainly described in Brazilian individuals. The cardinal features include Robin sequence, cleft mandible, laryngeal anomalies and limb defects. A biallelic expansion of a complex repeated motif in the 5' untranslated region of EIF4A3 has been shown to cause this syndrome, commonly with 15 or 16 repeats. The only patient with mild clinical findings harbored a 14-repeat expansion in 1 allele and a point mutation in the other allele. This proband is described here in more details, as well as is his affected sister, and 5 new individuals with Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome, including a patient from England, of African ancestry. This study has expanded the phenotype in this syndrome by the observation of microcephaly, better characterization of skeletal abnormalities, less severe phenotype with only mild facial dysmorphisms and limb anomalies, as well as the absence of cleft mandible, which is a hallmark of the syndrome. Although the most frequent mutation in this study was the recurrent 16-repeat expansion in EIF4A3, there was an overrepresentation of the 14-repeat expansion, with mild phenotypic expression, thus suggesting that the number of these motifs could play a role in phenotypic delineation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bertola
- Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Hsia
- Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Alvizi
- Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Gardham
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - E L Wakeling
- Clinical Genetics, North West Thames Regional Genetic Service, London, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - G L Yamamoto
- Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R S Honjo
- Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A N Oliveira
- Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R C Di Francesco
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B A Perez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Kim
- Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M R Passos-Bueno
- Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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snRNP proteins in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 79:92-102. [PMID: 29037818 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Split gene architecture of most human genes requires removal of intervening sequences by mRNA splicing that occurs on large multiprotein complexes called spliceosomes. Mutations compromising several spliceosomal components have been recorded in degenerative syndromes and haematological neoplasia, thereby highlighting the importance of accurate splicing execution in homeostasis of assorted adult tissues. Moreover, insufficient splicing underlies defective development of craniofacial skeleton and upper extremities. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of splicing factor function deduced from cryo-EM structures. We combine these data with the characterization of splicing factors implicated in hereditary or somatic disorders, with a focus on potential functional consequences the mutations may elicit in spliceosome assembly and/or performance. Given aberrant splicing or perturbations in splicing efficiency substantially underpin disease pathogenesis, profound understanding of the mis-splicing principles may open new therapeutic vistas. In three major sections dedicated to retinal dystrophies, hereditary acrofacial syndromes, and haematological malignancies, we delineate the noticeable variety of conditions associated with dysfunctional splicing and accentuate recurrent patterns in splicing defects.
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28
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Moura PP, Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Yatabe MS, Vendramini-Pittoli S, Hori PH, Guion-Almeida ML, Garib DG, Richieri-Costa A, Zechi-Ceide RM. Mandibulofacial dysostosis Bauru type: Refining the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1747-1753. [PMID: 28558149 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD) Bauru type (OMIM 604830) is a rare genetic condition characterized mainly by malar hypoplasia, orofacial cleft, and micrognathia. Here, we describe the clinical and radiographic sings of 13 individuals (12 female and 1 male) from eight unrelated kindreds with MFD Bauru type, including four previously reported cases, treated at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies. The clinical phenotype was characterized by severe underdevelopment of mandible, midface hypoplasia, orofacial cleft, bitemporal narrowing, mild upper eyelid down slanting, high nasal bridge, thick and everted lower lip, minor ears abnormalities, and hearing loss. Radiographic aspects included downslanting of zygomatic arch, maxillary hypoplasia, microretrognathia, hypoplastic mandibular condyles, and ectopic external auditory canal. Recurrence was observed in two of eight families and the affected distribution pattern was compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance in one and autosomal recessive in another, indicating possible genetic heterogeneity for this condition. Clinical and radiographic findings in this report contribute to the delineation of this rare MFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila P Moura
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy M Kokitsu-Nakata
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília S Yatabe
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Siulan Vendramini-Pittoli
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Hori
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L Guion-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela G Garib
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Richieri-Costa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseli M Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRCA/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Ahmed MK, Ye X, Taub PJ. Review of the Genetic Basis of Jaw Malformations. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 5:209-219. [PMID: 27895973 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1593505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic etiologies for congenital anomalies of the facial skeleton, namely, the maxilla and mandible, are important to understand and recognize. Malocclusions occur when there exist any significant deviation from what is considered a normal relationship between the upper jaw (maxilla) and the lower jaw (mandible). They may be the result of anomalies of the teeth alone, the bones alone, or both. A number of genes play a role in the facial skeletal development and are regulated by a host of additional regulatory molecules. As such, numerous craniofacial syndromes specifically affect the development of the jaws. The following review discusses several genetic anomalies that specifically affect the bones of the craniofacial skeleton and lead to malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairaj K Ahmed
