1
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Shipley BR, McGuire JL. The environmental conditions of endemism hotspots shape the functional traits of mammalian assemblages. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232773. [PMID: 38471553 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Endemic (small-ranged) species are distributed non-randomly across the globe. Regions of high topography and stable climates have higher endemism than flat, climatically unstable regions. However, it is unclear how these environmental conditions interact with and filter mammalian traits. Here, we characterize the functional traits of highly endemic mammalian assemblages in multiple ways, testing the hypothesis that these assemblages are trait-filtered (less functionally diverse) and dominated by species with traits associated with small range sizes. Compiling trait data for more than 5000 mammal species, we calculated assemblage means and multidimensional functional metrics to evaluate the distribution of traits across each assemblage. We then related these metrics to the endemism of global World Wildlife Fund ecoregions using linear models and phylogenetic fourth-corner regression. Highly endemic mammalian assemblages had small average body masses, low fecundity, short lifespans and specialized habitats. These traits relate to the stable climate and rough topography of endemism hotspots and to mammals' ability to expand their ranges, suggesting that the environmental conditions of endemism hotspots allowed their survival. Furthermore, species living in endemism hotspots clustered near the edges of their communities' functional spaces, indicating that abiotic trait filtering and biotic interactions act in tandem to shape these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Shipley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jenny L McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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2
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Ortiz AMD, Jamero ML, Crespin SJ, Smith Ramirez C, Matias DMS, Reyes JJ, Pauchard A, La Viña AGM. The land and sea routes to 2030: a call for greater attention on all small islands in global environmental policy. NPJ BIODIVERSITY 2023; 2:18. [PMID: 39242820 PMCID: PMC11332114 DOI: 10.1038/s44185-023-00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Islands have unique vulnerabilities to biodiversity loss and climate change. Current Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement are insufficient to avoid the irreversible loss of critical island ecosystems. Existing research, policies, and finance also do not sufficiently address small islands' social-environmental challenges. For instance, the new Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) mentions islands in the invasive species management target. This focus is important, as islands are at high risk to biological invasions; however, this is the only GBF target that mentions islands. There are threats of equal or greater urgency to small islands, including coastal hazards and overexploitation. Ecosystems such as coral reefs and mangroves are crucial for biodiversity, coastal protection, and human livelihoods, yet are unaddressed in the GBF. While research and global policy, including targeted financial flows, have a strong focus on Small Island Developing States (SIDS), the situation of other small islands has been largely overlooked. Here, through a review of policy developments and examples from islands in the Philippines and Chile, we urge that conservation and climate change policies place greater emphasis on acknowledging the diversity of small islands and their unique governance challenges, extending the focus beyond SIDS. Moving forward, global policy and research should include the recognition of small islands as metacommunities linked by interacting species and social-ecological systems to emphasize their connectivity rather than their isolation. Coalition-building and knowledge-sharing, particularly with local, Indigenous and traditional knowledge-holders from small islands, is needed to meet global goals on biodiversity and sustainable development by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monica D Ortiz
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile.
