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Soraci L, Beccacece A, Princiotto M, Villalta Savedra E, Gambuzza ME, Aguennouz M, Corsonello A, Luciani F, Muglia L, Filicetti E, Greco GI, Volpentesta M, Biscetti L. The emerging links between immunosenescence in innate immune system and neurocryptococcosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1410090. [PMID: 39229268 PMCID: PMC11369721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1410090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence refers to the age-related progressive decline of immune function contributing to the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases in older people. Neurocryptococcosis, an infectious disease of central nervous system (CNS) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (C. Neoformans) and C. gattii, has been observed with increased frequency in aged people, as result of the reactivation of a latent infection or community acquisition. These opportunistic microorganisms belonging to kingdom of fungi are capable of surviving and replicating within macrophages. Typically, cryptococcus is expelled by vomocytosis, a non-lytic expulsive mechanism also promoted by interferon (IFN)-I, or by cell lysis. However, whereas in a first phase cryptococcal vomocytosis leads to a latent asymptomatic infection confined to the lung, an enhancement in vomocytosis, promoted by IFN-I overproduction, can be deleterious, leading the fungus to reach the blood stream and invade the CNS. Cryptococcus may not be easy to diagnose in older individuals and, if not timely treated, could be potentially lethal. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the putative causes of the increased incidence of cryptococcal CNS infection in older people discussing in depth the mechanisms of immunosenscence potentially able to predispose to neurocryptococcosis, laying the foundations for future research. A deepest understanding of this relationship could provide new ways to improve the prevention and recognition of neurocryptococcosis in aged frail people, in order to quickly manage pharmacological interventions and to adopt further preventive measures able to reduce the main risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Soraci
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alessia Beccacece
- Centre for Biostatistics and Applied Geriatric Clinical Epidemiology, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - M’Hammed Aguennouz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Corsonello
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Cosenza, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine and Digital Technologies, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Muglia
- Centre for Biostatistics and Applied Geriatric Clinical Epidemiology, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Elvira Filicetti
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giada Ida Greco
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Mara Volpentesta
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Leonardo Biscetti
- Section of Neurology, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
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2
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Ning J, Chen J, Zhu Q, Shi M, Chen J, Liu X, Luo X, Yue X. Peptidome profiling of human, bovine, and donkey colostrum through label-free quantitative analysis reveals proteolysis of milk proteins. Food Funct 2024; 15:7161-7173. [PMID: 38888609 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00689e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Proteins and peptides play vital roles in different biological processes in vivo. As a dynamic hydrolysis system, milk is rich in proteins and proteases and provides a constant supply of endogenous bioactive peptides to newborn mammals. Previous studies have primarily focused on researching bioactive peptides by adding exogenous enzymes to milk samples. However, such an approach overlooks the significance of endogenous peptides and parent proteins that naturally exist in milk. Herein, we analyzed and compared parent proteins and their releasing peptides in human colostrum (HC), bovine colostrum (BC), and donkey colostrum (DC). The predominant proteins and hydrolyzed peptides in the three types of milk were identified. Among them, peptides were found to possess common bioactivities, including ACE inhibitory, antioxidant, antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties in HC, BC, and DC. Furthermore, the biological functions of these parent proteins were clarified using bioinformatics. These insights offer a novel perspective on natural bioactive peptides and the potential utilization of specific parent proteins and peptides to develop infant formulae derived from diverse milk sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Ning
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jialu Chen
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Mingyue Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jiali Chen
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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3
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Miceli G, Basso MG, Pintus C, Pennacchio AR, Cocciola E, Cuffaro M, Profita M, Rizzo G, Tuttolomondo A. Molecular Pathways of Vulnerable Carotid Plaques at Risk of Ischemic Stroke: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4351. [PMID: 38673936 PMCID: PMC11050267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of vulnerable carotid plaques is pivotal in understanding the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke secondary to large-artery atherosclerosis. In macroscopic evaluation, vulnerable plaques are characterized by one or more of the following features: microcalcification; neovascularization; lipid-rich necrotic cores (LRNCs); intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH); thin fibrous caps; plaque surface ulceration; huge dimensions, suggesting stenosis; and plaque rupture. Recognizing these macroscopic characteristics is crucial for estimating the risk of cerebrovascular events, also in the case of non-significant (less than 50%) stenosis. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as cytokines and adhesion molecules, lipid-related markers like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and proteolytic enzymes capable of degrading extracellular matrix components are among the key molecules that are scrutinized for their associative roles in plaque instability. Through their quantification and evaluation, these biomarkers reveal intricate molecular cross-talk governing plaque inflammation, rupture potential, and thrombogenicity. The current evidence demonstrates that plaque vulnerability phenotypes are multiple and heterogeneous and are associated with many highly complex molecular pathways that determine the activation of an immune-mediated cascade that culminates in thromboinflammation. This narrative review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current knowledge on molecular biomarkers expressed by symptomatic carotid plaques. It explores the association of these biomarkers with the structural and compositional attributes that characterize vulnerable plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Miceli
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Basso
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Pintus
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Roberta Pennacchio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Cocciola
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cuffaro
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Martina Profita
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.P.); (A.R.P.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (G.R.)