- Department of Dentistry/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Xiaoqian Ye
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Peter J Taub
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
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30
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Viable Ednra Y129F mice feature human mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia (MFDA) syndrome due to the homologue mutation. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:587-598. [PMID: 27671791 PMCID: PMC5110705 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal models resembling human mutations are valuable tools to research the features of complex human craniofacial syndromes. This is the first report on a viable dominant mouse model carrying a non-synonymous sequence variation within the endothelin receptor type A gene (Ednra c.386A>T, p.Tyr129Phe) derived by an ENU mutagenesis program. The identical amino acid substitution was reported recently as disease causing in three individuals with the mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia (MFDA, OMIM 616367) syndrome. We performed standardized phenotyping of wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous EdnraY129F mice within the German Mouse Clinic. Mutant mice mimic the craniofacial phenotypes of jaw dysplasia, micrognathia, dysplastic temporomandibular joints, auricular dysmorphism, and missing of the squamosal zygomatic process as described for MFDA-affected individuals. As observed in MFDA-affected individuals, mutant EdnraY129F mice exhibit hearing impairment in line with strong abnormalities of the ossicles and further, reduction of some lung volumetric parameters. In general, heterozygous and homozygous mice demonstrated inter-individual diversity of expression of the craniofacial phenotypes as observed in MFDA patients but without showing any cleft palates, eyelid defects, or alopecia. Mutant EdnraY129F mice represent a valuable viable model for complex human syndromes of the first and second pharyngeal arches and for further studies and analysis of impaired endothelin 1 (EDN1)–endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) signaling. Above all, EdnraY129F mice model the recently published human MFDA syndrome and may be helpful for further disease understanding and development of therapeutic interventions.
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31
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Irving MD, Dimitrov BI, Wessels M, Holder-Espinasse M, Chitayat D, Simpson MA. Rodriguez acrofacial dysostosis is caused by apparently de novo heterozygous mutations in theSF3B4gene. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3133-3137. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melita D. Irving
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Guy's Hospital; London United Kingdom
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics; King's College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Boyan I. Dimitrov
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics; King's College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Marja Wessels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University Dijkzigt; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - David Chitayat
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Mount Sinai Hospital; The University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; The Hospital for Sickkids; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael A. Simpson
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics; King's College London; London United Kingdom
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Marques F, Tenney J, Duran I, Martin J, Nevarez L, Pogue R, Krakow D, Cohn DH, Li B. Altered mRNA Splicing, Chondrocyte Gene Expression and Abnormal Skeletal Development due to SF3B4 Mutations in Rodriguez Acrofacial Dysostosis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006307. [PMID: 27622494 PMCID: PMC5021280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The acrofacial dysostoses (AFD) are a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders with craniofacial and limb abnormalities. Rodriguez syndrome is a severe, usually perinatal lethal AFD, characterized by severe retrognathia, oligodactyly and lower limb abnormalities. Rodriguez syndrome has been proposed to be a severe form of Nager syndrome, a non-lethal AFD that results from mutations in SF3B4, a component of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (U2 snRNP). Furthermore, a case with a phenotype intermediate between Rodriguez and Nager syndromes has been shown to have an SF3B4 mutation. We identified heterozygosity for SF3B4 mutations in Rodriguez syndrome, confirming that the phenotype is a dominant disorder that is allelic with Nager syndrome. The mutations led to reduced SF3B4 synthesis and defects in mRNA splicing, primarily exon skipping. The mutations also led to reduced expression in growth plate chondrocytes of target genes, including the DLX5, DLX6, SOX9, and SOX6 transcription factor genes, which are known to be important for skeletal development. These data provide mechanistic insight toward understanding how SF3B4 mutations lead to the skeletal abnormalities observed in the acrofacial dysostoses. The acrofacial dysostoses (AFD) are inherited disorders with abnormalities of the facial and limb bones. Rodriguez syndrome is a severe type of AFD that is usually lethal in the immediate perinatal period. Rodriguez syndrome has been proposed to be a severe form of Nager syndrome, a non-lethal AFD that results from mutations in SF3B4, a component of mRNA splicing machinery needed for proper maturation of primary transcripts. Furthermore, a case with a phenotype intermediate between Rodriguez and Nager syndromes has been shown to have an SF3B4 mutation. We found that mutations in SF3B4 produce Rodriguez syndrome, further demonstrating that it is allelic with Nager syndrome. The consequences of the mutations include abnormal splicing and reduced expression in growth plate chondrocytes of genes that are important for proper development of the skeleton, providing mechanistic insight toward understanding how SF3B4 mutations lead to the skeletal abnormalities observed in the acrofacial dysostoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade CEUMA, Campus Renascença, São Luís-MA, Brazil
