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Not for kids: 2nd grade school children require more practice than adults to attain long-term gains in a graphomotor task. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lokhandwala S, Spencer RMC. Relations between sleep patterns early in life and brain development: A review. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 56:101130. [PMID: 35779333 PMCID: PMC9254005 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep supports healthy cognitive functioning in adults. Over the past decade, research has emerged advancing our understanding of sleep’s role in cognition during development. Infancy and early childhood are marked by unique changes in sleep physiology and sleep patterns as children transition from biphasic to monophasic sleep. Growing evidence suggests that, during development, there are parallel changes in sleep and the brain and that sleep may modulate brain structure and activity and vice versa. In this review, we survey studies of sleep and brain development across childhood. By summarizing these findings, we provide a unique understanding of the importance of healthy sleep for healthy brain and cognitive development. Moreover, we discuss gaps in our understanding, which will inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lokhandwala
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Developmental Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Developmental Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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Page J, Wakschlag LS, Norton ES. Nonrapid eye movement sleep characteristics and relations with motor, memory, and cognitive ability from infancy to preadolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22202. [PMID: 34813099 PMCID: PMC8898567 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays a critical role in neural neurodevelopment. Hallmarks of sleep reflected in the electroencephalogram during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are associated with learning processes, cognitive ability, memory, and motor functioning. Research in adults is well-established; however, the role of NREM sleep in childhood is less clear. Growing evidence suggests the importance of two NREM sleep features: slow-wave activity and sleep spindles. These features may be critical for understanding maturational change and the functional role of sleep during development. Here, we review the literature on NREM sleep from infancy to preadolescence to provide insight into the network dynamics of the developing brain. The reviewed findings show distinct relations between topographical and maturational aspects of slow waves and sleep spindles; however, the direction and consistency of these relationships vary, and associations with cognitive ability remain unclear. Future research investigating the role of NREM sleep and development would benefit from longitudinal approaches, increased control for circadian and homeostatic influences, and in early childhood, studies recording daytime naps and overnight sleep to yield increased precision for detecting age-related change. Such evidence could help explicate the role of NREM sleep and provide putative physiological markers of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Norton
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Lutz ND, Admard M, Genzoni E, Born J, Rauss K. Occipital sleep spindles predict sequence learning in a visuo-motor task. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab056. [PMID: 33743012 PMCID: PMC8361350 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The brain appears to use internal models to successfully interact with its environment via active predictions of future events. Both internal models and the predictions derived from them are based on previous experience. However, it remains unclear how previously encoded information is maintained to support this function, especially in the visual domain. In the present study, we hypothesized that sleep consolidates newly encoded spatio-temporal regularities to improve predictions afterwards. METHODS We tested this hypothesis using a novel sequence-learning paradigm that aimed to dissociate perceptual from motor learning. We recorded behavioral performance and high-density electroencephalography (EEG) in male human participants during initial training and during testing two days later, following an experimental night of sleep (n = 16, including high-density EEG recordings) or wakefulness (n = 17). RESULTS Our results show sleep-dependent behavioral improvements correlated with sleep-spindle activity specifically over occipital cortices. Moreover, event-related potential (ERP) responses indicate a shift of attention away from predictable to unpredictable sequences after sleep, consistent with enhanced automaticity in the processing of predictable sequences. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a sleep-dependent improvement in the prediction of visual sequences, likely related to visual cortex reactivation during sleep spindles. Considering that controls in our experiments did not fully exclude oculomotor contributions, future studies will need to address the extent to which these effects depend on purely perceptual versus oculomotor sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D Lutz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience/IMPRS for Cognitive & Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marie Admard
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elsa Genzoni
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes Research & Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen (IDM), Germany
| | - Karsten Rauss
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kurz EM, Conzelmann A, Barth GM, Renner TJ, Zinke K, Born J. How do children with autism spectrum disorder form gist memory during sleep? A study of slow oscillation-spindle coupling. Sleep 2021; 44:zsaa290. [PMID: 33367905 PMCID: PMC8193554 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is assumed to support memory through an active systems consolidation process that does not only strengthen newly encoded representations but also facilitates the formation of more abstract gist memories. Studies in humans and rodents indicate a key role of the precise temporal coupling of sleep slow oscillations (SO) and spindles in this process. The present study aimed at bolstering these findings in typically developing (TD) children, and at dissecting particularities in SO-spindle coupling underlying signs of enhanced gist memory formation during sleep found in a foregoing study in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without intellectual impairment. Sleep data from 19 boys with ASD and 20 TD boys (9-12 years) were analyzed. Children performed a picture-recognition task and the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task before nocturnal sleep (encoding) and in the next morning (retrieval). Sleep-dependent benefits for visual-recognition memory were comparable between groups but were greater for gist abstraction (recall of DRM critical lure words) in ASD than TD children. Both groups showed a closely comparable SO-spindle coupling, with fast spindle activity nesting in SO-upstates, suggesting that a key mechanism of memory processing during sleep is fully functioning already at childhood. Picture-recognition at retrieval after sleep was positively correlated to frontocortical SO-fast-spindle coupling in TD children, and less in ASD children. Critical lure recall did not correlate with SO-spindle coupling in TD children but showed a negative correlation (r = -.64, p = .003) with parietal SO-fast-spindle coupling in ASD children, suggesting other mechanisms specifically conveying gist abstraction, that may even compete with SO-spindle coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Kurz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany