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital, Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Kiwit A, Lu Y, Lenz M, Knopf J, Mohr C, Ledermann Y, Klinke-Petrowsky M, Pagerols Raluy L, Reinshagen K, Herrmann M, Boettcher M, Elrod J. The Dual Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Sepsis and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Comparative Analysis across Murine Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3787. [PMID: 38612596 PMCID: PMC11011604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) may facilitate the development of interventions for sepsis. The study aims to investigate the formation and degradation of NETs in three murine sepsis models and to analyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during NET formation. Murine sepsis was induced by midgut volvulus (720° for 15 min), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), or the application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg body weight i.p.). NET formation and degradation was modulated using mice that were genetically deficient for peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 (PAD4-KO) or DNase1 and 1L3 (DNase1/1L3-DKO). After 48 h, mice were killed. Plasma levels of circulating free DNA (cfDNA) and neutrophil elastase (NE) were quantified to assess NET formation and degradation. Plasma deoxyribonuclease1 (DNase1) protein levels, as well as tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, were quantified. DNase1 and DNase1L3 in liver, intestine, spleen, and lung tissues were assessed. The applied sepsis models resulted in a simultaneous increase in NET formation and oxidative stress. NET formation and survival differed in the three models. In contrast to LPS and Volvulus, CLP-induced sepsis showed a decreased and increased 48 h survival in PAD4-KO and DNase1/1L3-DKO mice, when compared to WT mice, respectively. PAD4-KO mice showed decreased formation of NETs and ROS, while DNase1/1L3-DKO mice with impaired NET degradation accumulated ROS and chronicled the septic state. The findings indicate a dual role for NET formation and degradation in sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury: NETs seem to exhibit a protective capacity in certain sepsis paradigms (CLP model), whereas, collectively, they seem to contribute adversely to scenarios where sepsis is combined with ischemia-reperfusion (volvulus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kiwit
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Strasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuqing Lu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Moritz Lenz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Strasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mohr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yannick Ledermann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michaela Klinke-Petrowsky
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laia Pagerols Raluy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Strasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Strasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Strasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Elrod
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Strasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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5
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Li X, Hu L, Naeem A, Xiao S, Yang M, Shang H, Zhang J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Tumors and Potential Use of Traditional Herbal Medicine Formulations for Its Regulation. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2851-2877. [PMID: 38529365 PMCID: PMC10961241 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s449181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular fibers composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and decorated proteins produced by neutrophils. Recently, NETs have been associated with the development of many diseases, including tumors. Herein, we reviewed the correlation between NETs and tumors. In addition, we detailed active compounds from traditional herbal medicine formulations that inhibit NETs, related nanodrug delivery systems, and antibodies that serve as "guiding moieties" to ensure targeted delivery to NETs. Furthermore, we discussed the strategies used by pathogenic microorganisms to evade NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Hu
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanghua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongming Shang
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Youn C, Pontaza C, Wang Y, Dikeman DA, Joyce DP, Alphonse MP, Wu MJ, Nolan SJ, Anany MA, Ahmadi M, Young J, Tocaj A, Garza LA, Wajant H, Miller LS, Archer NK. Neutrophil-intrinsic TNF receptor signaling orchestrates host defense against Staphylococcus aureus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf8748. [PMID: 37327341 PMCID: PMC10275602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections and is a major health burden due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. To address the unmet need of alternative treatments to antibiotics, a better understanding of the protective immune mechanisms against S. aureus skin infection is warranted. Here, we report that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promoted protection against S. aureus in the skin, which was mediated by bone marrow-derived immune cells. Furthermore, neutrophil-intrinsic TNF receptor (TNFR) signaling directed immunity against S. aureus skin infections. Mechanistically, TNFR1 promoted neutrophil recruitment to the skin, whereas TNFR2 prevented systemic bacterial dissemination and directed neutrophil antimicrobial functions. Treatment with a TNFR2 agonist showed therapeutic efficacy against S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infections, which involved increased neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Our findings revealed nonredundant roles for TNFR1 and TNFR2 in neutrophils for immunity against S. aureus and can be therapeutically targeted for protection against bacterial skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Cristina Pontaza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Dustin A. Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel P. Joyce
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Martin P. Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Meng-Jen Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sabrina J. Nolan
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Anany
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Research Center, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Michael Ahmadi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jeremy Young
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Aron Tocaj
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Luis A. Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Lloyd S. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Nathan K. Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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7
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Roy M, Chakraborty S, Kumar Srivastava S, Kaushik S, Jyoti A, Kumar Srivastava V. Entamoeba histolytica induced NETosis and the dual role of NETs in amoebiasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110100. [PMID: 37011501 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica (Eh), a microaerophilic parasite, causes deadly enteric infections that result in Amoebiasis. Every year, the count of invasive infections reaches 50 million approximately and 40,000 to 1,00,000 deaths occurring due to amoebiasis are reported globally. Profound inflammation is the hallmark of severe amoebiasis which is facilitated by immune first defenders, neutrophils. Due to size incompatibility, neutrophils are unable to phagocytose Eh and thus, came up with the miraculous antiparasitic mechanism of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). This review provides an in-depth analysis of NETosis induced by Eh including the antigens involved in the recognition of Eh and the biochemistry of NET formation. Additionally, it underscores its novelty by describing the dual role of NETs in amoebiasis where it acts as a double-edged sword in terms of both clearing and exacerbating amoebiasis. It also provides a comprehensive account of the virulence factors discovered to date that are implicated directly and indirectly in the pathophysiology of Eh infections through the lens of NETs and can be interesting drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Roy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | - Shreya Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, NH-95, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India.
