1
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Salcido EL, van Riper CJ, Stewart WP, Leitschuh BA. Roles for Wildlife in the Development of Place Meanings Ascribed to a Protected Area. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 72:1072-1085. [PMID: 37584679 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife play prominent roles in popular images of America's outdoor landscapes, yet our understanding of their contribution to place meanings is not fully developed. Although environmental management agencies have a long history of stewarding wildlife for hunting and fishing, they have been less inclined to prioritize non-consumptive uses such as the contribution of wildlife to sense of place. Given that agencies are increasingly challenged to implement policies that align with citizen priorities, connecting wildlife to sense of place could lead to more effective decisions. Our research explored the plurality of connections that residents made with wildlife in multiple protected areas across the USA region of Interior Alaska. Residents of nine communities were engaged over a five-year period, followed by a thematic analysis of interview data, which resulted in the identification of seven place meaning themes. These themes reflected qualities of the local environment that were appreciated by residents, including: 1) desirable travel destination, 2) distinct sense of community, 3) landscape of subsistence and tradition, 4) landscape of wildlife habitat, 5) natural resources in need of harvesting, 6) rural Alaskan lifestyle, and 7) wildland areas tied to recreation. Native wildlife species-from traditionally charismatic species like moose (Alces alces) to less iconic species such as snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) - were discussed in the context of all seven place meaning themes. Wildlife provided a basis for study participants to interpret landscapes and ascribe meanings to places, thus supporting our argument that shared influences of wildlife and place meanings should be prioritized in environmental planning and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Salcido
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Carena J van Riper
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - William P Stewart
- Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 George Huff Hall, 1206 S 4th St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Benjamin A Leitschuh
- Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 George Huff Hall, 1206 S 4th St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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2
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Erndt-Marino J, O'Hearn M, Menichetti G. An integrative analytical framework to identify healthy, impactful, and equitable foods: a case study on 100% orange juice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:668-684. [PMID: 37545294 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2241672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
To identify healthy, impactful, and equitable foods, we combined health scores from six diverse nutrient profiling systems (NPS) into a meta-framework (meta-NPS) and paired this with dietary guideline adherence assessment via multilevel regression and poststratification. In a case-study format, a commonly debated beverage formulation - 100% orange juice (OJ) - was chosen to showcase the utility and depth of our framework, systematically scoring high across multiple food systems (i.e. a Meta-Score percentile = 93rd and Stability percentile = 75th) and leading to an expected increase of US dietary fruit guideline adherence by ∼10%. Moreover, the increased adherence varies across the 300 sociodemographic strata, with the benefit patterns being sensitive to absolute or relative quantification of the difference of adherence affected by OJ. In sum, the adaptable, integrative framework we established deepens the science of nutrient profiling and dietary guideline adherence assessment while shedding light on the nuances of defining equitable health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan O'Hearn
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Food Systems for the Future, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giulia Menichetti
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Wineland SM, Rezapour S, Neeson TM. Small tradeoffs between social equity and conservation outcomes in a freshwater payment for ecosystem services scheme. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2829. [PMID: 36853595 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conservation programs around the world aim to balance social equity, economic efficiency, and conservation outcomes. Tradeoffs among these three objectives necessarily exist but have been quantified in only a handful of systems. Here, we use a multi-objective mathematical optimization model in a large, water-limited river basin to quantify these tradeoffs in a freshwater payment for ecosystem services (PES) program aimed at establishing environmental flows (e-flows). Across a range of budgetary and future climate scenarios, we find that tradeoffs between social equity and conservation outcomes are small. We also show that payment schemes in which incentives are allocated to a single water use sector are much less cost-effective than schemes in which incentives are allocated among multiple sectors. Thus, allocating payments equally among agricultural, municipal, and industrial sectors can be both more equitable and more cost-effective. Overall, our results illustrate how some carefully designed conservation programs may be able to achieve a triple bottom line of social equity, economic efficiency, and conservation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Wineland
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shabnam Rezapour
- Enterprise and Logistics Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas M Neeson
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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4
