1
|
Zhai S, Otsuka S, Xu J, Clarke VRJ, Tkatch T, Wokosin D, Xie Z, Tanimura A, Agarwal HK, Ellis-Davies GCR, Contractor A, Surmeier DJ. Ca 2+ -dependent phosphodiesterase 1 regulates the plasticity of striatal spiny projection neuron glutamatergic synapses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590962. [PMID: 38712260 PMCID: PMC11071484 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Long-term synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses on striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) is central to learning goal-directed behaviors and habits. Although considerable attention has been paid to the mechanisms underlying synaptic strengthening and new learning, little scrutiny has been given to those involved in the attenuation of synaptic strength that attends suppression of a previously learned association. Our studies revealed a novel, non-Hebbian, long-term, postsynaptic depression of glutamatergic SPN synapses induced by interneuronal nitric oxide (NO) signaling (NO-LTD) that was preferentially engaged at quiescent synapses. This form of plasticity was gated by local Ca 2+ influx through CaV1.3 Ca 2+ channels and stimulation of phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1), which degraded cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and blunted NO signaling. Consistent with this model, mice harboring a gain-of-function mutation in the gene coding for the pore-forming subunit of CaV1.3 channels had elevated depolarization-induced dendritic Ca 2+ entry and impaired NO-LTD. Extracellular uncaging of glutamate and intracellular uncaging of cGMP suggested that this Ca 2+ -dependent regulation of PDE1 activity allowed for local regulation of dendritic NO signaling. This inference was supported by simulation of SPN dendritic integration, which revealed that dendritic spikes engaged PDE1 in a branch-specific manner. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), NO-LTD was absent not because of a postsynaptic deficit in NO signaling machinery, but rather due to impaired interneuronal NO release. Re-balancing intrastriatal neuromodulatory signaling in the PD model restored NO release and NO-LTD. Taken together, these studies provide novel insights into the mechanisms governing NO-LTD in SPN and its role in psychomotor disorders, like PD.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sansalone L, Zhao J, Nguyen LTB, Gupta S, Benson DL, Abe M, Ellis-Davies GCR. Bidirectional Neuronal Actuation by Uncaging with Violet and Green Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315726. [PMID: 38329885 PMCID: PMC10947816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a photochemical protecting group that enables wavelength selective uncaging using green versus violet light. Change of the exocyclic oxygen of the laser dye coumarin-102 to sulfur, gave thio-coumarin-102, a new chromophore with an absorption ratio at 503/402 nm of 37. Photolysis of thio-coumarin-102 caged γ-aminobutyric acid was found to be highly wavelength selective on neurons, with normalized electrical responses >100-fold higher in the green versus violet channel. When partnered with coumarin-102 caged glutamate, we could use whole cell violet and green irradiation to fire and block neuronal action potentials with complete orthogonality. Localized irradiation of different dendritic segments, each connected to a neuronal cell body, in concert with 3-dimenional Ca2+ imaging, revealed that such inputs could function independently. Chemical signaling in living cells always involves a complex balance of multiple pathways, use of (thio)-coumarin-102 caged compounds will enable arbitrarily timed flashes of green and violet light to interrogate two independent pathways simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Sansalone
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Linh T. B. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Swati Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Deanna L. Benson
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma J, Egodawaththa NM, Guruge C, Márquez OAV, Likes M, Nesnas N. Blue and Green Light Responsive Caged Glutamate. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2024; 447:115183. [PMID: 37928883 PMCID: PMC10621743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is an excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in memory. Brain mapping activities of such pathways relied heavily on the ability to release Glu with spatiotemporal precision. Several photo-protecting groups (PPGs), referred to as photocages or cages, were designed to accomplish the release of Glu upon irradiation. Previously reported Glu cages responded to UV upon irradiation with single photons, which limited their use in vivo experiments due to cytotoxicity. Other caged designs suffered from lower quantum efficiency (QE) of release necessitating higher concentrations and/or longer photoirradiation times. There have been limited examples of cages that respond to visible light with single photon irradiation. Herein, we report the efficient preparation of 11 caged Glu examples that respond to two visible wavelengths, 467 nm (thiocoumarin based) and 515-540 nm (BODIPY based). The kinetics of photouncaging were studied for all caged designs, and we report all quantum efficiencies, i.e., quantum yields (Φ), that ranged from 0.0001-0.65. Two of the BODIPY cages are reported here for the first time, and one, Me-BODIPY-Br-Glu, shows the most efficient Glu release with a QE of 0.65. Similar caged designs can be extended to the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. This would enable the use of two visible wavelengths to modulate the release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters upon demand via optical control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charitha Guruge
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Oriana A. Valladares Márquez
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Molly Likes
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Nasri Nesnas
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Puppala M, Carrothers JE, Asad N, Bernard MA, Kim DS, Widegren MB, Dore TM. Sensitized 1-Acyl-7-nitroindolines with Enhanced Two-Photon Cross Sections for Release of Neurotransmitters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3578-3596. [PMID: 36484374 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise photochemical control, using two-photon excitation (2PE), of the timing and location of activation of glutamate is useful for studying the molecular and cellular physiology of the brain. Antenna-based light harvesting strategies represent a general method to increase the sensitivity to 2PE of otherwise insensitive photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs). This was applied to the most commonly used form of "caged" glutamate, MNI-Glu. Computational investigation showed that a four- or six-carbon linker attached between the 4-position of thioxanthone (THX) and the 4-position of the 5-methyl derivative of MNI-Glu (MMNI-Glu) would position the antenna and PPG close to one another to enable Dexter energy transfer. Nine THX-MMNI-Glu conjugates were prepared and their photochemical properties determined. Installation of the THX antenna resulted in a red shift of the absorption (λmax = 385-405 nm) along with increased quantum yield compared to the parent compound MNI-Glu (λmax = 347 nm). The THX-MMNI-Glu conjugate with a four-carbon linker and attachment to the 4-position of THX underwent photolysis via 1PE at 405 and 430 nm and via 2PE at 770 and 860 nm, yielding glutamate. The two-photon uncaging action cross section (δu) was 0.11 and 0.29 GM at 770 and 860, respectively, which was greater than for MNI-Glu (0.06 and 0.072 GM at 720 and 770 nm, respectively). The THX sensitizer harvested the light via 2PE and transferred its resulting triplet energy to MMNI-Glu. Release of glutamate through 2PE at 860 nm from the compound (100 μM) activated iGluSnFR, a genetically encoded, fluorescent glutamate sensor, on the surface of cells in culture, portending its usefulness in studies of neurophysiology in acute brain slice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Puppala