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | | | - Silvio Javier Crespin
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Estudios del Antropoceno, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Instituto de Investigaciones Tropicales de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Cecilia Smith Ramirez
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Denise Margaret S Matias
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNEE), Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Jameela Joy Reyes
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Antonio G M La Viña
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
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3
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Marino C, Bellard C. When origin, reproduction ability and diet define the role of birds in invasions. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230196. [PMID: 36987640 PMCID: PMC10050945 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) are increasingly documented; however, they are usually studied through the lens of either the IAS or the affected species (IAS-threatened species). A clear understanding of how both protagonists of biological invasions are characterized is still lacking. We investigated the morphology, life history and ecology of birds involved in biological invasions. Evaluating the distribution of 450 IAS-threatened birds and 400 alien birds in a functional space, we found that both groups retained various strategies. Aliens had larger clutches and were more likely to be herbivores than IAS-threatened and worldwide birds, while IAS-threatened birds were more insular endemic from the Australia region than alien and worldwide birds. IAS-threatened species showed opposite strategies to aliens regarding traits related to diet, origin and reproduction. Further comparing traits associated with impact magnitude, we found that even if aliens were mostly herbivorous, those with high impact had more a generalist behaviour and an animal-based diet compared to aliens with low impact. By emphasizing differences relating to the distribution of bird groups in a functional space, we opened new opportunities to identify the role of birds in biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marino
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Céline Bellard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay 91405, France
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4
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Ureta C, Ramírez‐Barrón M, Sánchez‐García EA, Cuervo‐Robayo AP, Munguía‐Carrara M, Mendoza‐Ponce A, Gay C, Sánchez‐Cordero V. Species, taxonomic, and functional group diversities of terrestrial mammals at risk under climate change and land-use/cover change scenarios in Mexico. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6992-7008. [PMID: 36053734 PMCID: PMC9826092 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to revise the framework used to project species risks under climate change (CC) and land-use/cover change (LUCC) scenarios. We built a CC risk index using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change framework, where risk is a function of vulnerability (sensitivity and adaptive capacity), exposure, and hazard. We incorporated future LUCC scenarios as part of the exposure component. We combined a trait-based approach based on biological characteristics of species with a correlative approach based on ecological niche modeling, assigning risk scores to species, taxonomic (orders), and functional (trophic, body size, and locomotion) groups of terrestrial mammals occurring in Mexico. We identified 15 species projected to lose their climatic suitability. Of the 11 taxonomic orders, Eulipotyphla, Didelphimorphia, Artiodactyla, and Lagomorpha had the highest risk scores. Of the 19 trophic groups, piscivores, insectivores under canopy, frugivores-granivores, herbivores browser, and myrmecophagous had the highest risk scores. Of the five body-sized groups, large-sized species (>15 kg) had highest risk scores. Of the seven locomotion groups, arboreal and semi-aquatics had highest risk scores. CC and LUCC scenarios reduced suitable areas of species potential distributions by 37.5% (with CC), and 51% (with CC and LUCC) under a limited full-dispersal assumption. Reductions in suitable areas of species potential distributions increased to 50.2% (with CC), and 52.4% (with CC and LUCC) under a non-dispersal assumption. Species-rich areas (>75% species) projected 36% (with CC) and 57% (with CC and LUCC) reductions in suitability for 2070. Shifts in climatic suitability projections of species-rich areas increased in number of species in northeast and southeast Mexico and decreased in northwest and southern Mexico, suggesting important species turnover. High-risk projections under future CC and LUCC scenarios for species, taxonomic, and functional group diversities, and species-rich areas of terrestrial mammals highlight trends in different impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ureta
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Investigadora por México‐CONACyTConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Mercedes Ramírez‐Barrón
- Departamento de ZoologíaInstituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Edgar Andrés Sánchez‐García
- Departamento de ZoologíaInstituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Angela P. Cuervo‐Robayo
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Insurgentes Sur‐PeriféricoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Mariana Munguía‐Carrara
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Insurgentes Sur‐PeriféricoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Alma Mendoza‐Ponce
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
| | - Carlos Gay
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Víctor Sánchez‐Cordero
- Departamento de ZoologíaInstituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
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5
