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van der Heijden EMDL, Lefevre L, Gossner A, Tzelos T, Connelley TK, Hassan MA. Comparative transcriptional analysis identifies genes associated with the attenuation of Theileria parva infected cells after long-term in vitro culture. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8976. [PMID: 38637584 PMCID: PMC11026401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Autologous administration of attenuated Theileria parva-infected cells induces immunity to T. parva in cattle. The mechanism of attenuation, however, is largely unknown. Here, we used RNA sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated T. parva-infected T-cells to elucidate the transcriptional changes underpinning attenuation. We observed differential expression of several host genes, including TRAIL, PD-1, TGF-β and granzymes that are known to regulate inflammation and proliferation of infected cells. Importantly, many genes linked with the attenuation of the related T. annulata-infected cells were not dysregulated in this study. Furthermore, known T. parva antigens were not dysregulated in attenuated relative to pathogenic cells, indicating that attenuation is not due to enhanced immunogenicity. Overall this study suggests that attenuation is driven by a decrease in proliferation and restoration of the inflammatory profile of T. parva-infected cells. Additionally, it provides a foundation for future mechanistic studies of the attenuation phenotype in Theileria-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M D L van der Heijden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anton Gossner
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Tzelos
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Timothy K Connelley
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Musa A Hassan
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
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Tajeri S, Chattopadhyay D, Langsley G, Nijhof AM. A Theileria annulata parasite with a single mutation, methionine 128 to isoleucine (M128I), in cytochrome B is resistant to buparvaquone. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299002. [PMID: 38626086 PMCID: PMC11020719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropical theileriosis is a fatal leukemic-like disease of cattle caused by the tick-transmitted protozoan parasite Theileria annulata. The economics of cattle meat and milk production is severely affected by theileriosis in endemic areas. The hydroxynaphtoquinone buparvaquone (BPQ) is the only available drug currently used to treat clinical theileriosis, whilst BPQ resistance is emerging and spreading in endemic areas. Here, we chronically exposed T. annulata-transformed macrophages in vitro to BPQ and monitored the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. Surviving parasites revealed a significant increase in BPQ IC50 compared to the wild type parasites. Drug resistant parasites from two independent cloned lines had an identical single mutation, M128I, in the gene coding for T. annulata cytochrome B (Tacytb). This in vitro generated mutation has not been reported in resistant field isolates previously, but is reminiscent of the methionine to isoleucine mutation in atovaquone-resistant Plasmodium and Babesia. The M128I mutation did not appear to exert any deleterious effect on parasite fitness (proliferation and differentiation to merozoites). To gain insight into whether drug-resistance could have resulted from altered drug binding to TaCytB we generated in silico a 3D-model of wild type TaCytB and docked BPQ to the predicted 3D-structure. Potential binding sites cluster in four areas of the protein structure including the Q01 site. The bound drug in the Q01 site is expected to pack against an alpha helix, which included M128, suggesting that the change in amino acid in this position may alter drug-binding. The in vitro generated BPQ resistant T. annulata is a useful tool to determine the contribution of the various predicted docking sites to BPQ resistance and will also allow testing novel drugs against theileriosis for their potential to overcome BPQ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Tajeri
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Debasish Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes—Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ard M. Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Elati K, Tajeri S, Obara I, Mhadhbi M, Zweygarth E, Darghouth MA, Nijhof AM. Dual RNA-seq to catalogue host and parasite gene expression changes associated with virulence of T. annulata-transformed bovine leukocytes: towards identification of attenuation biomarkers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18202. [PMID: 37875584 PMCID: PMC10598219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Theileria annulata is transmitted by Hyalomma ticks and causes an acute lymphoproliferative disease that is invariably lethal in exotic cattle breeds. The unique ability of the schizont stage of T. annulata to transform infected leukocytes to a cancer-like phenotype and the simplicity of culturing and passaging T. annulata-transformed cells in vitro have been explored for live vaccine development by attenuating the transformed cells using lengthy serial propagation in vitro. The empirical in vivo evaluation of attenuation required for each batch of long-term cultured cells is a major constraint since it is resource intensive and raises ethical issues regarding animal welfare. As yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying attenuation are not well understood. Characteristic changes in gene expression brought about by attenuation are likely to aid in the identification of novel biomarkers for attenuation. We set out to undertake a comparative transcriptome analysis of attenuated (passage 296) and virulent (passage 26) bovine leukocytes infected with a Tunisian strain of T. annulata termed Beja. RNA-seq was used to analyse gene expression profiles and the relative expression levels of selected genes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. Among the 3538 T. annulata genes analysed, 214 were significantly differentially expressed, of which 149 genes were up-regulated and 65 down-regulated. Functional annotation of differentially expressed T. annulata genes revealed four broad categories of metabolic pathways: carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. It is interesting to note that of the top 40 genes that showed altered expression, 13 were predicted to contain a signal peptide and/or at least one transmembrane domain, suggesting possible involvement in host-parasite interaction. Of the 16,514 bovine transcripts, 284 and 277 showed up-regulated and down-regulated expression, respectively. These were assigned to functional categories relevant to cell surface, tissue morphogenesis and regulation of cell adhesion, regulation of leucocyte, lymphocyte and cell activation. The genetic alterations acquired during attenuation that we have catalogued herein, as well as the accompanying in silico functional characterization, do not only improve understanding of the attenuation process, but can also be exploited by studies aimed at identifying attenuation biomarkers across different cell lines focusing on some host and parasite genes that have been highlighted in this study, such as bovine genes (CD69, ZNF618, LPAR3, and APOL3) and parasite genes such as TA03875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Elati
