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Jensen MB, Alinaghi F, Chen I, Hedberg JF, Hedberg YS, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Chromium and cobalt in leather: A Danish market survey. Contact Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 39073126 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leather has been a significant source of chromium (Cr) allergy in Denmark since the 1990s. More recently, cobalt (Co) allergy has been identified in leather as a source of allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES To measure Cr and Co levels in Danish leather goods. METHODS A total of 87 leather samples were collected, all tanned in Europe. Handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) device was used to screen for the presence of Cr and Co. The 20 leather samples with the highest concentrations of Co and Co were tested using International Organization for Standardization (ISO)-standards. RESULTS XRF analysis showed Cr in 78/87 (83.9%) samples and Co in 52/87 (59.7%), with average concentrations of 41 mg/kg (range: 0.0-77 mg/kg) and 0.22 mg/kg (range: 0.0-2.9 mg/kg), respectively. ISO 10195 and 17 075-1 testing identified Cr (VI) in 7 out of 20 samples (1.4; 0.3-4.2 mg/kg), while ISO 17072-1 detected Co in 6 of 20 samples, averaging 3.95 mg/kg (range: 0.22-7.9 mg/kg). CONCLUSION Most leather samples contained Cr, which was expected, while Cr (VI) was detectable in seven out of twenty tested samples but only detected in one product above the regulatory limit of 3 mg/kg. A potentially significant concentration was found for Co.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bak Jensen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Farzad Alinaghi
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ivan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonas F Hedberg
- Surface Science Western, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yolanda S Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Surface Science Western, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Silverberg JI, Patel N, Warshaw EM, DeKoven JG, Belsito DV, Atwater AR, Taylor JS, Sasseville D, Reeder MJ, Houle MC, DeLeo VA, Maibach HI, Fowler JF, Zug KA, Pratt MD. Patch Testing With Cobalt in Adults: A North American Contact Dermatitis Group Experience, 2001-2018. Dermatitis 2023; 34:209-217. [PMID: 37205858 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cobalt is a recognized cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD); however, detailed information on patient characteristics, sites, and sources is lacking. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess trends in patch test reactions to cobalt and associated patient characteristics, common sources, and body sites affected. Methods: The study used a retrospective analysis of adult patients who were patch tested to cobalt by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group between 2001 and 2018 (n = 41,730). Results: Overall, 2986 (7.2%) and 1362 (3.3%) had allergic or currently relevant patch test reaction to cobalt, respectively. Patients with versus without an allergic patch test reaction to cobalt were more likely to be female, employed, have a history of eczema or asthma, be Black, Hispanic, or Asian, and have occupational-related dermatitis. The most commonly identified sources of cobalt in allergic patients included jewelry, belts, and cement, concrete, and mortar. Affected body site(s) varied by cobalt source among patients with currently relevant reactions. Occupational relevance was found in 16.9% of patients with positive reactions. Conclusions: Positive patch test reactions to cobalt were common. The most common body sites were the hands, and affected site varied by the source of cobalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ian Silverberg
- From the Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nisha Patel
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota
- Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, MN
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Marie-Claude Houle
- Division of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Laval University, Canada
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco
| | | | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
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Silverberg JI, Patel N, Warshaw EM, Maibach HI, Belsito DV, DeKoven JG, Zug KA, Taylor JS, Sasseville D, DeLeo VA, Pratt MD, Reeder MJ, Atwater AR, Fowler JF, Houle MC. Patch testing with Cobalt in Children and Adolescents: North American Contact Dermatitis Group experience, 2001 to 2018. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:420-429. [PMID: 35801686 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to cobalt is more common in children and adolescents than adults. However, detailed information on sites and sources of cobalt ACD are limited. OBJECTIVES To assess trends in positive and clinically relevant patch test reactions to cobalt in children and associated patient characteristics, common sources, and body sites affected. METHODS A retrospective analysis of children (<18 years) patch tested to cobalt by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group between 2001-2018. RESULTS Of 1,919 children patch tested, 228 (11.9%) and 127 (6.6%) had a positive/allergic or currently relevant patch test reaction to cobalt, respectively. The most common primary body sites affected were scattered generalized (30.0%), face, not otherwise specified (NOS, 10.6%), and trunk (10.1%). Patients with allergic and currently relevant allergic patch test reactions were more likely to have a primary site of trunk (P=.0160 and P=.0008) ears (P=.0005 and P<.0001). Affected body site(s) varied by cobalt source among patients with currently relevant reactions, especially for less common sources. The most commonly identified sources of cobalt included jewelry, belts, and clothing. CONCLUSIONS Positive patch test reactions to cobalt were common in children. Most common body site was scattered generalized and the sources of cobalt varied by body site. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington D.C., USA; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nisha Patel
