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Botvid S, Bennike NH, Simonsen AB, Johansen JD, Uter W. Contact sensitization to fragrance mix I and fragrance mix II among European dermatitis patients: A systematic review. Contact Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 38945918 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrance substances are a frequent cause of contact allergy worldwide. Fragrance exposure varies by sex, age and possibly country, influenced by cosmetic availability, environmental conditions and cultural practices. OBJECTIVES To systematically review and gather prevalence of sensitization to fragrance mix I (FM I) and fragrance mix II (FM II) in consecutively patch-tested European dermatitis patients. METHOD A total of 4134 publications on patch test results of European dermatitis patients, published from 1981 to 2022, were systematically reviewed according to a previously registered and published PROSPERO protocol. RESULTS Eighty-four eligible original articles were analysed. Overall prevalence of sensitization to fragrance mix I (FM I) was 6.81% (95% CI: 6.37-7.28), and FM II was 3.64% (95% CI: 3.3-4.01). Sensitization to FM I was most prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe and to FM II in Western Europe. No clear time trends were observed. Among paediatric dermatitis patients, sensitization prevalence for FM I and FM II was 4.09% (95% CI: 3.37-4.96) and 2.17% (95% CI: 1.53-3.07). CONCLUSION The frequency of positive patch test results for both FMI and FMII remains high. Sensitization is also prevalent among children. Enhanced regulation and labelling of cosmetic products play a vital role in averting exposure and sensitization to fragrance allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Botvid
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H Bennike
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne Birgitte Simonsen
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Maddalon A, Pierzchalski A, Krause JL, Bauer M, Finckh S, Brack W, Zenclussen AC, Marinovich M, Corsini E, Krauss M, Herberth G. Impact of chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents on human immune cell activation: An effect-based analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167495. [PMID: 37804965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to many different chemicals on a daily basis, mostly as chemical mixtures, usually from food, consumer products and the environment. Wastewater treatment plant effluent contains mixtures of chemicals that have been discarded or excreted by humans and not removed by water treatment. These effluents contribute directly to water pollution, they are used in agriculture and may affect human health. The possible effect of such chemical mixtures on the immune system has not been characterized. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extracts obtained from four European wastewater treatment plant effluents on human primary immune cell activation. METHODS Immune cells were exposed to the effluent extracts and modulation of cell activation was performed by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Messenger-RNA (mRNA) expression of genes related to immune system and hormone receptors was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS The exposure of immune cells to these extracts, containing 339 detected chemicals, significantly reduced the activation of human lymphocytes, mainly affecting T helper and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. In addition, basophil activation was also altered upon mixture exposure. Concerning mRNA expression, we observed that 12 transcripts were down-regulated by at least one extract while 11 were up-regulated. Correlation analyses between the analyzed immune parameters and the concentration of chemicals in the WWTP extracts, highlighted the most immunomodulatory chemicals. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that the mixture of chemicals present in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants could be considered as immunosuppressive, due to their ability to interfere with the activation of immune cells, a process of utmost importance for the functionality of the immune system. The combined approach of immune effect-based analysis and chemical content analysis used in our study provides a useful tool for investigating the effect of environmental mixtures on the human immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Maddalon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Arkadiusz Pierzchalski
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jannike Lea Krause
- Schwiete Laboratory for Microbiota and Inflammation, German Rheumatism Research (DRFZ), Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saskia Finckh