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Loos J, Benra F, Berbés-Blázquez M, Bremer LL, Chan KMA, Egoh B, Felipe-Lucia M, Geneletti D, Keeler B, Locatelli B, Loft L, Schröter B, Schröter M, Winkler KJ. An environmental justice perspective on ecosystem services. AMBIO 2023; 52:477-488. [PMID: 36520411 PMCID: PMC9849542 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mainstreaming of ecosystem service approaches has been proposed as one path toward sustainable development. Meanwhile, critics of ecosystem services question if the approach can account for the multiple values of ecosystems to diverse groups of people, or for aspects of inter- and intra-generational justice. In particular, an ecosystem service approach often overlooks power dimensions and capabilities that are core to environmental justice. This article addresses the need for greater guidance on incorporating justice into ecosystem services research and practice. We point to the importance of deep engagement with stakeholders and rights holders to disentangle contextual factors that moderate justice outcomes on ecosystem service attribution and appropriation in socio-political interventions. Such a holistic perspective enables the integration of values and knowledge plurality for enhancing justice in ecosystem services research. This broadened perspective paves a way for transformative ecosystem service assessments, management, and research, which can help inform and design governance structures that nourish human agency to sustainably identify, manage, and enjoy ecosystem services for human wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Loos
- Faculty of Sustainability, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
- Faculty of Sustainability, Social-Ecological Systems Institute, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Benra
- Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta Berbés-Blázquez
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Leah L. Bremer
- University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
- Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Benis Egoh
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, 3219 Croul Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Maria Felipe-Lucia
- Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Davide Geneletti
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Bonnie Keeler
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, Twin Cities, Institute On the Environment, University of Minnesota, 301 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Bruno Locatelli
- Forests and Societies, Cirad, University of Montpellier, TA C-105 / D, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Lasse Loft
- Working Group Governance of Ecosystem Services, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schröter
- Working Group Governance of Ecosystem Services, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS), Lund University, Box 170, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Schröter
- Faculty of Sustainability, Social-Ecological Systems Institute, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klara J. Winkler
- Department for Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9 Canada
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5
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Lamb CT, Willson R, Richter C, Owens‐Beek N, Napoleon J, Muir B, McNay RS, Lavis E, Hebblewhite M, Giguere L, Dokkie T, Boutin S, Ford AT. Indigenous-led conservation: Pathways to recovery for the nearly extirpated Klinse-Za mountain caribou. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2581. [PMID: 35319140 PMCID: PMC9286450 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples around the northern hemisphere have long relied on caribou for subsistence and for ceremonial and community purposes. Unfortunately, despite recovery efforts by federal and provincial agencies, caribou are currently in decline in many areas across Canada. In response to recent and dramatic declines of mountain caribou populations within their traditional territory, West Moberly First Nations and Saulteau First Nations (collectively, the "Nations") came together to create a new vision for caribou recovery on the lands they have long stewarded and shared. The Nations focused on the Klinse-Za subpopulation, which had once encompassed so many caribou that West Moberly Elders remarked that they were "like bugs on the landscape." The Klinse-Za caribou declined from ~250 in the 1990s to only 38 in 2013, rendering Indigenous harvest of caribou nonviable and infringing on treaty rights to a subsistence livelihood. In collaboration with many groups and governments, this Indigenous-led conservation initiative paired short-term population recovery actions, predator reduction and maternal penning, with long-term habitat protection in an effort to create a self-sustaining caribou population. Here, we review these recovery actions and the promising evidence that the abundance of Klinse-Za caribou has more than doubled from 38 animals in 2013 to 101 in 2021, representing rapid population growth in response to recovery actions. With looming extirpation averted, the Nations focused efforts on securing a landmark conservation agreement in 2020 that protects caribou habitat over a 7986-km2 area. The Agreement provides habitat protection for >85% of the Klinse-Za subpopulation (up from only 1.8% protected pre-conservation agreement) and affords moderate protection for neighboring caribou subpopulations (29%-47% of subpopulation areas, up from 0%-20%). This Indigenous-led conservation initiative has set both the Indigenous and Canadian governments on the path to recover the Klinse-Za subpopulation and reinstate a culturally meaningful caribou hunt. This effort highlights how Indigenous governance and leadership can be the catalyst needed to establish meaningful conservation actions, enhance endangered species recovery, and honor cultural connections to now imperiled wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton T. Lamb
- Department of BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Roland Willson
- West Moberly First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Carmen Richter