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmine E Carrothers
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark A Bernard
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Daniel S Kim
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Magnus B Widegren
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schulte AM, Alachouzos G, Szymański W, Feringa BL. Strategy for Engineering High Photolysis Efficiency of Photocleavable Protecting Groups through Cation Stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12421-12430. [PMID: 35775744 PMCID: PMC9284546 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photolabile protecting
groups (PPGs) enable the precise activation
of molecular function with light in many research areas, such as photopharmacology,
where remote spatiotemporal control over the release of a molecule
is needed. The design and application of PPGs in recent years have
particularly focused on the development of molecules with high molar
absorptivity at long irradiation wavelengths. However, a crucial parameter,
which is pivotal to the efficiency of uncaging and which has until
now proven highly challenging to improve, is the photolysis quantum
yield (QY). Here, we describe a novel and general approach to greatly
increase the photolysis QY of heterolytic PPGs through stabilization
of an intermediate chromophore cation. When applied to coumarin PPGs,
our strategy resulted in systems possessing an up to a 35-fold increase
in QY and a convenient fluorescent readout during their uncaging,
all while requiring the same number of synthetic steps for their preparation
as the usual coumarin systems. We demonstrate that the same QY engineering
strategy applies to different photolysis payloads and even different
classes of PPGs. Furthermore, analysis of the DFT-calculated energy
barriers in the first singlet excited state reveals valuable insights
into the important factors that determine photolysis efficiency. The
strategy reported herein will enable the development of efficient
PPGs tailored for many applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Schulte
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Alachouzos
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymański
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rojvirat CP, Berlin JR, Nguyen TD. Evaluating spatial and network properties of NMDA-dependent neuronal connectivity in mixed cortical cultures. Brain Res 2022; 1787:147919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Liposome-Tethered Gold Nanoparticles Triggered by Pulsed NIR Light for Rapid Liposome Contents Release and Endosome Escape. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040701. [PMID: 35456535 PMCID: PMC9025641 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote triggering of contents release with micron spatial and sub-second temporal resolution has been a long-time goal of medical and technical applications of liposomes. Liposomes can sequester a variety of bioactive water-soluble ions, ligands and enzymes, and oligonucleotides. The bilayer that separates the liposome interior from the exterior solution provides a physical barrier to contents release and degradation. Tethering plasmon-resonant, hollow gold nanoshells to the liposomes, or growing gold nanoparticles directly on the liposome exterior, allows liposome contents to be released by nanosecond or shorter pulses of near-infrared light (NIR). Gold nanoshells or nanoparticles strongly adsorb NIR light; cells, tissues, and physiological media are transparent to NIR, allowing penetration depths of millimeters to centimeters. Nano to picosecond pulses of NIR light rapidly heat the gold nanoshells, inducing the formation of vapor nanobubbles, similar to cavitation bubbles. The collapse of the nanobubbles generates mechanical forces that rupture bilayer membranes to rapidly release liposome contents at the preferred location and time. Here, we review the syntheses, characterization, and applications of liposomes coupled to plasmon-resonant gold nanostructures for delivering a variety of biologically important contents in vitro and in vivo with sub-micron spatial control and sub-second temporal control.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mizuta Y. Advances in Two-Photon Imaging in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1224-1230. [PMID: 34019083 PMCID: PMC8579158 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Live and deep imaging play a significant role in the physiological and biological study of organisms. Two-photon excitation microscopy (2PEM), also known as multiphoton excitation microscopy, is a fluorescent imaging technique that allows deep imaging of living tissues. Two-photon lasers use near-infrared (NIR) pulse lasers that are less invasive and permit deep tissue penetration. In this review, recent advances in two-photon imaging and their applications in plant studies are discussed. Compared to confocal microscopy, NIR 2PEM exhibits reduced plant-specific autofluorescence, thereby achieving greater depth and high-resolution imaging in plant tissues. Fluorescent proteins with long emission wavelengths, such as orange-red fluorescent proteins, are particularly suitable for two-photon live imaging in plants. Furthermore, deep- and high-resolution imaging was achieved using plant-specific clearing methods. In addition to imaging, optical cell manipulations can be performed using femtosecond pulsed lasers at the single cell or organelle level. Optical surgery and manipulation can reveal cellular communication during development. Advances in in vivo imaging using 2PEM will greatly benefit biological studies in plant sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mizuta
