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Stürmer VS, Stopper S, Binder P, Klemmer A, Lichti NP, Becker NB, Guizetti J. Progeny counter mechanism in malaria parasites is linked to extracellular resources. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011807. [PMID: 38051755 PMCID: PMC10723702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by the rapid proliferation of Plasmodium parasites in patients and disease severity correlates with the number of infected red blood cells in circulation. Parasite multiplication within red blood cells is called schizogony and occurs through an atypical multinucleated cell division mode. The mechanisms regulating the number of daughter cells produced by a single progenitor are poorly understood. We investigated underlying regulatory principles by quantifying nuclear multiplication dynamics in Plasmodium falciparum and knowlesi using super-resolution time-lapse microscopy. This confirmed that the number of daughter cells was consistent with a model in which a counter mechanism regulates multiplication yet incompatible with a timer mechanism. P. falciparum cell volume at the start of nuclear division correlated with the final number of daughter cells. As schizogony progressed, the nucleocytoplasmic volume ratio, which has been found to be constant in all eukaryotes characterized so far, increased significantly, possibly to accommodate the exponentially multiplying nuclei. Depleting nutrients by dilution of culture medium caused parasites to produce fewer merozoites and reduced proliferation but did not affect cell volume or total nuclear volume at the end of schizogony. Our findings suggest that the counter mechanism implicated in malaria parasite proliferation integrates extracellular resource status to modify progeny number during blood stage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S. Stürmer
- Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophie Stopper
- Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Binder
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Klemmer
- Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas P. Lichti
- Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils B. Becker
- Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julien Guizetti
- Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Berger F, Gomez GM, Sanchez CP, Posch B, Planelles G, Sohraby F, Nunes-Alves A, Lanzer M. pH-dependence of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter is linked to the transport cycle. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4234. [PMID: 37454114 PMCID: PMC10349806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroquine resistance transporter, PfCRT, of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is sensitive to acidic pH. Consequently, PfCRT operates at 60% of its maximal drug transport activity at the pH of 5.2 of the digestive vacuole, a proteolytic organelle from which PfCRT expels drugs interfering with heme detoxification. Here we show by alanine-scanning mutagenesis that E207 is critical for pH sensing. The E207A mutation abrogates pH-sensitivity, while preserving drug substrate specificity. Substituting E207 with Asp or His, but not other amino acids, restores pH-sensitivity. Molecular dynamics simulations and kinetics analyses suggest an allosteric binding model in which PfCRT can accept both protons and chloroquine in a partial noncompetitive manner, with increased proton concentrations decreasing drug transport. Further simulations reveal that E207 relocates from a peripheral to an engaged location during the transport cycle, forming a salt bridge with residue K80. We propose that the ionized carboxyl group of E207 acts as a hydrogen acceptor, facilitating transport cycle progression, with pH sensing as a by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Berger
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guillermo M Gomez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Posch
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabrielle Planelles
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Unité 1138, CNRS ERL8228, Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Farzin Sohraby
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariane Nunes-Alves
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Gomez GM, D’Arrigo G, Sanchez CP, Berger F, Wade RC, Lanzer M. PfCRT mutations conferring piperaquine resistance in falciparum malaria shape the kinetics of quinoline drug binding and transport. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011436. [PMID: 37285379 PMCID: PMC10281575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) confers resistance to a wide range of quinoline and quinoline-like antimalarial drugs in Plasmodium falciparum, with local drug histories driving its evolution and, hence, the drug transport specificities. For example, the change in prescription practice from chloroquine (CQ) to piperaquine (PPQ) in Southeast Asia has resulted in PfCRT variants that carry an additional mutation, leading to PPQ resistance and, concomitantly, to CQ re-sensitization. How this additional amino acid substitution guides such opposing changes in drug susceptibility is largely unclear. Here, we show by detailed kinetic analyses that both the CQ- and the PPQ-resistance conferring PfCRT variants can bind and transport both drugs. Surprisingly, the kinetic profiles revealed subtle yet significant differences, defining a threshold for in vivo CQ and PPQ resistance. Competition kinetics, together with docking and molecular dynamics simulations, show that the PfCRT variant from the Southeast Asian P. falciparum strain Dd2 can accept simultaneously both CQ and PPQ at distinct but allosterically interacting sites. Furthermore, combining existing mutations associated with PPQ resistance created a PfCRT isoform with unprecedented non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics and superior transport efficiency for both CQ and PPQ. Our study provides additional insights into the organization of the substrate binding cavity of PfCRT and, in addition, reveals perspectives for PfCRT variants with equal transport efficiencies for both PPQ and CQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M. Gomez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia D’Arrigo
- Molecular and Cellular Modelling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Berger