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Liu Y, Yan P, Bin Y, Qin X, Wu Z. Neutrophil extracellular traps and complications of liver transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054753. [PMID: 36466888 PMCID: PMC9712194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many end-stage liver disease etiologies are attributed to robust inflammatory cell recruitment. Neutrophils play an important role in inflammatory infiltration and neutrophil phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation. It has also been suggested that neutrophils may release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to kill pathogens. It has been proven that neutrophil infiltration within the liver contributes to an inflammatory microenvironment and immune cell activation. Growing evidence implies that NETs are involved in the progression of numerous complications of liver transplantation, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute rejection, thrombosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. NETs are discussed in this comprehensive review, focusing on their effects on liver transplantation complications. Furthermore, we discuss NETs as potential targets for liver transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Bin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qin
- Department of General Surgery and Trauma Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongjun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Kober KM, Harris C, Conley YP, Dhruva A, Dokiparthi V, Hammer MJ, Levine JD, Oppegaard K, Paul S, Shin J, Sucher A, Wright F, Yuen B, Olshen AB, Miaskowski C. Perturbations in common and distinct inflammatory pathways associated with morning and evening fatigue in outpatients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2022; 12:7369-7380. [PMID: 36373573 PMCID: PMC10067125 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate to severe fatigue occurs in up to 94% of patients with cancer. Recent evidence suggests that morning and evening fatigue are distinct dimensions of physical fatigue. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the transcriptome for common and distinct perturbed inflammatory pathways in patients receiving chemotherapy who reported low versus high levels of morning or low versus high levels of evening cancer-related fatigue. METHODS Patients completed questionnaires during the week prior to their chemotherapy treatment. Severity of morning and evening fatigue was evaluated using the Lee Fatigue Scale. Gene expression and pathway impact analyses (PIA) were performed in two independent samples using RNA-sequencing (n = 357) and microarray (n = 360). Patterns of interactions between and among these perturbed pathways were evaluated using a knowledge network (KN). RESULTS Across the PIA, nine perturbed pathways (FDR < 0.025) were common to both morning and evening fatigue, six were distinct for morning fatigue, and four were distinct for evening fatigue. KN (19 nodes, 39 edges) identified the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway node (perturbed in evening fatigue) with the highest betweenness (0.255) and closeness (0.255) centrality indices. The next highest betweenness centrality indices were seen in pathways perturbed in evening fatigue (i.e., nuclear factor kappa B: 0.200, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity: 0.178, mitogen-activated protein kinase: 0.175). CONCLUSIONS This study describes perturbations in common and distinct inflammatory pathways associated with morning and/or evening fatigue. PI3K-Akt was identified as a bottleneck pathway. The analysis identified potential targets for therapeutic interventions for this common and devastating clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kord M. Kober
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Carolyn Harris
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- School of Nursing University of Pittsburg Pittsburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - Anand Dhruva
- School of Medicine University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Vasuda Dokiparthi
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
| | | | - Jon D. Levine
- School of Medicine University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Kate Oppegaard
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Steven Paul
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Joosun Shin
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Anatol Sucher
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Fay Wright
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University New York New York USA
| | - Brian Yuen
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Adam B. Olshen
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California San Francisco California USA
- School of Nursing University of Pittsburg Pittsburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - Christine Miaskowski
- School of Nursing University of California San Francisco California USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California San Francisco California USA
- School of Medicine University of California San Francisco California USA
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10
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Burnet M, Metcalf DG, Milo S, Gamerith C, Heinzle A, Sigl E, Eitel K, Haalboom M, Bowler PG. A Host-Directed Approach to the Detection of Infection in Hard-to-Heal Wounds. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2408. [PMID: 36292097 PMCID: PMC9601189 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound infection is traditionally defined primarily by visual clinical signs, and secondarily by microbiological analysis of wound samples. However, these approaches have serious limitations in determining wound infection status, particularly in early phases or complex, chronic, hard-to-heal wounds. Early or predictive patient-derived biomarkers of wound infection would enable more timely and appropriate intervention. The observation that immune activation is one of the earliest responses to pathogen activity suggests that immune markers may indicate wound infection earlier and more reliably than by investigating potential pathogens themselves. One of the earliest immune responses is that of the innate immune cells (neutrophils) that are recruited to sites of infection by signals associated with cell damage. During acute infection, the neutrophils produce oxygen radicals and enzymes that either directly or indirectly destroy invading pathogens. These granular enzymes vary with cell type but include elastase, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and cathepsin G. Various clinical studies have demonstrated that collectively, these enzymes, are sensitive and reliable markers of both early-onset phases and established infections. The detection of innate immune cell enzymes in hard-to-heal wounds at point of care offers a new, simple, and effective approach to determining wound infection status and may offer significant advantages over uncertainties associated with clinical judgement, and the questionable value of wound microbiology. Additionally, by facilitating the detection of early wound infection, prompt, local wound hygiene interventions will likely enhance infection resolution and wound healing, reduce the requirement for systemic antibiotic therapy, and support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burnet
- Synovo GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel G. Metcalf
- ConvaTec Ltd., First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Park, Deeside CH5 2NU, UK
| | - Scarlet Milo
- ConvaTec Ltd., First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Park, Deeside CH5 2NU, UK
| | - Clemens Gamerith
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krennagsse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Heinzle
- Qualizyme Diagnostics GmbH & Co. KG, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Sigl
- Qualizyme Diagnostics GmbH & Co. KG, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kornelia Eitel
- Synovo GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marieke Haalboom
- Medical School Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, 7512 KZ Enschede, The Netherlands
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11