- Institute for Advanced Research (IAR), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neural and behavioral control in Caenorhabditis elegans by a yellow-light-activatable caged compound. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2009634118. [PMID: 33542099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009634118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is used as a model system to understand the neural basis of behavior, but application of caged compounds to manipulate and monitor the neural activity is hampered by the innate photophobic response of the nematode to short-wavelength light or by the low temporal resolution of photocontrol. Here, we develop boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-derived caged compounds that release bioactive phenol derivatives upon illumination in the yellow wavelength range. We show that activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) cation channel by spatially targeted optical uncaging of the TRPV1 agonist N-vanillylnonanamide at 580 nm modulates neural activity. Further, neuronal activation by illumination-induced uncaging enables optical control of the behavior of freely moving C. elegans without inducing a photophobic response and without crosstalk between uncaging and simultaneous fluorescence monitoring of neural activity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Light has been instrumental in the study of living cells since its use helped in their discovery in the late 17th century. Further, combining chemical technology with light microscopy was an essential part of the Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1906. Such landmark scientific findings involved passive observation of cells. However, over the past 50 years, a "second use" of light has emerged in cell physiology, namely one of rational control. The seminal method for this emerged in late 1970s with the invention of caged compounds. This was the point when "caged compounds" were defined as optical probes in which the active functionality of a physiological signaling molecule was blocked with a photochemical protecting group. Caged compounds are analogous to prodrugs; in both, the activity of the effector is latent. However, caged compounds, unlike prodrugs, use a trigger that confers the power of full temporal and spatial manipulation of the effects of release of its latent biological cargo. Light is distinct because it is bio-orthogonal, passes through living tissue (even into the cell interior), and initiates rapid release of the "caged" biomolecule. Further, because light can be directed to broad areas or focused to small points, caged compounds offer an array of timing scenarios for physiologists to dissect virtually any type of cellular process.The collaborative interaction between chemists and physiologists plays a fundamental role in the development of caged compounds. First, the physiologists must define the problem to be addressed; then, with the help of chemists, decide if a caged compound would be useful. For this, structure-activity relationships of the potential optical probe and receptor must be determined. If rational targets seem feasible, synthetic organic chemistry is used to make the caged compound. The crucial property of prephotolysis bio-inertness relies on physiological or biochemical assays. Second, detailed optical characterization of the caged compound requires the skill of photochemists because the rate and efficiency of uncaging are also crucial properties for a useful caged compound. Often, these studies reveal limitations in the caged compound which has been developed; thus, chemists and physiologists use their abilities for iterative development of even more powerful optical probes. A similar dynamic will be familiar to scientists in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, caged compound development provides an excellent training framework for (young) chemists both intellectually and professionally. In this Account, I draw on my long experience in the field of making useful caged compounds for cell physiology by showing how each probe I have developed has been defined by an important physiological problem. Fundamental to this process has been my initial training by the pioneers in aromatic photochemistry, Derek Bryce-Smith and Andrew Gilbert. I discuss making a range of "caged calcium" probes, ones which went on to be the most widely used of all caged compounds. Then, I describe the development of caged neurotransmitters for two-photon uncaging microscopy. Finally, I survey recent work on making new photochemical protecting groups for wavelength orthogonal, two-color, and ultraefficient two-photon uncaging.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cozzolino M, Bazzurro V, Gatta E, Bianchini P, Angeli E, Robello M, Diaspro A. Precise 3D modulation of electro-optical parameters during neurotransmitter uncaging experiments with neurons in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13380. [PMID: 32770032 PMCID: PMC7414112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium–bipyridinetriphenylphosphine–GABA (RuBi–GABA) is a caged compound that allows studying the neuronal transmission in a specific region of a neuron. The inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is bound to a caged group that blocks the interaction of the neurotransmitter with its receptor site. Following linear—one-photon (1P)—and non-linear—multi-photon—absorption of light, the covalent bond of the caged molecule is broken, and GABA is released. Such a controlled release in time and space allows investigating the interaction with its receptor in four dimensions (X,Y,Z,t). Taking advantage of this strategy, we succeeded in addressing the modulation of GABAA in rat cerebellar neurons by coupling the photoactivation process, by confocal or two-photon excitation microscopy, with the electrophysiological technique of the patch-clamp in the whole-cell configuration. Key parameters have been comprehensively investigated and correlated in a temporally and spatially confined way, namely: photoactivation laser power, time of exposure, and distance of the uncaging point from the cell of interest along the X, Y, Z spatial coordinates. The goal of studying specific biological events as a function of controlled physical parameters has been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cozzolino
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy.,Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Virginia Bazzurro
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gatta
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchini
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Angeli
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Robello
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy. .,Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and photochemical release of glutamate (or uncaging) is a chemical technique widely used by biologists to interrogate its physiology. A basic prerequisite of these optical probes is bio-inertness before photolysis. However, all caged glutamates are known to have strong antagonism toward receptors of γ-aminobutyric acid, the major inhibitory transmitter. We have developed a caged glutamate probe that is inert toward these receptors at concentrations that are effective for photolysis with violet light. Pharmacological tests in vitro revealed that attachment of a fifth-generation (G5) dendrimer (i.e., cloaking) to the widely used 4-methoxy-7-nitro-indolinyl(MNI)-Glu probe prevented such off-target effects while not changing the photochemical properties of MNI-Glu significantly. G5-MNI-Glu was used with optofluidic delivery to stimulate dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area of freely moving mice in a conditioned place-preference protocol so as to mediate Pavlovian conditioning.