- Saulteau First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | | | - Bruce Muir
- West Moberly First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Estelle Lavis
- Saulteau First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Line Giguere
- Wildlife InfometricsMackenzieBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Tamara Dokkie
- West Moberly First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Adam T. Ford
- Department of BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
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6
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Stark K, Adams V, Brown CJ, Chauvenet A, Davis K, Game ET, Halpern BS, Lynham J, Mappin B, Selkoe K, Watson JEM, Possingham HP, Klein CJ. Importance of equitable cost sharing in the Convention on Biological Diversity's protected area agenda. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13812. [PMID: 34288104 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keila Stark
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vanessa Adams
- School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christopher J Brown
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coasts and Estuaries, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alienor Chauvenet
- School of Environment and Science, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katrina Davis
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward T Game
- The Nature Conservancy, Conservation Science, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- The Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - John Lynham
- Department of Economics, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Bonnie Mappin
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim Selkoe
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carissa J Klein
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Law EA, Linnell JDC, van Moorter B, Nilsen EB. Heuristics for the sustainable harvest of wildlife in stochastic social-ecological systems. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260159. [PMID: 34797852 PMCID: PMC8604319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable wildlife harvest is challenging due to the complexity of uncertain social-ecological systems, and diverse stakeholder perspectives of sustainability. In these systems, semi-complex stochastic simulation models can provide heuristics that bridge the gap between highly simplified theoretical models and highly context-specific case-studies. Such heuristics allow for more nuanced recommendations in low-knowledge contexts, and an improved understanding of model sensitivity and transferability to novel contexts. We develop semi-complex Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) models capturing dynamics and variability in ecological processes, monitoring, decision-making, and harvest implementation, under a diverse range of contexts. Results reveal the fundamental challenges of achieving sustainability in wildlife harvest. Environmental contexts were important in determining optimal harvest parameters, but overall, evaluation contexts more strongly influenced perceived outcomes, optimal harvest parameters and optimal harvest strategies. Importantly, simple composite metrics popular in the theoretical literature (e.g. focusing on maximizing yield and population persistence only) often diverged from more holistic composite metrics that include a wider range of population and harvest objectives, and better reflect the trade-offs in real world applied contexts. While adaptive harvest strategies were most frequently preferred, particularly for more complex environmental contexts (e.g. high uncertainty or variability), our simulations map out cases where these heuristics may not hold. Despite not always being the optimal solution, overall adaptive harvest strategies resulted in the least value forgone, and are likely to give the best outcomes under future climatic variability and uncertainty. This demonstrates the potential value of heuristics for guiding applied management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Law
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - John D. C. Linnell
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Evenstad, Norway
| | - Bram van Moorter
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Nilsen
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Steinkjer, Norway
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8
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Value-conflicts in the conservation of a native species: a case study based on the endangered white-clawed crayfish in Europe. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-021-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe future of the native European crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes depends on accurate conservation management. The goal of this paper is to attempt an investigation of the major ethical conflicts that can emerge in the conservation of this endangered crayfish threatened by invasive competitors, introduced diseases, and landscape alteration. To assess this issue, we will employ the Ethical Matrix, in a version explicitly tailored for its use in conservation. The filled Ethical Matrix will highlight several potential conflicts between values such as environmental protection, social and economic interests, animal welfare, cultural and aesthetic value, etc. We will discuss these conflicts, alongside some potential mitigating strategies present in the literature. We will stress in particular the need to take into account the ethical principle of fairness when assessing the economic and recreational value of invasive species, especially concerning the unfair distribution of costs. Moreover, we will assert the importance of conservation of A. pallipes both for its existence value and for its role as an umbrella and keystone species. Beyond its focus on A. pallipes, the Ethical Matrix here discussed might also provide insights on the value conflicts relative to analogous in situ conservation efforts involving a native species threatened by invasive alien competitors.