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ana C Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Perinatal Immunology Research Group, Medical Faculty, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Botvid S, Simonsen AB, Jørgensen C, Müller S, Kirkeby CS, Christensen AB, Johansen JD. Fragrance allergens in cosmetic products marketed for children in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:374-381. [PMID: 37591237 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances are among the most common contact allergens in children. Cosmetic products are the most frequent source of skin exposure. OBJECTIVE To investigate exposure to fragrance allergens among Danish children, based on a sample of 1179 cosmetic products marketed for children. METHODS Information regarding cosmetic products marketed to children was obtained using a non-profit smartphone application registry, with data from December 2015 to November 2022. RESULTS The number of validated products was 26 537, of which 1349 marketed for children. After elimination of duplicates, 1179 (4.4%) individual products remained. The majority 53.8% (634/1179) of the products were fragranced. The highest frequency of declared fragrances was found in 'Facial care'-products: 93.0% (80/86), of which 97.7% were lip balms. The highest number of labelled fragrances in one single product (n = 16) was found in a baby perfume. Fragrance mix I (FMI) or II (FMII) allergens were found in 25.3% (298/1179) of the products. Limonene and linalool were the two most frequently labelled fragrance allergens. CONCLUSION Children can be exposed to a vast number of fragrance allergens from scented cosmetic products. Allergens from FM I and FMII are widely used in cosmetic products marketed to children. Patch testing with FMI and FMII remains relevant in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Botvid
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Birgitte Simonsen
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Claus Jørgensen
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stine Müller
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Beck Christensen
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Comstedt LR, Siemund I, Dahlin J, Bruze M, Svedman C. Effects of aluminium chloride added to common patch test substances. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:456-462. [PMID: 36840428 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A modulating effect of aluminium regarding type IV reactions might exist but has not been further investigated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on patch test reactions when adding aluminium chloride hexahydrate (Al-Cl) to common test preparations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Al-Cl in different concentrations was added to nickel sulphate 15.0% aqua (Ni), methylisothiazolinone 0.2% aqua (MI) and fragrance mix I 10.0% aqua/ethanol (FM I). The Ni preparations were tested in 120 consecutive patients. MI and FM I were tested in participants known to have contact allergy to the respective allergen. McNemar's test was used to decide which Ni preparation had the highest sensitivity. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to calculate pairwise comparison in summarized test score for the preparations with MI and FM I. RESULTS Adding Al-Cl 20.0%/30.0% to Ni identified twice as many patients with contact allergy to nickel compared to Ni without Al-Cl. Adding Al-Cl 20.0%/10.0% to MI, decreased the patch test reactivity compared to MI without Al-Cl. No differences in patch reactivity were noticed when adding Al-Cl to FM I. CONCLUSION Al-Cl 20.0% or 30.0% seems to enhance the patch test reactivity to Ni 15.0% aqua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Rosholm Comstedt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Siemund
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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A proteomics dataset capturing myeloid cell responses upon cellular exposure to fungicides, adjuvants and fungicide formulations. Data Brief 2023; 46:108878. [PMID: 36660445 PMCID: PMC9842852 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the sentinels of the immune system, linking the innate and adaptive immune response. Myeloid and dendritic cell models have been successfully used in in vitro approaches to predict adverse outcomes such as skin sensitization. We here exposed a well-characterized human dendritic cell-like cell line to agricultural chemicals, including fungicide formulations, active ingredients, adjuvants and defined mixtures for 24 h to profile induced changes on protein levels. Cell pellets were harvested and prepared for bottom-up label-free analysis with peptide separation on an EASY-nano LC system 1200 coupled online with a QExactive HF-X mass spectrometer with data-dependent acquisition (DDA). The raw data files and processed quantitative data have been deposited to ProteomeXchange with the data identification number PXD034624 and are described here. The data in this article may serve as a resource for researchers interested in e.g. human toxicology, immunology, cell biology and pharmacology.