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Molecular phylogenetics and systematics of two enteric helminth parasites (Baylisascaris laevis and Diandrya vancouverensis) in the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2022; 19:301-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Renault D, Leclerc C, Colleu M, Boutet A, Hotte H, Colinet H, Chown SL, Convey P. The rising threat of climate change for arthropods from Earth's cold regions: Taxonomic rather than native status drives species sensitivity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5914-5927. [PMID: 35811569 PMCID: PMC9544941 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polar and alpine regions are changing rapidly with global climate change. Yet, the impacts on biodiversity, especially on the invertebrate ectotherms which are dominant in these areas, remain poorly understood. Short-term extreme temperature events, which are growing in frequency, are expected to have profound impacts on high-latitude ectotherms, with native species being less resilient than their alien counterparts. Here, we examined in the laboratory the effects of short periodic exposures to thermal extremes on survival responses of seven native and two non-native invertebrates from the sub-Antarctic Islands. We found that survival of dipterans was significantly reduced under warming exposures, on average having median lethal times (LT50 ) of about 30 days in control conditions, which declined to about 20 days when exposed to daily short-term maxima of 24°C. Conversely, coleopterans were either not, or were less, affected by the climatic scenarios applied, with predicted LT50 as high as 65 days under the warmest condition (daily exposures at 28°C for 2 h). The native spider Myro kerguelensis was characterized by an intermediate sensitivity when subjected to short-term daily heat maxima. Our results unexpectedly revealed a taxonomic influence, with physiological sensitivity to heat differing between higher level taxa, but not between native and non-native species representing the same higher taxon. The survival of a non-native carabid beetle under the experimentally imposed conditions was very high, but similar to that of native beetles, while native and non-native flies also exhibited very similar sensitivity to warming. As dipterans are a major element of diversity of sub-Antarctic, Arctic and other cold ecosystems, such observations suggest that the increased occurrence of extreme, short-term, thermal events could lead to large-scale restructuring of key terrestrial ecosystem components both in ecosystems protected from and those exposed to the additional impacts of biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- UMR 6553Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)RennesFrance
| | - Camille Leclerc
- UMR 6553Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)RennesFrance
- INRAE, Aix‐Marseille Université, UMR RECOVERAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Marc‐Antoine Colleu
- UMR 6553Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)RennesFrance
| | - Aude Boutet
- UMR 6553Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)RennesFrance
| | - Hoel Hotte
- UMR 6553Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)RennesFrance
- Nematology Unit, Plant Health LaboratoryANSESLe Rheu CedexFrance
| | - Hervé Colinet
- UMR 6553Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)RennesFrance
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERCCambridgeUK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
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7
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Lin H, Dai C, Yu H, Tu J, Yu J, He J, Jiang H. Historical connectivity and environmental filtering jointly determine the freshwater fish assemblages on Taiwan and Hainan Islands of China. Curr Zool 2022; 69:12-20. [PMID: 36974143 PMCID: PMC10039183 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The biotas of Taiwan and Hainan Islands are of continental origin, but the manner with which historical and ecological factors shaped these insular species is still unclear. Here, we used freshwater fish as a model to fill this gap by quantifying the phylogenetic structure of the insular faunas and disentangling the relative contribution of potential drivers. Firstly, we used clustering and ordination analyses to identify regional species pools. To test whether the insular freshwater fish faunas were phylogenetically clustered or overdispersed, we calculated the net relatedness index (NRI) and the nearest taxon index (NTI). Finally, we implemented logistic regressions to disentangle the relative importance of species attributes (i.e. maximum body length, climatic niche dissimilarity, and diversification) and historical connectivity in explaining the insular faunas. Our results showed that the most possible species pools of Taiwan are Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, and those of Hainan are Guangdong and Guangxi provinces. These insular faunas showed random phylogenetic structures in terms of NRI values. According to the NTI values, however, the Taiwanese fauna displayed more phylogenetic clustering, while the Hainanese one was more overdispersed. Both the standard and phylogenetic logistic regressions identified historical connectivity and climatic niche dissimilarity as the two top explanatory variables for species assemblages on these islands. Our reconstruction of the paleo-connected drainage basins provides insight into how historical processes and ecological factors interact to shape the freshwater fish fauna of the East Asian islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxian Lin
- Spatial Ecology Laboraty, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chao Dai
- Spatial Ecology Laboraty, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Hongyin Yu
- Spatial Ecology Laboraty, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiahao Tu
- Spatial Ecology Laboraty, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiehua Yu
- Spatial Ecology Laboraty, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiekun He
- Spatial Ecology Laboraty, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Haisheng Jiang
- Spatial Ecology Laboraty, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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8