Graphic abstract
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9
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Wells HBM, Kirobi EH, Chen CL, Winowiecki LA, Vågen T, Ahmad MN, Stringer LC, Dougill AJ. Equity in ecosystem restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry B. M. Wells
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT U.K
- Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme PO Box 26 Nanyuki Kenya
| | - Elijah H. Kirobi
- School of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Studies Kenyatta University Nairobi PO Box 43844 Kenya
| | - Cadia L. Chen
- Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme PO Box 26 Nanyuki Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Lindsay C. Stringer
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT U.K
- Department of Environment and Geography University of York York YO10 5NG U.K
| | - Andrew J. Dougill
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT U.K
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10
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Gardali T, Dybala KE, Seavy NE. Multiple‐Benefit Conservation defined. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gardali
- Pacific Coast and Central Valley Group Point Blue Conservation Science Petaluma California USA
| | - Kristen E. Dybala
- Pacific Coast and Central Valley Group Point Blue Conservation Science Petaluma California USA
| | - Nathaniel E. Seavy
- Migratory Bird Initiative National Audubon Society San Francisco California USA
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11
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Meehan MC, Ban NC, Devillers R, Singh GG, Claudet J. How far have we come? A review of MPA network performance indicators in reaching qualitative elements of Aichi Target 11. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mairi C. Meehan
- Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B3X9 Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria BC V8W2Y2 Canada
| | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria BC V8W2Y2 Canada
| | - Rodolphe Devillers
- Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B3X9 Canada
- Espace‐Dev, UMR 228, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Maison de la Télédétection Montpellier France
| | - Gerald G. Singh
- Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B3X9 Canada
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research PSL Université Paris CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD, Maison des Océans Paris France
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12
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Ward C, Stringer LC, Warren‐Thomas E, Agus F, Hamer K, Pettorelli N, Hariyadi B, Hodgson J, Kartika WD, Lucey J, McClean C, Nurida NL, Saad A, Hill JK. Wading through the swamp: what does tropical peatland restoration mean to national‐level stakeholders in Indonesia? Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ward
- Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds Leeds U.K
| | | | | | - Fahmuddin Agus
- Indonesia Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development Indonesia Soil Research Institute Bogor Indonesia
| | - Keith Hamer
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds U.K
| | | | - Bambang Hariyadi
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training Jambi University Jambi Indonesia
| | - Jenny Hodgson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool Liverpool U.K
| | - Winda D. Kartika
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training Jambi University Jambi Indonesia
| | | | | | - Neneng L. Nurida
- Indonesia Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development Indonesia Soil Research Institute Bogor Indonesia
| | - Asmadi Saad
- Soil Science Division, Faculty of Agriculture Jambi University Jambi Indonesia
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology University of York York U.K
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13
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Abstract
Incentive-based measures are increasingly popular to alleviate ongoing biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions from land use change. However, effectively using scarce conservation funds remains a major challenge. Using behavioral economic experiments in the buffer zone of a Vietnamese national park, we show that unfair payment distributions that are beyond land users’ control can reduce the environmental effectiveness of incentives, and that women exert more effort. Our study region is threatened by forest degradation and is part of the nationwide Vietnamese Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services program, making it an important and relevant context for improving the effectiveness of conservation measures. These results show that policymakers aiming for effective and efficient programs should pay close attention to fairness and gender. Global efforts for biodiversity protection and land use-based greenhouse gas mitigation call for increases in the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental conservation. Incentive-based policy instruments are key tools for meeting these goals, yet their effectiveness might be undermined by such factors as social norms regarding whether payments are considered fair. We investigated the causal link between equity and conservation effort with a randomized real-effort experiment in forest conservation with 443 land users near a tropical forest national park in the Vietnamese Central Annamites, a global biodiversity hotspot. The experiment introduced unjustified payment inequality