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6
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Adjuvants in fungicide formulations can be skin sensitizers and cause different types of cell stress responses. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:2030-2041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gendrisch F, Völkel L, Fluck M, Apostolova P, Zeiser R, Jakob T, Martin SF, Esser PR. IRE1 and PERK signaling regulates inflammatory responses in a murine model of contact hypersensitivity. Allergy 2022; 77:966-978. [PMID: 34314538 DOI: 10.1111/all.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact sensitizers may interfere with correct protein folding. Generation of un-/misfolded proteins can activate the IRE-1 or PERK signaling pathways initiating the unfolded protein response (UPR) and thereby determine inflammatory immune responses. We have analyzed the effect of sensitizers with different potencies on the induction of UPR activation/inhibition and the subsequent generation of a pro-inflammatory micromilieu in vitro as well as the effect of UPR modulation on the inflammatory response in the murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in vivo. METHODS Semi-quantitative and quantitative PCR, fluorescence microscopy, ELISA, NF-κB activation and translocation assays, DC/keratinocyte co-culture assay, FACS, and in vivo CHS experiments were performed. RESULTS Sensitizers and irritants activate IRE-1 and PERK in murine and human keratinocytes. Synergistic effects occur after combination of different weak sensitizers / addition of irritants. Moreover, tolerogenic dinitrothiocyanobenzene can be converted into a strong sensitizer by pre-activation of the UPR. Blocking UPR signaling results in decreased NF-κB activation and cytokine production in keratinocytes and in activation marker downregulation in a HaCaT/THP-1 co-culture. Interestingly, not only systemic but also topical application of UPR inhibitors abrogates CHS responses in vivo. CONCLUSION These observations highlight an important role of the UPR in determination of the inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo further underlining the importance of tissue stress and damage responses in the development of ACD and provide mechanistically based concepts as a basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Gendrisch
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Department of Dermatology Research Center skinitial Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Lukas Völkel
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Melanie Fluck
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Department of Medicine I Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology and Allergology University Medical Center Giessen (UKGM Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Stefan F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Philipp R. Esser
- Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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8
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Martin SF, Esser PR. Innate Immune Mechanisms in Contact Dermatitis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 268:297-310. [PMID: 34173865 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergies are highly prevalent hypersensitivity responses to usually harmless substances. They are mediated by the immune system which causes pathologic responses such as type I (rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic asthma, atopy) or type IV hypersensitivity (allergic contact dermatitis). The different types of allergy are mediated by effector and memory T cells and, in the case of type I hypersensitivity, B cells. A prerequisite for the activation of these cells of the adaptive immune system is the activation of the innate immune system. The resulting inflammation is essential not only for the initiation but also for the elicitation and maintenance of allergies. Great progress has been made in the elucidation of the cellular and molecular pathomechanisms underlying allergen-induced inflammation. It is now recognized that the innate immune system in concert with tissue stress and damage responses orchestrates inflammation. This should enable the development of novel mechanism-based anti-inflammatory treatment strategies as well as of animal-free in vitro assays for the identification and potency classification of contact allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Forschergruppe Allergologie, Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Forschergruppe Allergologie, Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, Botto NC, Morot J, Goldminz AM. Contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34045488 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is among the most common inflammatory dermatological conditions and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD) and protein CD. Occupational CD can be of any type and is the most prevalent occupational skin disease. Each CD type is characterized by different immunological mechanisms and/or requisite exposures. Clinical manifestations of CD vary widely and multiple subtypes may occur simultaneously. The diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, thorough exposure assessment and evaluation with techniques such as patch testing and skin-prick testing. Management is based on patient education, avoidance strategies of specific substances, and topical treatments; in severe or recalcitrant cases, which can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, systemic medications may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Scheinman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dear
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Morot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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De Rentiis AMA, Pink M, Verma N, Schmitz-Spanke S. Assessment of the different skin sensitization potentials of irritants and allergens as single substances and in combination using the KeratinoSens assay. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:317-325. [PMID: 33320367 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People are exposed to mixtures containing allergens and irritants often causing contact dermatitis. Therefore, regulatory authorities require systematic information on the effects of mixtures on the sensitization threshold. In this study a moderate (cinnamal) and a weak (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) allergen were combined with irritants covering different mechanisms of action (sodium dodecyl sulfate, salicylic acid, and α-pinene). For a systematic approach, the single substances were initially tested using the KeratinoSens assay. Thereafter, each allergen was combined with noncytotoxic concentrations of the irritants. METHOD The KeratinoSens assay was applied for the single substances according to OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Test Guideline 442D. Based on these results, three noncytotoxic concentrations of the irritants were selected and applied simultaneously with 12 concentrations of the allergens to the KeratinoSens cells. Sensitization threshold and cytotoxicity were measured and compared with the individual testing. RESULTS The combinations of allergens and irritants differed from the effects of the single substances and lowered the sensitization threshold. The quantitative approach allowed a clear description of the changes which varied by factors between 1.1 and 10.3. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the allergen was the prominent compound in the mixture and its nature appeared to determine the degree of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M A De Rentiis
