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Meudt M, Baumeister J, Mizaikoff B, Ebert S, Rosenau F, Blech M, Higel F. Comprehensive analysis and characterization of glycan pairing in therapeutic antibodies and Fc-containing biotherapeutics: Addressing current limitations and implications for N-glycan impact. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 200:114325. [PMID: 38759899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of the Fc part is a (critical) quality attribute of therapeutic antibodies and Fc-containing biotherapeutics, that impacts their stability, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and effector functions. Current glycosylation analysis methods focus on the absolute amounts of glycans, neglecting the apparent glycan distribution over the entirety of proteins. The combination of the two Fc N-glycans, herein referred to as glyco-pair, therefore remains unknown, which is a major drawback for N-glycan impact assessment. This study presents a comprehensive workflow for the analysis and characterization of Fc N-glycan pairing in biotherapeutics, addressing the limitations of current glycosylation analysis methods. The applicability of the method across various biotherapeutic proteins including antibodies, bispecific antibody formats, and a Fc-Fusion protein is demonstrated, and the impact of method conditions on glycan pairing analysis is highlighted. Moreover, the influence of the molecular format, Fc backbone, production process, and cell line on glycan pairing pattern was investigated. The results underscore the significance of comprehensive glycan pairing analysis to accurately assess the impact of N-glycans on important product quality attributes of therapeutic antibodies and Fc-containing biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Meudt
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Baumeister
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sybille Ebert
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Fabian Higel
- Global CMC Experts NBE, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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2
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Kazemi MS, Shoari A, Salehibakhsh N, Aliabadi HAM, Abolhosseini M, Arab SS, Ahmadieh H, Kanavi MR, Behdani M. Anti-angiogenic biomolecules in neovascular age-related macular degeneration; therapeutics and drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124258. [PMID: 38782152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Blindness in the elderly is often caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The advanced type of AMD known as neovascular AMD (nAMD) has been linked to being the predominant cause of visual impairment in these people. Multiple neovascular structures including choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes, fluid exudation, hemorrhages, and subretinal fibrosis, are diagnostic of nAMD. These pathological alterations ultimately lead to anatomical and visual loss. It is known that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a type of proangiogenic factor, mediates the pathological process underlying nAMD. Therefore, various therapies have evolved to directly target the disease. In this review article, an attempt has been made to discuss general explanations about this disease, all common treatment methods based on anti-VEGF drugs, and the use of drug delivery systems in the treatment of AMD. Initially, the pathophysiology, angiogenesis, and different types of AMD were described. Then we described current treatments and future treatment prospects for AMD and outlined the advantages and disadvantages of each. In this context, we first examined the types of therapeutic biomolecules and anti-VEGF drugs that are used in the treatment of AMD. These biomolecules include aptamers, monoclonal antibodies, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, peptides, fusion proteins, nanobodies, and other therapeutic biomolecules. Finally, we described drug delivery systems based on liposomes, nanomicelles, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and composite vehicles that are used in AMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Salar Kazemi
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Neda Salehibakhsh
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abolhosseini
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran.
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3
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Dang M, Shoichet MS. Long-Acting Ocular Injectables: Are We Looking In The Right Direction? ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306463. [PMID: 38018313 PMCID: PMC10885661 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The complex anatomy and physiological barriers of the eye make delivering ocular therapeutics challenging. Generally, effective drug delivery to the eye is hindered by rapid clearance and limited drug bioavailability. Biomaterial-based approaches have emerged to enhance drug delivery to ocular tissues and overcome existing limitations. In this review, some of the most promising long-acting injectables (LAIs) in ocular drug delivery are explored, focusing on novel design strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. LAIs are designed to enable sustained therapeutic effects, thereby extending local drug residence time and facilitating controlled and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, LAIs can be engineered to enhance drug targeting and penetration across ocular physiological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Dang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Toronto200 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3E5Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular ResearchUniversity of Toronto160 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3E1Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Toronto200 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3E5Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular ResearchUniversity of Toronto160 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3E1Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering164 College StreetTorontoONM5S 3G9Canada
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4