based on luck, in contradiction of local fairness norms that were measured through responses to vignettes. Payment inequality was perceived as less fair than payment equality. In agreement with our preregistered hypotheses, participants who were disadvantaged by unequal payments exerted significantly less conservation effort than other participants receiving the same payment under an equal distribution. No effect was observed for participants advantaged by inequality. Thus, equity effects on effort can have consequences for the effectiveness and efficiency of incentive-based conservation instruments. Furthermore, we show that women exerted substantially more conservation effort than men, and that increasing payment size unexpectedly reduced effort. This emphasizes the need to consider social comparisons, local equity norms, and gender in environmental policies using monetary incentives to motivate behavioral change.
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14
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15
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Okamoto DK, Hessing-Lewis M, Samhouri JF, Shelton AO, Stier A, Levin PS, Salomon AK. Spatial variation in exploited metapopulations obscures risk of collapse. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02051. [PMID: 31820525 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unanticipated declines among exploited species have commonly occurred despite harvests that appeared sustainable prior to collapse. This is particularly true in the oceans where spatial scales of management are often mismatched with spatially complex metapopulations. We explore causes, consequences, and potential solutions for spatial mismatches in harvested metapopulations in three ways. First, we generate novel theory illustrating when and how harvesting metapopulations increases spatial variability and in turn masks local-scale volatility. Second, we illustrate why spatial variability in harvested metapopulations leads to negative consequences using an empirical example of a Pacific herring metapopulation. Finally, we construct a numerical management strategy evaluation model to identify and highlight potential solutions for mismatches in spatial scale and spatial variability. Our results highlight that spatial complexity can promote stability at large scales, however, ignoring spatial complexity produces cryptic and negative consequences for people and animals that interact with resources at small scales. Harvesting metapopulations magnifies spatial variability, which creates discrepancies between regional and local trends while increasing risk of local population collapses. Such effects asymmetrically impact locally constrained fishers and predators, which are more exposed to risks of localized collapses. Importantly, we show that dynamically optimizing harvest can minimize local risk without sacrificing yield. Thus, multiple nested scales of management may be necessary to avoid cryptic collapses in metapopulations and the ensuing ecological, social, and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Okamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, Florida, 32303, USA
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 643A Science Road, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Margot Hessing-Lewis
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
| | - Jameal F Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Andrew O Shelton
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Adrian Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Philip S Levin
- The Nature Conservancy, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, California, 98121, USA
- School of Environment and Forestry Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Anne K Salomon
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 643A Science Road, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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16
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Modeling trade-offs across carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and equity in the distribution of global REDD+ funds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22645-22650. [PMID: 31636201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908683116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is one of the major attempts to tackle climate change mitigation in developing countries. REDD+ seeks to provide result-based incentives to promote emission reductions and increase carbon sinks in forest land while promoting other cobenefits, such as the conservation of biodiversity. We model different scenarios of international REDD+ funds distribution toward potential recipient countries using 2 carbon emission reduction targets (20% and 50% compared to the baseline scenario, i.e., deforestation and forest degradation without REDD+) by 2030. The model combines the prioritization of environmental outcomes in terms of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation and social equity, accounting for the equitable distribution of international REDD+ funds. Results highlight the synergy between carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation under alternative fund allocation criteria, especially for scenarios of low carbon emission reduction. Trade-offs increase when distributional equity is considered as an additional criterion, especially under higher equity requirements. The analysis helps to better understand the inherent trade-offs between enhancing distributional equity and meeting environmental targets under alternative REDD+ fund allocation options.