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Bronkhorst AJ, Ungerer V, Oberhofer A, Gabriel S, Polatoglou E, Randeu H, Uhlig C, Pfister H, Mayer Z, Holdenrieder S. New Perspectives on the Importance of Cell-Free DNA Biology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2147. [PMID: 36140548 PMCID: PMC9497998 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Body fluids are constantly replenished with a population of genetically diverse cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments, representing a vast reservoir of information reflecting real-time changes in the host and metagenome. As many body fluids can be collected non-invasively in a one-off and serial fashion, this reservoir can be tapped to develop assays for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of wide-ranging pathologies, such as solid tumors, fetal genetic abnormalities, rejected organ transplants, infections, and potentially many others. The translation of cfDNA research into useful clinical tests is gaining momentum, with recent progress being driven by rapidly evolving preanalytical and analytical procedures, integrated bioinformatics, and machine learning algorithms. Yet, despite these spectacular advances, cfDNA remains a very challenging analyte due to its immense heterogeneity and fluctuation in vivo. It is increasingly recognized that high-fidelity reconstruction of the information stored in cfDNA, and in turn the development of tests that are fit for clinical roll-out, requires a much deeper understanding of both the physico-chemical features of cfDNA and the biological, physiological, lifestyle, and environmental factors that modulate it. This is a daunting task, but with significant upsides. In this review we showed how expanded knowledge on cfDNA biology and faithful reverse-engineering of cfDNA samples promises to (i) augment the sensitivity and specificity of existing cfDNA assays; (ii) expand the repertoire of disease-specific cfDNA markers, thereby leading to the development of increasingly powerful assays; (iii) reshape personal molecular medicine; and (iv) have an unprecedented impact on genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel J. Bronkhorst
- Munich Biomarker Research Center, Institute for Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre, Technical University Munich, Lazarettstraße 36, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Munich Biomarker Research Center, Institute for Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre, Technical University Munich, Lazarettstraße 36, D-80636 Munich, Germany
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12
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Zhou Y, Xu Z, Liu Z. Impact of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps on Thrombosis Formation: New Findings and Future Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:910908. [PMID: 35711663 PMCID: PMC9195303 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.910908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic diseases seriously endanger human health, neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play an important role in abnormal thrombus formation. NETs are extracellular structures released by neutrophils upon stimulation by pathogens. NETs include neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), cathepsin G and other active substances. The network structure provided by NETs can prevent the spread of pathogens and effectively kill and eliminate pathogens. However, the components of NETs can also abnormally activate the coagulation pathway and participate in the formation of pathological thrombi. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of NETs formation in detail; the research progress of NETs in venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, acquired disease-associated thrombosis, sepsis coagulation disorder; as well as the strategies to target NETs in thrombosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhendong Xu
- *Correspondence: Zhiqiang Liu, ; Zhendong Xu,
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13
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Lipofundin mediates major inhibition of intravenous propofol on phorbol myristate acetate and Escherichia coli-induced neutrophil extracellular traps. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6517-6529. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Sarnik J, Makowska J. Citrullination good or bad guy? Immunobiology 2022; 227:152233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Müller-Ladner U. [Basic immunology for routine clinical practice]. Internist (Berl) 2022; 63:493-503. [PMID: 35384453 PMCID: PMC8985061 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Das Immunsystem ist ein den äußeren Gegebenheiten anpassbares und nahezu ubiquitär vorhandenes Abwehrsystem höherer Organismen, das vor allem Schädigungen durch Krankheitserreger oder Toxine verhindern soll. Zudem kann es fehlerhafte oder entartete körpereigene Zellen erkennen und zerstören. Das immunologische Netzwerk des Menschen besteht aus verschiedenen Organen und Organsystemen, verschiedenen immunaktiven Zelltypen sowie extra- und intrazellulären Signalmolekülen und Signalkomplexen. Unterteilt wird das Immunsystem in das angeborene und erworbene Immunsystem. Pathologische Zustände, die kurz oder länger andauern können, reichen von den angeborenen Störungen der Autoinflammationserkrankungen bis hin zu den zahlreichen Autoimmunerkrankungen. Diese überschießenden Immunreaktionen werden durch verschiedenste Stimuli getriggert. Therapeutisch können bei überschießenden Reaktionen unspezifische Immunsuppressiva oder direkte Immunzellhemmer bzw. Antikörper eingesetzt werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Professur für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Campus Kerckhoff, Benekestraße 2, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland.
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16
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Bonifay A, Robert S, Champagne B, Petit P, Eugène A, Chareyre C, Duchez A, Vélier M, Fritz S, Vallier L, Lacroix R, Dignat‐George F. A new strategy to count and sort neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles: Validation in infectious disorders. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12204. [PMID: 35362257 PMCID: PMC8971553 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly recognized polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMNs) functions include the ability to release subcellular mediators such as neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) involved in immune and thrombo-inflammatory responses. Elevation of their plasmatic level has been reported in a variety of infectious and cardiovascular disorders, but the clinical use of this potential biomarker is hampered by methodological issues. Although flow cytometry (FCM) is currently used to detect NDEVs in the plasma of patients, an extensive characterization of NDEVs has never been done. Moreover, their detection remains challenging because of their small size and low antigen density. Therefore, the objective of the present study was first to establish a surface antigenic signature of NDEVs detectable by FCM and therefore to improve their detection in biological fluids by developing a strategy allowing to overcome their low fluorescent signal and reduce the background noise. By testing a large panel of 54 antibody specificities already reported to be positive on PMNs, we identified a profile of 15 membrane protein markers, including 4 (CD157, CD24, CD65 and CD66c) never described on NDEVs. Among them, CD15, CD66b and CD66c were identified as the most sensitive and specific markers to detect NDEVs by FCM. Using this antigenic signature, we developed a new strategy combining the three best antibodies in a cocktail and reducing the background noise by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). This strategy allowed a significant improvement in NDEVs enumeration in plasma from sepsis patients and made it feasible to efficiently sort NDEVs from COVID-19 patients. Altogether, this work opens the door to a more valuable measurement of NDEVs as a potential biomarker in clinical practice. A similar strategy could also be applied to improve detection by FCM of other rare subpopulations of EVs generated by tissues with limited access, such as vascular endothelium, cancer cells or placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bonifay
- Aix‐Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260MarseilleFrance
- Department of Hematology and Vascular BiologyCHU La Conception, APHMMarseilleFrance
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix‐Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260MarseilleFrance
| | - Belinda Champagne
- Aix‐Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260MarseilleFrance
| | - Paul‐Rémi Petit
- Department of Hematology and Vascular BiologyCHU La Conception, APHMMarseilleFrance
| | - Aude Eugène
- Department of Hematology and Vascular BiologyCHU La Conception, APHMMarseilleFrance
| | - Corinne Chareyre
- Aix‐Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260MarseilleFrance
| | | | - Mélanie Vélier
- Aix‐Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260MarseilleFrance
- Department of Hematology and Vascular BiologyCHU La Conception, APHMMarseilleFrance
| | - Shirley Fritz
- Department of Hematology and Vascular BiologyCHU La Conception, APHMMarseilleFrance
| | - Loris Vallier
- Aix‐Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260MarseilleFrance
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix‐Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260MarseilleFrance
- Department of Hematology and Vascular BiologyCHU La Conception, APHMMarseilleFrance