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isaiah Obara
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Erich Zweygarth
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ard Menzo Nijhof
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Durrani Z, Kinnaird J, Cheng CW, Brühlmann F, Capewell P, Jackson A, Larcombe S, Olias P, Weir W, Shiels B. A parasite DNA binding protein with potential to influence disease susceptibility acts as an analogue of mammalian HMGA transcription factors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286526. [PMID: 37276213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens construct their environmental niche, and influence disease susceptibility, by deploying factors that manipulate infected host cell gene expression. Theileria annulata is an important tick-borne parasite of cattle that causes tropical theileriosis. Excellent candidates for modulating host cell gene expression are DNA binding proteins bearing AT-hook motifs encoded within the TashAT gene cluster of the parasite genome. In this study, TashAT2 was transfected into bovine BoMac cells to generate three expressing and three non-expressing (opposite orientation) cell lines. RNA-Seq was conducted and differentially expressed (DE) genes identified. The resulting dataset was compared with genes differentially expressed between infected cells and non-infected cells, and DE genes between infected cell lines from susceptible Holstein vs tolerant Sahiwal cattle. Over 800 bovine genes displayed differential expression associated with TashAT2, 209 of which were also modulated by parasite infection. Network analysis showed enrichment of DE genes in pathways associated with cellular adhesion, oncogenesis and developmental regulation by mammalian AT-hook bearing high mobility group A (HMGA) proteins. Overlap of TashAT2 DE genes with Sahiwal vs Holstein DE genes revealed that a significant number of shared genes were associated with disease susceptibility. Altered protein levels encoded by one of these genes (GULP1) was strongly linked to expression of TashAT2 in BoMac cells and was demonstrated to be higher in infected Holstein leucocytes compared to Sahiwal. We conclude that TashAT2 operates as an HMGA analogue to differentially mould the epigenome of the infected cell and influence disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Durrani
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Kinnaird
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chew Weng Cheng
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Brühlmann
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Capewell
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Larcombe
- School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Shiels
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Terletsky A, Akhmerova LG. Malignant human thyroid neoplasms associated with blood parasitic (haemosporidian) infection. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-mht-1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of archival cytological material obtained by cytologists during fine-needle aspiration biopsy in follicular, papillary, and medullary human thyroid cancers revealed haemosporidian (blood parasitic) infection. Haemosporidian infection was detected as exo- and intraerythrocytic stages of development in thyrocytes schizogony. The exoerythrocytic stage of development is represented as microschizonts in a thyroid needle biopsy specimen. Probably, blood parasitic infection is the common etiology for these pathologies. All biopsy material in medical laboratories was stained with RomanowskyGiemsa stain. To clarify the localization of nuclei (DNA) of thyrocytes and nuclei (DNA) of haemosporidian infection in cytological material following investigation of the entire set of smears, a selective series of original archival smears was stained (restained) with a Feulgen/Schiff reagent. Staining of smears with RomanowskyGiemsa stain is an adsorption method that enables re-use of the same smears for staining with a Feulgen/Schiff reagent where the fuchsin dye, after DNA hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid, is incorporated into DNA and stains it in redviolet (crimsonlilac) color. An intentionally unstained protoplasm of blood parasitic infection was present as a light band around erythrocyte nuclei. In follicular thyroid cancer, Feulgen staining of thyrocytes revealed nuclear DNA and parasitic DNA (haemosporidium nuclei) as point inclusions and rings and diffusely distributed in the thyrocyte cytoplasm. The thyrocyte cytoplasm and nuclei were vacuolated, with thyrocyte nuclei being deformed, flattened, and displaced to the cell periphery. The erythrocytes, which were initially stained with eosin (orange color), contained haemosporidian nuclei (DNA). In some cases, endoglobular inclusions in thyrocytes and erythrocytes were of the same size. In papillary thyroid cancer, we were able to localize the nuclear DNA of thyrocytes and the parasitic DNA as point inclusions and diffusely distributed in the thyrocyte cytoplasm. Two or more polymorphic nuclei may eccentrically occur in the hyperplastic cytoplasm. Haemosporidian microschizonts occurred circumnuclearly in thyrocytes and as an exoerythrocytic stage in the blood. The erythrocyte cytoplasm contained redviolet polymorphic haemosporidian nuclei (DNA). In medullary thyroid cancer, the hyperplastic cytoplasm of thyrocytes contained eccentrically located nuclei (DNA) of thyrocytes and small haemosporidian nuclei (DNA), which may occupy the whole thyrocyte. There were thyrocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm and pronounced nuclear polymorphism. The size of hyperplastic nuclei was several times larger than that of normal thyrocyte nuclei. The color of stained cytoplasmic and nuclear vacuoles of thyrocytes was less redviolet compared with that of surrounding tissues, which probably indicates the presence of parasitic DNA in them. The haemosporidian nuclear material in erythrocytes is represented by polymorphic nuclei, which may indicate the simultaneous presence of different pathogen species and/or generations in the blood. Intracellular parasitism of haemosporidian infection in thyrocytes (schizogony) associated with three thyroid cancers leads to pronounced cytoplasmic hyperplasia, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and nuclear vacuolization of the thyrocyte, followed by impaired secretory function. Multinucleated thyrocytes with incomplete cytokinesis appear. The absence of lytic death of the affected thyrocytes indicates that the contagium is able to control apoptosis and influence physiological functions of the cell. There is deformation of the nuclei, which leads to a decrease in their size, their flattening and displacement to the cell periphery, with high risk of DNA mutations and deletions in affected cells, reaching a neoplastic level.