| | - Jessica Tenney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisette Nevarez
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Pogue
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DK); (DHC)
| | - Daniel H. Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DK); (DHC)
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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34
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Sondalle SB, Baserga SJ, Yelick PC. The Contributions of the Ribosome Biogenesis Protein Utp5/WDR43 to Craniofacial Development. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1214-20. [PMID: 27221611 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516651077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fairly recently, it was recognized that human ribosomopathies-developmental defects caused by mutations in ribosome biogenesis proteins-can exhibit tissue-specific defects rather than the expected global defects. This apparent anomaly-that seemingly ubiquitously expressed and required ribosomal proteins can have distinct functions in cell and tissue differentiation-has spurred new areas of research focused on better understanding translational mechanisms, biogenesis, and function in diverse cell types. This renewed appreciation for, and need to better understand, roles for ribosomal proteins in human development and disease has identified surprising similarities and differences in a variety of human ribosomopathies. Here, we discuss ribosomal protein functions in health and disease, focusing on the ribosome biogenesis protein Utp5/WDR43. New and exciting research in this field is anticipated to provide insight into a variety of previously understudied craniofacial dysostoses and result in significantly improved knowledge and understanding of roles for translational machinery in human craniofacial development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Sondalle
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S J Baserga
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - P C Yelick
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Elmakky A, Stanghellini I, Landi A, Percesepe A. Role of Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Radial Deficiencies in Humans. Curr Genomics 2016; 16:264-78. [PMID: 26962299 PMCID: PMC4765521 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150528000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial deficiencies (RDs), defined as under/abnormal development or absence of any of the
structures of the forearm, radial carpal bones and thumb, occur with a live birth incidence ranging
from 1 out of 30,000 to 1 out 6,000 newborns and represent about one third/one fourth of all the congenital
upper limb anomalies. About half of radial disorders have a mendelian cause and pattern of
inheritance, whereas the remaining half appears sporadic with no known gene involved. In sporadic
forms certain anomalies, such as thumb or radial hypoplasia, may occur either alone or in association
with systemic conditions, like vertebral abnormalities or renal defects. All the cases with a mendelian inheritance are syndromic
forms, which include cardiac defects (in Holt-Oram syndrome), bone marrow failure (in Fanconi anemia), platelet
deficiency (in thrombocytopenia-absent-radius syndrome), ocular motility impairment (in Okihiro syndrome). The
genetics of radial deficiencies is complex, characterized by genetic heterogeneity and high inter- and intra-familial clinical
variability: this review will analyze the etiopathogenesis and the genotype/phenotype correlations of the main radial deficiency
disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Elmakky
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stanghellini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Landi
- Hand Surgery and Microsurgery, Department of Locomotor System Diseases, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Percesepe
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
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Devotta A, Juraver-Geslin H, Gonzalez JA, Hong CS, Saint-Jeannet JP. Sf3b4-depleted Xenopus embryos: A model to study the pathogenesis of craniofacial defects in Nager syndrome. Dev Biol 2016; 415:371-382. [PMID: 26874011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD) is a human developmental disorder characterized by defects of the facial bones. It is the second most frequent craniofacial malformation after cleft lip and palate. Nager syndrome combines many features of MFD with a variety of limb defects. Mutations in SF3B4 (splicing factor 3b, subunit 4) gene, which encodes a component of the pre-mRNA spliceosomal complex, were recently identified as a cause of Nager syndrome, accounting for 60% of affected individuals. Nothing is known about the cellular pathogenesis underlying Nager type MFD. Here we describe the first animal model for Nager syndrome, generated by knocking down Sf3b4 function in Xenopus laevis embryos, using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. Our results indicate that Sf3b4-depleted embryos show reduced expression of the neural crest genes sox10, snail2 and twist at the neural plate border, associated with a broadening of the neural plate. This phenotype can be rescued by injection of wild-type human SF3B4 mRNA but not by mRNAs carrying mutations that cause Nager syndrome. At the tailbud stage, morphant embryos had decreased sox10 and tfap2a expression in the pharyngeal arches, indicative of a reduced number of neural crest cells. Later in development, Sf3b4-depleted tadpoles exhibited hypoplasia of neural crest-derived craniofacial cartilages, phenocopying aspects of the craniofacial skeletal defects seen in Nager syndrome patients. With this animal model we are now poised to gain important insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of Nager type MFD, and to identify the molecular targets of Sf3b4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Devotta
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Hugo Juraver-Geslin
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Jose Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA; Master Program in Biology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Chang-Soo Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA.