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Marie-Claude Houle
- Division of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Shoe Allergens: A Retrospective Analysis of Cross-sectional Data From the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2005-2018. Dermatitis 2022; 33:62-69. [PMID: 35029350 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoe contact allergy can be difficult to diagnose and manage. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to characterize demographics, clinical characteristics, patch test results, and occupational data for the North American Contact Dermatitis Group patients with shoe contact allergy. METHODS This is a retrospective study of 33,661 patients, patch tested from 2005 to 2018, with a shoe source, foot as 1 of 3 sites of dermatitis, and final primary diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-two patients met the inclusion criteria. They were more likely to be male (odds ratio = 3.36, confidence interval = 2.71-4.17) and less likely to be older than 40 years (odds ratio = 0.49, confidence interval = 0.40-0.61) compared with others with positive patch test reactions. The most common relevant North American Contact Dermatitis Group screening allergens were potassium dichromate (29.8%), p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (20.1%), thiuram mix (13.3%), mixed dialkyl thioureas (12.6%), and carba mix (12%). A total of 29.8% (105/352) had positive patch test reactions to supplemental allergens, and 12.2% (43/352) only had reactions to supplemental allergens. CONCLUSIONS Shoe contact allergy was more common in younger and male patients. Potassium dichromate and p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin were the top shoe allergens. Testing supplemental allergens, personal care products, and shoe components should be part of a comprehensive evaluation of suspected shoe contact allergy.
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Silverberg JI, Hou A, Warshaw EM, DeKoven JG, Maibach HI, Belsito DV, Zug KA, Taylor JS, Sasseville D, Dunnick CA, Houle MC, Atwater AR, Reeder MJ, DeLeo VA, Pratt MD, Fowler JF, Zirwas MJ, Marks JG. Age-related differences in patch testing results among children: Analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 2001-2018. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:818-826. [PMID: 34314743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An updated understanding of allergic contact dermatitis is needed, particularly in children. OBJECTIVES To compare positive and clinically relevant reactions in children versus adults referred for patch testing. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 1871 children and 41,699 adults from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) from 2001-2018. RESULTS Both final diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (55.2% versus 57.3%; chi square, P = .0716) and prevalence of ≥ 1 currently relevant reaction to a NACDG screening allergen (49.2% vs 52.2%; P = .1178) were similar between children and adults. Currently in children, the most common relevant allergens were nickel sulfate (17.3%), hydroperoxides of linalool (7.8%), methylisothiazolinone (7.7%), cobalt chloride (7.0%), and fragrance mix I (4.9%). Approximately a fifth of children had a positive reaction to a non-NACDG allergen. CONCLUSION Over half of children referred for patch testing were diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis. The most common relevant allergens in children were nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride, and hydroperoxides of linalool. Twenty percent of children had at least 1 positive reaction to allergens/substances not on the NACDG screening series, underscoring the need for comprehensive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Alexander Hou
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - James S Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cory A Dunnick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marie-Claude Houle
- Division of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph F Fowler
- Division of Dermatology University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew J Zirwas
- Department of Dermatology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James G Marks
- Department of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Traidl S, Werfel T, Ruëff F, Simon D, Lang C, Geier J. Patch test results in patients with suspected contact allergy to shoes: Retrospective IVDK data analysis 2009-2018. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:297-306. [PMID: 33882155 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis caused by shoes is common and new relevant allergens have been identified. OBJECTIVES To investigate the pattern of type IV sensitization in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis of the feet related to shoes as a presumed culprit trigger. METHODS Retrospective analysis of data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2009-2018. RESULTS Six hundred twenty-five patients with presumed shoe dermatitis were identified in a cohort of 119 417 patients. Compared to patients with suspected contact sensitization from other allergen sources (n = 118 792), study group patients were more frequently sensitized to potassium dichromate (10.8% vs 3.5%), colophony (7.2% vs 3.7%), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT; 4.0% vs 0.6%), mercapto mix (4.6% vs 0.6%), and p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (1.6% vs 0.5%). Sensitizations to urea formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin, glutaraldehyde, tricresyl phosphate, and phenyl glycidylether were rare. Moreover, reactions to compounds in the leather or textile dyes test series were scarce. CONCLUSION A distinct sensitization pattern was observed in patients with suspected allergy to shoe materials. Although substances with low sensitization rates should be removed from the leather and shoe patch test series, novel potential allergens should be added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Traidl
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Ruëff
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lang