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca C. Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modelling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hareendranath S, Sathian SP. Dynamic response of red blood cells in health and disease. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1219-1230. [PMID: 36688330 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelastic response of the red blood cells (RBCs) affected by hematological disorders become severely impaired by the altered biophysical and morphological properties. These include traits like reduced deformability, increased membrane viscosity, and change in cell shape, causing substantial changes in the overall hemodynamics. RBCs, by virtue of their highly elastic membrane and low bending rigidity, exhibit complex dynamics when exposed to cyclic, transient forces in the microcirculation. Here, we employ mesoscopic numerical simulations based on the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) framework to explore the dynamics of healthy, schizont stage malaria-infected and type 2 diabetes mellitus affected RBCs subjected to external time-dependent loads. The paper focuses on the imposition and cessation of external forcing on the cells of two different typologies, saw-tooth cyclic wave loading and sudden loads in the form of creep and relaxation phenomena. The effects of varying the rate of stress and the applied stress magnitude were investigated. Our simulations disclosed unique shape transitions of the hysteresis curves at varied loading rates. A careful analysis reveals a critical threshold of half cycle time of the from wherein the deformation of all cells observed, healthy or otherwise, falls under the nearly reversible deformation regime displaying minimal energy dissipation. Finally, we also examined the individual effects of the different constitutive and geometric characteristics attributed to the pathological cells and observed interesting recovery dynamics of spherocytes and cells having high shear moduli. The distinguished deformation behaviour of healthy and diseased cells could establish external force as a valuable initial biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainath Hareendranath
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Sarith P Sathian
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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5
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Lew VL. The circulatory dynamics of human red blood cell homeostasis: Oxy-deoxy and PIEZO1-triggered changes. Biophys J 2023; 122:484-495. [PMID: 36588342 PMCID: PMC9941722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vital function of red blood cells (RBCs) is to mediate the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues and of CO2 from tissues to lungs. The gas exchanges occur during capillary transits within fractions of a second. Each oxygenation-deoxygenation and deoxygenation-reoxygenation transition on hemoglobin triggers sharp changes in RBC pH, leading to downstream changes in ion fluxes, membrane potential, and cell volume. The dynamics of these changes during the variable periods between capillary transits in vivo remains a mystery inaccessible to study by current methodologies, a knowledge gap on a fundamental physiological process that is the focus of the present study. The use of a computational model of human RBC homeostasis of tested accreditation enabled a detailed investigation of the expected RBC changes during intercapillary transits, with results advancing novel insights and predictions. The predicted rates of relative RBC volume change on oxygenation-deoxygenation (oxy-deoxy) and deoxygenation-reoxygenation transitions were about 1.5%/min and -0.9%/min, respectively, far too slow to allow the cells to reach steady states in the intervals between capillary transits. The amplitude of the oxy-deoxy-reoxygenation volume fluctuations varied in proportion with the duration of the intercapillary transit intervals. Upon capillary entry, oxy-deoxy-induced changes occur concurrently with deformation-induced PIEZO1 channel activation, both processes affecting cell pH, membrane potential, and cell volume during intertransit periods. The model showed that the effects were strictly additive as expected from processes operating independently on the cell's homeostatic fabric. Analysis of the mechanisms behind these predictions revealed, for the first time, the complex interactions between oxy-deoxy and ion transport processes that ensure the long-term homeostatic stability of RBCs for optimal gas transport in physiological conditions and how these may become altered in diseased states. Possible designs of microfluidic devices to test the model predictions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio L Lew
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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6
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Haag M, Kehrer J, Sanchez CP, Deponte M, Lanzer M. Physiological jump in erythrocyte redox potential during Plasmodium falciparum development occurs independent of the sickle cell trait. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Sanchez CP, Manson EDT, Moliner Cubel S, Mandel L, Weidt SK, Barrett MP, Lanzer M. The Knock-Down of the Chloroquine Resistance Transporter PfCRT Is Linked to Oligopeptide Handling in Plasmodium falciparum. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0110122. [PMID: 35867395 PMCID: PMC9431119 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01101-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloroquine resistance transporter, PfCRT, is an essential factor during intraerythrocytic development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PfCRT resides at the digestive vacuole of the parasite, where hemoglobin taken up by the parasite from its host cell is degraded. PfCRT can acquire several mutations that render PfCRT a drug transporting system expelling compounds targeting hemoglobin degradation from the digestive vacuole. The non-drug related function of PfCRT is less clear, although a recent study has suggested a role in oligopeptide transport based on studies conducted in a heterologous expression system. The uncertainty about the natural function of PfCRT is partly due to a lack of a null mutant and a dearth of functional assays in the parasite. Here, we report on the generation of a conditional PfCRT knock-down mutant in P. falciparum. The mutant accumulated oligopeptides 2 to at least 8 residues in length under knock-down conditions, as shown by comparative global metabolomics. The accumulated oligopeptides were structurally diverse, had an isoelectric point between 4.0 and 5.4 and were electrically neutral or carried a single charge at the digestive vacuolar pH of 5.2. Fluorescently labeled dipeptides and live cell imaging identified the digestive vacuole as the compartment where oligopeptides accumulated. Our findings suggest a function of PfCRT in oligopeptide transport across the digestive vacuolar membrane in P. falciparum and associated with it a role in nutrient acquisition and the maintenance of the colloid osmotic balance. IMPORTANCE The chloroquine resistance transporter, PfCRT, is important for the survival of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It increases the tolerance to many antimalarial drugs, and it is essential for the development of the parasite within red blood cells. While we understand the role of PfCRT in drug resistance in ever increasing detail, the non-drug resistance functions are still debated. Identifying the natural substrate of PfCRT has been hampered by a paucity of functional assays to test putative substrates in the parasite system and the absence of a parasite mutant deficient for the PfCRT encoding gene. By generating a conditional PfCRT knock-down mutant, together with comparative metabolomics and uptake studies using fluorescently labeled oligopeptides, we could show that PfCRT is an oligopeptide transporter. The oligopeptides were structurally diverse and were electrically neutral or carried a single charge. Our data support a function of PfCRT in oligopeptide transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sonia Moliner Cubel