Collapse
|
14
|
Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR, Mourot A. Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 20:514-532. [PMID: 31289380 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | | | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shin JE, Ogunyankin MO, Zasadzinski JA. Near Infrared-Triggered Liposome Cages for Rapid, Localized Small Molecule Delivery. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1706. [PMID: 32015363 PMCID: PMC6997424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolabile chelating cages or protecting groups need complex chemical syntheses and require UV, visible, or two-photon NIR light to trigger release. Different cages have different solubilities, reaction rates, and energies required for triggering. Here we show that liposomes containing calcium, adenosine triphosphate, or carboxyfluorescein are tethered to plasmon-resonant hollow gold nanoshells (HGN) tuned to absorb light from 650-950 nm. Picosecond pulses of near infrared (NIR) light provided by a two-photon microscope, or by a stand-alone laser during flow through microfluidic channels, trigger contents release with spatial and temporal control. NIR light adsorption heats the HGN, inducing vapor nanobubbles that rupture the liposome, releasing cargo within milliseconds. Any water-soluble molecule can be released at essentially the same rate from the liposome-HGN. By using liposomes of different composition, or HGN of different sizes or shapes with different nanobubble threshold fluences, or irradiating on or off resonance, two different cargoes can be released simultaneously, one before the other, or in a desired ratio. Calcium release from liposome-HGN can be spatially patterned to crosslink alginate gels and trap living cells. Liposome-HGN provide stable, biocompatible isolation of the bioactive compound from its surroundings with minimal interactions with the local environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Maria O Ogunyankin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Bristol, Myers, Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08902, USA
| | - Joseph A Zasadzinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feeney MJ, Thomas SW. Combining Top-Down and Bottom-Up with Photodegradable Layer-by-Layer Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13791-13804. [PMID: 31487186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly of polymer coatings is a bottom-up fabrication technique with broad applicability across a wide range of materials and applications that require control over interfacial properties. While most LbL coatings are chemically uniform in directions both tangent and perpendicular to their substrate, control over the properties of surface coatings as a function of space can enhance their function. To contribute to this rapidly advancing field, our group has focused on the top-down spatiotemporal control possible with photochemically reactive LbL coatings, harnessed through charge-shifting polyelectrolytes enabled by photocleavable ester pendants. The photolysis of the photocleavable esters degrades LbL films containing these polyelectrolytes. The chemical structures of the photocleavable groups dictate the wavelengths responsible for disrupting these coatings, ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared in our work. In addition, spatially segregating reactive groups into "compartments" within LbL films has enabled us to fabricate reactive free-standing polymer films and multiheight photopatterned coatings. Overall, by combining bottom-up and top-down approaches, photoreactive LbL films enable precise control over the interfacial properties of polymer and composite coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Feeney
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Samuel W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Passlick S, Ellis-Davies GCR. Chromatically independent, two-color uncaging of glutamate and GABA with one- or two-photon excitation. Methods Enzymol 2019; 624:167-196. [PMID: 31370929 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Caged compounds enable fast, light-induced, and spatially-defined application of bioactive molecules to cells. Covalent attachment of a caging chromophore to a crucial functionality of a biomolecule renders it inert, while short pulses of light release the caged molecule in its active form. Caged neurotransmitters have been widely used to study diverse neurobiological processes such as receptor distribution, synaptogenesis, transport, and long-term potentiation. Since the neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the most important, they have been studied extensively using uncaging. However, to be able to probe their interactions on a physiologically relevant timescale, fast and independent application of both neurotransmitters in an arbitrary order is desired. This can be achieved by combining two caging chromophores absorbing non-overlapping and thus orthogonal wavelengths of light, which enables the precise application of two caged molecules to the same preparation in any order, a technique called two-color uncaging. In this chapter, we describe the principles of orthogonal two-color uncaging with one- and two-photon excitation with an emphasis on caged glutamate and GABA. We then give a guide to its practical application and highlight some key studies utilizing this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Deodato D, Asad N, Dore TM. Photorearrangement of Quinoline-Protected Dialkylanilines and the Photorelease of Aniline-Containing Biological Effectors. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7342-7353. [PMID: 31095378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The direct release of dialkylanilines was achieved by controlling the outcome of a photorearrangement reaction promoted by the (8-cyano-7-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)methyl (CyHQ) photoremovable protecting group. The substrate scope was investigated to obtain structure-activity relationships and to propose a reaction mechanism. Introducing a methyl substituent at the 2-methyl position of the CyHQ core enabled the bypass of the photorearrangement and significantly improved the aniline release efficiency. We successfully applied the strategy to the photoactivation of mifepristone (RU-486), an antiprogestin drug that is also used to induce the LexPR gene expression system in zebrafish and the gene-switch regulatory system based on the pGL-VP chimeric regulator in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Deodato
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Naeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates.,Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Development of photolabile protecting groups and their application to the optochemical control of cell signaling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:164-175. [PMID: 31132552 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many biological processes are naturally regulated with spatiotemporal control. In order to perturb and investigate them, optochemical tools have been developed that convey similar spatiotemporal precision. Pivotal to optochemical probes are photolabile protecting groups, so called caging groups, and recent developments have enabled new applications to cellular processes, including cell signaling. This review focuses on the advances made in the field of caging groups and their application in cell signaling through caged molecules such as neurotransmitters, lipids, secondary messengers, and proteins.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kumar P, Jiang T, Li S, Zainul O, Laughlin ST. Caged cyclopropenes for controlling bioorthogonal reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:4081-4085. [PMID: 29790564 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal ligations have been designed and optimized to provide new experimental avenues for understanding biological systems. Generally, these optimizations have focused on improving reaction rates and orthogonality to both biology and other members of the bioorthogonal reaction repertoire. Less well explored are reactions that permit control of bioorthogonal reactivity in space and time. Here we describe a strategy that enables modular control of the cyclopropene-tetrazine ligation. We developed 3-N-substituted spirocyclopropenes that are designed to be unreactive towards 1,2,4,5-tetrazines when bulky N-protecting groups sterically prohibit the tetrazine's approach, and reactive once the groups are removed. We describe the synthesis of 3-N spirocyclopropenes with an appended electron withdrawing group to promote stability. Modification of the cyclopropene 3-N with a bulky, light-cleavable caging group was effective at stifling its reaction with tetrazine, and the caged cyclopropene was resistant to reaction with biological nucleophiles. As expected, upon removal of the light-labile group, the 3-N cyclopropene reacted with tetrazine to form the expected ligation product both in solution and on a tetrazine-modified protein. This reactivity caging strategy leverages the popular carbamate protecting group linkage, enabling the use of diverse caging groups to tailor the reaction's activation modality for specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ellis-Davies GCR. Two-Photon Uncaging of Glutamate. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 10:48. [PMID: 30687075 PMCID: PMC6333857 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy produces the excited singlet state of a chromophore with wavelengths approximately double that used for normal excitation. Two photons are absorbed almost simultaneously, via a virtual state, and this makes the excitation technique inherently non-linear. It requires ultra-fast lasers to deliver the high flux density needed to access intrinsically very short lived intermediates, and in combination with lenses of high numerical aperture, this confines axial excitation highly. Since the two-photon excitation volume is similar to a large spine head, the technique has been widely used to study glutamatergic transmission in brain slices. Here I describe the principles of two-photon uncaging of glutamate and provide a practical guide to its application.