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Chemical Methods for Detection of Allergens and Skin Exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Goossens A, Taylor JS. Contact Allergy to Shoes. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Neale H, Garza-Mayers AC, Tam I, Yu J. Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis. Part I: Clinical features and common contact allergens in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:235-244. [PMID: 33217510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to environmental allergens, has a prevalence that is similar in children and adults. However, diagnostic testing for ACD in pediatric populations accounts for less than one tenth of all patch tests. The relative infrequency of pediatric patch testing may be attributed to the difficulty in testing in this population, which includes a smaller surface area for patch test placement and maintaining cooperation during patch testing, especially in younger children. Diagnosis can be difficult in children because the appearance of ACD can mimic other common pediatric skin conditions, particularly atopic dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. Comprehensive history taking, guided by patient presentation, age group, and location of dermatitis, helps build clinical suspicion. Such clinical suspicion is one of the major reasons behind patch testing, with additional indications being recalcitrant dermatitis and dermatitis with atypical distribution. US pediatric data have shown the top allergens to be metals, fragrances, topical antibiotics, preservatives, and emollients. These trends are important to recognize to guide management and accurate diagnosis, because ACD tends to persist if the allergen is not identified and can affect patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Neale
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Cristina Garza-Mayers
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Idy Tam
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - JiaDe Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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10
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Goossens A, Taylor JS. Contact Allergy to Shoes. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_41-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Chemical Methods for Detection of Allergens and Skin Exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_27-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Magrone T, Russo MA, Jirillo E. Impact of Heavy Metals on Host Cells: Special Focus on Nickel-Mediated Pathologies and Novel Interventional Approaches. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:1041-1058. [PMID: 31782370 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191129120253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metals [arsenic, aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel (Ni), palladium and titanium] are environmental contaminants able to impact with host human cells, thus, leading to severe damage. OBJECTIVE In this review, the detrimental effects of several heavy metals on human organs will be discussed and special emphasis will be placed on Ni. In particular, Ni is able to interact with Toll-like receptor-4 on immune and non-immune cells, thus, triggering the cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Then, inflammatory and allergic reactions mediated by Ni will be illustrated within different organs, even including the central nervous system, airways and the gastrointestinal system. DISCUSSION Different therapeutic strategies have been adopted to mitigate Ni-induced inflammatoryallergic reactions. In this context, the ability of polyphenols to counteract the inflammatory pathway induced by Ni on peripheral blood leukocytes from Ni-sensitized patients will be outlined. In particular, polyphenols are able to decrease serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17, while increasing levels of IL- 10. These data suggest that the equilibrium between T regulatory cells and T helper 17 cells is recovered with IL-10 acting as an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the same context, polyphenols reduced elevated serum levels of nitric oxide, thus, expressing their anti-oxidant potential. Finally, the carcinogenic potential of heavy metals, even including Ni, will be highlighted. CONCLUSION Heavy metals, particularly Ni, are spread in the environment. Nutritional approaches seem to represent a novel option in the treatment of Ni-induced damage and, among them, polyphenols should be taken into consideration for their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo A Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Alinaghi F, Friis UF, Deleuran MG, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Exposure analysis using X‐ray fluorescence device and a cobalt spot test in four patients with cobalt allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:67-69. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Alinaghi
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Ulrik F. Friis
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Maja G. Deleuran
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
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14
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Rodríguez-Jiménez P, Descalzo MA, Giménez Arnau AM, Silvestre JF, García Gavín J, Fernández Redondo V, Ruiz González I, Mercader García P, Armario-Hita JC, Sánchez-Pérez J. Trend of relevant contact allergens of the feet in Spain over a period of 10 years. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:211-217. [PMID: 31625171 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) of the feet accounts for approximately 10% of all patch tested patients. OBJECTIVE To study the clinical profile of patients with feet dermatitis and relevant contact allergens in Spain over a 10-year period. METHODS Retrospective observational study of patients with suspected ACD from the GEIDAC (Spanish Research Group on Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy) baseline series from eight hospitals in Spain between 2004 and 2014. The clinical data collected from each patient were age, sex, occupation, history of atopic dermatitis, and eczema location. RESULTS A total of 450 cases clinically presented dermatitis affecting the feet; of these, 41% of were males and 5.6% were suspected to be of occupational origin. As much as 47% were diagnosed with ACD, 20% with atopic dermatitis/dyshidrotic eczema, and 5% with psoriasis. The "feet group" included statistically significantly more females in the age range of 21 to 60 years. The most frequent relevant contact allergens were potassium dichromate, cobalt(II) chloride, p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin, mercapto mix, and mercaptobenzothiazole. CONCLUSIONS ACD is the most frequent clinical diagnosis of feet dermatitis in our series. The most frequent allergens are similar to those published in other series of foot ACD in Europe and the trend has not changed in the studied decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A Descalzo