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan K. Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Introini V, Govendir MA, Rayner JC, Cicuta P, Bernabeu M. Biophysical Tools and Concepts Enable Understanding of Asexual Blood Stage Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:908241. [PMID: 35711656 PMCID: PMC9192966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.908241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Forces and mechanical properties of cells and tissues set constraints on biological functions, and are key determinants of human physiology. Changes in cell mechanics may arise from disease, or directly contribute to pathogenesis. Malaria gives many striking examples. Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, are single-celled organisms that cannot survive outside their hosts; thus, thost-pathogen interactions are fundamental for parasite’s biological success and to the host response to infection. These interactions are often combinations of biochemical and mechanical factors, but most research focuses on the molecular side. However, Plasmodium infection of human red blood cells leads to changes in their mechanical properties, which has a crucial impact on disease pathogenesis because of the interaction of infected red blood cells with other human tissues through various adhesion mechanisms, which can be probed and modelled with biophysical techniques. Recently, natural polymorphisms affecting red blood cell biomechanics have also been shown to protect human populations, highlighting the potential of understanding biomechanical factors to inform future vaccines and drug development. Here we review biophysical techniques that have revealed new aspects of Plasmodium falciparum invasion of red blood cells and cytoadhesion of infected cells to the host vasculature. These mechanisms occur differently across Plasmodium species and are linked to malaria pathogenesis. We highlight promising techniques from the fields of bioengineering, immunomechanics, and soft matter physics that could be beneficial for studying malaria. Some approaches might also be applied to other phases of the malaria lifecycle and to apicomplexan infections with complex host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Introini
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Viola Introini,
| | - Matt A. Govendir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bernabeu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Matz JM. Plasmodium’s bottomless pit: properties and functions of the malaria parasite's digestive vacuole. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:525-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Karathanasis C, Sanchez CP, Heilemann M, Lanzer M. Assessing Antigen Presentation on the Surface of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes by Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2470:457-466. [PMID: 35881366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2189-9_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy in the form of photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) offers the possibility of counting single molecules in a cell, a cellular compartment or a molecular complex. PALM can, therefore, underpin molecular and biochemical processes with a numeric and stoichiometric understanding of the interacting players. Here, we introduce the physical principles underlying PALM and provide a step-by-step protocol of how to apply PALM to questions related to the biology and pathophysiology of P. falciparum and other malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Karathanasis
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cecilia P Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Yurinskaya VE, Vereninov AA. Cation-Chloride Cotransporters, Na/K Pump, and Channels in Cell Water and Ion Regulation: In silico and Experimental Studies of the U937 Cells Under Stopping the Pump and During Regulatory Volume Decrease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:736488. [PMID: 34869320 PMCID: PMC8635019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.736488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cation-coupled chloride cotransporters play a key role in generating the Cl- electrochemical gradient on the cell membrane, which is important for regulation of many cellular processes. However, a quantitative analysis of the interplay between numerous membrane transporters and channels in maintaining cell ionic homeostasis is still undeveloped. Here, we demonstrate a recently developed approach on how to predict cell ionic homeostasis dynamics when stopping the sodium pump in human lymphoid cells U937. The results demonstrate the reliability of the approach and provide the first quantitative description of unidirectional monovalent ion fluxes through the plasma membrane of an animal cell, considering all the main types of cation-coupled chloride cotransporters operating in a system with the sodium pump and electroconductive K+, Na+, and Cl- channels. The same approach was used to study ionic and water balance changes associated with regulatory volume decrease (RVD), a well-known cellular response underlying the adaptation of animal cells to a hypoosmolar environment. A computational analysis of cell as an electrochemical system demonstrates that RVD may happen without any changes in the properties of membrane transporters and channels due to time-dependent changes in electrochemical ion gradients. The proposed approach is applicable when studying truly active regulatory processes mediated by the intracellular signaling network. The developed software can be useful for calculation of the balance of the unidirectional fluxes of monovalent ions across the cell membrane of various cells under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina E Yurinskaya
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey A Vereninov