| | - Françoise Dignat‐George
- Aix‐Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260MarseilleFrance
- Department of Hematology and Vascular BiologyCHU La Conception, APHMMarseilleFrance
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17
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Mergaert AM, Denny MF, Kingstad-Bakke B, Bawadekar M, Bashar SJ, Warner TF, Suresh M, Shelef MA. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Murine Antiviral and Autoimmune Antibody Responses. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5258221. [PMID: 35083342 PMCID: PMC8786467 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5258221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and the citrullinated proteins that they generate have key roles in innate immunity and rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory arthritis with antibodies that target citrullinated proteins. However, the importance of PADs, particularly PAD2, in the adaptive immune response, both normal and pathogenic, is newly emerging. In this study, we evaluated a requirement for PAD2 in the antibody response in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a T and B cell-driven murine model of rheumatoid arthritis, and in the protective antibody response to murine influenza infection. Using PAD2-/- and PAD2+/+ mice on the DBA/1J background, we found that PAD2 is required for maximal anti-collagen antibody levels, but not collagen-specific plasma cell numbers, T cell activation or polarization, or arthritis severity in CIA. Also, we found that PAD2 is required not just for normal levels of persistent hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies but also for full protection from lethal influenza rechallenge. Together, these data provide evidence for a novel modest requirement for PAD2 in a normal antiviral antibody response and in an abnormal autoantibody response in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M. Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael F. Denny
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S. Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F. Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marulasiddappa Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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18
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Vikhe Patil K, Mak KHM, Genander M. A Hairy Cituation - PADIs in Regeneration and Alopecia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:789676. [PMID: 34966743 PMCID: PMC8710808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.789676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this Review article, we focus on delineating the expression and function of Peptidyl Arginine Delminases (PADIs) in the hair follicle stem cell lineage and in inflammatory alopecia. We outline our current understanding of cellular processes influenced by protein citrullination, the PADI mediated posttranslational enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline, by exploring citrullinomes from normal and inflamed tissues. Drawing from other stem cell lineages, we detail the potential function of PADIs and specific citrullinated protein residues in hair follicle stem cell activation, lineage specification and differentiation. We highlight PADI3 as a mediator of hair shaft differentiation and display why mutations in PADI3 are linked to human alopecia. Furthermore, we propose mechanisms of PADI4 dependent fine-tuning of the hair follicle lineage progression. Finally, we discuss citrullination in the context of inflammatory alopecia. We present how infiltrating neutrophils establish a citrullination-driven self-perpetuating proinflammatory circuitry resulting in T-cell recruitment and activation contributing to hair follicle degeneration. In summary, we aim to provide a comprehensive perspective on how citrullination modulates hair follicle regeneration and contributes to inflammatory alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Vikhe Patil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kylie Hin-Man Mak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Genander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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An Update on the Pathogenic Role of Neutrophils in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Adult-Onset Still's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313038. [PMID: 34884842 PMCID: PMC8657670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune phagocytes that play a key role in immune defense against invading pathogens. The main offensive mechanisms of neutrophils are the phagocytosis of pathogens, release of granules, and production of cytokines. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been described as a novel defense mechanism in the literature. NETs are a network of fibers assembled from chromatin deoxyribonucleic acid, histones, and neutrophil granule proteins that have the ability to kill pathogens, while they can also cause toxic effects in hosts. Activated neutrophils with NET formation stimulate autoimmune responses related to a wide range of inflammatory autoimmune diseases by exposing autoantigens in susceptible individuals. The association between increased NET formation and autoimmunity was first reported in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related vasculitis, and the role of NETs in various diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis, has since been elucidated in research. Herein, we discuss the mechanistic role of neutrophils, including NETs, in the pathogenesis of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD), and provide their clinical values as biomarkers for monitoring and prognosis.
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20
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Shiga Toxin 2a Induces NETosis via NOX-Dependent Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121807. [PMID: 34944623 PMCID: PMC8698832 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection is the most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), one of the main causes of acute kidney injury in children. Stx plays an important role in endothelium damage and pathogenesis of STEC-HUS. However, the effects of Stx on neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation are not well understood. In this study, we investigated how Stx2a affects NET formation and NETotic pathways (NADPH or NOX-dependent and -independent) using neutrophils isolated from healthy donors and patients with STEC-HUS, during the acute and recovery phase of the disease. Stx2a dose-dependently induced NETosis in neutrophils isolated from both healthy controls and STEC-HUS patients. NETosis kinetics and mechanistic data with pathway-specific inhibitors including diphenyleneiodonium (DPI)-, ERK-, and P38-inhibitors showed that Stx2a-induced NETosis via the NOX-dependent pathway. Neutrophils from STEC-HUS patients in the acute phase showed less ROS and NETs formation compared to neutrophils of the recovery phase of the disease and in healthy controls. NETs induced by Stx2a may lead to the activation of endothelial cells, which might contribute to the manifestation of thrombotic microangiopathy in STEC-HUS.
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21
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Efrimescu CI, Buggy PM, Buggy DJ. Neutrophil Extracellular Trapping Role in Cancer, Metastases, and Cancer-Related Thrombosis: a Narrative Review of the Current Evidence Base. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:118. [PMID: 34342735 PMCID: PMC8330188 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a newly discovered, reactive oxygen species-dependent regulated process, whereby neutrophils degranulate and extrude genetic material, after engulfing various infectious or neoplastic antigens, culminating in a measurable serologic footprint. Recent research has highlighted the involvement of NETs in cancer and cancer-related pathologies. We review the role of NET formation in cancer biology, prognosis and potential therapeutic modulators. Recent Findings Elevated NET levels are associated with cancer metastasis and may be modified by some anaesthetic-analgesic techniques during tumour resection surgery. It promotes tumour cell migration, angiogenesis and hypercoagulability. Although there are potential anti-NET formation therapeutics available, their role has not been formally assessed in cancer patients. Summary Limited available evidence suggests an association between elevated NET expression and cancer metastasis, but its validity as a prognostic indicator for cancer-related outcomes is inconclusive. Further observational and interventional studies are warranted to comprehend the potential prognostic and therapeutic role of NETs in cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11912-021-01103-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin I Efrimescu
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Eccles St, Dublin, 7 D07 R2WY, Ireland.