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Orr AA, Tao A, Guvench O, MacKerell AD. Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation-Biologics Approach for Structure-Based Protein Charge Prediction. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2600-2611. [PMID: 37017675 PMCID: PMC10159941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics typically require high concentrations of the active protein, which can lead to protein aggregation and high solution viscosity. Such solution behaviors can limit the stability, bioavailability, and manufacturability of protein-based therapeutics and are directly influenced by the charge of a protein. Protein charge is a system property affected by its environment, including the buffer composition, pH, and temperature. Thus, the charge calculated by summing the charges of each residue in a protein, as is commonly done in computational methods, may significantly differ from the effective charge of the protein as these calculations do not account for contributions from bound ions. Here, we present an extension of the structure-based approach termed site identification by ligand competitive saturation-biologics (SILCS-Biologics) to predict the effective charge of proteins. The SILCS-Biologics approach was applied on a range of protein targets in different salt environments for which membrane-confined electrophoresis-determined charges were previously reported. SILCS-Biologics maps the 3D distribution and predicted occupancy of ions, buffer molecules, and excipient molecules bound to the protein surface in a given salt environment. Using this information, the effective charge of the protein is predicted such that the concentrations of the ions and the presence of excipients or buffers are accounted for. Additionally, SILCS-Biologics also produces 3D structures of the binding sites of ions on the proteins, which enable further analyses such as the characterization of protein surface charge distribution and dipole moments in different environments. Notable is the capability of the method to account for competition between salts, excipients, and buffers on the calculated electrostatic properties in different protein formulations. Our study demonstrates the ability of the SILCS-Biologics approach to predict the effective charge of proteins and its applicability in uncovering protein-ion interactions and their contributions to protein solubility and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka A. Orr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aoxiang Tao
- SilcsBio LLC, 1100 Wicomico Street, Suite 323, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olgun Guvench
- SilcsBio LLC, 1100 Wicomico Street, Suite 323, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Mahmood T, Shahbaz A, Hussain N, Ali R, Bashir H, Rizwan K. Recent advancements in fusion protein technologies in oncotherapy: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123161. [PMID: 36610574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complicated, adaptable, and heterogeneous disease caused by a wide variety of genetic changes that might impair ability of cells to function normally. The majority of the tumors can only be shrunk using conventional oncology therapies like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical resection, and the tumor often recurs. The inability of conventional cancer therapies to completely destroy the Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) that otherwise lead to therapy resistance is thus addressed by therapeutic approaches that concentrate on targeting CSCs and their micro-environmental niche. In this review, we summarize approaches that are used for the development of fusion proteins and their therapeutic applications for treating cancer. The main purpose of making advancements towards the fusion technology instead of using conventional treatment methods is to achieve a prolonged half-life of the therapeutic drugs. The fusion of drugs to the immune response enhancing cytokines or the fusion of antibody and cytokines not only increases half-life but also increase the stability of the anti-tumor drug. Several molecules including different fragments of antibodies, cytokines, Human Serum Albumin, transferrin, XTEN polymers, Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) can be employed as a fusion partner and the resulting fusion proteins are reported to show enhanced anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehreem Mahmood
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Areej Shahbaz
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Rahat Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Bashir
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Komal Rizwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan.
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6
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Schuster J, Kamuju V, Mathaes R. Protein Stability After Administration: A Physiologic Consideration. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:370-376. [PMID: 36202247 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities and the scientific community have identified the need to monitor the in vivo stability of therapeutic proteins (TPs). Due to the unique physiologic conditions in patients, the stability of TPs after administration can deviate largely from their stability under drug product (DP) conditions. TPs can degrade at substantial rates once immersed in the in vivo milieu. Changes in protein stability upon administration to patients are critical as they can have implications on patient safety and clinical effectiveness of DPs. Physiologic conditions are challenging to simulate and require dedicated in vitro models for specific routes of administration. Advancements of in vitro models enable to simulate the exposure to physiologic conditions prior to resource demanding pre-clinical and clinical studies. This enables to evaluate the in vivo stability and thus may allow to improve the safety/efficacy profile of DPs. While in vitro-in vivo correlations are challenging, benchmarking DP candidates enables to identify liabilities and optimize molecules. The in vivo stability should be an integral part of holistic stability assessments during early development. Such assessments can accelerate development timelines and lead to more stable DPs for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Vinay Kamuju
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Müller T, Tasser C, Tesar M, Fucek I, Schniegler-Mattox U, Koch J, Ellwanger K. Selection of bispecific antibodies with optimal developability using FcRn‑Ph‑HPLC as an optimized FcRn affinity chromatography method. MAbs 2023; 15:2245519. [PMID: 37599441 PMCID: PMC10443974 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2245519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge when developing therapeutic antibodies is the identification of candidates with favorable pharmacokinetics (PK) early in development. A key determinant of immunoglobulin (IgG) serum half‑life in vivo is the efficiency of pH-dependent binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Numerous studies have proposed techniques to assess FcRn binding of IgG-based therapeutics in vitro, enabling prediction of serum half-life prior to clinical assessment. FcRn high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays FcRn binding of therapeutic IgGs across a pH gradient, allowing the correlation of IgG column retention time to the half‑life of a therapeutic IgG in vivo. However, as FcRn retention time cannot be directly compared to an in vivo parameter, modifications to FcRn-HPLC are required to enable interpretation of the data within a physiological context, to provide more accurate estimations of serum half-life. This study presents an important modification to this method, FcRn-pH-HPLC, which reproducibly measures FcRn dissociation pH, allowing correlation with previously established half-lives of therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, the influence of incorporating various antibody modifications, binding modules, and their orientations within IgGs and bispecifics on FcRn dissociation pH was evaluated using antibodies from the redirected optimized cell killing (ROCK®) platform. Target and effector antigen-binding domain sequences, their presentation format and orientation within a bispecific antibody alter FcRn retention; tested Fc domain modifications and incorporating stabilizing disulfide bonds had minimal effect. This study may inform the generation of mono-, bi- and multi-specific antibodies with tailored half-lives based on FcRn binding properties in vitro, to differentiate antibody-based therapeutic candidates with optimal developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Tasser