Collapse
|
22
|
Guruge C, Ouedraogo YP, Comitz RL, Ma J, Losonczy A, Nesnas N. Improved Synthesis of Caged Glutamate and Caging Each Functional Group. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2713-2721. [PMID: 29750497 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that controls numerous pathways in the brain. Neuroscientists make use of photoremovable protecting groups, also known as cages, to release glutamate with precise spatial and temporal control. Various cage designs have been developed and among the most effective has been the nitroindolinyl caging of glutamate. We, hereby, report an improved synthesis of one of the current leading molecules of caged glutamate, 4-carboxymethoxy-5,7-dinitroindolinyl glutamate (CDNI-Glu), which possesses efficiencies with the highest reported quantum yield of at least 0.5. We present the shortest route, to date, for the synthesis of CDNI-Glu in 4 steps, with a total reaction time of 40 h and an overall yield of 20%. We also caged glutamate at the other two functional groups, thereby, introducing two new cage designs: α-CDNI-Glu and N-CDNI-Glu. We included a study of their photocleavage properties using UV-vis, NMR, as well as a physiology experiment of a two-photon uncaging of CDNI-Glu in acute hippocampal brain slices. The newly introduced cage designs may have the potential to minimize the interference that CDNI-Glu has with the GABAA receptor. We are broadly disseminating this to enable neuroscientists to use these photoactivatable tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charitha Guruge
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Yannick P. Ouedraogo
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Richard L. Comitz
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Jingxuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Nasri Nesnas
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Passlick S, Richers MT, Ellis-Davies GCR. Thermodynamically Stable, Photoreversible Pharmacology in Neurons with One- and Two-Photon Excitation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Matthew T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York NY 10029 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Passlick S, Richers MT, Ellis-Davies GCR. Thermodynamically Stable, Photoreversible Pharmacology in Neurons with One- and Two-Photon Excitation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12554-12557. [PMID: 30075062 PMCID: PMC6133756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable bioprobes enable bidirectional control of cell physiology with different wavelengths of light. Many current photoswitches use cytotoxic UV light and are limited by the need for constant illumination owing to thermal relaxation in the dark. Now a photoswitchable tetrafluoroazobenzene(4FAB)-based ion channel antagonist has been developed that can be efficiently isomerized in two separate optical channels with visible light. Importantly, the metastable cis configuration showed very high stability in the dark over the course of days at room temperature. In neurons, the 4FAB antagonist reversibly blocks voltage-gated ion channels with violet and green light. Furthermore, photoswitching could also be achieved with two-photon excitation yielding high spatial resolution. 4FAB probes have the potential to enable long-term biological studies where both ON and OFF states can be maintained in the absence of irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M. T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dunkel P, Barosi A, Dhimane H, Maurel F, Dalko PI. Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET)-Mediated Fragmentation of Picolinium-Derived Redox Probes. Chemistry 2018; 24:12920-12931. [PMID: 29873846 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The photolysis of covalently linked N-alkyl picolinium phenylacetate-carbazole dyads was analyzed experimentally and by using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent-DFT (TD-DFT) calculations. In contrast to earlier observations efficient one and two-photon fragmentations conditions were found for 15 c (δu =0.16 GM at 730 nm) opening the way for the design of a novel class of "caged" compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dunkel
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Anna Barosi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Hamid Dhimane
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - François Maurel
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Peter I Dalko
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Banghart MR, He XJ, Sabatini BL. A Caged Enkephalin Optimized for Simultaneously Probing Mu and Delta Opioid Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:684-690. [PMID: 29266926 PMCID: PMC5906201 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological responses to the opioid neuropeptide enkephalin often involve both mu and delta opioid receptors. To facilitate quantitative studies into opioid signaling, we previously developed a caged [Leu5]-enkephalin that responds to ultraviolet irradiation, but its residual activity at delta receptors confounds experiments that involve both receptors. To reduce residual activity, we evaluated side-chain, N-terminus, and backbone caging sites and further incorporated the dimethoxy-nitrobenzyl moiety to improve sensitivity to ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Residual activity was characterized using an in vitro functional assay, and the power dependence and kinetics of the uncaging response to 355 nm laser irradiation were assayed using electrophysiological recordings of mu opioid receptor-mediated potassium currents in brain slices of rat locus coeruleus. These experiments identified N-MNVOC-LE as an optimal compound. Using ultraviolet LED illumination to photoactivate N-MNVOC-LE in the CA1 region of hippocampus, we found that enkephalin engages both mu and delta opioid receptors to suppress inhibitory synaptic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Banghart
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section on Neurobiology , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Xinyi J He
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section on Neurobiology , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ankenbruck N, Courtney T, Naro Y, Deiters A. Optochemical Control of Biological Processes in Cells and Animals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2768-2798. [PMID: 28521066 PMCID: PMC6026863 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological processes are naturally regulated with high spatial and temporal control, as is perhaps most evident in metazoan embryogenesis. Chemical tools have been extensively utilized in cell and developmental biology to investigate cellular processes, and conditional control methods have expanded applications of these technologies toward resolving complex biological questions. Light represents an excellent external trigger since it can be controlled with very high spatial and temporal precision. To this end, several optically regulated tools have been developed and applied to living systems. In this review we discuss recent developments of optochemical tools, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids that can be irreversibly or reversibly controlled through light irradiation, with a focus on applications in cells and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ankenbruck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Taylor Courtney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Yuta Naro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ankenbruck N, Courtney T, Naro Y, Deiters A. Optochemische Steuerung biologischer Vorgänge in Zellen und Tieren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ankenbruck