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17
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Jones S, Keane A, St John F, Vickery J, Papworth S. Audience segmentation to improve targeting of conservation interventions for hunters. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:895-905. [PMID: 30592091 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Audience segmentation could help improve the effectiveness of conservation interventions. Marketers use audience segmentation to define the target audience of a campaign. The technique involves subdividing a general population into groups that share similar profiles, such as sociodemographic or behavioral characteristics. Interventions are then designed to target the group or groups of interest. We explored the potential of audience segmentation for use in defining conservation target groups with a case study of hunters in Liberia. Using 2 data sets describing households (n = 476) and hunters (n = 205), we applied a clustering method in which infinite binomial mixture models group hunters and households according to livelihood and behavior variables and a simple method to define target groups based on hunting impact (hunting households and high-impact hunters). Clusters of hunters and households differed in their experiences with confiscation of catch at roadblocks and participation in livelihood-support programs, indicating that these interventions operate unevenly across subsets of the population. By contrast, the simple method masked these insights because profiles of hunting households and high-impact hunters were similar to those of the general population. Clustering results could be used to guide the development of livelihood and regulatory interventions. For example, a commonly promoted agricultural activity, cocoa farming, was practiced by only 2% (out of 87) of the largest hunter cluster of nonlocal gun hunters but was prevalent among local trappers, suggesting that assistance aimed at cocoa farmers is less appropriate for the former group. Our results support the use of audience segmentation across multiple variables to improve targeted intervention designs in conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorrel Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, U.K
| | - Aidan Keane
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, U.K
| | - Freya St John
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, U.K
| | - Juliet Vickery
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, U.K
| | - Sarah Papworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, U.K
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18
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Griffiths VF, Bull JW, Baker J, Milner‐Gulland E. No net loss for people and biodiversity. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:76-87. [PMID: 30070731 PMCID: PMC7379924 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Governments, businesses, and lenders worldwide are adopting an objective of no net loss (NNL) of biodiversity that is often partly achieved through biodiversity offsetting within a hierarchy of mitigation actions. Offsets aim to balance residual losses of biodiversity caused by development in one location with commensurate gains at another. Although ecological challenges to achieve NNL are debated, the associated gains and losses for local stakeholders have received less attention. International best practice calls for offsets to make people no worse off than before implementation of the project, but there is a lack of clarity concerning how to achieve this with regard to people's use and nonuse values for biodiversity, especially given the inevitable trade-offs when compensating biodiversity losses with gains elsewhere. This is particularly challenging for countries where poor people depend on natural resources. Badly planned offsets can exacerbate poverty, and development and offset impacts can vary across spatial-temporal scales and by location, gender, and livelihood. We conceptualize the no-worse-off principle in the context of NNL of biodiversity, by exploring for whom and how the principle can be achieved. Changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of biodiversity-related social impacts of a development and its associated offset can lead to social inequity and negatively impact people's well-being. The level of aggregation (regional, village, interest group, household, and individual) at which these social impacts are measured and balanced can again exacerbate inequity in a system. We propose that a determination that people are no worse off, and preferably better off, after a development and biodiversity offset project than they were before the project should be based on the perceptions of project-affected people (assessed at an appropriate level of aggregation); that their well-being associated with biodiversity losses and gains should be at least as good as it was before the project; and that this level of well-being should be maintained throughout the project life cycle. Employing this principle could help ensure people are no worse off as a result of interventions to achieve biodiversity NNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F. Griffiths
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordNew Radcliffe House, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock RoadOxfordOX2 6GGU.K.
| | - Joseph W. Bull
- Department of Food and Resource Economics & Center for Macroecology, Evolution and ClimateUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 23, 1958CopenhagenDenmark
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyKent, CT2 7NZU.K.
| | - Julia Baker
- Balfour Beatty5 Churchill Place, Canary WharfLondonE14 5HUU.K.
| | - E.J. Milner‐Gulland
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordNew Radcliffe House, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock RoadOxfordOX2 6GGU.K.