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Tesar
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivica Fucek
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Koch
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ellwanger
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Welch J, Ausin C, Brahme N, Lacana E, Ricci S, Schultz‐DePalo M. The Mannose in the Mirror: A Reflection on the Pharmacokinetic Impact of High Mannose Glycans of Monoclonal Antibodies in Biosimilar Development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 113:1003-1010. [PMID: 36322507 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosimilar development has a well-documented foundation of product quality and extensive comparative analytics providing the bulk of the "totality of the evidence" that a proposed product is biosimilar to its reference product. This work provides a retrospective evaluation of a single critical quality attribute-high mannose glycans for monoclonal antibody biosimilars. Given the well-established conclusion that high mannose glycans can impact pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, we performed a retrospective evaluation of 21 monoclonal antibody biosimilar programs (those licensed before April 2022), their levels of glycans, and the methods used to study them. We provide herein a summary of the methods used and their relative performance. We also present a subset analysis for seven biosimilar products with levels of high mannose that differ from the corresponding reference product (and where other differences in quality attributes between the two that may influence PK profile were not observed or considered minor) and compared the PK profiles. Critically, this analysis has demonstrated that the measurement of glycan profiles is highly precise, reproducible within and across programs, and can detect differences in mannose levels, even those that do not impact PK. These results provide support that analytics rather than pharmacokinetic data may be sufficient to predict whether differences within a certain magnitude of this attribute are likely to impact PK. This work enhances the Agency's understanding of this issue allowing for better understanding of challenges faced by the biotechnology industry developing biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Welch
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Cristina Ausin
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Nina Brahme
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Emanuela Lacana
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Stacey Ricci
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Marlene Schultz‐DePalo
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products Silver Spring Maryland USA
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9
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Feng J, Jiang L, Cao Y, Deng C, Li Y. Tractable Method for Rapid Quality Assessment of Therapeutic Antibodies in Harvested Cell Culture Fluid based on FcγRIIIa-Immobilized Magnetic Microspheres. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11492-11499. [PMID: 35938925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FcγRIIIa-binding affinity is one of the key factors to ensure the efficacy of many antitumor therapeutic antibodies, which should be monitored along with the titer, protein aggregation, and other critical quality attributes. The conventional workflow for the quality assessment of therapeutic antibodies in harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) is time-consuming and costly nevertheless. In this study, a tractable method was established for rapid quality assessment of a HCCF sample through differentially extracting IgG with different FcγRIIIa affinity levels using FcγRIIIa-immobilized magnetic microspheres, followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to determine the amount and monomer percentage of IgGs in the preceding eluate. FcγRIIIa-immobilized magnetic microspheres with polydopamine (PDA) and hydrophilic dendrimer (PAMAM) coating (denoted as Fe3O4@PDA@PAMAM-FcγRIIIa) were synthesized for the first time as magnetic adsorbents. The PDA cladding endowed the composites with good chemical stability in acidic elution buffer, and the PAMAM dendrimer empowered the composites of high ligand immobilization capacity and hydrophilic surface. The labile FcγRIIIa was immobilized under mild conditions. By directly applying a simple magnetic solid phase extraction procedure to treat HCCF, favored IgG species with high FcγRIIIa affinity would be selectively captured by Fe3O4@PDA@PAMAM-FcγRIIIa composites for subsequent SEC analysis. The monomer peak area value in SEC, which was set as the read-out of the proposed method, correlated directly with the theoretical overall quality of standard-spiked HCCF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Feng
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiqing Cao
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Li
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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10
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James BH, Papakyriacou P, Gardener MJ, Gliddon L, Weston CJ, Lalor PF. The Contribution of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells to Clearance of Therapeutic Antibody. Front Physiol 2022; 12:753833. [PMID: 35095549 PMCID: PMC8795706 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.753833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chronic inflammatory diseases are treated by administration of “biological” therapies in terms of fully human and humanized monoclonal antibodies or Fc fusion proteins. These tools have widespread efficacy and are favored because they generally exhibit high specificity for target with a low toxicity. However, the design of clinically applicable humanized antibodies is complicated by the need to circumvent normal antibody clearance mechanisms to maintain therapeutic dosing, whilst avoiding development of off target antibody dependent cellular toxicity. Classically, professional phagocytic immune cells are responsible for scavenging and clearance of antibody via interactions with the Fc portion. Immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils express Fc receptor subsets, such as the FcγR that can then clear immune complexes. Another, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is key to clearance of IgG in vivo and serum half-life of antibody is explicitly linked to function of this receptor. The liver is a site of significant expression of FcRn and indeed several hepatic cell populations including Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), play key roles in antibody clearance. This combined with the fact that the liver is a highly perfused organ with a relatively permissive microcirculation means that hepatic binding of antibody has a significant effect on pharmacokinetics of clearance. Liver disease can alter systemic distribution or pharmacokinetics of antibody-based therapies and impact on clinical effectiveness, however, few studies document the changes in key membrane receptors involved in antibody clearance across the spectrum of liver disease. Similarly, the individual contribution of LSEC scavenger receptors to antibody clearance in a healthy or chronically diseased organ is not well characterized. This is an important omission since pharmacokinetic studies of antibody distribution are often based on studies in healthy individuals and thus may not reflect the picture in an aging or chronically diseased population. Therefore, in this review we consider the expression and function of key antibody-binding receptors on LSEC, and the features of therapeutic antibodies which may accentuate clearance by the liver. We then discuss the implications of this for the design and utility of monoclonal antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany H. James