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Weaver K, Watt K, Hufnagel R, Navajas Acedo J, Linscott L, Sund K, Bender P, König R, Lourenco C, Hehr U, Hopkin R, Lohmann D, Trainor P, Wieczorek D, Saal H. Acrofacial Dysostosis, Cincinnati Type, a Mandibulofacial Dysostosis Syndrome with Limb Anomalies, Is Caused by POLR1A Dysfunction. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:765-74. [PMID: 25913037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report three individuals with a cranioskeletal malformation syndrome that we define as acrofacial dysostosis, Cincinnati type. Each individual has a heterozygous mutation in POLR1A, which encodes a core component of RNA polymerase 1. All three individuals exhibit varying degrees of mandibulofacial dysostosis, and two additionally have limb anomalies. Consistent with this observation, we discovered that polr1a mutant zebrafish exhibited cranioskeletal anomalies mimicking the human phenotype. polr1a loss of function led to perturbed ribosome biogenesis and p53-dependent cell death, resulting in a deficiency of neural-crest-derived skeletal precursor cells and consequently craniofacial anomalies. Our findings expand the genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity of congenital acrofacial disorders caused by disruption of ribosome biogenesis.
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38
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Broadening the spectrum of Catania brachydactylous type of acrofacial dysostoses. Clin Dysmorphol 2015; 24:163-5. [PMID: 25945454 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lehalle D, Wieczorek D, Zechi-Ceide RM, Passos-Bueno MR, Lyonnet S, Amiel J, Gordon CT. A review of craniofacial disorders caused by spliceosomal defects. Clin Genet 2015; 88:405-15. [PMID: 25865758 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex that removes introns from pre-mRNA transcripts. Mutations in EFTUD2, encoding a component of the major spliceosome, have recently been identified as the cause of mandibulofacial dysostosis, Guion-Almeida type (MFDGA), characterized by mandibulofacial dysostosis, microcephaly, external ear malformations and intellectual disability. Mutations in several other genes involved in spliceosomal function or linked aspects of mRNA processing have also recently been identified in human disorders with specific craniofacial malformations: SF3B4 in Nager syndrome, an acrofacial dysostosis (AFD); SNRPB in cerebrocostomandibular syndrome, characterized by Robin sequence and rib defects; EIF4A3 in the AFD Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome, characterized by Robin sequence, median mandibular cleft and limb defects; and TXNL4A in Burn-McKeown syndrome, involving specific craniofacial dysmorphisms. Here, we review phenotypic and molecular aspects of these syndromes. Given the apparent sensitivity of craniofacial development to defects in mRNA processing, it is possible that mutations in other proteins involved in spliceosomal function will emerge in the future as causative for related human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lehalle
- Department of Genetics, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - D Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R M Zechi-Ceide
- Departamento de Genetica Clinica, Hospital de Reabilitacao de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de Sao Paulo (HRAC-USP), Bauru, Brasil
| | - M R Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - S Lyonnet
- Department of Genetics, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - J Amiel
- Department of Genetics, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - C T Gordon
- INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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40
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Gordon C, Weaver K, Zechi-Ceide R, Madsen E, Tavares A, Oufadem M, Kurihara Y, Adameyko I, Picard A, Breton S, Pierrot S, Biosse-Duplan M, Voisin N, Masson C, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Delrue MA, Lacombe D, Guion-Almeida M, Moura P, Garib D, Munnich A, Ernfors P, Hufnagel R, Hopkin R, Kurihara H, Saal H, Weaver D, Katsanis N, Lyonnet S, Golzio C, Clouthier D, Amiel J. Mutations in the endothelin receptor type A cause mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:519-31. [PMID: 25772936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) signaling pathway is essential for the establishment of mandibular identity during development of the first pharyngeal arch. We report four unrelated individuals with the syndrome mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia (MFDA) who have de novo missense variants in EDNRA. Three of the four individuals have the same substitution, p.Tyr129Phe. Tyr129 is known to determine the selective affinity of EDNRA for endothelin 1 (EDN1), its major physiological ligand, and the p.Tyr129Phe variant increases the affinity of the receptor for EDN3, its non-preferred ligand, by two orders of magnitude. The fourth individual has a somatic mosaic substitution, p.Glu303Lys, and was previously described as having Johnson-McMillin syndrome. The zygomatic arch of individuals with MFDA resembles that of mice in which EDNRA is ectopically activated in the maxillary prominence, resulting in a maxillary to mandibular transformation, suggesting that the p.Tyr129Phe variant causes an EDNRA gain of function in the developing upper jaw. Our in vitro and in vivo assays suggested complex, context-dependent effects of the EDNRA variants on downstream signaling. Our findings highlight the importance of finely tuned regulation of EDNRA signaling during human craniofacial development and suggest that modification of endothelin receptor-ligand specificity was a key step in the evolution of vertebrate jaws.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Lansinger