| | | | - Donal J Buggy
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Eccles St, Dublin, 7 D07 R2WY, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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22
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Shimonaga K, Matsushige T, Takahashi H, Hashimoto Y, Yoshiyama M, Ono C, Sakamoto S. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 as a Possible Biomarker of Plaque Instability in Carotid Artery Stenosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105816. [PMID: 33906071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) exhibit pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic properties. However, they have only been reported as important regulators in atherosclerosis, especially in atherothrombosis. We investigated the presence of NETs and plaque instability in patients with carotid artery stenosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 39 consecutive patients with carotid artery stenosis were evaluated. All patients underwent carotid artery stenting (CAS) with dual protection (simultaneous flow reversal + distal filter) and blood aspiration as a method of distal embolism prevention. Local arterial blood was aspirated at the stent site and peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), which is essential for the formation of NETs, was measured. The relationships between PAD4 and the patient profile, blood examination and plaque data were investigated. RESULTS The mean value of PAD4 in local arterial blood in CAS was 0.5 ng/ml. Bivariate analysis demonstrated that PAD4 was associated with the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.007), high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.02), triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein ratio (p = 0.007), ulceration (p = 0.02) and plaque contrast enhancement on T1 black blood imaging (p = 0.03). In multiple linear regression analyses, PAD4 was correlated with the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.01) and ulceration (p = 0.01, cut-off value: 0.49 odds ratio: 19.3). CONCLUSIONS PAD4, representative of the presence of NETs, was high in carotid plaques with unstable features. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood was suggested to be a biomarker of vulnerable plaques. Elucidating the role of NETs may aid in clarifying factors that promote the instability of carotid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Shimonaga
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, 2-1-1 Kabeminami, Asakitaku, 731 0293 Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Toshinori Matsushige
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, 2-1-1 Kabeminami, Asakitaku, 731 0293 Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, 2-1-1 Kabeminami, Asakitaku, 731 0293 Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yukishige Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, 2-1-1 Kabeminami, Asakitaku, 731 0293 Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Michitsura Yoshiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, 2-1-1 Kabeminami, Asakitaku, 731 0293 Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Ono
- Department of Radiology, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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23
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Kang YW, Park S, Lee KJ, Moon D, Kim YM, Lee SW. Understanding the Host Innate Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e1. [PMID: 33728094 PMCID: PMC7937512 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a significant health concern worldwide. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the innate and adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis will be the sole basis for developing and applying therapeutics. This review will summarize the published results that relate to innate immune responses against infections with human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 in both humans and animal models. The topics encompass the innate immune sensing of the virus to the dysregulation of various innate immune cells during infection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Woo Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kun-Joo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Dain Moon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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24
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Barroso MV, Gropillo I, Detoni MAA, Thompson-Souza GA, Muniz VS, Vasconcelos CRI, Figueiredo RT, Melo RCN, Neves JS. Structural and Signaling Events Driving Aspergillus fumigatus-Induced Human Eosinophil Extracellular Trap Release. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633696. [PMID: 33679663 PMCID: PMC7930393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes classically involved in allergic diseases and in the host immune responses to helminths, fungi, bacteria and viruses. The release of extracellular DNA traps by leukocytes is an important mechanism of the innate immune response to pathogens in various infectious conditions, including fungal infections. Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungus responsible for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a pulmonary disease marked by prominent eosinophilic inflammation. Previously, we demonstrated that isolated human eosinophils release extracellular DNA traps (eosinophil extracellular traps; EETs) when stimulated by A. fumigatus in vitro. This release occurs through a lytic non-oxidative mechanism that involves CD11b and Syk tyrosine kinase. In this work, we unraveled different intracellular mechanisms that drive the release of extracellular DNA traps by A. fumigatus-stimulated eosinophils. Ultrastructurally, we originally observed that A. fumigatus-stimulated eosinophils present typical signs of extracellular DNA trap cell death (ETosis) with the nuclei losing both their shape (delobulation) and the euchromatin/heterochromatin distinction, followed by rupture of the nuclear envelope and EETs release. We also found that by targeting class I PI3K, and more specifically PI3Kδ, the release of extracellular DNA traps induced by A. fumigatus is inhibited. We also demonstrated that A. fumigatus-induced EETs release depends on the Src family, Akt, calcium and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in a process in which fungal viability is dispensable. Interestingly, we showed that A. fumigatus-induced EETs release occurs in a mechanism independent of PAD4 histone citrullination. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie EETs release in response to A. fumigatus, which may lead to better knowledge of ABPA pathophysiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Valente Barroso
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Gropillo
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcella A A Detoni
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Valdirene S Muniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo T Figueiredo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Campus of Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Josiane S Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Bottaccioli AG, Lazzari D, Bottaccioli F. Promoting the Resilience of the Italian Population Against SARS-CoV-2. Front Psychiatry 2021; 11:560017. [PMID: 33664678 PMCID: PMC7921144 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.560017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, due to its exceptional level of impact on the populations of the richest and most technologically advanced nations-which are experiencing unprecedented widespread mortality, fear, and social isolation-and due to the considerable difficulties faced by health services in coping with the emergency and the uncertainty regarding the evolution of the pandemic and its foreseeable heavy economic repercussions on a global scale, requires a change in the approach to the prevention and treatment of the infection based on the integration of biomedical and psychological sciences and professions. A survey of the Italian pandemic population, the results of which we report here, shows a widespread state of psychological distress, which, based on decades of scientific and clinical evidence on the relationship between mental states and immune system efficiency that we summarize in this paper, plausibly weakens the resistance of individuals and the population to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Italy can deploy a great force, represented by tens of thousands of psychologists and psychotherapists, who, as health workers, could be employed, alongside local and hospital medicine, in primary care and in promoting the resilience of citizens and health workers themselves, who are subject to a deadly work stress that also includes a widespread threat to their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giulia Bottaccioli