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelitsa Papakyriacou
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Gardener
- Antibody Pharmacology, Biopharm Discovery, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Gliddon
- Antibody Pharmacology, Biopharm Discovery, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Weston
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F. Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patricia F. Lalor,
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11
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Falck D, Lechmann M, Momčilović A, Thomann M, Koeleman CAM, Jany C, Malik S, Wuhrer M, Reusch D. Clearance of therapeutic antibody glycoforms after subcutaneous and intravenous injection in a porcine model. MAbs 2022; 14:2145929. [PMID: 36383465 PMCID: PMC9673920 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2145929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A relatively low clearance is one of the prominent favorable features of immunoglobulin G1-based therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Various studies have observed differential clearance of mAb glycoforms, including oligomannose glycoforms, which are considered a critical quality attribute because they show higher clearance than complex type glycoforms. Glycoform clearance, however, has not previously been studied after subcutaneous injection or in a porcine model system. Here, we performed glycoform-resolved pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of two mAbs in Göttingen minipigs. We found glycoform effects on clearance to be largely the same for subcutaneous and intravenous injection and in line with observations in other species. Oligomannose glycoforms were cleared up to 25% faster and monoantennary glycoforms up to 8% faster than agalactosylated complex glycoforms. Sialylated glycoforms were cleared at approximately the same rate as fully galactosylated glycoforms. Importantly, we report here an impact of galactosylation on the PK of a mAb for the first time. Whether increased galactosylation led to slower or faster clearance seemed to depend on the overall glycosylation profile. When clearance of galactosylated glycoforms was slower, the mAb showed higher galactosylation in serum at maximum concentration after subcutaneous injection compared to both intravenous injection and the injected material. Whether this higher galactosylation after subcutaneous injection has consequences for therapeutic efficacy remains to be investigated. In conclusion, preferential clearance of antibody glycoforms can be simulated in the minipig model with intravenous as well as subcutaneous injections. Furthermore, we observed a glycoform bias in the absorption from skin into circulation after subcutaneous injection based on galactosylation.Abbreviations: AUC - area under the curve; CL/F - apparent clearance as a function of bioavailability following SC administration; Cmax - maximum serum concentration; CQA critical quality attribute; FcγR - Fc gamma receptor; IgG - immunoglobulin G; IV - intravenous; LC-MS - liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry; mAb - therapeutic monoclonal antibody; PK - pharmacokinetics; SC - subcutaneous; TMDD - target-mediated drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,CONTACT David Falck Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ana Momčilović
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Thomann
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carolien A. M. Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cordula Jany
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malik
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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12
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Challenges with development of a pharmacokinetics assay to measure a variably glycosylated fusion protein. Bioanalysis 2021; 14:7-18. [PMID: 34789009 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Development of recombinant fusion proteins as drugs poses unique challenges for bioanalysis. This paper describes a case study of a glycosylated fusion protein, where variable glycosylation, matrix interference and high sensitivity needs posed unique challenges. Results: Six different assay configurations, across four different platforms were evaluated for measurement of drug concentrations. Two platforms that achieved the assay requirements were Simoa HD-1 and immune-capture LC-MS/MS-based assay. Conclusion: Both, Simoa HD-1 and the mass spectrometry-based methods were able to detect total drug by providing the adequate matrix tolerance, required sensitivity and detection of all the various glycosylated fusion proteins to support clinical sample analysis. The mass spectrometry-based method was selected due to robustness and ease of method transfer.
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13
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Identifying extracellular vesicle populations from single cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106630118. [PMID: 34518226 PMCID: PMC8463870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106630118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are constantly secreted from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs, including those referred to as exosomes, may have an impact on cell signaling and an incidence in diseased cells. In this manuscript, a platform to capture, quantify, and phenotypically classify the EVs secreted from single cells is introduced. Microfluidic chambers of about 300 pL are employed to trap and isolate individual cells. The EVs secreted within these chambers are then captured by surface-immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), irrespective of their intracellular origin. Immunostaining against both plasma membrane and cytosolic proteins was combined with highly sensitive, multicolor total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to characterize the immobilized vesicles. The data analysis of high-resolution images allowed the assignment of each detected EV to one of 15 unique populations and demonstrated the presence of highly heterogeneous phenotypes even at the single-cell level. The analysis also revealed that each mAb isolates phenotypically different EVs and that more vesicles were effectively immobilized when CD63 was targeted instead of CD81. Finally, we demonstrate how a heterogeneous suppression in the secreted vesicles is obtained when the enzyme neutral sphingomyelinase is inhibited.