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Taylor Courtney
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Yuta Naro
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Passlick S, Kramer PF, Richers MT, Williams JT, Ellis-Davies GCR. Two-color, one-photon uncaging of glutamate and GABA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187732. [PMID: 29117230 PMCID: PMC5678877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells receive a variety of excitatory and inhibitory signals which they process to generate an output signal. In order to study the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory receptors with exogenously applied transmitters in the same preparation, two caging chromophores attached to glutamate and GABA were developed that were selectively photolyzed by different wavelengths of light. This technique has the advantage that the biologically inactive caged compound can be applied at equilibrium prior to the near instantaneous release of the transmitters. This method therefore mimics the kinetics of endogenously released transmitters that is otherwise not possible in brain slice preparations. Repeated photolysis with either of the two wavelengths resulted in GABA- or glutamate-induced activation of both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors to evoke reproducible currents. With these compounds, the interaction between inhibitory and excitatory receptors was examined using whole field photolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Kramer
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Graham C. R. Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aebersold MJ, Dermutz H, Demkó L, Cogollo JFS, Lin SC, Burchert C, Schneider M, Ling D, Forró C, Han H, Zambelli T, Vörös J. Local Chemical Stimulation of Neurons with the Fluidic Force Microscope (FluidFM). Chemphyschem 2017; 19:1234-1244. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias J. Aebersold
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Harald Dermutz
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - László Demkó
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - José F. Saenz Cogollo
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Shiang-Chi Lin
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Conrad Burchert
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Moritz Schneider
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Doris Ling
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Csaba Forró
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hana Han
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich; Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Agarwal HK, Zhai S, Surmeier DJ, Ellis-Davies GCR. Intracellular Uncaging of cGMP with Blue Light. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2139-2144. [PMID: 28762726 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have made a new caged cGMP that is photolyzed with blue light. Using our recently developed derivative of 7-diethylaminocourmarin (DEAC) called DEAC450, we synthesized coumarin phosphoester derivatives of cGMP with two negative charges appended to the DEAC450 moiety. DEAC450-cGMP is freely soluble in physiological buffer without the need for any organic cosolvents. With a photolysis quantum yield of 0.18 and an extinction coefficient of 43 000 M-1 cm-1 at 453 nm, DEAC450-cGMP is the most photosensitive caged cGMP made to date. In patch-clamped neurons in acutely isolated brain slices, blue light effectively uncaged cGMP from DEAC450 and facilitated activation of hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide gated cation (HCN) channels in cholinergic interneurons. Thus, DEAC450-cGMP has a unique set of optical and chemical properties that make it a useful addition to the optical arsenal available to neurobiologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K. Agarwal
- Department
of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Shenyu Zhai
- Department
of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - D. James Surmeier
- Department
of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Slanina T, Shrestha P, Palao E, Kand D, Peterson JA, Dutton AS, Rubinstein N, Weinstain R, Winter AH, Klán P. In Search of the Perfect Photocage: Structure-Reactivity Relationships in meso-Methyl BODIPY Photoremovable Protecting Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15168-15175. [PMID: 29039200 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed investigation of the photophysical parameters and photochemical reactivity of meso-methyl BODIPY photoremovable protecting groups was accomplished through systematic variation of the leaving group (LG) and core substituents as well as substitutions at boron. Efficiencies of the LG release were evaluated using both steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopies as well as computational analyses to identify the optimal structural features. We find that the quantum yields for photorelease with this photocage are highly sensitive to substituent effects. In particular, we find that the quantum yields of photorelease are improved with derivatives with higher intersystem crossing quantum yields, which can be promoted by core heavy atoms. Moreover, release quantum yields are dramatically improved by boron alkylation, whereas alkylation in the meso-methyl position has no effect. Better LGs are released considerably more efficiently than poorer LGs. We find that these substituent effects are additive, for example, a 2,6-diiodo-B-dimethyl BODIPY photocage features quantum yields of 28% for the mediocre LG acetate and a 95% quantum yield of release for chloride. The high chemical and quantum yields combined with the outstanding absorption properties of BODIPY dyes lead to photocages with uncaging cross sections over 10 000 M-1 cm-1, values that surpass cross sections of related photocages absorbing visible light. These new photocages, which absorb strongly near the second harmonic of an Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), hold promise for manipulating and interrogating biological and material systems with the high spatiotemporal control provided by pulsed laser irradiation, while avoiding the phototoxicity problems encountered with many UV-absorbing photocages. More generally, the insights gained from this structure-reactivity relationship may aid in the development of new highly efficient photoreactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Slanina
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt , 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Eduardo Palao
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Andrew S Dutton
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Naama Rubinstein
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Roy Weinstain