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Marino C, Leclerc C, Bellard C. Profiling insular vertebrates prone to biological invasions: What makes them vulnerable? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1077-1090. [PMID: 34783130 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to insular vertebrates, although the ecological characteristics that make insular communities vulnerable to IAS are poorly understood. After describing the ecological strategies of 6015 insular amphibians, birds, lizards, and mammals, we assessed the functional and ecological features of vertebrates exposed to IAS. We found that at least 50% of insular amphibian functional richness was hosted by IAS-threatened amphibians and up to 29% for birds. Moreover, all IAS-threatened groups except birds harbored a higher functional richness than species groups threatened by other threats. Disentangling the ecological strategies threatened by IAS, compared to those associated with other threats, we showed that birds, lizards, and mammals were more likely to be terrestrial foragers and amphibians to have larval development. By contrast, large-bodied species and habitat specialists were universally threatened. By considering the functional aspect of threatened insular diversity, our work improves our understanding of global IAS impacts. This new dimension proves essential for undertaking relevant and effective conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marino
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Camille Leclerc
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Céline Bellard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
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9
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Leclerc C, Magneville C, Bellard C. Conservation hotspots of insular endemic mammalian diversity at risk of extinction across a multidimensional approach. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Leclerc
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
| | - Camille Magneville
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
| | - Céline Bellard
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
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10
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Bellard C, Bernery C, Leclerc C. Looming extinctions due to invasive species: Irreversible loss of ecological strategy and evolutionary history. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4967-4979. [PMID: 34337834 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions are one of the main drivers of biodiversity decline worldwide. However, many associated extinctions are yet to occur, meaning that the ecological debt caused by invasive species could be considerable for biodiversity. We explore extinction scenarios due to invasive species and investigate whether paying off the current extinction debt will shift the global composition of mammals and birds in terms of ecological strategy and evolutionary history. Current studies mostly focus on the number of species potentially at risk due to invasions without taking into account species characteristics in terms of ecological or phylogenetic properties. We found that 11% of phylogenetic diversity worldwide is represented by invasive-threatened species. Furthermore, 14% of worldwide trait diversity is hosted by invasive-threatened mammals and 40% by invasive-threatened birds, with Neotropical and Oceanian realms being primary risk hotspots. Projected extinctions of invasive-threatened species result in a smaller reduction in ecological strategy space and evolutionary history than expected under randomized extinction scenarios. This can be explained by the strong pattern in the clustering of ecological profiles and families impacted by invasive alien species (IAS). However, our results confirm that IAS are likely to cause the selective loss of species with unique evolutionary and ecological profiles. Our results also suggest a global shift in species composition away from those with large body mass, which mostly feed in the lower foraging strata and have an herbivorous diet (mammals). Our findings demonstrate the potential impact of biological invasions on phylogenetic and trait dimensions of diversity, especially in the Oceanian realm. We therefore call for a more systematic integration of all facets of diversity when investigating the consequences of biological invasions in future studies. This would help to establish spatial prioritizations regarding IAS threats worldwide and anticipate the consequences of losing specific ecological profiles in the invaded community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bellard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Camille Bernery
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Camille Leclerc
- INRAE, University of Aix Marseille, UMR RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France
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12
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Pliego-Sánchez JV, Blair C, Díaz de la Vega-Pérez AH, Jiménez-Arcos VH. The insular herpetofauna of Mexico: Composition, conservation, and biogeographic patterns. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6579-6592. [PMID: 34141242 PMCID: PMC8207341 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We compile a Mexican insular herpetofaunal checklist to estimate endemism, conservation status, island threats, net taxonomic turnover among six biogeographic provinces belonging to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, and the relationships between island area and mainland distance versus species richness. We compile a checklist of insular herpetofaunal through performing a literature and collection review. We define the conservation status according to conservation Mexican law, the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature, and Environmental Vulnerability Scores. We determine threat percentages on islands according to the 11 major classes of threats to biodiversity. We estimate the net taxonomic turnover with beta diversity analysis between the Nearctic and Neotropical provinces. The Mexican insular herpetofauna is composed of 18 amphibian species, 204 species with 101 subspecies of reptiles, and 263 taxa in total. Endemism levels are 11.76% in amphibians, 53.57% in reptiles, and 27.91% being insular endemic taxa. Two conservation status systems classify the species at high extinction risk, while the remaining system suggests less concern. However, all systems indicate species lacking assessment. Human activities and exotic alien species are present on 60% of 131 islands. The taxonomic turnover value is high (0.89), with a clear herpetofaunal differentiation between the two biogeographic regions. The species-area and species-mainland distance relationships are positive. Insular herpetofauna faces a high percentage of threats, with the Neotropical provinces more heavily impacted. It is urgent to explore the remaining islands (3,079 islands) and better incorporate insular populations and species in ecological, evolutionary, and systematic studies. In the face of the biodiversity crisis, islands will play a leading role as a model to apply restoration and conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Blair