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14
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Hansen K, Kumar S, Logronio K, Whelan S, Qurashi S, Cheng HY, Drake A, Tang M, Wall P, Bernados D, Leung L, Ophir E, Alteber Z, Cojocaru G, Galperin M, Frenkel M, White M, Hunter J, Liang SC, Kotturi MF. COM902, a novel therapeutic antibody targeting TIGIT augments anti-tumor T cell function in combination with PVRIG or PD-1 pathway blockade. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3525-3540. [PMID: 33903974 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as promising therapies for the treatment of cancer. However, existing ICIs, namely PD-(L)1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, generate durable responses only in a subset of patients. TIGIT is a co-inhibitory receptor and member of the DNAM-1 family of immune modulating proteins. We evaluated the prevalence of TIGIT and its cognate ligand, PVR (CD155), in human cancers by assessing their expression in a large set of solid tumors. TIGIT is expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ TILs and is upregulated in tumors compared to normal tissues. PVR is expressed on tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages from multiple solid tumors. We explored the therapeutic potential of targeting TIGIT by generating COM902, a fully human anti-TIGIT hinge-stabilized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to human, cynomolgus monkey, and mouse TIGIT, and disrupts the binding of TIGIT with PVR. COM902, either alone or in combination with a PVRIG (COM701) or PD-1 inhibitor, enhances antigen-specific human T cell responses in-vitro. In-vivo, a mouse chimeric version of COM902 in combination with an anti-PVRIG or anti-PD-L1 antibody inhibited tumor growth and increased survival in two syngeneic mouse tumor models. In summary, COM902 enhances anti-tumor immune responses and is a promising candidate for the treatment of advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Hansen
- Compugen USA, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Leung
- Compugen USA, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eran Ophir
- Compugen Ltd, Azrieli Center, 26 Harokmim St. Bldg D, 5885849, Holon, Israel.
| | - Zoya Alteber
- Compugen Ltd, Azrieli Center, 26 Harokmim St. Bldg D, 5885849, Holon, Israel
| | - Gady Cojocaru
- Compugen Ltd, Azrieli Center, 26 Harokmim St. Bldg D, 5885849, Holon, Israel
| | - Moran Galperin
- Compugen Ltd, Azrieli Center, 26 Harokmim St. Bldg D, 5885849, Holon, Israel
| | - Masha Frenkel
- Compugen Ltd, Azrieli Center, 26 Harokmim St. Bldg D, 5885849, Holon, Israel
| | - Mark White
- Compugen USA, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Hunter
- Compugen USA, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Modeling Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Therapeutic Antibodies: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030422. [PMID: 33800976 PMCID: PMC8003994 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 90 approved drugs by 2020, therapeutic antibodies have played a central role in shifting the treatment landscape of many diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancers. While showing many therapeutic advantages such as long half-life and highly selective actions, therapeutic antibodies still face many outstanding issues associated with their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), including high variabilities, low tissue distributions, poorly-defined PK/PD characteristics for novel antibody formats, and high rates of treatment resistance. We have witnessed many successful cases applying PK/PD modeling to answer critical questions in therapeutic antibodies’ development and regulations. These models have yielded substantial insights into antibody PK/PD properties. This review summarized the progress, challenges, and future directions in modeling antibody PK/PD and highlighted the potential of applying mechanistic models addressing the development questions.
