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Kang KE, Vedlitz A, Goldsmith CL, Seavey I. Optimism and pessimism toward science: A new way to look at the public's evaluations of science and technology discoveries and recommendations. Politics Life Sci 2023; 42:234-253. [PMID: 37987570 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2023.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
While there have always been those in the American public who mistrust science and scientists' views of the world, they have tended to be a minority of the larger public. Recent COVID-19 related events indicate that could be changing for some key groups. What might explain the present state of mistrust of science within an important component of the American public? In this study, we delve deeply into this question and examine what citizens today believe about science and technology and why, focusing on core theories of trust, risk concern, and political values and on the important role of science optimism and pessimism orientations. Using national public survey data, we examine the correlates of science optimism and pessimism and test the efficacy of this construct as drivers of biotechnology policy. We find that science optimism and pessimism are empirically useful constructs and that they are important predictors of biotechnology policy choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Eun Kang
- Texas A&M University College Station, The Bush School of Government and Public Service, ISTPP, College Station, TX, USA,
| | - Arnold Vedlitz
- Texas A&M University College Station, The Bush School of Government and Public Service, ISTPP, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carol L Goldsmith
- Texas A&M University College Station, The Bush School of Government and Public Service, ISTPP, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian Seavey
- Texas A&M University College Station, The Bush School of Government and Public Service, ISTPP, College Station, TX, USA
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2
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Trujillo S, Wetmore JB, Camarillo IA, Misiewicz S, May H, Choi H, Siegel K, Chung WK, Phelan JC, Yang LH, Leu CS, Bergner AL, Ottman R. Knowledge and beliefs about epilepsy genetics among Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2443-2453. [PMID: 37353999 PMCID: PMC10529985 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hispanics continue to face challenges when trying to access health care, including epilepsy care and genetic-related health care services. This study examined epilepsy genetic knowledge and beliefs in this historically underserved population. METHODS Questionnaires were completed by 641 adults with epilepsy without identified cause, of whom 122 self-identified as Hispanic or Latino and 519 as non-Hispanic. Participants were asked about their views on the contribution of genetics to the cause of their epilepsy ("genetic attribution"), optimism for advancements in epilepsy genetic research ("genetic optimism"), basic genetic knowledge, and epilepsy-specific genetic knowledge. Generalized linear models were used to compare the two groups in the means of quantitative measures and percents answered correctly for individual genetic knowledge items. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, religion, family history of epilepsy, and time since last seizure. RESULTS Hispanics did not differ from non-Hispanics in genetic attribution, genetic optimism, or number of six basic genetic knowledge items answered correctly. The number of nine epilepsy-specific genetic knowledge items answered correctly was significantly lower for Hispanics than non-Hispanics (adjusted mean = 6.0 vs. 6.7, p < .001). After adjustment for education and other potential mediators, the proportion answered correctly was significantly lower for Hispanics than non-Hispanics for only two items related to family history and penetrance of epilepsy-related genes. Only 54% of Hispanics and 61% of non-Hispanics answered correctly that "If a person has epilepsy, his or her relatives have an increased chance of getting epilepsy." SIGNIFICANCE Despite large differences in sociodemographic variables including education, most attitudes and beliefs about genetics were similar in Hispanics and non-Hispanics. Epilepsy-specific genetic knowledge was lower among Hispanics than non-Hispanics, and this difference was mostly mediated by differences in demographic variables. Genetic counseling should address key concepts related to epilepsy genetics to ensure they are well understood by both Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Trujillo
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - John B. Wetmore
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itzel A. Camarillo
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sylwia Misiewicz
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Halie May
- Departments of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyunmi Choi
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karolynn Siegel
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA , Departments of Medicine
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Departments of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jo C. Phelan
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA , Departments of Medicine
| | - Lawrence H. Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Cheng-Shiun Leu
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda L. Bergner
- Departments of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Genetic Counseling Graduate Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Ottman