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Impact of Sickle Cell Trait Hemoglobin on the Intraerythrocytic Transcriptional Program of Plasmodium falciparum. mSphere 2021; 6:e0075521. [PMID: 34668757 PMCID: PMC8527989 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00755-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle-trait hemoglobin (HbAS) confers nearly complete protection from severe, life-threatening falciparum malaria in African children. Despite this clear protection, the molecular mechanisms by which HbAS confers these protective phenotypes remain incompletely understood. As a forward genetic screen for aberrant parasite transcriptional responses associated with parasite neutralization in HbAS red blood cells (RBCs), we performed comparative transcriptomic analyses of Plasmodium falciparum in normal (HbAA) and HbAS erythrocytes during both in vitro cultivation of reference parasite strains and naturally occurring P. falciparum infections in Malian children with HbAA or HbAS. During in vitro cultivation, parasites matured normally in HbAS RBCs, and the temporal expression was largely unperturbed of the highly ordered transcriptional program that underlies the parasite’s maturation throughout the intraerythrocytic development cycle (IDC). However, differential expression analysis identified hundreds of transcripts aberrantly expressed in HbAS, largely occurring late in the IDC. Surprisingly, transcripts encoding members of the Maurer’s clefts were overexpressed in HbAS despite impaired parasite protein export in these RBCs, while parasites in HbAS RBCs underexpressed transcripts associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and those encoding serine repeat antigen proteases that promote parasite egress. Analyses of P. falciparum transcriptomes from 32 children with uncomplicated malaria identified stage-specific differential expression: among infections composed of ring-stage parasites, only cyclophilin 19B was underexpressed in children with HbAS, while trophozoite-stage infections identified a range of differentially expressed transcripts, including downregulation in HbAS of several transcripts associated with severe malaria in collateral studies. Collectively, our comparative transcriptomic screen in vitro and in vivo indicates that P. falciparum adapts to HbAS by altering its protein chaperone and folding machinery, oxidative stress response, and protein export machinery. Because HbAS consistently protects from severe P. falciparum, modulation of these responses may offer avenues by which to neutralize P. falciparum parasites. IMPORTANCE Sickle-trait hemoglobin (HbAS) confers nearly complete protection from severe, life-threatening malaria, yet the molecular mechanisms that underlie HbAS protection from severe malaria remain incompletely understood. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to measure the impact of HbAS on the blood-stage transcriptome of Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro time series experiments and in vivo samples from natural infections. Our in vitro time series data reveal that, during its blood stage, P. falciparum’s gene expression in HbAS is impacted primarily through alterations in the abundance of gene products as opposed to variations in the timing of gene expression. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo data indicate that P. falciparum adapts to HbAS by altering its protein chaperone and folding machinery, oxidative stress response, and protein export machinery. Due to the persistent association of HbAS and protection from severe disease, these processes that are modified in HbAS may offer strategies to neutralize P. falciparum.
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13
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Fröhlich B, Dasanna AK, Lansche C, Czajor J, Sanchez CP, Cyrklaff M, Yamamoto A, Craig A, Schwarz US, Lanzer M, Tanaka M. Functionalized supported membranes for quantifying adhesion of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Biophys J 2021; 120:3315-3328. [PMID: 34246628 PMCID: PMC8391081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is largely defined by the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes to the microvascular endothelial lining. The complexity of the endothelial surface and the large range of interactions available for the infected erythrocyte via parasite-encoded adhesins make analysis of critical contributions during cytoadherence challenging to define. Here, we have explored supported membranes functionalized with two important adhesion receptors, ICAM1 or CD36, as a quantitative biomimetic surface to help understand the processes involved in cytoadherence. Parasitized erythrocytes bound to the receptor-functionalized membranes with high efficiency and selectivity under both static and flow conditions, with infected wild-type erythrocytes displaying a higher binding capacity than do parasitized heterozygous sickle cells. We further show that the binding efficiency decreased with increasing intermolecular receptor distance and that the cell-surface contacts were highly dynamic and increased with rising wall shear stress as the cell underwent a shape transition. Computer simulations using a deformable cell model explained the wall-shear-stress-induced dynamic changes in cell shape and contact area via the specific physical properties of erythrocytes, the density of adhesins presenting knobs, and the lateral movement of receptors in the supported membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anil K Dasanna
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Czajor
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akihisa Yamamoto
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alister Craig
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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14
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Petersen JEV, Saelens JW, Freedman E, Turner L, Lavstsen T, Fairhurst RM, Diakité M, Taylor SM. Sickle-trait hemoglobin reduces adhesion to both CD36 and EPCR by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009659. [PMID: 34115805 PMCID: PMC8221791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle-trait hemoglobin protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Severe malaria is governed in part by the expression of the Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) that are encoded by var genes, specifically those variants that bind Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR). In this study, we investigate the effect of sickle-trait on parasite var gene expression and function in vitro and in field-collected parasites. We mapped var gene reads generated from RNA sequencing in parasite cultures in normal and sickle-cell trait blood throughout the asexual lifecycle. We investigated sickle-trait effect on PfEMP1 interactions with host receptors CD36 and EPCR using static adhesion assays and flow cytometry. Var expression in vivo was compared by assembling var domains sequenced from total RNA in parasites infecting Malian children with HbAA and HbAS. Sickle-trait did not alter the abundance or type of var gene transcripts in vitro, nor the abundance of overall transcripts or of var functional domains in vivo. In adhesion assays using recombinant host receptors, sickle-trait reduced adhesion by 73-86% to CD36 and 83% to EPCR. Similarly, sickle-trait reduced the surface expression of EPCR-binding PfEMP1. In conclusion, Sickle-cell trait does not directly affect var gene transcription but does reduce the surface expression and function of PfEMP1. This provides a direct mechanism for protection against severe malaria conferred by sickle-trait hemoglobin. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02645604.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens E. V. Petersen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph W. Saelens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Freedman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Louise Turner