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19
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Goggin CL, Barrett T, Leys J, Summerell G, Gorrod E, Waters S, Littleboy M, Auld TD, Drielsma MJ, Jenkins BR. Incorporating social dimensions in planning, managing and evaluating environmental projects. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 63:215-232. [PMID: 30635681 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-01131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most conservation research aims to inform management of environmental challenges, but scientific evidence is used inconsistently in environmental programmes and practice. We used semi-structured retrospective interviews to ask 12 environmental scientists and 14 practitioners (land managers, park rangers, project managers and planners from natural resource management agencies) about factors that facilitated and hindered the use of scientific input during 15 environmental projects. We used the common factors from interviews to develop a process model describing how scientific input informs programmes and practice. The model emphasised the social dimensions of environmental projects which are often overlooked when these projects are planned, managed and evaluated. It highlighted the pivotal role of relationships in achieving outcomes which include creating practical, useful products and tools, and robust, credible and trusted evidence. By clarifying the process of how scientific knowledge informs environmental programmes and practice, the model enabled us to provide guidance about how to undertake transdisciplinary work and suggest indicators to track progress. Although derived from environmental projects, the guidance is likely to apply to other fields, particularly where different disciplines work together.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Louise Goggin
- Office of Environment and Heritage New South Wales (OEH), W001, University of New England, Trevenna Road, Armidale, New South Wales (NSW), 2351, Australia.
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - Thomas Barrett
- Office of Environment and Heritage New South Wales (OEH), W001, University of New England, Trevenna Road, Armidale, New South Wales (NSW), 2351, Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - John Leys
- OEH, 9127 Kamilaroi Highway, Gunnedah, NSW, 2380, Australia
| | | | - Emma Gorrod
- OEH, P.O. Box 1002, Dangar, Newcastle, NSW, 2309, Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart Waters
- Twyfords Consulting, P.O. Box 6004, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Mark Littleboy
- Office of Environment and Heritage New South Wales (OEH), W001, University of New England, Trevenna Road, Armidale, New South Wales (NSW), 2351, Australia
| | - Tony D Auld
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- OEH, P.O. Box 1967, Hurstville, NSW, 1481, Australia
- School of Biological Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Michael J Drielsma
- Office of Environment and Heritage New South Wales (OEH), W001, University of New England, Trevenna Road, Armidale, New South Wales (NSW), 2351, Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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20
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Zafra-Calvo N, Garmendia E, Pascual U, Palomo I, Gross-Camp N, Brockington D, Cortes-Vazquez JA, Coolsaet B, Burgess ND. Progress toward Equitably Managed Protected Areas in Aichi Target 11: A Global Survey. Bioscience 2019; 69:191-197. [PMID: 30914829 PMCID: PMC6429033 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Target 11 requires its 193 signatory parties to incorporate social equity into protected area (PA) management by 2020. However, there is limited evidence of progress toward this commitment. We surveyed PA managers, staff, and community representatives involved in the management of 225 PAs worldwide to gather information against 10 equity criteria, including the distribution of benefits and burdens, recognition of rights, diversity of cultural and knowledge systems, and processes of participation in decision-making. Our results show that more than half of the respondents indicated that there are still significant challenges to be addressed in achieving equitably managed PAs, particularly in ensuring effective participation in decision-making, transparent procedures, access to justice in conflicting situations, and the recognition of the rights and diversity of local people. Our findings are a first and fundamental contribution toward a global assessment of equitable management in PAs to report on Aichi Target 11 in 2020 and help define the next set of PA targets from 2020–2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Zafra-Calvo
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Parque Científico de UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Eneko Garmendia
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Parque Científico de UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Applied Economics I, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Unai Pascual
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Parque Científico de UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, the Basque Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Palomo
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Parque Científico de UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Social-Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Gross-Camp
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Brockington
- Sheffield Institute for International Development, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brendan Coolsaet