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Pink
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nisha Verma
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Brans R, Jakasa I, Goc S, John SM, Kezic S. Stratum corneum levels of inflammatory mediators and natural moisturizing factor in patch test reactions to thiurams and fragrances and their possible role in discrimination between irritant and allergic reactions to hapten mixtures. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:299-307. [PMID: 33222241 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patch test (PT) reactions to thiuram mix (TM) and fragrance mix (FM) I or II without concomitant reactions to their single constituents are potentially caused by the irritant properties of the mixes. OBJECTIVE Comparing inflammatory profiles of PT reactions to TM, FM I, FM II, and their constituents and assessing their potential in discrimination of irritant and allergic reactions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Levels of 14 cytokines and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) were determined in stratum corneum samples collected from PT reactions to TM, FM I or II, their constituents, and petrolatum (pet.) control sites in 36 individuals. RESULTS Levels of interleukin (IL)-16, chemokine (CXC motif) ligand (CXCL) 8, CXCL10, chemokine (CC motif) ligand (CCL) 17, and CCL22 were significantly increased in reactions (+, ++) to thiurams and fragrances compared to their petrolatum. controls, except for PT reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing in which, however, decreased levels of NMF were observed. In doubtful reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing, NMF was significantly lower than in petrolatum controls. CONCLUSIONS PT reactions to thiurams and fragrances indicate a Th2-skewed inflammation. The inflammatory profiles suggest that weak or doubtful FM I/II reactions without accompanying reaction to a constituent were irritant. IL-16 might be suitable to distinguish irritant from allergic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ivone Jakasa
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Goc
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Swen M John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Cunningham LS, McFadden JP, Basketter DA, Ferguson FJ, White IR, Kimber I. Harnessing co-operative immune augmentation by contact allergens to enhance the efficacy of viral vaccines. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:432-435. [PMID: 32880961 PMCID: PMC7436419 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the development of successful vaccines against coronaviruses may be achieved, for some individuals the immune response that they stimulate may prove to be insufficient for effective host defence. The principle that a relatively strong contact allergen will have an enhancing effect on sensitization compared with a less potent contact allergen if they are co-administered, may not, at first, appear relevant to this issue. However, this augmentation effect is thought to be due to the sharing of common or complementary pathways. Here, we briefly consider aspects of the shared and complementary pathways between skin sensitization induced by exposure to a contact allergen and the immune response to viruses, with particular reference to COVID-19. The relationship leads us to explore whether this principle, which we name here as "co-operative immune augmentation" may be extended to include viral vaccination. We consider evidence that even relatively weak contact allergens, used in vaccines for other purposes, can show enhanced sensitization, which is in keeping with a co-operative augmentation principle. Finally, we consider how the potent contact allergen diphenylcyclopropenone could be employed safely as an enhancer of vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise S Cunningham
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - John P McFadden
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Felicity J Ferguson
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ian R White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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14
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Lindberg T, de Ávila RI, Zeller KS, Levander F, Eriksson D, Chawade A, Lindstedt M. An integrated transcriptomic- and proteomic-based approach to evaluate the human skin sensitization potential of glyphosate and its commercial agrochemical formulations. J Proteomics 2020; 217:103647. [PMID: 32006680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the skin sensitization hazard of glyphosate, the surfactant polyethylated tallow amine (POEA) and two commercial glyphosate-containing formulations using different omics-technologies based on a human dendritic cell (DC)-like cell line. First, the GARD™skin assay, investigating changes in the expression of 200 transcripts upon cell exposure to xenobiotics, was used for skin sensitization prediction. POEA and the formulations were classified as skin sensitizers while glyphosate alone was classified as a non-sensitizer. Interestingly, the mixture of POEA together with glyphosate displayed a similar sensitizing prediction as POEA alone, indicating that glyphosate likely does not increase the sensitizing capacity when associated with POEA. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis identified differentially regulated protein groups and predicted molecular pathways based on a proteomic approach in response to cell exposures with glyphosate, POEA and the glyphosate-containing formulations. Based on the protein expression data, predicted pathways were linked to immunologically relevant events and regulated proteins further to cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis as well as to autophagy, identifying novel aspects of DC responses after exposure to xenobiotics. In summary, we here present an integrative analysis involving advanced technologies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind DC activation in the skin sensitization process triggered by the investigated agrochemical materials. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of glyphosate has increased worldwide, and much effort has been made to improve risk assessments and to further elucidate the mechanisms behind any potential human health hazard of this chemical and its agrochemical formulations. In this context, omics-based techniques can provide a multiparametric approach, including several biomarkers, to expand the mechanistic knowledge of xenobiotics-induced toxicity. Based on this, we performed the integration of GARD™skin and proteomic data to elucidate the skin sensitization hazard of POEA, glyphosate and its two commercial mixtures, and to investigate cellular responses more in detail on protein level. The proteomic data indicate the regulation of immune response-related pathways and proteins associated with cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis as well as to autophagy, identifying novel aspects of DC responses after exposure to xenobiotics. Therefore, our data show the applicability of a multiparametric integrated approach for the mechanism-based hazard evaluation of xenobiotics, eventually complementing decision making in the holistic risk assessment of chemicals regarding their allergenic potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lindberg
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden; Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; SenzaGen AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathrin S Zeller
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Levander
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Aakash Chawade
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND While the pathogenesis of contact allergy in recent years has increasingly focused on the mechanisms of the innate immune response, valid therapeutic options are still lacking. AIMS This article intends to shed light on the background of contact allergy development as well as possible risk factors and to highlight potential new therapeutic options. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) as well as the sensitization and trigger phase, potential risk factors as well as the therapy options including (current) PubMed-listed literature are described. RESULTS Inflammation plays a central role in ACD. The innate immune system responds to contact allergens as well as to infection. Elucidation of the mechanisms will enable a targeted therapeutic intervention in the future. CONCLUSION Although there is still a need for research, many parts of the contact allergy pathogenesis are now better understood. In particular, the essential role of the innate immune response not only for the sensitization but also for the elicitation phase seems to be established. Implementation of today's knowledge into new therapeutic approaches and their application testing remains important and exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Esser
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Forschergruppe Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland.
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Forschergruppe Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland.
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16
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17
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Martin SF, Bonefeld CM. Mechanisms of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_59-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Uter W. Patient recall may be of limited use in establishing the clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions (to fragrances). Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:831-832. [PMID: 31840234 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstr. 4-6, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Rosholm Comstedt L, Dahlin J, Bruze M, Åkesson A, Hindsén M, Pontén A, Isaksson M, Svedman C. Prevalence of contact allergy to metals: nickel, palladium, and cobalt in Southern Sweden from 1995-2016. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:218-226. [PMID: 31626332 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2001, the EU nickel directive was introduced to prevent contact allergy to nickel. Contact allergy to palladium and/or cobalt is often seen together with contact allergy to nickel. OBJECTIVES To compare the contact allergy prevalence of nickel, palladium, and cobalt allergy before and after the introduction of the EU nickel directive in consecutive patients with dermatitis. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patch test results from 1995-2016 was performed (n = 18 264). Chi-square tests were used to examine trends for nickel, palladium, and cobalt across test years. Logistic regression was used for associations. RESULTS The prevalence of nickel allergy decreased significantly in the youngest age group (6-30 years) for both female and male patients from 1995-1999 to 2012-2016: females: 33.4% to 19.1% (P < .001); males: 5.9% to 2.1% (P < .05). The concomitant reactions between nickel and palladium and nickel and cobalt among young females, respectively, also decreased significantly. Isolated palladium and cobalt allergy remained stable (1.4% and 2.3%, respectively) during the same time period for both men and women. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of nickel has decreased among young females and males suspected of contact allergy in Southern Sweden after the introduction of the EU nickel directive. There has been no change in isolated palladium or cobalt allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Åkesson
- Clinical Studies Sweden - Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Hindsén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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20
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Boonchai W, Winayanuwattikun W, Limphoka P, Sukakul T. Contact allergy to hair cosmetic allergens in Thailand. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:426-431. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waranya Boonchai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Pichaya Limphoka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
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21
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de Ávila RI, Veloso DFMC, Teixeira GC, Rodrigues TL, Lindberg T, Lindstedt M, Fonseca SG, Lima EM, Valadares MC. Evaluation ofin vitrotesting strategies for hazard assessment of the skin sensitization potential of “real‐life” mixtures: The case of henna‐based hair‐colouring products containingp‐phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:194-209. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology—Tox In, Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Danillo F. M. C. Veloso