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16
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Sivaccumar J, Sandomenico A, Vitagliano L, Ruvo M. Monoclonal Antibodies: A Prospective and Retrospective View. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:435-471. [PMID: 32072887 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200219142231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) represent one of the most important classes of biotherapeutic agents. They are used to cure many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, angiogenesis-related diseases and, more recently also haemophilia. They can be highly varied in terms of format, source, and specificity to improve efficacy and to obtain more targeted applications. This can be achieved by leaving substantially unchanged the basic structural components for paratope clustering. OBJECTIVES The objective was to trace the most relevant findings that have deserved prestigious awards over the years, to report the most important clinical applications and to emphasize their latest emerging therapeutic trends. RESULTS We report the most relevant milestones and new technologies adopted for antibody development. Recent efforts in generating new engineered antibody-based formats are briefly reviewed. The most important antibody-based molecules that are (or are going to be) used for pharmacological practice have been collected in useful tables. CONCLUSION The topics here discussed prove the undisputed role of mAbs as innovative biopharmaceuticals molecules and as vital components of targeted pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Sivaccumar
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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17
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Kraft TE, Richter WF, Emrich T, Knaupp A, Schuster M, Wolfert A, Kettenberger H. Heparin chromatography as an in vitro predictor for antibody clearance rate through pinocytosis. MAbs 2021; 12:1683432. [PMID: 31769731 PMCID: PMC6927760 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1683432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of therapeutic antibodies directly affect efficacy, dose and dose intervals, application route and tissue penetration. In indications where health-care providers and patients can choose between several efficacious and safe therapeutic options, convenience (determined by dosing interval or route of application), which is mainly driven by PK properties, can affect drug selection. Therapeutic antibodies can have greatly different PK even if they have identical Fc domains and show no target-mediated drug disposition. Biophysical properties like surface charge or hydrophobicity, and binding to surrogates for high abundant off-targets (e.g., baculovirus particles, Chinese hamster ovary cell membrane proteins) were proposed to be responsible for these differences. Here, we used heparin chromatography to separate a polyclonal mix of endogenous human IgGs (IVIG) into fractions that differ in their PK properties. Heparin was chosen as a surrogate for highly negatively charged glycocalyx components on endothelial cells, which are among the main contributors to nonspecific clearance. By directly correlating heparin retention time with clearance, we identified heparin chromatography as a tool to assess differences in unspecific cell-surface interaction and the likelihood for increased pinocytotic uptake and degradation. Building on these results, we combined predictors for FcRn-mediated recycling and cell-surface interaction. The combination of heparin and FcRn chromatography allow identification of antibodies with abnormal PK by mimicking the major root causes for fast, non-target-mediated, clearance of therapeutic, Fc-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Kraft
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang F Richter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Emrich
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schuster
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wolfert
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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18
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Falck D, Thomann M, Lechmann M, Koeleman CAM, Malik S, Jany C, Wuhrer M, Reusch D. Glycoform-resolved pharmacokinetic studies in a rat model employing glycoengineered variants of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody. MAbs 2021; 13:1865596. [PMID: 33382957 PMCID: PMC7781607 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1865596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Good pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior is a key prerequisite for sufficient efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Fc glycosylation is a critical quality attribute (CQA) of mAbs, due to its impact on stability and effector functions. However, the effects of various IgG Fc glycoforms on antibody PK remain unclear. We used a combination of glycoengineering and glycoform-resolved PK measurements by mass spectrometry (MS) to assess glycoform effects on PK. Four differently glycoengineered mAbs, each still containing multiple glycoforms, were separately injected into rats. Rat models have been shown to be predictive of human PK. At different time points, blood was taken, from which the mAbs were purified and analyzed with a liquid chromatography-MS-based bottom-up glycoproteomics approach. This allowed us to follow changes in the glycosylation profiles of each glycoengineered mAb over time. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements provided an absolute concentration in the form of a sum value for all glycoforms. Information from both readouts was then combined to calculate PK parameters per glycoform. Thereby, multiple glycoform kinetics were resolved within one mAb preparation. We confirmed increased clearance of high-mannose (Man5) and hybrid-type (Man5G0) glycoforms. Specifically, Man5 showed a 1.8 to 2.6-fold higher clearance than agalactosylated, complex glycans (G0F). Unexpectedly, clearance was even higher (4.7-fold) for the hybrid-type glycan Man5G0. In contrast, clearance of agalactosylated, monoantennary glycoforms (G0F-N) was only slightly increased over G0F (1.2 to 1.4-fold). Thus, monoantennary, hybrid-type and high-mannose glycoforms should be distinguished in CQA assessments. Strikingly, α2,3-linked sialylation did not affect clearance, contradicting the involvement of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in mAb clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Thomann
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carolien A. M. Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Malik
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Cordula Jany
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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19
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Zhong M, van der Walt A, Campagna MP, Stankovich J, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis V. The Pharmacogenetics of Rituximab: Potential Implications for Anti-CD20 Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1768-1784. [PMID: 33058021 PMCID: PMC7851267 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a broad range of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) available in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), but limited biomarkers exist to personalise DMT choice. All DMTs, including monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab and ocrelizumab, are effective in preventing relapses and preserving neurological function in MS. However, each agent harbours its own risk of therapeutic failure or adverse events. Pharmacogenetics, the study of the effects of genetic variation on therapeutic response or adverse events, could improve the precision of DMT selection. Pharmacogenetic studies of rituximab in MS patients are lacking, but pharmacogenetic markers in other rituximab-treated autoimmune conditions have been identified. This review will outline the wider implications of pharmacogenetics and the mechanisms of anti-CD20 agents in MS. We explore the non-MS rituximab literature to characterise pharmacogenetic variants that could be of prognostic relevance in those receiving rituximab, ocrelizumab or other monoclonal antibodies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Maria Pia Campagna
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Stankovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
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20