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Awad K, Maghraby AS, Abd-Elshafy DN, Bahgat MM. Carbohydrates Metabolic Signatures in Immune Cells: Response to Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912899. [PMID: 35983037 PMCID: PMC9380592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic reprogramming in immune cells is diverse and distinctive in terms of complexity and flexibility in response to heterogeneous pathogenic stimuli. We studied the carbohydrate metabolic changes in immune cells in different types of infectious diseases. This could help build reasonable strategies when understanding the diagnostics, prognostics, and biological relevance of immune cells under alternative metabolic burdens. METHODS Search and analysis were conducted on published peer-reviewed papers on immune cell metabolism of a single pathogen infection from the four known types (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses). Out of the 131 selected papers based on the PIC algorithm (pathogen type/immune cell/carbohydrate metabolism), 30 explored immune cell metabolic changes in well-studied bacterial infections, 17 were on fungal infections of known medical importance, and 12 and 57 were on parasitic and viral infections, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION While carbohydrate metabolism in immune cells is signaled by glycolytic shift during a bacterial or viral infection, it is widely evident that effector surface proteins are expressed on the surface of parasites and fungi to modulate metabolism in these cells. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate metabolism in immune cells can be categorized according to the pathogen or the disease type. Accordingly, this classification can be used to adopt new strategies in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Awad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Kareem Awad, ; Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat, ,
| | - Amany Sayed Maghraby
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- Research Group Immune- and Bio-Markers for Infection, the Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Nadeem Abd-Elshafy
- Research Group Immune- and Bio-Markers for Infection, the Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Water Pollution Research, Institute of Environmental Research, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- Research Group Immune- and Bio-Markers for Infection, the Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Kareem Awad, ; Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat, ,
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Bichiou H, Bouabid C, Rabhi I, Guizani-Tabbane L. Transcription Factors Interplay Orchestrates the Immune-Metabolic Response of Leishmania Infected Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660415. [PMID: 33898331 PMCID: PMC8058464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of heterogenous diseases considered as an important public health problem in several countries. This neglected disease is caused by over 20 parasite species of the protozoa belonging to the Leishmania genus and is spread by the bite of a female phlebotomine sandfly. Depending on the parasite specie and the immune status of the patient, leishmaniasis can present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, Leishmania colonize phagocytic cells, mainly the macrophages that orchestrate the host immune response and determine the fate of the infection. Once inside macrophages, Leishmania triggers different signaling pathways that regulate the immune and metabolic response of the host cells. Various transcription factors regulate such immune-metabolic responses and the associated leishmanicidal and inflammatory reaction against the invading parasite. In this review, we will highlight the most important transcription factors involved in these responses, their interactions and their impact on the establishment and the progression of the immune response along with their effect on the physiopathology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Bichiou
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Bouabid
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabhi
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Biotechnology Department, Higher Institute of Biotechnology at Sidi-Thabet (ISBST), Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet- University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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Feng L, Pomel S, Latre de Late P, Taravaud A, Loiseau PM, Maes L, Cho-Ngwa F, Bulman CA, Fischer C, Sakanari JA, Ziniel PD, Williams DL, Davioud-Charvet E. Repurposing Auranofin and Evaluation of a New Gold(I) Compound for the Search of Treatment of Human and Cattle Parasitic Diseases: From Protozoa to Helminth Infections. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215075. [PMID: 33139647 PMCID: PMC7663263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases remain a major public health issue worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Human parasite diversity is very large, ranging from protozoa to worms. In most cases, more effective and new drugs are urgently needed. Previous studies indicated that the gold(I) drug auranofin (Ridaura®) is effective against several parasites. Among new gold(I) complexes, the phosphole-containing gold(I) complex {1-phenyl-2,5-di(2-pyridyl)phosphole}AuCl (abbreviated as GoPI) is an irreversible inhibitor of both purified human glutathione and thioredoxin reductases. GoPI-sugar is a novel 1-thio-β-d-glucopyranose 2,3,4,6-tetraacetato-S-derivative that is a chimera of the structures of GoPI and auranofin, designed to improve stability and bioavailability of GoPI. These metal-ligand complexes are of particular interest because of their combined abilities to irreversibly target the essential dithiol/selenol catalytic pair of selenium-dependent thioredoxin reductase activity, and to kill cells from breast and brain tumors. In this work, screening of various parasites—protozoans, trematodes, and nematodes—was undertaken to determine the in vitro killing activity of GoPI-sugar compared to auranofin. GoPI-sugar was found to efficiently kill intramacrophagic Leishmania donovani amastigotes and adult filarial and trematode worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Feng
- UMR 7042 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg-Université Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Team, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Perle Latre de Late
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Cochin Institute, Faculté de Medecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Alexandre Taravaud
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Christina A. Bulman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Chelsea Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Judy A. Sakanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Peter D. Ziniel
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.L.W.); (E.D.-C.)
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- UMR 7042 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg-Université Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Team, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France;
- Correspondence: (D.L.W.); (E.D.-C.)
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9
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Rchiad Z, Haidar M, Ansari HR, Tajeri S, Mfarrej S, Ben Rached F, Kaushik A, Langsley G, Pain A. Novel tumour suppressor roles for GZMA and RASGRP1 in Theileria annulata-transformed macrophages and human B lymphoma cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13255. [PMID: 32830401 PMCID: PMC7685166 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is a tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasite that infects and transforms bovine leukocytes into disseminating tumours that cause a disease called tropical theileriosis. Using comparative transcriptomics we identified genes transcriptionally perturbed during Theileria-induced leukocyte transformation. Dataset comparisons highlighted a small set of genes associated with Theileria-transformed leukocyte dissemination. The roles of Granzyme A (GZMA) and RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1 (RASGRP1) were verified by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown. Knocking down expression of GZMA and RASGRP1 in attenuated macrophages led to a regain in their dissemination in Rag2/γC mice confirming their role as dissemination suppressors in vivo. We further evaluated the roles of GZMA and RASGRP1 in human B lymphomas by comparing the transcriptome of 934 human cancer cell lines to that of Theileria-transformed bovine host cells. We confirmed dampened dissemination potential of human B lymphomas that overexpress GZMA and RASGRP1. Our results provide evidence that GZMA and RASGRP1 have a novel tumour suppressor function in both T. annulata-infected bovine host leukocytes and in human B lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineb Rchiad
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Centre de Coalition, Innovation, et de prévention des Epidémies au Maroc (CIPEM), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Malak Haidar
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Hifzur Rahman Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathia Ben Rached
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhinav Kaushik
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Theileria schizonts are the only known eukaryotic organisms capable of transforming another eukaryotic cell; as such, probing of the interactions that occur at the host-parasite interface is likely to lead to novel insights into the cell biology underlying leukocyte proliferation and transformation. Little is known about how the parasite communicates with its host or by what route secreted parasite proteins are translocated into the host, and we propose that nuclear trafficking machinery at the parasite surface might play a role in this. The function of AL remains completely unknown, and our work provides a basis for further investigation into the contribution that these porous, cytomembranous structures might make to the survival of fast-growing transformed cells. Parasitic protozoans of the genus Theileria are intracellular pathogens that induce the cellular transformation of leukocytes, causing uncontrolled proliferation of the infected host cell. The transforming stage of the parasite has a strictly intracellular lifestyle and ensures its distribution to both daughter cells during host cell cytokinesis by aligning itself across the metaphase plate and by binding tightly to central spindle and astral microtubules. Given the importance of the parasite surface in maintaining interactions with host microtubules, we analyzed the ultrastructure of the host-parasite interface using transmission electron microscopy combined with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and live-cell imaging. We show that porous membranes, termed annulate lamellae (AL), closely associate with the Theileria surface in infected T cells, B cells, and macrophages and are not detectable in noninfected bovine cell lines such as BL20 or BoMACs. AL are membranous structures found in the cytoplasm of fast-proliferating cells such as cancer cells, oocytes, and embryonic cells. Although AL were first observed more than 60 years ago, the function of these organelles is still not known. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis with a pan-nuclear pore complex antibody, combined with overexpression of a panel of nuclear pore proteins, revealed that the parasite recruits nuclear pore complex components close to its surface. Importantly, we show that, in addition to structural components of the nuclear pore complex, nuclear trafficking machinery, including importin beta 1, RanGAP1, and the small GTPase Ran, also accumulated close to the parasite surface. IMPORTANCETheileria schizonts are the only known eukaryotic organisms capable of transforming another eukaryotic cell; as such, probing of the interactions that occur at the host-parasite interface is likely to lead to novel insights into the cell biology underlying leukocyte proliferation and transformation. Little is known about how the parasite communicates with its host or by what route secreted parasite proteins are translocated into the host, and we propose that nuclear trafficking machinery at the parasite surface might play a role in this. The function of AL remains completely unknown, and our work provides a basis for further investigation into the contribution that these porous, cytomembranous structures might make to the survival of fast-growing transformed cells.