- University “Vita e Salute” San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Italian Society of Psychoneuroendocrineimmunology (SIPNEI), Rome, Italy
| | - David Lazzari
- Italian Society of Psychoneuroendocrineimmunology (SIPNEI), Rome, Italy
- National Council of the Order of Psychologists, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bottaccioli
- Italian Society of Psychoneuroendocrineimmunology (SIPNEI), Rome, Italy
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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26
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Blanter M, Gouwy M, Struyf S. Studying Neutrophil Function in vitro: Cell Models and Environmental Factors. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:141-162. [PMID: 33505167 PMCID: PMC7829132 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s284941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cell type in the blood and constitute the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Despite their important role in many diseases, they are challenging to study due to their short life span and the inability to cryopreserve or expand them in vitro. Thus, research into neutrophils has to rely on cells freshly isolated from peripheral blood of human donors, introducing donor-dependent variation in the experimental data. To counteract these problems, researchers tried to develop adequate cell models, such as cell lines. For those functional studies that cannot rely on cell models, a standardization of protocols regarding neutrophil purification and culturing could be a solution. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used models for neutrophil function (HL-60, PLB-985, NB4, Kasumi-1 and induced pluripotent stem cells). In addition, we describe the effects of glucose concentration, pH, oxygen tension and temperature on neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfa Blanter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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27
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Klopf J, Brostjan C, Eilenberg W, Neumayer C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020559. [PMID: 33429925 PMCID: PMC7828090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are primary effector cells of innate immunity and fight infection by phagocytosis and degranulation. Activated neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to a variety of stimuli. These NETs are net-like complexes composed of cell-free DNA, histones and neutrophil granule proteins. Besides the evolutionarily conserved mechanism to capture and eliminate pathogens, NETs are also associated with pathophysiological processes of various diseases. Here, we elucidate the mechanisms of NET formation and their different implications in disease. We focused on autoinflammatory and cardiovascular disorders as the leading cause of death. Neutrophil extracellular traps are not only present in various cardiovascular diseases but play an essential role in atherosclerotic plaque formation, arterial and venous thrombosis, as well as in the development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Furthermore, NETosis can be considered as a source of autoantigens and maintains an inflammatory milieu promoting autoimmune diseases. Indeed, there is further need for research into the balance between NET induction, inhibition, and degradation in order to pharmacologically target NETs and their compounds without impairing the patient’s immune defense. This review may be of interest to both basic scientists and clinicians to stimulate translational research and innovative clinical approaches.
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28
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Chang JC. Disseminated intravascular coagulation: new identity as endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease based on in vivo hemostasis and endothelial molecular pathogenesis. Thromb J 2020; 18:25. [PMID: 33061857 PMCID: PMC7553785 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-020-00231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can be correctly redefined as disseminated intravascular microthrombosis based on "two-path unifying theory" of in vivo hemostasis. "DIC" is a form of vascular microthrombotic disease characterized by "microthrombi" composed of platelets and unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (ULVWF). Microthrombotic disease includes not only "DIC", but also microthrombosis occurring in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), TTP-like syndrome, and focal, multifocal and localized microthrombosis. Being a hemostatic disease, microthrombotic disease occurs as a result of lone activation of ULVWF path via partial in vivo hemostasis. In endothelial injury associated with critical illnesses such as sepsis, the vascular damage is limited to the endothelial cell and activates ULVWF path. In contrast, in intravascular traumatic injury, the local damage may extend from the endothelial cell to subendothelial tissue and sometimes beyond, and activates both ULVWF and tissue factor (TF) paths. When endotheliopathy triggers exocytosis of ULVWF and recruits platelets, ULVWF path is activated and promotes microthrombogenesis to produce microthrombi composed of microthrombi strings, but when localized vascular damage causes endothelial and subendothelial tissue damage, both ULVWF and TF paths are activated and promote macrothrombogenesis to produce macrothrombus made of complete "blood clots". Currently, "DIC" concept is ascribed to activated TF path leading to fibrin clots. Instead, it should be correctly redefined as microthrombosis caused by activation of ULVWF path, leading to endotheliopathy-associated microthrombosis. The correct term for acute "DIC" is disseminated microthrombosis-associated hepatic coagulopathy, and that for chronic "DIC" is disseminated microthrombosis without hepatic coagulopathy. TTP-like syndrome is hematologic phenotype of endotheliopathy-associated microthrombosis. This correct concept of "DIC" is identified from novel theory of "in vivo hemostasis", which now can solve every mystery associated with "DIC" and other associated thrombotic disorders. Thus, sepsis-associated coagulopathy is not "DIC", but is endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae C. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92603 USA
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29
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Kalyanaraman B. Do free radical NETwork and oxidative stress disparities in African Americans enhance their vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity? Redox Biol 2020; 37:101721. [PMID: 32961440 PMCID: PMC7490257 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the hypothetical mechanisms for enhanced vulnerability of African Americans to SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 severity, and increased deaths. A disproportionately higher number of African Americans are afflicted with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, obesity), and SARS-CoV-2 has helped expose these health disparities. Several factors including socioeconomic status, inferior health care, and work circumstances contribute to these disparities. Identifying potential inflammatory biomarkers and decreasing basal levels in high-risk individuals with comorbidities through preventive measures is critical. Immune cells, particularly neutrophils, protect us against pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) through increased generation of free radicals or oxidants and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that ensnare pathogens, killing them extracellularly. However, continued generation of NETs coupled with the lack of prompt removal pose danger to host cells. NET levels are increased during pro-inflammatory diseases. COVID-19 patients exhibit elevated NET levels, depending upon disease severity. Conceivably, high-risk individuals with elevated basal NET levels would exhibit hyper-inflammation when infected with SARS-CoV-2, amplifying disease severity and deaths. Drugs inhibiting oxidant formation and vitamin supplements decreased NET formation in mice models of inflammation. Thus, it is conceivable that preventive treatments lowering NET levels and inflammation in high-risk individuals could mitigate SARS-CoV-2-induced complications and decrease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Free Radical Research Center, Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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30