- Dermatology department, Unidad de Investigación Fundación Piel Sana de la Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan F Silvestre
- Dermatology department, Hospital Universitario General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pedro Mercader García
- Dermatology department, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Alinaghi F, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Causative exposures and temporal development of cobalt allergy in Denmark between 2002 and 2017. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:242-248. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Alinaghi
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
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16
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Stingeni L, Bianchi L, Hansel K, Corazza M, Gallo R, Guarneri F, Patruno C, Rigano L, Romita P, Pigatto PD, Calzavara-Pinton P. Italian Guidelines in Patch Testing - adapted from the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD). GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 154:227-253. [DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.19.06301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Chemical Methods for Detection of Allergens and Skin Exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_27-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Shoes. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_41-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Hamann CR, Hamann D, Simonsen AB, Zachariae C, Johansen JD, Thyssen JP. Cobalt content of a convenience sample of leather shoes and gloves in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:248-249. [PMID: 30460708 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten R Hamann
- Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Anne B Simonsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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20
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Simonsen AB, Friis UF, Johansen JD, Zachariae C, Sloth JJ, Thyssen JP. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by cobalt in machine oil. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:59-61. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B. Simonsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Ulrik F. Friis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre; Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre; Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jens J. Sloth
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark; Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; Hellerup Denmark
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21
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Bregnbak D, Opstrup MS, Jellesen MS, Johansen JD, Thyssen JP. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by cobalt in leather - clinical cases. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 76:366-368. [PMID: 28497626 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bregnbak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, Denmark
| | - Morten S Opstrup
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, Denmark
| | - Morten S Jellesen
- Materials and Surface Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, Denmark
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22
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Lejding T, Mowitz M, Isaksson M, Bruze M, Pontén A, Svedman C, Zimerson E, Engfeldt M. A retrospective investigation of hexavalent chromium allergy in southern Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:386-392. [PMID: 29572843 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, allergic contact dermatitis caused by hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in cement was the most common cause of invalidity attributable to skin disease in Sweden. Since the legislation to reduce Cr(VI) in cement was introduced in 1989, we rarely see allergic contact dermatitis caused by cement. OBJECTIVES To examine the frequency of contact allergy to Cr(VI) in southern Sweden in 2005-2014. METHODS We investigated the occurrence of positive reactions to potassium dichromate 0.5% pet. in consecutively tested dermatitis patients, and compared the occurrence of atopic dermatitis, localization of dermatitis and simultaneous positive reactions to cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate in the Cr(VI)-positive patients with those in a group of patients with a similar age and sex distribution. RESULTS In total, 6482 patients were tested, and 233 Cr(VI)-allergic individuals were found (3.6%). A significantly higher proportion of atopic dermatitis was found among Cr(VI)-allergic patients, and a significantly higher share of foot dermatitis was found among Cr(VI)-allergic women, than among controls. Cr(VI) allergy was less likely when both nickel allergy and cobalt allergy were present. CONCLUSION A relatively high frequency of contact allergy to Cr(VI) was found. The cause has shifted from cement exposure to other exposures, probably mainly leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lejding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
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23