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Khamo JS, Krishnamurthy VV, Sharum SR, Mondal P, Zhang K. Applications of Optobiology in Intact Cells and Multicellular Organisms. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2999-3017. [PMID: 28882542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal kinetics and spatial coordination of signal transduction in cells are vital for cell fate determination. Tools that allow for precise modulation of spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular signaling in intact cells and multicellular organisms remain limited. The emerging optobiological approaches use light to control protein-protein interaction in live cells and multicellular organisms. Optobiology empowers light-mediated control of diverse cellular and organismal functions such as neuronal activity, intracellular signaling, gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. In this review, we highlight recent developments in optobiology, focusing on new features of second-generation optobiological tools. We cover applications of optobiological approaches in the study of cellular and organismal functions, discuss current challenges, and present our outlook. Taking advantage of the high spatial and temporal resolution of light control, optobiology promises to provide new insights into the coordination of signaling circuits in intact cells and multicellular organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Khamo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Savanna R Sharum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Payel Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tran C, Berqouch N, Dhimane H, Clermont G, Blanchard-Desce M, Ogden D, Dalko PI. Quinoline-Derived Two-Photon Sensitive Quadrupolar Probes. Chemistry 2017; 23:1860-1868. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tran
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| | - Nawel Berqouch
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| | - Hamid Dhimane
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| | - Guillaume Clermont
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS UMR5255); Bâtiment A12, 351, Cours de la Libération 33405 Talence Cedex France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS UMR5255); Bâtiment A12, 351, Cours de la Libération 33405 Talence Cedex France
| | - David Ogden
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cérébrale; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| | - Peter I. Dalko
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Richers MT, Amatrudo JM, Olson JP, Ellis-Davies GCR. Cloaked Caged Compounds: Chemical Probes for Two-Photon Optoneurobiology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:193-197. [PMID: 27910251 PMCID: PMC5195861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Caged neurotransmitters, in combination with focused light beams, enable precise interrogation of neuronal function, even at the level of single synapses. However, most caged transmitters are, surprisingly, severe antagonists of ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. By conjugation of a large, neutral dendrimer to a caged GABA probe we introduce a "cloaking" technology that effectively reduces such antagonism to very low levels. Such cloaked caged compounds will enable the study of the signaling of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in its natural state using two-photon uncaging microscopy for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Amatrudo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Seymour JP, Wu F, Wise KD, Yoon E. State-of-the-art MEMS and microsystem tools for brain research. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2017; 3:16066. [PMID: 31057845 PMCID: PMC6445015 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mapping brain activity has received growing worldwide interest because it is expected to improve disease treatment and allow for the development of important neuromorphic computational methods. MEMS and microsystems are expected to continue to offer new and exciting solutions to meet the need for high-density, high-fidelity neural interfaces. Herein, the state-of-the-art in recording and stimulation tools for brain research is reviewed, and some of the most significant technology trends shaping the field of neurotechnology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Seymour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Diagnostic Biochips, Inc., Glen Burnie, MD 21061, USA
| | - Kensall D. Wise
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Herzig LM, Elamri I, Schwalbe H, Wachtveitl J. Light-induced antibiotic release from a coumarin-caged compound on the ultrafast timescale. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:14835-14844. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A photocaged puromycin derivative, DEACM-puromycin, was synthesized and characterized. The successful restoration of the antibiotic activity was demonstrated in insect cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.-M. Herzig
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Goethe University Frankfurt
- 60438 Frankfurt/Main
- Germany
| | - I. Elamri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)
- Goethe University Frankfurt
- 60438 Frankfurt/Main
- Germany
| | - H. Schwalbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)
- Goethe University Frankfurt
- 60438 Frankfurt/Main
- Germany
| | - J. Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Goethe University Frankfurt
- 60438 Frankfurt/Main
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bosch M, Castro J, Sur M, Hayashi Y. Photomarking Relocalization Technique for Correlated Two-Photon and Electron Microcopy Imaging of Single Stimulated Synapses. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1538:185-214. [PMID: 27943192 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6688-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synapses learn and remember by persistent modifications of their internal structures and composition but, due to their small size, it is difficult to observe these changes at the ultrastructural level in real time. Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PM) allows time-course live imaging of individual synapses but lacks ultrastructural resolution. Electron microscopy (EM) allows the ultrastructural imaging of subcellular components but cannot detect fluorescence and lacks temporal resolution. Here, we describe a combination of procedures designed to achieve the correlated imaging of the same individual synapse under both 2PM and EM. This technique permits the selective stimulation and live imaging of a single dendritic spine and the subsequent localization of the same spine in EM ultrathin serial sections. Landmarks created through a photomarking method based on the 2-photon-induced precipitation of an electrodense compound are used to unequivocally localize the stimulated synapse. This technique was developed to image, for the first time, the ultrastructure of the postsynaptic density in which long-term potentiation was selectively induced just seconds or minutes before, but it can be applied for the study of any biological process that requires the precise relocalization of micron-wide structures for their correlated imaging with 2PM and EM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Bosch
- RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Castro
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Richers MT, Amatrudo JM, Olson JP, Ellis‐Davies GCR. Cloaked Caged Compounds: Chemical Probes for Two‐Photon Optoneurobiology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