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Translational Epidemiology and Mental Health Equity, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Leapman MS, Wang R, Park HS, Yu JB, Sprenkle PC, Dinan MA, Ma X, Gross CP. Adoption of New Risk Stratification Technologies Within US Hospital Referral Regions and Association With Prostate Cancer Management. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2128646. [PMID: 34623406 PMCID: PMC8501394 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The clinical decisions that arise from prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genomic testing in patients with prostate cancer are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between regional uptake of prostate MRI and genomic testing and observation vs treatment for prostate cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study of commercial insurance claims for prostate MRI and genomic testing included 65 530 patients 40 to 89 years of age newly diagnosed with prostate cancer from July 1, 2012, through June 30, 2019. EXPOSURES Patient- and regional-level use of prostate MRI and genomic testing. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Observation vs definitive treatment for prostate cancer. Patient-level analyses examined the association between receipt of testing or residing in a hospital referral region (HRR) that adopted testing and observation. In regional-level analyses, the dependent variable was the change in the proportion of patients observed for prostate cancer at the HRR level between 2 periods: July 1, 2012, to June 30, 2014, and July 1, 2017, to June 20, 2019. The independent study variables included HRR-level changes in the proportion of men undergoing prostate MRI and genomic testing between these periods, and the models were adjusted for contextual factors associated with prostate cancer care and socioeconomic status. RESULTS This study identified 65 530 patients, including 27 679 in the early period (mean [SD] age, 58.0 [5.9] years) and 37 851 in the late period (mean [SD] age, 59.0 [5.7] years). Use of prostate MRI increased significantly from 7.2% (95% CI, 6.9%-7.5%) to 16.7% (95% CI, 16.3%-17.1%) from the early to late period. Use of genomic testing increased significantly from 1.3% (95% CI, 1.1%-1.4%) to 12.7% (95% CI, 12.3%-13.0%) from the early to late period. Compared with the lowest, the highest HRR quartiles of prostate MRI and genomic testing uptake were associated with an adjusted 4.1% (SE, 1.1%; P < .001) and 2.5% (SE, 1.1%; P = .03) absolute increase in the proportion of patients receiving observation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, uptake of prostate MRI and genomic testing was associated with increased use of initial observation vs treatment for prostate cancer. Marked geographic variation supports the need for further patient-level research to optimize the dissemination and outcome of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Leapman
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rong Wang
- Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Henry S. Park
- Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James B. Yu
- Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Michaela A. Dinan
- Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cary P. Gross
- Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Horrow C, Pacyna JE, Lee MK, Sharp RR. Measuring Attitudes About Genomic Medicine: Validation of the Genomic Orientation Scale (GO Scale). VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2021; 24:1030-1037. [PMID: 34243827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessing public attitudes about genomic medicine is critical for anticipating patient receptivity to clinical applications of genomics. Although scholars have highlighted the importance of assessing stakeholder opinions and views regarding advances in clinical genomics, to date there has not been a robust tool for measuring these attitudes. We designed a study to evaluate the validity of an instrument we developed for measuring attitudes about genomic medicine. METHODS We used psychometric methods to validate the Genomic Orientation Scale (GO Scale). Our goal was to create an easy-to-use tool for evaluating positive and negative attitudes about genomic medicine. RESULTS We describe the validation testing of the GO Scale in a nationally representative sample of 1536 individuals residing in the United States. We report results from convergent and divergent validity testing and Rasch modeling analysis. The study produced a 26-item scale with 2 dimensions-optimism and pessimism. CONCLUSIONS The GO Scale may be used to characterize attitudinal perspectives among patients, clinicians, and the public. The GO Scale may also be useful in evaluating shifts in attitude over time, for example, following educational interventions, which has not been feasible to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Horrow
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joel E Pacyna
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Minji K Lee
- Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard R Sharp
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Hui VCC, Li HC, Chow JHK, Ng CSC, Lui CYW, Fung JLF, Mak CCY, Chung BHY, Lau KK. Understanding and perception of direct-to-consumer genetic testing in Hong Kong. J Genet Couns 2021; 30:1640-1648. [PMID: 33938075 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTCGT) is gaining popularity in Hong Kong (HK). As DTCGT forgoes specialist medical involvement, healthcare professionals have raised concerns regarding its validity, utility, and the public's ability to interpret DTCGT results. Thus, genetic counseling (GC) is recommended to facilitate understanding of DTCGT. This study aimed to investigate HK public's perception toward DTCGT and the importance of GC in DTCGT. A total of 304 HK adults were invited to complete a 37-item survey online. Participants' genomic literacy, understanding and attitude toward DTCGT and GC, and responses to a mock DTCGT scenario were assessed. 48% of participants were aware of DTCGT while 82% indicated an interest. 30% of participants were aware of GC services in HK; 49% were interested in GC services for understanding DTCGT results. Participants scored on average 7.6/11 in the genomic sequencing knowledge scale and were weak in limitations of genomic testing. In the mock DTCGT scenario, 73% of participants expressed concern with the positive results initially. After being explained limitations of DTCGT, 40% of participants reported decreased concern. Reduced perceived helpfulness in medical management and lifestyle modification were also reported by 35% and 27%, respectively. This HK population demonstrated a high level of awareness and interest in DTCGT. As potential DTCGT users, they might experience excess concern and overestimate the usefulness of positive DTCGT results, particularly in medical management. The importance of GC to educate and guide interpretation of DTCGT results is supported; yet the awareness and access of GC services is inadequate in HK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C C Hui