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Ortiz-Salvador JM, Esteve-Martínez A, García-Rabasco A, Subiabre-Ferrer D, Martínez-Leboráns L, Zaragoza-Ninet V. Dermatitis of the Foot: Epidemiologic and Clinical Features in 389 Children. Pediatr Dermatol 2017; 34:535-539. [PMID: 28730653 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Footwear dermatitis is a form of contact dermatitis resulting from exposure to shoes. There have been only small studies regarding foot contact dermatitis in children. The present study was undertaken to define the prevalence and epidemiologic and clinical features of shoe dermatitis in children. METHODS A retrospective study was undertaken of all children referred for patch testing between 1996 and 2015. Children with dermatitis limited to the feet were selected. RESULTS We collected data from 389 children younger than 16 years, 52 of whom (13.4%) were referred with dermatitis exclusively on the feet. Diagnosis after patch testing was allergic contact dermatitis in 23 children (44.2%), atopic eczema in 12 (23.1%), juvenile plantar dermatosis in 8 (15.4%), dyshidrotic eczema in 6 (11.5%), irritant contact dermatitis in 2 (3.8%), and tinea pedis in 1 (1.9%). The most frequent allergens were potassium dichromate, thimerosal, cobalt chloride, mercapto mix, colophonium, mercury, and nickel(II) sulfate. CONCLUSION Allergic contact dermatitis caused by footwear is a common cause of foot dermatitis in children. Children with foot dermatitis should be referred for patch testing when an allergic origin is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana García-Rabasco
- Dermatology Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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24
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Leyssens L, Vinck B, Van Der Straeten C, Wuyts F, Maes L. Cobalt toxicity in humans-A review of the potential sources and systemic health effects. Toxicology 2017; 387:43-56. [PMID: 28572025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) and its compounds are widely distributed in nature and are part of numerous anthropogenic activities. Although cobalt has a biologically necessary role as metal constituent of vitamin B12, excessive exposure has been shown to induce various adverse health effects. This review provides an extended overview of the possible Co sources and related intake routes, the detection and quantification methods for Co intake and the interpretation thereof, and the reported health effects. The Co sources were allocated to four exposure settings: occupational, environmental, dietary and medical exposure. Oral intake of Co supplements and internal exposure through metal-on-metal (MoM) hip implants deliver the highest systemic Co concentrations. The systemic health effects are characterized by a complex clinical syndrome, mainly including neurological (e.g. hearing and visual impairment), cardiovascular and endocrine deficits. Recently, a biokinetic model has been proposed to characterize the dose-response relationship and effects of chronic exposure. According to the model, health effects are unlikely to occur at blood Co concentrations under 300μg/l (100μg/l respecting a safety factor of 3) in healthy individuals, hematological and endocrine dysfunctions are the primary health endpoints, and chronic exposure to acceptable doses is not expected to pose considerable health hazards. However, toxic reactions at lower doses have been described in several cases of malfunctioning MoM hip implants, which may be explained by certain underlying pathologies that increase the individual susceptibility for Co-induced systemic toxicity. This may be associated with a decrease in Co bound to serum proteins and an increase in free ionic Co2+. As the latter is believed to be the primary toxic form, monitoring of the free fraction of Co2+ might be advisable for future risk assessment. Furthermore, future research should focus on longitudinal studies in the clinical setting of MoM hip implant patients to further elucidate the dose-response discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Leyssens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent (Belgium), Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University Hospital Ghent, policlinic 1 floor 2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bart Vinck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent (Belgium), Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University Hospital Ghent, policlinic 1 floor 2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria (South Africa), Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Aula Theatre,University Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Catherine Van Der Straeten
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Musculoskeletal Sciences and Technology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus,7L21 Lab Block, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent (Belgium), De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Floris Wuyts
- Antwerp University Research center for Equilibrium and Aerospace (AUREA), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Antwerp, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Physics, University of Antwerp (Belgium), Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Leen Maes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent (Belgium), Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University Hospital Ghent, policlinic 1 floor 2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Clinical audiology department, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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26
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Aerts O, Meert H, Romaen E, Leysen J, Matthieu L, Apers S, Lambert J, Goossens A. Octylisothiazolinone, an additional cause of allergic contact dermatitis caused by leather: case series and potential implications for the study of cross-reactivity with methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:276-284. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Antwerp and University of Antwerp; 2650 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Hans Meert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Natural Products and Food - Research and Analysis (NatuRA); University of Antwerp; 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Elien Romaen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Natural Products and Food - Research and Analysis (NatuRA); University of Antwerp; 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Julie Leysen