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Kiseleva RY, Glassman PG, LeForte KM, Walsh LR, Villa CH, Shuvaev VV, Myerson JW, Aprelev PA, Marcos-Contreras OA, Muzykantov VR, Greineder CF. Bivalent engagement of endothelial surface antigens is critical to prolonged surface targeting and protein delivery in vivo. FASEB J 2020; 34:11577-11593. [PMID: 32738178 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902515rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to the endothelium has the potential to generate localized therapeutic effects at the blood-tissue interface. For some therapeutic cargoes, it is essential to maintain contact with the bloodstream to exert protective effects. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of endothelial surface-targeted affinity ligands and biotherapeutic cargo remain a largely unexplored area, despite obvious translational implications for this strategy. To bridge this gap, we site-specifically radiolabeled mono- (scFv) and bivalent (mAb) affinity ligands specific for the endothelial cell adhesion molecules, PECAM-1 (CD31) and ICAM-1 (CD54). Radiotracing revealed similar lung biodistribution at 30 minutes post-injection (79.3% ± 4.2% vs 80.4% ± 10.6% ID/g for αICAM and 58.9% ± 3.6% ID/g vs. 47.7% ± 5.8% ID/g for αPECAM mAb vs. scFv), but marked differences in organ residence time, with antibodies demonstrating an order of magnitude greater area under the lung concentration vs. time curve (AUCinf 1698 ± 352 vs. 53.3 ± 7.9 ID/g*hrs for αICAM and 1023 ± 507 vs. 114 ± 37 ID/g*hrs for αPECAM mAb vs scFv). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, fit to and validated using these data, indicated contributions from both superior binding characteristics and prolonged circulation time supporting multiple binding-detachment cycles. We tested the ability of each affinity ligand to deliver a prototypical surface cargo, thrombomodulin (TM), using one-to-one protein conjugates. Bivalent mAb-TM was superior to monovalent scFv-TM in both pulmonary targeting and lung residence time (AUCinf 141 ± 3.2 vs 12.4 ± 4.2 ID/g*hrs for ICAM and 188 ± 90 vs 34.7 ± 19.9 ID/g*hrs for PECAM), despite having similar blood PK, indicating that binding strength is more important parameter than the kinetics of binding. To maximize bivalent target engagement, we synthesized an oriented, end-to-end anti-ICAM mAb-TM conjugate and found that this therapeutic had the best lung residence time (AUCinf 253 ± 18 ID/g*hrs) of all TM modalities. These observations have implications not only for the delivery of TM, but also potentially all therapeutics targeted to the endothelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yu Kiseleva
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P G Glassman
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M LeForte
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L R Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C H Villa
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - V V Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J W Myerson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P A Aprelev
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - O A Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - V R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C F Greineder
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Nie S, Wang Z, Moscoso-Castro M, D'Souza P, Lei C, Xu J, Gu J. Biology drives the discovery of bispecific antibodies as innovative therapeutics. Antib Ther 2020; 3:18-62. [PMID: 33928225 PMCID: PMC7990219 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A bispecific antibody (bsAb) is able to bind two different targets or two distinct epitopes on the same target. Broadly speaking, bsAbs can include any single molecule entity containing dual specificities with at least one being antigen-binding antibody domain. Besides additive effect or synergistic effect, the most fascinating applications of bsAbs are to enable novel and often therapeutically important concepts otherwise impossible by using monoclonal antibodies alone or their combination. This so-called obligate bsAbs could open up completely new avenue for developing novel therapeutics. With evolving understanding of structural architecture of various natural or engineered antigen-binding immunoglobulin domains and the connection of different domains of an immunoglobulin molecule, and with greatly improved understanding of molecular mechanisms of many biological processes, the landscape of therapeutic bsAbs has significantly changed in recent years. As of September 2019, over 110 bsAbs are under active clinical development, and near 180 in preclinical development. In this review article, we introduce a system that classifies bsAb formats into 30 categories based on their antigen-binding domains and the presence or absence of Fc domain. We further review the biology applications of approximately 290 bsAbs currently in preclinical and clinical development, with the attempt to illustrate the principle of selecting a bispecific format to meet biology needs and selecting a bispecific molecule as a clinical development candidate by 6 critical criteria. Given the novel mechanisms of many bsAbs, the potential unknown safety risk and risk/benefit should be evaluated carefully during preclinical and clinical development stages. Nevertheless we are optimistic that next decade will witness clinical success of bsAbs or multispecific antibodies employing some novel mechanisms of action and deliver the promise as next wave of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Nie
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and ,To whom correspondence should addressed. Jijie Guor Siwei Nie. or
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and
| | | | - Paul D'Souza
- Clarivate Analytics, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK
| | - Can Lei
- Clarivate Analytics, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK
| | - Jianqing Xu
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and
| | - Jijie Gu
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and ,To whom correspondence should addressed. Jijie Guor Siwei Nie. or
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22
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Gaston J, Maestrali N, Lalle G, Gagnaire M, Masiero A, Dumas B, Dabdoubi T, Radošević K, Berne PF. Intracellular delivery of therapeutic antibodies into specific cells using antibody-peptide fusions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18688. [PMID: 31822703 PMCID: PMC6904672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their favorable properties as macromolecular drugs, antibodies are a very successful therapeutic modality for interfering with disease-relevant targets in the extracellular space or at the cell membrane. However, a large number of diseases involve cytosolic targets and designing antibodies able to efficiently reach intracellular compartments would expand the antibody-tractable conditions. Here, we genetically fused cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) at various positions to an antibody targeting cancer cells, evaluated the developability features of the resulting antibody-peptide fusions and the ability of selected constructs to reach the cytosol. We first determined positions in the IgG structure that were permissive to CPP incorporation without destabilizing the antibody. Fusing CPPs to the C-terminus of the light chain and either before or after the hinge had the least effect on antibody developability features. These constructs were further evaluated for cell penetration efficiency. Two out of five tested CPPs significantly enhanced antibody penetration into the cytosol, in particular when fused before or after the hinge. Finally, we demonstrate that specific antibody binding to the cell surface target is necessary for efficient cell penetration of the CPP-antibody fusions. This study provides a solid basis for further exploration of therapeutic antibodies for intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gaston
- Yubsis, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Nicolas Maestrali
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Research, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Guilhem Lalle
- Department of Immunology, Virology and Inflammation, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Labex DEVweCAN, 693743, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Gagnaire
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Research, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alessandro Masiero
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Research, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Bruno Dumas
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Research, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Tarik Dabdoubi
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Research, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Katarina Radošević
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Research, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.