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rick M. Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Steve M. Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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15
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Simon CS, Stürmer VS, Guizetti J. How Many Is Enough? - Challenges of Multinucleated Cell Division in Malaria Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:658616. [PMID: 34026661 PMCID: PMC8137892 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.658616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating the number of progeny generated by replicative cell cycles is critical for any organism to best adapt to its environment. Classically, the decision whether to divide further is made after cell division is completed by cytokinesis and can be triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Contrarily, cell cycles of some species, such as the malaria-causing parasites, go through multinucleated cell stages. Hence, their number of progeny is determined prior to the completion of cell division. This should fundamentally affect how the process is regulated and raises questions about advantages and challenges of multinucleation in eukaryotes. Throughout their life cycle Plasmodium spp. parasites undergo four phases of extensive proliferation, which differ over three orders of magnitude in the amount of daughter cells that are produced by a single progenitor. Even during the asexual blood stage proliferation parasites can produce very variable numbers of progeny within one replicative cycle. Here, we review the few factors that have been shown to affect those numbers. We further provide a comparative quantification of merozoite numbers in several P. knowlesi and P. falciparum parasite strains, and we discuss the general processes that may regulate progeny number in the context of host-parasite interactions. Finally, we provide a perspective of the critical knowledge gaps hindering our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this exciting and atypical mode of parasite multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julien Guizetti
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Machado M, Steinke S, Ganter M. Plasmodium Reproduction, Cell Size, and Transcription: How to Cope With Increasing DNA Content? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660679. [PMID: 33898332 PMCID: PMC8062723 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium, the unicellular parasite that causes malaria, evolved a highly unusual mode of reproduction. During its complex life cycle, invasive or transmissive stages alternate with proliferating stages, where a single parasite can produce tens of thousands of progeny. In the clinically relevant blood stage of infection, the parasite replicates its genome up to thirty times and forms a multinucleated cell before daughter cells are assembled. Thus, within a single cell cycle, Plasmodium develops from a haploid to a polypoid cell, harboring multiple copies of its genome. Polyploidy creates several biological challenges, such as imbalances in genome output, and cells can respond to this by changing their size and/or alter the production of RNA species and protein to achieve expression homeostasis. However, the effects and possible adaptations of Plasmodium to the massively increasing DNA content are unknown. Here, we revisit and embed current Plasmodium literature in the context of polyploidy and propose potential mechanisms of the parasite to cope with the increasing gene dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machado
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salome Steinke
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ganter
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Namvar A, Blanch AJ, Dixon MW, Carmo OMS, Liu B, Tiash S, Looker O, Andrew D, Chan LJ, Tham WH, Lee PVS, Rajagopal V, Tilley L. Surface area-to-volume ratio, not cellular viscoelasticity, is the major determinant of red blood cell traversal through small channels. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13270. [PMID: 32981231 PMCID: PMC7757199 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) depends on the viscoelasticity of the plasma membrane and cell contents and the surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio; however, it remains unclear which of these factors is the key determinant for passage through small capillaries. We used a microfluidic device to examine the traversal of normal, stiffened, swollen, parasitised and immature RBCs. We show that dramatic stiffening of RBCs had no measurable effect on their ability to traverse small channels. By contrast, a moderate decrease in the SA:V ratio had a marked effect on the equivalent cylinder diameter that is traversable by RBCs of similar cellular viscoelasticity. We developed a finite element model that provides a coherent rationale for the experimental observations, based on the nonlinear mechanical behaviour of the RBC membrane skeleton. We conclude that the SA:V ratio should be given more prominence in studies of RBC pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Namvar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Blanch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew W Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olivia M S Carmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Boyin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Snigdha Tiash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Looker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Li-Jin Chan
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter V S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vijay Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Fröhlich B, Yang Y, Thoma J, Czajor J, Lansche C, Sanchez C, Lanzer M, Cloetens P, Tanaka M. Nanofocused Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy Revealing an Effect of Heterozygous Hemoglobin S and C on Biochemical Activities in Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5765-5771. [PMID: 32202408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While there is ample evidence suggesting that carriers of heterozygous hemoglobin S and C are protected from life-threatening malaria, little is known about the underlying biochemical mechanisms at the single cell level. Using nanofocused scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy, we quantify the spatial distribution of individual elements in subcellular compartments, including Fe, S, P, Zn, and Cu, in Plasmodium falciparum-infected (P. falciparum-infected) erythrocytes carrying the wild type or variant hemoglobins. Our data indicate that heterozygous hemoglobin S and C significantly modulate biochemical reactions in parasitized erythrocytes, such as aberrant hemozoin mineralization and a delay in hemoglobin degradation. The label-free scanning X-ray fluorescence imaging has great potential to quantify the spatial distribution of elements in subcellular compartments of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes and unravel the biochemical mechanisms underpinning disease and protective traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France.,National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Judith Thoma