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology—FarmaTec, Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Gabriel C. Teixeira
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology—Tox In, Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Thaisângela L. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology—Tox In, Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Tim Lindberg
- Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon VillageLund University Lund Sweden
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon VillageLund University Lund Sweden
| | - Simone G. Fonseca
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public HealthUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Eliana M. Lima
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology—FarmaTec, Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Marize C. Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology—Tox In, Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
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22
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Shane HL, Long CM, Anderson SE. Novel cutaneous mediators of chemical allergy. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:13-27. [PMID: 30822179 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1515279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical allergy can manifest into allergic contact dermatitis and asthma and the importance of skin sensitization in both of these diseases is increasingly being recognized. Given the unique characteristics of chemical allergy, coupled with the distinct immunological microenvironment of the skin research is still unraveling the mechanisms through which sensitization and elicitation occur. This review first describes the features of chemical sensitization and the known steps that must occur to develop a chemical allergy. Next, the unique immunological properties of the skin - which may influence chemical sensitization - are highlighted. Additionally, mediators involved with the development of allergy are reviewed, starting with early ones - including the properties of haptens, skin integrity, the microbiome, the inflammasome, and toll-like receptors (TLR). Novel cellular mediators of chemical sensitization are highlighted, including innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, T-helper (TH) cell subsets, and skin intrinsic populations including γδ T-cells and resident memory T-cells. Finally, this review discusses two epigenetic mechanisms that can influence chemical sensitization, microRNAs and DNA methylation. Overall, this review highlights recent research investigating novel mediators of chemical allergy that are present in the skin. It also emphasizes the need to further explore these mediators to gain a better understanding of what makes a chemical an allergen, and how best to prevent the development of chemical-induced allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Shane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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23
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Jakasa I, Thyssen JP, Kezic S. The role of skin barrier in occupational contact dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:909-914. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Jakasa
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; National Allergy Research Centre; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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24
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Abstract
About 20% of the general population is contact-sensitized to common haptens such as fragrances, preservatives, and metals. Many also develop allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), the clinical manifestation of contact sensitization. ACD represents a common health issue and is also one of the most important occupational diseases. Although this inflammatory skin disease is mediated predominantly by memory T lymphocytes recognizing low-molecular-weight chemicals after skin contact, the innate immune system also plays an important role. Along that line, the presence of irritants may increase the risk of ACD and therefore ACD is often seen in the context of irritant contact dermatitis. In this review article, we discuss recent progress in basic research that has dramatically increased our understanding of the pathomechanisms of ACD and provides a basis for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Current methods for diagnosis as well as treatment options of ACD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre (VUmc), De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081HV, Netherlands
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, DK-2900, Denmark
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25
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Mitachi T, Mezaki M, Yamashita K, Itagaki H. Acidic conditions induce the suppression of CD86 and CD54 expression in THP-1 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:299-309. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Mitachi
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | - Minori Mezaki
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | | | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Yokohama National University
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26
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Abstract
Contact sensitization is the initial process involved in the development of an allergic reaction to xenobiotic environmental substances. Here, we briefly describe the differences between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Then, we highlight the essential steps involved in the development of an ACD reaction, i.e., the protein binding of haptens, genetic factors influencing the penetration of sensitizers into the skin, the different mechanisms driving the initial development of an inflammatory cytokine micromilieu enabling the full maturation of dendritic cells, the role of pre- and pro-haptens, antigen presentation and T cell activation via MHC and CD1 molecules, dendritic cell (DC) migration, and potential LC contribution as well as the different T cell subsets involved in ACD. In addition, we discuss the latest publications regarding factors that might influence the sensitizing potential such as repeated sensitizer application, penetration enhancers, humidity of the skin, microbiota, Tregs, and phthalates. Last but not least, we briefly touch upon novel targets for drug development that might serve as treatment options for ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Esser
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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