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11
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Wang W, Geng X, Lei L, Jia Y, Li Y, Zhou H, Verkman AS, Yang B. Aquaporin-3 deficiency slows cyst enlargement in experimental mouse models of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. FASEB J 2019; 33:6185-6196. [PMID: 30768374 PMCID: PMC6463927 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801338rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by bilateral renal cysts that lead to a decline in kidney function. Previous studies reported aquaporin (AQP)-3 expression in cysts derived from collecting ducts in ADPKD. To study the role of AQP3 in cyst development, we generated 2 polycystic kidney disease (PKD) mouse models: kidney-specific Pkd1 knockout mice and inducible Pkd1 knockout mice, each without and with AQP3 deletion. In both models, kidney sizes and cyst indexes were significantly reduced in AQP3-null PKD mice compared with AQP3-expressing PKD mice, with the difference seen mainly in collecting duct cysts. AQP3-deficient kidneys showed significantly reduced ATP content, increased phosphorylated (p)-AMPK, and decreased p-ERK and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In a matrix-grown Madin-Darby canine kidney cyst model, AQP3 expression promoted cyst enlargement and was associated with increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and glucose transporter 1 and increased glucose uptake. Our data suggest that the slowed renal cyst enlargement in AQP3 deficiency involves impaired energy metabolism in the kidney through AMPK and mTOR signaling and impaired cellular glucose uptake. These findings implicate AQP3 as a novel determinant of renal cyst enlargement and hence a potential drug target in ADPKD.-Wang, W., Geng, X., Lei, L., Jia, Y., Li, Y., Zhou, H., Verkman, A. S., Yang, B. Aquaporin-3 deficiency slows cyst enlargement in experimental mouse models of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing, China;,Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Geng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Alan S. Verkman
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; ,Department of Physiology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing, China;,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China;,Correspondence: Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, 211 Building of Physiology, Beijing 100191, China. E-mail:
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12
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Haidar M, Metheni M, Batteux F, Langsley G. TGF-β2, catalase activity, H 2O 2 output and metastatic potential of diverse types of tumour. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:282-287. [PMID: 30639613 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is a protozoan parasite that infects and transforms bovine macrophages causing a myeloid-leukaemia-like disease called tropical theileriosis. TGF-β2 is highly expressed in many cancer cells and is significantly increased in Theileria-transformed macrophages, as are levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), notably H2O2. Here, we describe the interplay between TGF-β2 and ROS in cellular transformation. We show that TGF-β2 drives expression of catalase to reduce the amount of H2O2 produced by T. annulata-transformed bovine macrophages, as well as by human lung (A549) and colon cancer (HT-29) cell lines. Theileria-transformed macrophages attenuated for dissemination express less catalase and produce more H2O2, but regain both virulent migratory and matrigel traversal phenotypes when stimulated either with TGF-β2, or catalase to reduce H2O2 output. Increased H2O2 output therefore, underpins the aggressive dissemination phenotype of diverse tumour cell types, but in contrast, too much H2O2 can dampen dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Mehdi Metheni
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Frederic Batteux
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France; Laboratoire de Stress Oxydant, Prolifération Cellulaire et Inflammation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
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13
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Latré De Laté P, Haidar M, Ansari H, Tajeri S, Szarka E, Alexa A, Woods K, Reményi A, Pain A, Langsley G. Theileria highjacks JNK2 into a complex with the macroschizont GPI (GlycosylPhosphatidylInositol)-anchored surface protein p104. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12973. [PMID: 30412643 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity characterizes bovine T and B cells infected with Theileria parva, and B cells and macrophages infected with Theileria annulata. Here, we show that T. annulata infection of macrophages manipulates JNK activation by recruiting JNK2 and not JNK1 to the parasite surface, whereas JNK1 is found predominantly in the host cell nucleus. At the parasite's surface, JNK2 forms a complex with p104, a GPI-(GlycosylPhosphatidylInositol)-anchor T. annulata plasma membrane protein. Sequestration of JNK2 depended on Protein Kinase-A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of a JNK-binding motif common to T. parva and a cell penetrating peptide harbouring the conserved p104 JNK-binding motif competitively ablated binding, whereupon liberated JNK2 became ubiquitinated and degraded. Cytosolic sequestration of JNK2 suppressed small mitochondrial ARF-mediated autophagy, whereas it sustained nuclear JNK1 levels, c-Jun phosphorylation, and matrigel traversal. Therefore, T. annulata sequestration of JNK2 contributes to both survival and dissemination of Theileria-transformed macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latré De Laté
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Malak Haidar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hifzur Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Eszter Szarka
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Alexa
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kerry Woods
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Attila Reményi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
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14
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Haidar M, Latré de Laté P, Kennedy EJ, Langsley G. Cell penetrating peptides to dissect host-pathogen protein-protein interactions in Theileria-transformed leukocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1127-1134. [PMID: 28917447 PMCID: PMC5842112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One powerful application of cell penetrating peptides is the delivery into cells of molecules that function as specific competitors or inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Ablating defined protein-protein interactions is a refined way to explore their contribution to a particular cellular phenotype in a given disease context. Cell-penetrating peptides can be synthetically constrained through various chemical modifications that stabilize a given structural fold with the potential to improve competitive binding to specific targets. Theileria-transformed leukocytes display high PKA activity, but PKA is an enzyme that plays key roles in multiple cellular processes; consequently genetic ablation of kinase activity gives rise to a myriad of confounding phenotypes. By contrast, ablation of a specific kinase-substrate interaction has the potential to give more refined information and we illustrate this here by describing how surgically ablating PKA interactions with BAD gives precise information on the type of glycolysis performed by Theileria-transformed leukocytes. In addition, we provide two other examples of how ablating specific protein-protein interactions in Theileria-infected leukocytes leads to precise phenotypes and argue that constrained penetrating peptides have great therapeutic potential to combat infectious diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France; Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France.