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Czajor
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Cloetens
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Lubiana P, Bouws P, Roth LK, Dörpinghaus M, Rehn T, Brehmer J, Wichers JS, Bachmann A, Höhn K, Roeder T, Thye T, Gutsmann T, Burmester T, Bruchhaus I, Metwally NG. Adhesion between P. falciparum infected erythrocytes and human endothelial receptors follows alternative binding dynamics under flow and febrile conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4548. [PMID: 32161335 PMCID: PMC7066226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the adhesive dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IEs) to different endothelial cell receptors (ECRs) in flow is a big challenge considering available methods. This study investigated the adhesive dynamics of IEs to five ECRs (CD36, ICAM-1, P-selectin, CD9, CSA) using simulations of in vivo-like flow and febrile conditions. To characterize the interactions between ECRs and knobby and knobless IEs of two laboratory-adapted P. falciplarum isolates, cytoadhesion analysis over time was performed using a new tracking bioinformatics method. The results revealed that IEs performed rolling adhesion exclusively over CD36, but exhibited stationary binding to the other four ECRs. The absence of knobs affected rolling adhesion both with respect to the distance travelled by IEs and their velocity. Knobs played a critical role at febrile temperatures by stabilizing the binding interaction. Our results clearly underline the complexity of the IE-receptor interaction and the importance of knobs for the survival of the parasite at fever temperatures, and lead us to propose a new hypothesis that could open up new strategies for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lubiana
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip Bouws
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Torben Rehn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Brehmer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Bachmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Höhn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Molecular Physiology Department, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Thye
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Zoological Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Fröhlich B, Jäger J, Lansche C, Sanchez CP, Cyrklaff M, Buchholz B, Soubeiga ST, Simpore J, Ito H, Schwarz US, Lanzer M, Tanaka M. Hemoglobin S and C affect biomechanical membrane properties of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2019; 2:311. [PMID: 31428699 PMCID: PMC6692299 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During intraerythrocytic development, the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum alters the mechanical deformability of its host cell. The underpinning biological processes involve gain in parasite mass, changes in the membrane protein compositions, reorganization of the cytoskeletons and its coupling to the plasma membrane, and formation of membrane protrusions, termed knobs. The hemoglobinopathies S and C are known to partially protect carriers from severe malaria, possibly through additional changes in the erythrocyte biomechanics, but a detailed quantification of cell mechanics is still missing. Here, we combined flicker spectroscopy and a mathematical model and demonstrated that knob formation strongly suppresses membrane fluctuations by increasing membrane-cytoskeleton coupling. We found that the confinement increased with hemoglobin S but decreases with hemoglobin C in spite of comparable knob densities and diameters. We further found that the membrane bending modulus strongly depends on the hemoglobinopathetic variant, suggesting increased amounts of irreversibly oxidized hemichromes bound to membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Jäger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Buchholz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Serge Theophile Soubeiga
- Biomolecular ResearchCenter Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacque Simpore
- Biomolecular ResearchCenter Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
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21
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Dasanna AK, Fedosov DA, Gompper G, Schwarz US. State diagram for wall adhesion of red blood cells in shear flow: from crawling to flipping. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5511-5520. [PMID: 31241632 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells in shear flow show a variety of different shapes due to the complex interplay between hydrodynamics and membrane elasticity. Malaria-infected red blood cells become generally adhesive and less deformable. Adhesion to a substrate leads to a reduction in shape variability and to a flipping motion of the non-spherical shapes during the mid-stage of infection. Here, we present a complete state diagram for wall adhesion of red blood cells in shear flow obtained by simulations, using a particle-based mesoscale hydrodynamics approach, multiparticle collision dynamics. We find that cell flipping at a substrate is replaced by crawling beyond a critical shear rate, which increases with both membrane stiffness and viscosity contrast between the cytosol and suspending medium. This change in cell dynamics resembles the transition between tumbling and tank-treading for red blood cells in free shear flow. In the context of malaria infections, the flipping-crawling transition would strongly increase the adhesive interactions with the vascular endothelium, but might be suppressed by the combined effect of increased elasticity and viscosity contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Dasanna
- BioQuant and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. and Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- BioQuant and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Saelens JW, Taylor SM. Born to sweet delight: Using natural models of malaria protection to understand and neutralize P. falciparum pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007770. [PMID: 31220180 PMCID: PMC6586352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Saelens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sanchez CP, Karathanasis C, Sanchez R, Cyrklaff M, Jäger J, Buchholz B, Schwarz US, Heilemann M, Lanzer M. Single-molecule imaging and quantification of the immune-variant adhesin VAR2CSA on knobs of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2019; 2:172. [PMID: 31098405 PMCID: PMC6506540 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PfEMP1 (erythrocyte membrane protein 1) adhesins play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of falciparum malaria, by mediating sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in the microvasculature. PfEMP1 variants are expressed by var genes and are presented on membrane elevations, termed knobs. However, the organization of PfEMP1 on knobs is largely unclear. Here, we use super-resolution microscopy and genetically altered parasites expressing a modified var2csa gene in which the coding sequence of the photoactivatable mEOS2 was inserted to determine the number and distribution of PfEMP1 on single knobs. The data were verified by quantitative fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and immuno-electron microscopy together with stereology methods. We show that knobs contain 3.3 ± 1.7 and 4.3 ± 2.5 PfEMP1 molecules, predominantly placed on the knob tip, in parasitized erythrocytes containing wild type and sickle haemoglobin, respectively. The ramifications of our findings for cytoadhesion and immune evasion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christos Karathanasis