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Yang SC, Tsai YF, Pan YL, Hwang TL. Understanding the role of neutrophils in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biomed J 2020; 44:439-446. [PMID: 33087299 PMCID: PMC7481802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is difficult to treat and is associated with a high mortality rate. The most severe form of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also leads to life-threatening ARDS. Neutrophil counts are positively correlated with disease severity in ARDS. Neutrophil activation not only plays a significant role in immune defense against infections, but also causes tissue damage and leads to inflammatory diseases. Activated neutrophils rapidly migrate to inflamed lung tissue, releasing toxic granular contents and generating neutrophil extracellular traps. In the last few decades, it has become apparent that neutrophils occupy a central role in ARDS pathology. In this review, we summarize the neutrophil inflammatory responses and their relationships to ARDS. According to the current literature, understanding the function of neutrophils may be helpful in the treatment of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fong Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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31
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Thompson‐Souza GA, Santos GMP, Silva JC, Muniz VS, Braga YAV, Figueiredo RT, Melo RCN, Santos ALS, Pinto MR, Neves JS. Histoplasma capsulatum
‐induced extracellular DNA trap release in human neutrophils. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13195. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana C. Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Institute of Microbiology Paulo de GóesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Valdirene S. Muniz
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Yasmim A. V. Braga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Institute of Microbiology Paulo de GóesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T. Figueiredo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Campus of Duque de CaxiasFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rossana C. N. Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - André L. S. Santos
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de GóesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcia R. Pinto
- Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal University Niterói Brazil
| | - Josiane S. Neves
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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32
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Dahlgren C, Björnsdottir H, Sundqvist M, Christenson K, Bylund J. Measurement of Respiratory Burst Products, Released or Retained, During Activation of Professional Phagocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2087:301-324. [PMID: 31729000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0154-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of professional phagocytes, potent microbial killers of our innate immune system, is associated with an increased cellular consumption of molecular oxygen (O2). The O2 molecules consumed are reduced by electrons delivered by a membrane localized NADPH-oxidase that initially generate one- and two electron reduced superoxide anions (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively. These oxidants can then be processed into other highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill microbes, but that may also cause tissue destruction and drive other immune cells into apoptosis. The development of basic techniques to measure and quantify ROS generation by phagocytes is of great importance, and a large number of methods have been used for this purpose. A selection of methods (including chemiluminescence amplified by luminol or isoluminol, absorbance change following reduction of cytochrome c, and fluorescence increase upon oxidation of PHPA) are described in detail in this chapter with special emphasis on how to distinguish between ROS that are released extracellularly, and those that are retained within intracellular organelles. These techniques can be valuable tools in research spanning from basic phagocyte biology to diagnosis of diseases linked to the NADPH-oxidase and more clinically oriented research on innate immune mechanisms and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Halla Björnsdottir
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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33
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Egholm C, Heeb LEM, Impellizzieri D, Boyman O. The Regulatory Effects of Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling on Neutrophils in Type 2 Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2507. [PMID: 31708926 PMCID: PMC6821784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor (IL-4R) signaling plays a pivotal role in type 2 immune responses. Type 2 immunity ensures several host-protective processes such as defense against helminth parasites and wound repair, however, type 2 immune responses also drive the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) have not traditionally been considered a part of type 2 immunity. While neutrophils might be beneficial in initiating a type 2 immune response, their involvement and activation is rather unwanted at later stages. This is evidenced by examples of type 2 immune responses where increased neutrophil responses are able to enhance immunity, however, at the cost of increased tissue damage. Recent studies have linked the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and their signaling via type I and type II IL-4Rs on neutrophils to inhibition of several neutrophil effector functions. This mechanism directly curtails neutrophil chemotaxis toward potent intermediary chemoattractants, inhibits the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, and antagonizes the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutrophils. These effects are observed in both mouse and human neutrophils. Thus, we propose for type 2 immune responses that neutrophils are, as in other immune responses, the first non-resident cells to arrive at a site of inflammation or infection, thereby guiding and attracting other innate and adaptive immune cells; however, as soon as the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 predominate, neutrophil recruitment, chemotaxis, and effector functions are rapidly shut off by IL-4/IL-13-mediated IL-4R signaling in neutrophils to prevent them from damaging healthy tissues. Insight into this neutrophil checkpoint pathway will help understand regulation of neutrophilic type 2 inflammation and guide the design of targeted therapeutic approaches for modulating neutrophils during inflammation and neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Egholm
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas E M Heeb
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Van Avondt K, Nur E, Zeerleder S. Mechanisms of haemolysis-induced kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:671-692. [PMID: 31455889 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular haemolysis is a fundamental feature of chronic hereditary and acquired haemolytic anaemias, including those associated with haemoglobinopathies, complement disorders and infectious diseases such as malaria. Destabilization of red blood cells (RBCs) within the vasculature results in systemic inflammation, vasomotor dysfunction, thrombophilia and proliferative vasculopathy. The haemoprotein scavengers haptoglobin and haemopexin act to limit circulating levels of free haemoglobin, haem and iron - potentially toxic species that are released from injured RBCs. However, these adaptive defence systems can fail owing to ongoing intravascular disintegration of RBCs. Induction of the haem-degrading enzyme haem oxygenase 1 (HO1) - and potentially HO2 - represents a response to, and endogenous defence against, large amounts of cellular haem; however, this system can also become saturated. A frequent adverse consequence of massive and/or chronic haemolysis is kidney injury, which contributes to the morbidity and mortality of chronic haemolytic diseases. Intravascular destruction of RBCs and the resulting accumulation of haemoproteins can induce kidney injury via a number of mechanisms, including oxidative stress and cytotoxicity pathways, through the formation of intratubular casts and through direct as well as indirect proinflammatory effects, the latter via the activation of neutrophils and monocytes. Understanding of the detailed pathophysiology of haemolysis-induced kidney injury offers opportunities for the design and implementation of new therapeutic strategies to counteract the unfavourable and potentially fatal effects of haemolysis on the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Van Avondt
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Erfan Nur
- Department of Haematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Haematology and Central Haematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Dahlgren C, Karlsson A, Bylund J. Intracellular Neutrophil Oxidants: From Laboratory Curiosity to Clinical Reality. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3127-3134. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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