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15
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Haidar M, Rchiad Z, Ansari HR, Ben-Rached F, Tajeri S, Latre De Late P, Langsley G, Pain A. miR-126-5p by direct targeting of JNK-interacting protein-2 (JIP-2) plays a key role in Theileria-infected macrophage virulence. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006942. [PMID: 29570727 PMCID: PMC5892942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata is an apicomplexan parasite that infects and transforms bovine macrophages that disseminate throughout the animal causing a leukaemia-like disease called tropical theileriosis. Using deep RNAseq of T. annulata-infected B cells and macrophages we identify a set of microRNAs induced by infection, whose expression diminishes upon loss of the hyper-disseminating phenotype of virulent transformed macrophages. We describe how infection-induced upregulation of miR-126-5p ablates JIP-2 expression to release cytosolic JNK to translocate to the nucleus and trans-activate AP-1-driven transcription of mmp9 to promote tumour dissemination. In non-disseminating attenuated macrophages miR-126-5p levels drop, JIP-2 levels increase, JNK1 is retained in the cytosol leading to decreased c-Jun phosphorylation and dampened AP-1-driven mmp9 transcription. We show that variation in miR-126-5p levels depends on the tyrosine phosphorylation status of AGO2 that is regulated by Grb2-recruitment of PTP1B. In attenuated macrophages Grb2 levels drop resulting in less PTP1B recruitment, greater AGO2 phosphorylation, less miR-126-5p associated with AGO2 and a consequent rise in JIP-2 levels. Changes in miR-126-5p levels therefore, underpin both the virulent hyper-dissemination and the attenuated dissemination of T. annulata-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zineb Rchiad
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hifzur Rahman Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathia Ben-Rached
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Perle Latre De Late
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Chakraborty S, Roy S, Mistry HU, Murthy S, George N, Bhandari V, Sharma P. Potential Sabotage of Host Cell Physiology by Apicomplexan Parasites for Their Survival Benefits. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1261. [PMID: 29081773 PMCID: PMC5645534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, and Theileria are the major apicomplexan parasites affecting humans or animals worldwide. These pathogens represent an excellent example of host manipulators who can overturn host signaling pathways for their survival. They infect different types of host cells and take charge of the host machinery to gain nutrients and prevent itself from host attack. The mechanisms by which these pathogens modulate the host signaling pathways are well studied for Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Theileria, except for limited studies on Babesia. Theileria is a unique pathogen taking into account the way it modulates host cell transformation, resulting in its clonal expansion. These parasites majorly modulate similar host signaling pathways, however, the disease outcome and effect is different among them. In this review, we discuss the approaches of these apicomplexan to manipulate the host–parasite clearance pathways during infection, invasion, survival, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hiral Uday Mistry
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shweta Murthy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Neena George
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
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17
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The Microtubule-Stabilizing Protein CLASP1 Associates with the Theileria annulata Schizont Surface via Its Kinetochore-Binding Domain. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00215-17. [PMID: 28861517 PMCID: PMC5566832 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00215-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T. annulata, the only eukaryote known to be capable of transforming another eukaryote, is a widespread parasite of veterinary importance that puts 250 million cattle at risk worldwide and limits livestock development for some of the poorest people in the world. Crucial to the pathology of Theileria is its ability to interact with host microtubules and the mitotic spindle of the infected cell. This study builds on our previous work in investigating the host and parasite molecules involved in mediating this interaction. Because it is not possible to genetically manipulate Theileria schizonts, identifying protein interaction partners is critical to understanding the function of parasite proteins. By identifying two Theileria surface proteins that are involved in the interaction between CLASP1 and the parasite, we provide important insights into the molecular basis of Theileria persistence within a dividing cell. Theileria is an apicomplexan parasite whose presence within the cytoplasm of a leukocyte induces cellular transformation and causes uncontrolled proliferation and clonal expansion of the infected cell. The intracellular schizont utilizes the host cell’s own mitotic machinery to ensure its distribution to both daughter cells by associating closely with microtubules (MTs) and incorporating itself within the central spindle. We show that CLASP1, an MT-stabilizing protein that plays important roles in regulating kinetochore-MT attachment and central spindle positioning, is sequestered at the Theileria annulata schizont surface. We used live-cell imaging and immunofluorescence in combination with MT depolymerization assays to demonstrate that CLASP1 binds to the schizont surface in an MT-independent manner throughout the cell cycle and that the recruitment of the related CLASP2 protein to the schizont is MT dependent. By transfecting Theileria-infected cells with a panel of truncation mutants, we found that the kinetochore-binding domain of CLASP1 is necessary and sufficient for parasite localization, revealing that CLASP1 interaction with the parasite occurs independently of EB1. We overexpressed the MT-binding domain of CLASP1 in parasitized cells. This exhibited a dominant negative effect on host MT stability and led to altered parasite size and morphology, emphasizing the importance of proper MT dynamics for Theileria partitioning during host cell division. Using coimmunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that CLASP1 interacts, directly or indirectly, with the schizont membrane protein p104, and we describe for the first time TA03615, a Theileria protein which localizes to the parasite surface, where it has the potential to participate in parasite-host interactions. IMPORTANCET. annulata, the only eukaryote known to be capable of transforming another eukaryote, is a widespread parasite of veterinary importance that puts 250 million cattle at risk worldwide and limits livestock development for some of the poorest people in the world. Crucial to the pathology of Theileria is its ability to interact with host microtubules and the mitotic spindle of the infected cell. This study builds on our previous work in investigating the host and parasite molecules involved in mediating this interaction. Because it is not possible to genetically manipulate Theileria schizonts, identifying protein interaction partners is critical to understanding the function of parasite proteins. By identifying two Theileria surface proteins that are involved in the interaction between CLASP1 and the parasite, we provide important insights into the molecular basis of Theileria persistence within a dividing cell.