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23
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Schadt S, Hauri S, Lopes F, Edelmann MR, Staack RF, Villaseñor R, Kettenberger H, Roth AB, Schuler F, Richter WF, Funk C. Are Biotransformation Studies of Therapeutic Proteins Needed? Scientific Considerations and Technical Challenges. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1443-1456. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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24
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Jain A, Coffey C, Mehrotra V, Flammer J. Endothelin-1 traps as a potential therapeutic tool: from diabetes to beyond? Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1937-1942. [PMID: 31394173 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial research on the vasoactive peptide endothelin (ET)-1 in physiology, as well as in pathology. In fact, pathologically elevated levels of ET-1 have been found in several disease states, such as various cardiovascular diseases, different cancers, some neurodegenerative disorders, as well as in diabetes. Here, we describe and discuss ET-1, its importance in different diseases, and the potential therapeutic effects of ET-traps in the treatment of these diseases. Previous in vitro and in vivo research (in the diabetes disease space) demonstrated that ET-traps potently and significantly prevent the induction of different markers of diabetes-related pathology. This included induction of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagen 4α1 and fibronectin), which are pathologically elevated in diabetes. The ET-traps prevented induction of these and brought a significant return to non-diabetic levels. We also discuss the merits of using ET-traps over the currently used endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) and previously used therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Jain
- Accelerate Cambridge, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Vidhi Mehrotra
- Accelerate Cambridge, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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IgG Charge: Practical and Biological Implications. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010024. [PMID: 31544830 PMCID: PMC6640702 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Practically, IgG charge can contribute significantly to thermodynamic nonideality, and hence to solubility and viscosity. Biologically, IgG charge isomers exhibit differences in clearance and potency. It has been known since the 1930s that all immunoglobulins carry a weak negative charge in physiological solvents. However, there has been no systematic exploration of this fundamental property. Accurate charge measurements have been made using membrane confined electrophoresis in two solvents (pH 5.0 and pH 7.4) on a panel of twelve mAb IgGs, as well as their F(ab’)2 and Fc fragments. The following observations were made at pH 5.0: (1) the measured charge differs from the calculated charge by ~40 for the intact IgGs, and by ~20 for the Fcs; (2) the intact IgG charge depends on both Fv and Fc sequences, but does not equal the sum of the F(ab)’2 and Fc charge; (3) the Fc charge is consistent within a class. In phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4: (1) the intact IgG charges ranged from 0 to −13; (2) the F(ab’)2 fragments are nearly neutral for IgG1s and IgG2s, and about −5 for some of the IgG4s; (3) all Fc fragments are weakly anionic, with IgG1 < IgG2 < IgG4; (4) the charge on the intact IgGs does not equal the sum of the F(ab’)2 and Fc charge. In no case is the calculated charge, based solely on H+ binding, remotely close to the measured charge. Some mAbs carried a charge in physiological salt that was outside the range observed for serum-purified human poly IgG. To best match physiological properties, a therapeutic mAb should have a measured charge that falls within the range observed for serum-derived human IgGs. A thermodynamically rigorous, concentration-dependent protein–protein interaction parameter is introduced. Based on readily measured properties, interaction curves may be generated to aid in the selection of proteins and solvent conditions. Example curves are provided.
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Uemura N. From Molecule to Patient: Building Bridges Not Walls with Clinical Pharmacology and Translational Medicine. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:84. [PMID: 30844127 PMCID: PMC6440562 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Uemura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, General Clinical Research Center, and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Yufu-shi, Oita, Japan.,Department of Medical Innovation, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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