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Antwerp and University of Antwerp; 2650 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Lucretia Matthieu
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Antwerp and University of Antwerp; 2650 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Sandra Apers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Natural Products and Food - Research and Analysis (NatuRA); University of Antwerp; 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Julien Lambert
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Antwerp and University of Antwerp; 2650 Antwerp Belgium
| | - An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospitals KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven Belgium
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27
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Leather Contains Cobalt and Poses a Risk of Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Cobalt Indicator Solution and X-ray Florescence Spectrometry as Screening Tests. Dermatitis 2016; 27:202-7. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Belloni Fortina A, Fontana E, Peserico A. Contact Sensitization in Children: A Retrospective Study of 2,614 Children from a Single Center. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:399-404. [PMID: 27241536 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact sensitization in children is more common than previously thought, but few studies have been performed on a large population assessed by the same team. The objective was to evaluate contact sensitization in children with suspected contact dermatitis, the relationship with atopic dermatitis (AD), and the most common allergens. METHODS The same team patch tested 2,614 children younger than 11 years old with a standard series of 30 allergens. RESULTS A total of 1220 children (46.7%) developed at least one positive reaction, 606 of which were clinically relevant (49.7%). The most frequent reactions were to nickel sulfate (22.7%), cobalt chloride (11.1%), potassium dichromate (9.9%), neomycin sulfate (5.2%), thimerosal (4.2%), cocamidopropyl betaine (3.4%), and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (3.2%). The prevalence of contact sensitization was similar in children with (47.3%) and without (46.1%) AD. Children with AD had a higher prevalence of positive reactions to potassium dichromate (p < 0.001), Compositae mix (p = 0.01), and disperse blue (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Contact sensitization is quite common in young children. This study adds some information on the most common contact allergens. A similar prevalence of positive patch test reactions was found in children with and without AD, but children with AD had a greater prevalence of positive patch test reactions to potassium dichromate, Compositae mix, and disperse blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Belloni Fortina
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Peserico
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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29
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Lidén C, Andersson N, Julander A, Matura M. Cobalt allergy: suitable test concentration, and concomitant reactivity to nickel and chromium. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:360-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council; 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anneli Julander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mihály Matura
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Stockholm County Council and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
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31
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Schwensen JF, Bregnbak D, Johansen JD. Recent trends in epidemiology, sensitization and legal requirements of selected relevant contact allergens. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:289-300. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1120159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob F. Schwensen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - David Bregnbak
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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32
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Fischer LA, Johansen JD, Voelund A, Lidén C, Julander A, Midander K, Menné T, Thyssen JP. Elicitation threshold of cobalt chloride: analysis of patch test dose-response studies. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:105-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise A. Fischer
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Aage Voelund
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; SE-171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anneli Julander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; SE-171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Klara Midander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; SE-171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Torkil Menné
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
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33