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18
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Latré de Laté P, Pineda M, Harnett M, Harnett W, Besteiro S, Langsley G. Apicomplexan autophagy and modulation of autophagy in parasite-infected host cells. Biomed J 2017; 40:23-30. [PMID: 28411879 PMCID: PMC6138587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for a number of important human pathologies. Obviously, as Eukaryotes they share a number of cellular features and pathways with their respective host cells. One of them is autophagy, a process involved in the degradation of the cell's own components. These intracellular parasites nonetheless seem to present a number of original features compared to their very evolutionarily distant host cells. In mammals and other metazoans, autophagy has been identified as an important contributor to the defence against microbial pathogens. Thus, host autophagy also likely plays a key role in the control of apicomplexan parasites, although its potential manipulation and subversion by intracellular parasites creates a complex interplay in the regulation of host and parasite autophagy. In this mini-review, we summarise current knowledge on autophagy in both parasites and their host cells, in the context of infection by three Apicomplexa: Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Theileria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; Comparative Cellbiology of Apicomplexan Parasites, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Miguel Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; Comparative Cellbiology of Apicomplexan Parasites, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France.
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19
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Haidar M, Lombès A, Bouillaud F, Kennedy EJ, Langsley G. HK2 Recruitment to Phospho-BAD Prevents Its Degradation, Promoting Warburg Glycolysis by Theileria-Transformed Leukocytes. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:216-224. [PMID: 28086019 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata infects bovine leukocytes, transforming them into invasive, cancer-like cells that cause the widespread disease called tropical theileriosis. We report that in Theileria-transformed leukocytes hexokinase-2 (HK2) binds to B cell lymphoma-2-associated death promoter (BAD) only when serine (S) 155 in BAD is phosphorylated. We show that HK2 recruitment to BAD is abolished by a cell-penetrating peptide that acts as a nonphosphorylatable BAD substrate that inhibits endogenous S155 phosphorylation, leading to complex dissociation and ubiquitination and degradation of HK2 by the proteasome. As HK2 is a critical enzyme involved in Warburg glycolysis, its loss forces Theileria-transformed macrophages to switch back to HK1-dependent oxidative glycolysis that down-regulates macrophage proliferation only when they are growing on glucose. When growing on galactose, degradation of HK2 has no effect on Theileria-infected leukocyte proliferation, because metabolism of this sugar is independent of hexokinases. Thus, targeted disruption of the phosphorylation-dependent HK2/BAD complex may represent a novel approach to control Theileria-transformed leukocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative
des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Anne Lombès
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Mitochondries, Bioénergétique,
Métabolisme et Signalisation, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Mitochondries, Bioénergétique,
Métabolisme et Signalisation, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative
des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
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20
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Cheeseman KM, Weitzman JB. [What makes a parasite "transforming"? Insights into cancer from the agents of an exotic pathology, Theileria spp]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:55-60. [PMID: 28155040 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-017-0551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theileria are obligate eukaryotic intracellular parasites of cattle. The diseases they cause, Tropical theileriosis and East Coast Fever, cause huge economic loss in East African, Mediterranean and central and South-East Asian countries. These apicomplexan parasites are the only intracellular eukaryotic parasites known to transform their host cell and represent a unique model to study host-parasite interactions and mechanisms of cancer onset.Here, we review how Theileria parasites induce transformation of their leukocyte host cell and discuss similarities with tumorigenesis. We describe how genomic innovation, epigenetic changes and hijacking of signal transductions enable a eukaryotic parasite to transform its host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Cheeseman
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75013, Paris, France
| | - J B Weitzman
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75013, Paris, France.