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery program, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H C Li
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery program, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Josh H K Chow
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery program, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris S C Ng
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery program, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Constance Y W Lui
- Bachelor of Nursing program, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jasmine L F Fung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christopher C Y Mak
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Calabrò GE, Sassano M, Tognetto A, Boccia S. Citizens' Attitudes, Knowledge, and Educational Needs in the Field of Omics Sciences: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Genet 2020; 11:570649. [PMID: 33193671 PMCID: PMC7644959 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.570649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The huge development of omics sciences is changing the classical medical approach and making new technologies available. In this context, education of citizens is essential to allow appropriate decisions about their own health. Hence, we aimed to summarize existing literature regarding citizens' knowledge, attitudes, and educational needs on omics sciences. Methods: We performed a systematic literature review (SLR) using Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, and Embase databases. The eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review required that the studies investigated knowledge, attitudes, or educational needs regarding omics sciences among the general population. Results: We included 54 studies, published between 2006 and 2020. Most of the included studies (72%) investigated citizens' knowledge, half of them (56%) attitudes, and 20% educational needs in the field of omics sciences, while 52% investigated attitudes and perceptions about genetic and/or omics tests. Most studies (64%) reported a limited knowledge level among citizens, even though most (59%) reported participants understood the benefits of the use of omics sciences into medicine. As for omics tests, a controversial opinion toward their use into practice was reported among citizens. Most of the studies (82%) investigating citizens' educational needs highlighted a clear gap to be filled. Conclusions: Our SLR summarizes current knowledge on citizens' literacy, attitudes, and educational needs on omics science, underlining the need for strengthening public engagement on this topic. Further research is needed, however, to identify appropriate methods and models to achieve such an improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Elisa Calabrò
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Sassano
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Tognetto
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Boccia
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health-Public Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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Tsungmey T, Kim JP, Dunn LB, Ryan K, Lane-McKinley K, Roberts LW. Negative association of perceived risk and willingness to participate in innovative psychiatric research protocols. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 122:9-16. [PMID: 31891880 PMCID: PMC7243412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric researchers grapple with concerns that individuals with mental illness may be less likely to appreciate risks of research participation, particularly compared to people not suffering from mental illness. Therefore, empirical studies that directly compare the perspectives of such individuals are needed. In addition, it is important to evaluate perspectives regarding varied types of research protocols, particularly as innovative psychiatric research protocols emerge. In this pilot study, respondents with a mood disorder (n = 25) as well as respondents without a mood disorder (n = 55) were recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. These respondents were surveyed regarding four psychiatric research projects (i.e., experimental medication [pill form]; non-invasive magnetic brain stimulation; experimental medication [intravenous infusion]; and implantation of a device in the brain). Regardless of health status, respondents rated the four research protocols as somewhat to highly risky. The brain-device implant protocol was seen as the most risky, while the magnetic brain stimulation project was viewed as "somewhat risky". Respondents, on average and regardless of health status, rated their willingness at or below "somewhat willing." Respondents were least willing to participate in the brain-device implant protocol, whereas they were "somewhat willing" to participate in the magnetic brain stimulation protocol. Trust in medical research was negatively associated with perceived risk of research protocols. Perceived risk was negatively associated with willingness to participate, even when adjusting for potential confounders, suggesting that attunement to risk crosses diagnostic, gender, and ethnic categories, and is more salient to research decision-making than trust in medical research and dispositional optimism. The findings of this study may offer reassurance about the underlying decision-making processes of individuals considering participation in innovative neuroscience studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Tsungmey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305-5717
| | - Jane Paik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305-5717.
| | - Laura B Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305-5717
| | - Katie Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305-5717
| | - Kyle Lane-McKinley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305-5717
| | - Laura Weiss Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305-5717
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