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Moretto A. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium in leather: What should be done? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:681-6. [PMID: 26361854 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trivalent chromium compounds are used for leather tanning, and chromium may be released during use of leather goods. In certain instances, small amounts of hexavalent chromium can be formed and released. Both trivalent and hexavalent chromium can elicit allergic skin reaction in chromium sensitised subjects, the latter being significantly more potent. Induction of sensitisation only occurs after exposure to hexavalent chromium. A minority of subjects are sensitised to chromium, and in a fraction of these subjects allergic skin reaction have been described after wearing leather shoes or, less frequently, other leather goods. The evidence that in all these cases the reaction is related to hexavalent chromium is not always strong. The content of hexavalent chromium in leather is regulated in European Union, but rate of release rather than content is relevant for allergic skin reaction. The role of trivalent chromium appear much less relevant if at all. Modern tanning procedure do not pose significant risk due to either hexavalent or trivalent chromium. Dismissing bad quality and worn-off leather goods is relevant in reducing or eliminating the skin reaction. It should also be pointed out that shoe components or substances other than chromium in leather may cause allergic/irritative skin reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Moretto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche (Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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34
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Johansen JD, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, Andersen KE, Bircher A, Bruze M, Cannavó A, Giménez-Arnau A, Gonçalo M, Goossens A, John SM, Lidén C, Lindberg M, Mahler V, Matura M, Rustemeyer T, Serup J, Spiewak R, Thyssen JP, Vigan M, White IR, Wilkinson M, Uter W. European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch testing - recommendations on best practice. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:195-221. [PMID: 26179009 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present guideline summarizes all aspects of patch testing for the diagnosis of contact allergy in patients suspected of suffering, or having been suffering, from allergic contact dermatitis or other delayed-type hypersensitivity skin and mucosal conditions. Sections with brief descriptions and discussions of different pertinent topics are followed by a highlighted short practical recommendation. Topics comprise, after an introduction with important definitions, materials, technique, modifications of epicutaneous testing, individual factors influencing the patch test outcome or necessitating special considerations, children, patients with occupational contact dermatitis and drug eruptions as special groups, patch testing of materials brought in by the patient, adverse effects of patch testing, and the final evaluation and patient counselling based on this judgement. Finally, short reference is made to aspects of (continuing) medical education and to electronic collection of data for epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tove Agner
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus E Andersen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Andreas Bircher
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alicia Cannavó
- Hospital Municipal de Vicente López 'Profesor Bernard Houssay', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - An Goossens
- Contact Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, Health Theory, University of Osnabrueck, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindberg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Örebro, SE-70185 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Vera Mahler
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mihály Matura
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, SLSO, SE-11365 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Radoslaw Spiewak
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Martine Vigan
- Department of Dermatology, CHRU Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Ian R White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Bregnbak D, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP. Occupational exposure to metallic cobalt in a baker. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 72:118-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bregnbak
- National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Niels Andersens Vej 65 Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Niels Andersens Vej 65 Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Niels Andersens Vej 65 Denmark
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36
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Bregnbak D, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Menné T, Johansen JD. Association between cobalt allergy and dermatitis caused by leather articles - a questionnaire study. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 72:106-14. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bregnbak
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900, Niels Andersens Vej 65 Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900, Niels Andersens Vej 65 Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900, Niels Andersens Vej 65 Denmark
| | - Torkil Menné
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900, Niels Andersens Vej 65 Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900, Niels Andersens Vej 65 Denmark
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Uter W, Gefeller O, Geier J, Schnuch A. Contact sensitization to cobalt - multifactorial analysis of risk factors based on long-term data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:326-37. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; D-91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; D-91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; D-37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; D-37075 Göttingen Germany
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38
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Uter W, Schmid M, Schmidt O, Bock C, Wolter J. Cobalt release from earrings and piercing jewellery - analytical results of a German survey. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 70:369-75. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen/Nürnberg; D-91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen/Nürnberg; D-91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety; Institute for Consumer Products; D-21339 Lüneburg Germany
| | - Constance Bock
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory; D-10557 Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg Wolter
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; D-18059 Rostock Germany
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