- Department of Biological Sciences New York City College of Technology The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center New York NY USA
| | - Aníbal H Díaz de la Vega-Pérez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico
| | - Víctor H Jiménez-Arcos
- Laboratorio de Herpetología Vivario FES Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla Mexico
- Naturam Sequi AC Naucalpan Mexico Mexico
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13
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Shaney KJ, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Espindola S, Castañeda-Rico S, Berovides-Álvarez V, Vázquez-Domínguez E. Defining intraspecific conservation units in the endemic Cuban Rock Iguanas (Cyclura nubila nubila). Sci Rep 2020; 10:21607. [PMID: 33303852 PMCID: PMC7729961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining conservation units is an important step in species management and requires interpretation of the genetic diversity and ecological function of the taxon being considered. We used the endemic Cuban Rock Iguanas (Cyclura nubila nubila) as a model to highlight this challenge and examined patterns of its intraspecific genetic diversity across Cuba. We evaluated nuclear (microsatellite loci) and mitochondrial diversity across eight populations from the island and its off-shore cays, and applied the population genetics results for assignment of Management Unit (MU) status and Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) based on phylogeographic and time of divergence information. We identified at least six distinct Cuban Rock Iguana MUs, encompassing demographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations across Cuba, most with low effective population size, declining populations, and with high risk of inbreeding and genetic drift. Hence, each MU should be considered of urgent conservation priority. Given the key ecological seed dispersal role of C. n. nubila, the disappearance of any MU could trigger the loss of local ecological functional diversity and major negative impacts on their ecosystems. Two divergent ESUs were also identified, exhibiting an historical east-west geographic separation on Cuba. Based on a Caribbean phylogeographic assessment, our findings strengthen the conclusion that all geographically and evolutionarily differentiated Cyclura species and subspecies across the archipelago warrant ESU distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Shaney
- Departamento de Ecología de La Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L Grisell Diaz-Ramirez
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sayra Espindola
- Departamento de Ecología de La Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Susette Castañeda-Rico
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Vicente Berovides-Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25, # 455, entre J e I, Vedado, Ciudad Habana, Cuba
| | - Ella Vázquez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de La Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Leclerc C, Courchamp F, Bellard C. Future climate change vulnerability of endemic island mammals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4943. [PMID: 33009384 PMCID: PMC7532204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their high vulnerability, insular ecosystems have been largely ignored in climate change assessments, and when they are investigated, studies tend to focus on exposure to threats instead of vulnerability. The present study examines climate change vulnerability of islands, focusing on endemic mammals and by 2050 (RCPs 6.0 and 8.5), using trait-based and quantitative-vulnerability frameworks that take into account exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Our results suggest that all islands and archipelagos show a certain level of vulnerability to future climate change, that is typically more important in Pacific Ocean ones. Among the drivers of vulnerability to climate change, exposure was rarely the main one and did not explain the pattern of vulnerability. In addition, endemic mammals with long generation lengths and high dietary specializations are predicted to be the most vulnerable to climate change. Our findings highlight the importance of exploring islands vulnerability to identify the highest climate change impacts and to avoid the extinction of unique biodiversity. Island ecosystems are notoriously vulnerable to anthropogenic species losses. Here, the authors identify insular hotspots of vulnerability to climate change (under RCPs 6.0 and 8.5) in mammals via a trait-based, quantitative vulnerability framework, finding that exposure to climate change is not a reliable proxy to assess species vulnerability, while sensitivity and adaptive capacity are crucial to understand vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Leclerc
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France. .,INRAE, Univ. of Aix Marseille, UMR RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Franck Courchamp
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Céline Bellard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France
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15
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Wu J. The hazard and unsureness of reducing habitat ranges in response to climate warming for 91 amphibian species in China. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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