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Jäger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Buchholz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Evidence against a Role of Elevated Intracellular Ca 2+ during Plasmodium falciparum Preinvasion. Biophys J 2019; 114:1695-1706. [PMID: 29642038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites during their asexual reproduction cycle within red blood cells. One of the least understood stages in this cycle is the brief preinvasion period during which merozoite-red cell contacts lead to apical alignment of the merozoite in readiness for penetration, a stage of major relevance in the control of invasion efficiency. Red blood cell deformations associated with this process were suggested to be active plasma membrane responses mediated by transients of elevated intracellular calcium. Few studies have addressed this hypothesis because of technical challenges, and the results remained inconclusive. Here, Fluo-4 was used as a fluorescent calcium indicator with optimized protocols to investigate the distribution of the dye in red blood cell populations used as P. falciparum invasion targets in egress-invasion assays. Preinvasion dynamics was observed simultaneously under bright-field and fluorescence microscopy by recording egress-invasion events. All the egress-invasion sequences showed red blood cell deformations of varied intensities during the preinvasion period and the echinocytic changes that follow during invasion. Intraerythrocytic calcium signals were absent throughout this interval in over half the records and totally absent during the preinvasion period, regardless of deformation strength. When present, calcium signals were of a punctate modality, initiated within merozoites already poised for invasion. These results argue against a role of elevated intracellular calcium during the preinvasion stage. We suggest an alternative mechanism of merozoite-induced preinvasion deformations based on passive red cell responses to transient agonist-receptor interactions associated with the formation of adhesive coat filaments.
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25
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Liu B, Blanch AJ, Namvar A, Carmo O, Tiash S, Andrew D, Hanssen E, Rajagopal V, Dixon MW, Tilley L. Multimodal analysis of
Plasmodium knowlesi
‐infected erythrocytes reveals large invaginations, swelling of the host cell, and rheological defects. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13005. [PMID: 30634201 PMCID: PMC6593759 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi causes severe and fatal malaria infections in humans, but the process of host cell remodelling that underpins the pathology of this zoonotic parasite is only poorly understood. We have used serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy to explore the topography of P. knowlesi‐infected red blood cells (RBCs) at different stages of asexual development. The parasite elaborates large flattened cisternae (Sinton Mulligan's clefts) and tubular vesicles in the host cell cytoplasm, as well as parasitophorous vacuole membrane bulges and blebs, and caveolar structures at the RBC membrane. Large invaginations of host RBC cytoplasm are formed early in development, both from classical cytostomal structures and from larger stabilised pores. Although degradation of haemoglobin is observed in multiple disconnected digestive vacuoles, the persistence of large invaginations during development suggests inefficient consumption of the host cell cytoplasm. The parasite eventually occupies ~40% of the host RBC volume, inducing a 20% increase in volume of the host RBC and an 11% decrease in the surface area to volume ratio, which collectively decreases the ability of the P. knowlesi‐infected RBCs to enter small capillaries of a human erythrocyte microchannel analyser. Ektacytometry reveals a markedly decreased deformability, whereas correlative light microscopy/scanning electron microscopy and python‐based skeleton analysis (Skan) reveal modifications to the surface of infected RBCs that underpin these physical changes. We show that P. knowlesi‐infected RBCs are refractory to treatment with sorbitol lysis but are hypersensitive to hypotonic lysis. The observed physical changes in the host RBCs may underpin the pathology observed in patients infected with P. knowlesi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Adam J. Blanch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Arman Namvar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Olivia Carmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Snigdha Tiash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Advanced Microscopy Facility Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Vijay Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew W.A. Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
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26
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The sickle cell trait affects contact dynamics and endothelial cell activation in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2018; 1:211. [PMID: 30534603 PMCID: PMC6269544 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell trait, a common hereditary blood disorder, protects carriers from severe disease in infections with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Protection is associated with a reduced capacity of parasitized erythrocytes to cytoadhere to the microvascular endothelium and cause vaso-occlusive events. However, the underpinning cellular and biomechanical processes are only partly understood and the impact on endothelial cell activation is unclear. Here, we show, by combining quantitative flow chamber experiments with multiscale computer simulations of deformable cells in hydrodynamic flow, that parasitized erythrocytes containing the sickle cell haemoglobin displayed altered adhesion dynamics, resulting in restricted contact footprints on the endothelium. Main determinants were cell shape, knob density and membrane bending. As a consequence, the extent of endothelial cell activation was decreased. Our findings provide a quantitative understanding of how the sickle cell trait affects the dynamic cytoadhesion behavior of parasitized erythrocytes and, in turn, endothelial cell activation.