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21
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Charpentier T, Hammami A, Stäger S. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α: A critical factor for the immune response to pathogens and Leishmania. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Cheeseman K, Certad G, Weitzman JB. [Parasites and cancer: is there a causal link?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:867-873. [PMID: 27758751 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 20 % of cancers have infectious origins, including well-known examples of microbes such as viruses (HPV, EBV) and bacteria (H. pylori). The contribution of intracellular eukaryotic parasites to cancer etiology is largely unexplored. Epidemiological and clinical reports indicate that eukaryotic protozoan, such as intracellular apicomplexan that cause diseases of medical or economic importance, can be linked to various cancers: Theileria and Cryptosporidium induce host cell transformation while Plasmodium was linked epidemiologically to the "African lymphoma belt" over fifty years ago. These intracellular eukaryotic parasites hijack cellular pathways to manipulate the host cell epigenome, cellular machinery, signaling pathways and epigenetic programs and marks, such as methylation and acetylation, for their own benefit. In doing so, they tinker with the same pathways as those deregulated during cancer onset. Here we discuss how epidemiological evidence linking eukaryotic intracellular parasites to cancer onset are further strengthened by recent mechanistic studies in three apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cheeseman
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and cell fate, UMR7216 CNRS, université Paris Diderot, 35, rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Gabriela Certad
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - centre d'infection et d'immunité de Lille, Lille, France - Faculté de médicine et de maïeutique, université catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan B Weitzman
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and cell fate, UMR7216 CNRS, université Paris Diderot, 35, rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
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23
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Schatz V, Strüssmann Y, Mahnke A, Schley G, Waldner M, Ritter U, Wild J, Willam C, Dehne N, Brüne B, McNiff JM, Colegio OR, Bogdan C, Jantsch J. Myeloid Cell-Derived HIF-1α Promotes Control of Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4034-4041. [PMID: 27798163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which accumulates in mammalian host organisms during infection, supports the defense against microbial pathogens. However, whether and to what extent HIF-1α expressed by myeloid cells contributes to the innate immune response against Leishmania major parasites is unknown. We observed that Leishmania-infected humans and L. major-infected C57BL/6 mice exhibited substantial amounts of HIF-1α in acute cutaneous lesions. In vitro, HIF-1α was required for leishmanicidal activity and high-level NO production by IFN-γ/LPS-activated macrophages. Mice deficient for HIF-1α in their myeloid cell compartment had a more severe clinical course of infection and increased parasite burden in the skin lesions compared with wild-type controls. These findings were paralleled by reduced expression of type 2 NO synthase by lesional CD11b+ cells. Together, these data illustrate that HIF-1α is required for optimal innate leishmanicidal immune responses and, thereby, contributes to the cure of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Schatz
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yannic Strüssmann
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Mahnke
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie, und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schley
- Medizinische Klinik 4, Nephrologie und Hypertensiologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Waldner
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Gastroenterologie, Pneumologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens Wild
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Willam
- Medizinische Klinik 4, Nephrologie und Hypertensiologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Dehne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Jennifer M McNiff
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Oscar R Colegio
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie, und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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24
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Haidar M, Whitworth J, Noé G, Liu WQ, Vidal M, Langsley G. TGF-β2 induces Grb2 to recruit PI3-K to TGF-RII that activates JNK/AP-1-signaling and augments invasiveness of Theileria-transformed macrophages. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15688. [PMID: 26511382 PMCID: PMC4625156 DOI: 10.1038/srep15688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria-infected macrophages display many features of cancer cells such as heightened invasive capacity; however, the tumor-like phenotype is reversible by killing the parasite. Moreover, virulent macrophages can be attenuated by multiple in vitro passages and so provide a powerful model to elucidate mechanisms related to transformed macrophage virulence. Here, we demonstrate that in two independent Theileria-transformed macrophage cell lines Grb2 expression is down-regulated concomitant with loss of tumor virulence. Using peptidimer-c to ablate SH2 and SH3 interactions of Grb2 we identify TGF-receptor II and the p85 subunit of PI3-K, as Grb2 partners in virulent macrophages. Ablation of Grb2 interactions reduces PI3-K recruitment to TGF-RII and decreases PIP3 production, and dampens JNK phosphorylation and AP-1-driven transcriptional activity down to levels characteristic of attenuated macrophages. Loss of TGF-R>PI3-K>JNK>AP-1 signaling negatively impacts on virulence traits such as reduced JAM-L/ITG4A and Fos-B/MMP9 expression that contribute to virulent macrophage adhesion and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014 France
| | - Jessie Whitworth
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014 France
| | - Gaelle Noé
- UF Pharmacocinétique et pharmacochimie Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris.,UMR8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Wang Qing Liu
- UF Pharmacocinétique et pharmacochimie Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris.,UMR8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidal
- UF Pharmacocinétique et pharmacochimie Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris.,UMR8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014 France
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25
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Cheeseman K, Weitzman JB. Host–parasite interactions: an intimate epigenetic relationship. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1121-32. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cheeseman
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epigenetics and Cell Fate UMR 7216 CNRS Université Paris Diderot Paris France
| | - Jonathan B. Weitzman
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epigenetics and Cell Fate UMR 7216 CNRS Université Paris Diderot Paris France
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26
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Theileria-transformed bovine leukocytes have cancer hallmarks. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:306-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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siRNA Screening Identifies the Host Hexokinase 2 (HK2) Gene as an Important Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor 1 (HIF-1) Target Gene in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Cells. mBio 2015; 6:e00462. [PMID: 26106078 PMCID: PMC4479703 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00462-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is established that oxygen availability regulates cellular metabolism and growth, little is known regarding how intracellular pathogens use host factors to grow at physiological oxygen levels. Therefore, large-scale human small interfering RNA screening was performed to identify host genes important for growth of the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii at tissue oxygen tensions. Among the genes identified by this screen, we focused on the hexokinase 2 (HK2) gene because its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 (HIF-1), which is important for Toxoplasma growth. Toxoplasma increases host HK2 transcript and protein levels in a HIF-1-dependent manner. In addition, parasite growth at 3% oxygen is restored in HIF-1-deficient cells transfected with HK2 expression plasmids. Both HIF-1 activation and HK2 expression were accompanied by increases in host glycolytic flux, suggesting that enhanced HK2 expression in parasite-infected cells is functionally significant. Parasite dependence on host HK2 and HIF-1 expression is not restricted to transformed cell lines, as both are required for parasite growth in nontransformed C2C12 myoblasts and HK2 is upregulated in vivo following infection. While HK2 is normally associated with the cytoplasmic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane at physiological O2 levels, HK2 relocalizes to the host cytoplasm following infection, a process that is required for parasite growth at 3% oxygen. Taken together, our findings show that HIF-1-dependent expression and relocalization of HK2 represent a novel mechanism by which Toxoplasma establishes its replicative niche at tissue oxygen tensions. Little is known regarding how the host cell contributes to the survival of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii at oxygen levels that mimic those found in tissues. Our previous work showed that Toxoplasma activates the expression of an oxygen-regulated transcription factor that is required for growth. Here, we report that Toxoplasma regulates the abundance and activity of a key host metabolic enzyme, hexokinase 2, by activating HIF-1 and by promoting dissociation of hexokinase 2 from the mitochondrial membrane. Collectively, our data reveal HIF-1/hexokinase 2 as a novel target for an intracellular pathogen that acts by reprograming the host cell’s metabolism to create an environment conducive for parasite replication at physiological oxygen levels.