- PFH – Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology II), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gottfried Maria Barth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Renner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Zinke
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes Research & Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
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Mason GM, Lokhandwala S, Riggins T, Spencer RMC. Sleep and human cognitive development. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 57:101472. [PMID: 33827030 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies across learning domains have shed light on mechanisms underlying sleep's benefits during numerous developmental periods. In this conceptual review, we survey recent studies of sleep and cognition across infancy, childhood, and adolescence. By summarizing recent findings and integrating across studies with disparate approaches, we provide a novel understanding of sleep's role in human cognitive function. Collectively, these studies point to an interrelation between brain development, sleep, and cognition. Moreover, we point to gaps in our understanding, which inform the agenda for future research in developmental and sleep science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Mason
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | | | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
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Gorgoni M, D'Atri A, Scarpelli S, Reda F, De Gennaro L. Sleep electroencephalography and brain maturation: developmental trajectories and the relation with cognitive functioning. Sleep Med 2020; 66:33-50. [PMID: 31786427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - S Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - F Reda
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - L De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Lerner I, Gluck MA. Sleep and the extraction of hidden regularities: A systematic review and the importance of temporal rules. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 47:39-50. [PMID: 31252335 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of its role in memory consolidation, sleep has been repeatedly identified as critical for the extraction of regularities from wake experiences. However, many null results have been published as well, with no clear consensus emerging regarding the conditions that yield this sleep effect. Here, we systematically review the role of sleep in the extraction of hidden regularities, specifically those involving associative relations embedded in newly learned information. We found that the specific behavioral task used in a study had far more impact on whether a sleep effect was discovered than either the category of the cognitive processes targeted, or the particular experimental design employed. One emerging pattern, however, was that the explicit detection of hidden rules is more likely to happen when the rules are of a temporal nature (i.e., event A at time t predicts a later event B) than when they are non-temporal. We discuss this temporal rule sensitivity in reference to the compressed memory replay occurring in the hippocampus during slow-wave-sleep, and compare this effect to what happens when the extraction of regularities depends on prior knowledge and relies on structures other than the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Lerner
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Mark A Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Adi-Japha E, Berke R, Shaya N, Julius MS. Different post-training processes in children's and adults' motor skill learning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210658. [PMID: 30629711 PMCID: PMC6328138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Do young children and adults share similar underlying motor skill learning mechanisms? Past studies have shown that school-aged children's speed of performance developed over wake periods of a few hours post-training. Such training-dependent gains were not found in adults. In the current study of children as young as 5-years-old and young adults who practiced a simple grapho-motor task, this finding was replicated only by the children that showed faster performance a few hours post-training. These positive gains in performance speed were retained two weeks later. Furthermore, among the children, variations in gains attained a few hours post-training were associated with initial performance level. These behavioral findings indicate different underlying post-training processes in children's and adults' motor skill learning thus, supporting differential tutoring of skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Adi-Japha
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Roni Berke
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nehama Shaya
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Mona S. Julius
- Special Education Studies, Levinsky College of Education, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Göder R. [Sleep and cognition in children and adolescents]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2018; 46:405-422. [PMID: 30141742 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and cognition in children and adolescents Abstract. In this review, one of the most important functions of sleep was described: Its role in promoting cognitive processes in children and adolescents. Particularly, studies of older children and adolescents revealed that sleep interacts in a complex manner with cognitive performance. Moreover, it was shown that sleep supports long-term memory even in young children. This is true for many different long-term memory systems such as memory of factual information (declarative memory), language acquisition, and for reward-related learning, but less so for learning motor skills. Clinical implications arise from observing the consequences of sleep deficits in children and adolescents due to early school hours or due to clinical conditions like attention deficits hyperactive disorder (ADHD), sleep apnea syndrome or other sleep disturbances. Current research has only partially shown that the treatment of sleep problems also benefits cognitive and memory performance. Filling this gap remains an opportunity for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- 1 Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel
| | - Robert Göder
- 2 Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel
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