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Upper Extremity, Hand, and Microsurgery Center, INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
| | - Ghazi Rayan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Upper Extremity, Hand, and Microsurgery Center, INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Abstract
A rare disease is defined as a condition that affects less than 1 in 2000 individuals. Currently more than 7000 rare diseases have been documented, and most are thought to be of genetic origin. Rare diseases primarily affect children, and congenital craniofacial syndromes and disorders constitute a significant proportion of rare diseases, with over 700 having been described to date. Modeling craniofacial disorders in animal models has been instrumental in uncovering the etiology and pathogenesis of numerous conditions and in some cases has even led to potential therapeutic avenues for their prevention. In this chapter, we focus primarily on two general classes of rare disorders, ribosomopathies and ciliopathies, and the surprising finding that the disruption of fundamental, global processes can result in tissue-specific craniofacial defects. In addition, we discuss recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of an extremely rare and specific craniofacial condition known as syngnathia, based on the first mouse models for this condition. Approximately 1% of all babies are born with a minor or major developmental anomaly, and individuals suffering from rare diseases deserve the same quality of treatment and care and attention to their disease as other patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annita Achilleos
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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43
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Smigiel R, Bezniakow N, Jakubiak A, Błoch M, Patkowski D, Obersztyn E, Sasiadek MM. Phenotype analysis of Polish patients with mandibulofacial dysostosis type Guion-Almeida associated with esophageal atresia and choanal atresia caused by EFTUD2 gene mutations. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:199-204. [PMID: 25387991 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We present the phenotype of three unrelated Polish patients with MFD type Guion-Almeida confirmed by EFTUD2 mutations. In all of our patients, dysmorphic craniofacial features, microcephaly, thumb abnormalities, psychomotor and speech delay were described. In addition, among other major defects, esophageal atresia (EA) in one patient and choanal atresia in two of them were present. Three different mutations in EFTUD2 gene were found in presented patients. Our observations confirm the clinical heterogeneity of mandibulofacial dysostosis type Guion-Almeida and its connection with major congenital defects such as esophageal atresia and choanal atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Smigiel
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland,
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44
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Celli J. Genetics of gastrointestinal atresias. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:424-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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45
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Lehalle D, Gordon CT, Oufadem M, Goudefroye G, Boutaud L, Alessandri JL, Baena N, Baujat G, Baumann C, Boute-Benejean O, Caumes R, Decaestecker C, Gaillard D, Goldenberg A, Gonzales M, Holder-Espinasse M, Jacquemont ML, Lacombe D, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Marlin S, Mathieu-Dramard M, Morin G, Pasquier L, Petit F, Rio M, Smigiel R, Thauvin-Robinet C, Vasiljevic A, Verloes A, Malan V, Munnich A, de Pontual L, Vekemans M, Lyonnet S, Attié-Bitach T, Amiel J. Delineation of EFTUD2 haploinsufficiency-related phenotypes through a series of 36 patients. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:478-85. [PMID: 24470203 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis, Guion-Almeida type (MFDGA) is a recently delineated multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome characterized by the association of mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD) with external ear malformations, hearing loss, cleft palate, choanal atresia, microcephaly, intellectual disability, oesophageal atresia (OA), congenital heart defects (CHDs), and radial ray defects. MFDGA emerges as a clinically recognizable entity, long underdiagnosed due to highly variable presentations. The main differential diagnoses are CHARGE and Feingold syndromes, oculoauriculovertebral spectrum, and other MFDs. EFTUD2, located on 17q21.31, encodes a component of the major spliceosome and is disease causing in MFDGA, due to heterozygous loss-of-function (LoF) mutations. Here, we describe a series of 36 cases of MFDGA, including 24 previously unreported cases, and we review the literature in order to delineate the clinical spectrum ascribed to EFTUD2 LoF. MFD, external ear anomalies, and intellectual deficiency occur at a higher frequency than microcephaly. We characterize the evolution of the facial gestalt at different ages and describe novel renal and cerebral malformations. The most frequent extracranial malformation in this series is OA, followed by CHDs and skeletal abnormalities. MFDGA is probably more frequent than other syndromic MFDs such as Nager or Miller syndromes. Although the wide spectrum of malformations complicates diagnosis, characteristic facial features provide a useful handle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Lehalle
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
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Caluseriu O, Lowry BR, McLeod R, Lamont R, Parboosingh JS, Bernier FP, Innes AM. The hutterite variant of treacher collins syndrome: A 28-year-old story solved. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2855-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Brian R. Lowry
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Ross McLeod
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Ryan Lamont
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Genetic Laboratory Services; Alberta Health Services; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Jillian S. Parboosingh
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Calgary AB Canada
- Genetic Laboratory Services; Alberta Health Services; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Francois P. Bernier
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Calgary AB Canada
| | - A. Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Calgary AB Canada
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Voigt C, Mégarbané A, Neveling K, Czeschik JC, Albrecht B, Callewaert B, von Deimling F, Hehr A, Falkenberg Smeland M, König R, Kuechler A, Marcelis C, Puiu M, Reardon W, Riise Stensland HMF, Schweiger B, Steehouwer M, Teller C, Martin M, Rahmann S, Hehr U, Brunner HG, Lüdecke HJ, Wieczorek D. Oto-facial syndrome and esophageal atresia, intellectual disability and zygomatic anomalies - expanding the phenotypes associated with EFTUD2 mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:110. [PMID: 23879989 PMCID: PMC3727992 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in EFTUD2 were proven to cause a very distinct mandibulofacial dysostosis type Guion-Almeida (MFDGA, OMIM #610536). Recently, gross deletions and mutations in EFTUD2 were determined to cause syndromic esophageal atresia (EA), as well. We set forth to find further conditions caused by mutations in the EFTUD2 gene (OMIM *603892). Methods and results We performed exome sequencing in two familial cases with clinical features overlapping with MFDGA and EA, but which were previously assumed to represent distinct entities, a syndrome with esophageal atresia, hypoplasia of zygomatic complex, microcephaly, cup-shaped ears, congenital heart defect, and intellectual disability in a mother and her two children [AJMG 143A(11):1135-1142, 2007] and a supposedly autosomal recessive oto-facial syndrome with midline malformations in two sisters [AJMG 132(4):398-401, 2005]. While the analysis of our exome data was in progress, a recent publication made EFTUD2 mutations highly likely in these families. This hypothesis could be confirmed with exome as well as with Sanger sequencing. Also, in three further sporadic patients, clinically overlapping to these two families, de novo mutations within EFTUD2 were identified by Sanger sequencing. Our clinical and molecular workup of the patients discloses a broad phenotypic spectrum, and describes for the first time an instance of germline mosaicism for an EFTUD2 mutation. Conclusions The clinical features of the eight patients described here further broaden the phenotypic spectrum caused by EFTUD2 mutations or deletions. We here show, that it not only includes mandibulofacial dysostosis type Guion-Almeida, which should be reclassified as an acrofacial dysostosis because of thumb anomalies (present in 12/35 or 34% of patients) and syndromic esophageal atresia [JMG 49(12). 737-746, 2012], but also the two new syndromes, namely oto-facial syndrome with midline malformations published by Mégarbané et al. [AJMG 132(4): 398-401, 2005] and the syndrome published by Wieczorek et al. [AJMG 143A(11): 1135-1142, 2007] The finding of mild phenotypic features in the mother of one family that could have been overlooked and the possibility of germline mosaicism in apparently healthy parents in the other family should be taken into account when counseling such families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Voigt
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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