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28
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Marsolier J, Weitzman JB. [How does the apicomplexan parasite Theileria control host cell identity?]. Biol Aujourdhui 2015; 208:311-23. [PMID: 25840458 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious agents, like bacteria or virus, are responsible for a large number of pathologies in mammals. Microbes have developed mechanisms for interacting with host cell pathways and hijacking cellular machinery to change the phenotypic state. In this review, we focus on an interesting apicomplexan parasite called Theileria. Infection by the tick-transmitted T. annulata parasite causes Tropical Theileriosis in North Africa and Asia, and the related T. parva parasite causes East Coast Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa. This parasite is the only eukaryote known to induce the transformation of its mammalian host cells. Indeed, T. annulata and T. parva infect bovine leukocytes leading to transforming phenotypes, which partially mirror human lymphoma pathologies. Theileria infection causes hyperproliferation, invasiveness and escape from apoptosis, presumably through the manipulation of host cellular pathways. Several host-signaling mechanisms have been implicated. Here we describe the mechanisms involved in parasite-induced transformation phenotypes.
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29
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Metheni M, Lombès A, Bouillaud F, Batteux F, Langsley G. HIF-1α induction, proliferation and glycolysis of Theileria-infected leukocytes. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:467-72. [PMID: 25620534 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Within 2 h of infection by Theileria annulata sporozoites, bovine macrophages display a two- to fourfold increase in transcription of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α). Twenty hours post-invasion sporozoites develop into multi-nucleated macroschizonts that transform the infected macrophage into an immortalized, permanently proliferating, hyper-invasive and disease-causing leukaemia-like cell. Once immortalized Theileria-infected leukocytes can be propagated as cell lines and even though cultivated under normoxic conditions, both infected B cells and macrophages display sustained activation of HIF-1α. Attenuated macrophages used as live vaccines against tropical theileriosis also display HIF-1α activation even though they have lost their tumorigenic phenotype. Here, we review data that ascribes HIF-1α activation to the proliferation status of the infected leukocyte and discuss the possibility that Theileria may have lost its ability to render its host macrophage virulent due to continuous parasite replication in a high Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) environment. We propose a model where uninfected macrophages have low levels of H2 O2 output, whereas virulent-infected macrophages produce high amounts of H2 O2 . Further increase in H2 O2 output leads to dampening of infected macrophage virulence, a characteristic of disease-resistant macrophages. At the same time exposure to H2 O2 sustains HIF-1α that induces the switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to Warburg glycolysis, a metabolic shift that underpins uncontrolled infected macrophage proliferation. We propose that as macroschizonts develop into merozoites and infected macrophage proliferation arrests, HIF-1α levels will decrease and glycolysis will switch back from Warburg to oxidative glycolysis. As Theileria infection transforms its host leukocyte into an aggressive leukaemic-like cell, we propose that manipulating ROS levels, HIF-1α induction and oxidative over Warburg glycolysis could contribute to improved disease control. Finally, as excess amounts of H2 O2 drive virulent Theileria-infected macrophages towards attenuation it highlights how infection-induced pathology and redox balance are intimately linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Metheni
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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30
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Transforming growth factor β2 promotes transcription of COX2 and EP4, leading to a prostaglandin E2-driven autostimulatory loop that enhances virulence of Theileria annulata-transformed macrophages. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1869-80. [PMID: 25690101 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02975-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and motility and is a potent modulator of immune function. TGF-β consequently plays a central role in carcinogenesis, and a dampened TGF-β2 response by Theileria annulata-infected monocytes/macrophages underpins disease resistance to tropical theileriosis. Here, we show that concomitant with the loss of TGF-β2 production, there is ablated expression of COX2 and EP4, which leads to a drop in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and, consequently, reduced activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and EPAC. This ablated phenotype can be rescued in attenuated macrophages by the addition of exogenous TGF-β2, which reactivates the expression of COX2 and EP4 while repressing that of protein kinase inhibitor gamma (PKIG) to the levels in virulent macrophages. TGF-β2 therefore promotes the adhesion and invasiveness of virulent macrophages by modulating COX2, EP4, and PKIG transcription to initiate a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-driven autostimulatory loop that augments PKA and EPAC activities. A virulence phenotype stemming from the double activation of PKA and EPAC is the induction of a CREB-mediated transcriptional program and the upregulation of JAM-L- and integrin 4αβ1-mediated adhesion of Theileria-infected macrophages.
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31
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Echebli N, Mhadhbi M, Chaussepied M, Vayssettes C, Di Santo JP, Darghouth MA, Langsley G. Engineering attenuated virulence of a Theileria annulata-infected macrophage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3183. [PMID: 25375322 PMCID: PMC4222746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines are used to combat tropical theileriosis in North Africa, the Middle East, India, and China. The attenuation process is empirical and occurs only after many months, sometimes years, of in vitro culture of virulent clinical isolates. During this extensive culturing, attenuated lines lose their vaccine potential. To circumvent this we engineered the rapid ablation of the host cell transcription factor c-Jun, and within only 3 weeks the line engineered for loss of c-Jun activation displayed in vitro correlates of attenuation such as loss of adhesion, reduced MMP9 gelatinase activity, and diminished capacity to traverse Matrigel. Specific ablation of a single infected host cell virulence trait (c-Jun) induced a complete failure of Theileria annulata-transformed macrophages to disseminate, whereas virulent macrophages disseminated to the kidneys, spleen, and lungs of Rag2/γC mice. Thus, in this heterologous mouse model loss of c-Jun expression led to ablation of dissemination of T. annulata-infected and transformed macrophages. The generation of Theileria-infected macrophages genetically engineered for ablation of a specific host cell virulence trait now makes possible experimental vaccination of calves to address how loss of macrophage dissemination impacts the disease pathology of tropical theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Echebli
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Marie Chaussepied
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Vayssettes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- Inserm U688, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
- Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
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