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.,European School of Political and Social Sciences, Lille Catholic University, Lille, France
| | - Neil David Burgess
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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21
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Marler TE. Tree conservation can be constrained by agents from conservation permitting and funding agencies. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:133-143. [PMID: 31528243 PMCID: PMC6735646 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1654348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent conservation actions for Serianthes nelsonii Merr. and Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill in the Mariana Islands have illuminated some negative consequences associated with ill-informed agents representing permitting and funding agencies. Several cases from the islands of Guam and Tinian are discussed as ineffective conservation examples, and these are countered with two examples of successful conservation approaches. When biologists that act as points of contact for federal permitting and funding agencies do not possess education, knowledge, and experience that is germane to federally listed species, sound science may be marginalized from the conservation agenda. When rapid turnover of federal conservation agents introduces dysfunction, discontinuities in collaborations may thwart success. When lapses in conservation contracts are allowed, short-term extemporary contracting approaches are utilized, and conservation practitioners that lack the ability to include an experimental approach to conservation actions are employed, the co-production of new knowledge to enable decision support tools for future decision-makers may be hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Marler
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, USA
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22
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Participation, Power, and Equity: Examining Three Key Social Dimensions of Fisheries Comanagement. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10093324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Comanagement of natural resources is a well-established approach to the management of common-pool resources such as small-scale fisheries, operating in multiple contexts and settings for over two decades. These programs are expected to be adaptable and promote social and ecological benefits, such as sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity goals. As programs mature, it is important to consider how some core principles of comanagement have manifested in practice, as well as whether they deliver on these promised benefits. Drawing from the conservation, small-scale fisheries, and fisheries management literature, this paper examines three fundamental principles of fisheries comanagement: participation, equity, and power. The conceptualization, definitions, and measures of each theme are presented, with discussion of the current gaps in the literature. We also demonstrate the deep interrelationships between these key dimensions of comanagement, and the need for greater attention to their combined influence on comanagement outcomes and processes. While the literature offers foundational ideas for incorporating these themes into fisheries comanagement practice, tethering these concepts to clear, but context-specific goals and practices is essential for improving social outcomes. We find that key goals of fisheries comanagement could be impeded by the lack of depth in addressing these themes in practice, and suggest the need for greater critical attention to their expressions in comanagement processes.
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23
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Fairness and Transparency Are Required for the Inclusion of Privately Protected Areas in Publicly Accessible Conservation Databases. LAND 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/land7030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the contribution that privately-owned land makes to conservation efforts, and governments are increasingly counting privately protected areas (PPAs) towards their international conservation commitments. The public availability of spatial data on countries’ conservation estates is important for broad-scale conservation planning and monitoring and for evaluating progress towards targets. Yet there has been limited consideration of how PPA data is reported to national and international protected area databases, particularly whether such reporting is transparent and fair (i.e., equitable) to the landholders involved. Here we consider PPA reporting procedures from three countries with high numbers of PPAs—Australia, South Africa, and the United States—illustrating the diversity within and between countries regarding what data is reported and the transparency with which it is reported. Noting a potential tension between landholder preferences for privacy and security of their property information and the benefit of sharing this information for broader conservation efforts, we identify the need to consider equity in PPA reporting processes. Unpacking potential considerations and tensions into distributional, procedural, and recognitional dimensions of equity, we propose a series of broad principles to foster transparent and fair reporting. Our approach for navigating the complexity and context-dependency of equity considerations will help strengthen PPA reporting and facilitate the transparent integration of PPAs into broader conservation efforts.
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