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27
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Dasanna AK, Schwarz US. Adhesion-based sorting of blood cells: an adhesive dynamics simulation study. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9061-9070. [PMID: 30394471 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01524d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood cells can be sorted in microfluidic devices not only based on their sizes and deformability, but also based on their adhesive properties. In particular, white blood cells have been shown to be sorted out by using adhesive micropatterns made from stripes that are tilted in regard to the direction of shear flow. Here we use adhesive dynamics simulations for round cells to quantitatively investigate this effect and to predict the optimal tilt angle. We then apply our method to predict optimal sorting conditions for malaria-infected red blood cells, which like white blood cells also adhere to and roll on adhesive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Dasanna
- BioQuant and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Cell Swelling Induced by the Antimalarial KAE609 (Cipargamin) and Other PfATP4-Associated Antimalarials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00087-18. [PMID: 29555632 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00087-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For an increasing number of antimalarial agents identified in high-throughput phenotypic screens, there is evidence that they target PfATP4, a putative Na+ efflux transporter on the plasma membrane of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum For several such "PfATP4-associated" compounds, it has been noted that their addition to parasitized erythrocytes results in cell swelling. Here we show that six structurally diverse PfATP4-associated compounds, including the clinical candidate KAE609 (cipargamin), induce swelling of both isolated blood-stage parasites and intact parasitized erythrocytes. The swelling of isolated parasites is dependent on the presence of Na+ in the external environment and may be attributed to the osmotic consequences of Na+ uptake. The swelling of the parasitized erythrocyte results in an increase in its osmotic fragility. Countering cell swelling by increasing the osmolarity of the extracellular medium reduces the antiplasmodial efficacy of PfATP4-associated compounds, consistent with cell swelling playing a role in the antimalarial activity of this class of compounds.
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29
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Factors Diminishing Cytoadhesion of Red Blood Cells Infected by Plasmodium falciparum in Arterioles. Biophys J 2017; 113:1163-1172. [PMID: 28877497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoadhesion of red blood cells infected by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf-IRBCs) is predominantly found in postcapillary venules, rather than in arterioles. However, factors influencing this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, we conduct a systematic study using a numerical model coupling the fluid and solid mechanics of the cells and cellular environment with the biochemical ligand-receptor interaction. Our results show that, once a Pf-IRBC adheres to the vascular wall, the Pf-IRBC can withstand even arteriole shear stresses, and exhibits either rolling or firm adhesion. We also perform a simulation of the multistep process of cytoadhesion, consisting of flow, margination, capture, and rolling or firm adhesion. This multistep simulation suggests that a lower probability of contact with the vascular wall at high shear rates may diminish adherent Pf-IRBCs in the arterioles.
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30
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Dasanna AK, Lansche C, Lanzer M, Schwarz US. Rolling Adhesion of Schizont Stage Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells in Shear Flow. Biophys J 2017; 112:1908-1919. [PMID: 28494961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To avoid clearance by the spleen, red blood cells infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (iRBCs) adhere to the vascular endothelium through adhesive protrusions called "knobs" that the parasite induces on the surface of the host cell. However, the detailed relation between the developing knob structure and the resulting movement in shear flow is not known. Using flow chamber experiments on endothelial monolayers and tracking of the parasite inside the infected host cell, we find that trophozoites (intermediate-stage iRBCs) tend to flip due to their biconcave shape, whereas schizonts (late-stage iRBCs) tend to roll due to their almost spherical shape. We then use adhesive dynamics simulations for spherical cells to predict the effects of knob density and receptor multiplicity per knob on rolling adhesion of schizonts. We find that rolling adhesion requires a homogeneous coverage of the cell surface by knobs and that rolling adhesion becomes more stable and slower for higher knob density. Our experimental data suggest that schizonts are at the border between transient and stable rolling adhesion. They also allow us to establish an estimate for the molecular parameters for schizont adhesion to the vascular endothelium and to predict bond dynamics in the contact region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Dasanna
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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Waldecker M, Dasanna AK, Lansche C, Linke M, Srismith S, Cyrklaff M, Sanchez CP, Schwarz US, Lanzer M. Differential time-dependent volumetric and surface area changes and delayed induction of new permeation pathways in P. falciparum-infected hemoglobinopathic erythrocytes. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27450804 PMCID: PMC5298026 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During intraerythrocytic development, Plasmodium falciparum increases the ion permeability of the erythrocyte plasma membrane to an extent that jeopardizes the osmotic stability of the host cell. A previously formulated numeric model has suggested that the parasite prevents premature rupture of the host cell by consuming hemoglobin (Hb) in excess of its own anabolic needs. Here, we have tested the colloid‐osmotic model on the grounds of time‐resolved experimental measurements on cell surface area and volume. We have further verified whether the colloid‐osmotic model can predict time‐dependent volumetric changes when parasites are grown in erythrocytes containing the hemoglobin variants S or C. A good agreement between model‐predicted and empirical data on both infected erythrocyte and intracellular parasite volume was found for parasitized HbAA and HbAC erythrocytes. However, a delayed induction of the new permeation pathways needed to be taken into consideration for the latter case. For parasitized HbAS erythrocyte, volumes diverged from model predictions, and infected erythrocytes showed excessive vesiculation during the replication cycle. We conclude that the colloid‐osmotic model provides a plausible and experimentally supported explanation of the volume expansion and osmotic stability of P. falciparum‐infected erythrocytes. The contribution of vesiculation to the malaria‐protective function of hemoglobin S is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailin Waldecker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Anil K Dasanna
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Marco Linke
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Sirikamol Srismith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, 69120, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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