| | - Joseph M. Amatrudo
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
| | - Jeremy P. Olson
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lerch MM, Hansen MJ, Velema WA, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Orthogonal photoswitching in a multifunctional molecular system. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12054. [PMID: 27401266 PMCID: PMC4945879 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The wavelength-selective, reversible photocontrol over various molecular processes in parallel remains an unsolved challenge. Overlapping ultraviolet-visible spectra of frequently employed photoswitches have prevented the development of orthogonally responsive systems, analogous to those that rely on wavelength-selective cleavage of photo-removable protecting groups. Here we report the orthogonal and reversible control of two distinct types of photoswitches in one solution, that is, a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) and an azobenzene. The control is achieved by using three different wavelengths of irradiation and a thermal relaxation process. The reported combination tolerates a broad variety of differently substituted photoswitches. The presented system is also extended to an intramolecular combination of photoresponsive units. A model application for an intramolecular combination of switches is presented, in which the DASA component acts as a phase-transfer tag, while the azobenzene moiety independently controls the binding to α-cyclodextrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lerch
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mickel J Hansen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Velema
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Agarwal HK, Janicek R, Chi SH, Perry JW, Niggli E, Ellis-Davies GCR. Calcium Uncaging with Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3687-93. [PMID: 26974387 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have designed a nitroaromatic photochemical protecting group that absorbs visible light in the violet-blue range. The chromophore is a dinitro derivative of bisstyrylthiophene (or BIST) that absorbs light very effectively (ε440 = 66,000 M(-1) cm(-1) and two-photon cross section of 350 GM at 775 nm). We developed a "caged calcium" molecule by conjugation of BIST to a Ca(2+) chelator that upon laser flash photolysis rapidly releases Ca(2+) in <0.2 ms. Using the patch-clamp method the optical probe, loaded with Ca(2+), was delivered into acutely isolated mouse cardiac myocytes, where either one- and two-photon uncaging of Ca(2+) induced highly local or cell-wide physiological Ca(2+) signaling events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Radoslav Janicek
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern , Bern CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - San-Hui Chi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Joseph W Perry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ernst Niggli
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern , Bern CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, New York 10029, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Feyen P, Colombo E, Endeman D, Nova M, Laudato L, Martino N, Antognazza MR, Lanzani G, Benfenati F, Ghezzi D. Light-evoked hyperpolarization and silencing of neurons by conjugated polymers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22718. [PMID: 26940513 PMCID: PMC4778138 DOI: 10.1038/srep22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to control and modulate the action potential firing in neurons represents a powerful tool for neuroscience research and clinical applications. While neuronal excitation has been achieved with many tools, including electrical and optical stimulation, hyperpolarization and neuronal inhibition are typically obtained through patch-clamp or optogenetic manipulations. Here we report the use of conjugated polymer films interfaced with neurons for inducing a light-mediated inhibition of their electrical activity. We show that prolonged illumination of the interface triggers a sustained hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane that significantly reduces both spontaneous and evoked action potential firing. We demonstrate that the polymeric interface can be activated by either visible or infrared light and is capable of modulating neuronal activity in brain slices and explanted retinas. These findings prove the ability of conjugated polymers to tune neuronal firing and suggest their potential application for the in-vivo modulation of neuronal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Feyen
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colombo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Duco Endeman
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Nova
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lucia Laudato
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Martino
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Ghezzi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Manipulation of P2X Receptor Activities by Light Stimulation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7852168. [PMID: 26884649 PMCID: PMC4739260 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7852168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are involved in amplification of inflammatory responses in peripheral nociceptive fibers and in mediating pain-related signals to the CNS. Control of P2X activation has significant importance in managing unwanted hypersensitive neuron responses. To overcome the limitations of chemical ligand treatment, optical stimulation methods of optogenetics and photoswitching achieve efficient control of P2X activation while allowing specificity at the target site and convenient stimulation by light illumination. There are many potential applications for photosensitive elements, such as improved uncaging methods, photoisomerizable ligands, photoswitches, and gold nanoparticles. Each technique has both advantages and downsides, and techniques are selected according to the purpose of the application. Technical advances not only provide novel approaches to manage inflammation or pain mediated by P2X receptors but also suggest a similar approach for controlling other ion channels.
Collapse
|
44
|
Jacobson KA, Müller CE. Medicinal chemistry of adenosine, P2Y and P2X receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:31-49. [PMID: 26686393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological tool compounds are now available to define action at the adenosine (ARs), P2Y and P2X receptors. We present a selection of the most commonly used agents to study purines in the nervous system. Some of these compounds, including A1 and A3 AR agonists, P2Y1R and P2Y12R antagonists, and P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 antagonists, are potentially of clinical use in treatment of disorders of the nervous system, such as chronic pain, neurodegeneration and brain injury. Agonists of the A2AAR and P2Y2R are already used clinically, P2Y12R antagonists are widely used antithrombotics and an antagonist of the A2AAR is approved in Japan for treating Parkinson's disease. The selectivity defined for some of the previously introduced compounds has been revised with updated pharmacological characterization, for example, various AR agonists and antagonists were deemed A1AR or A3AR selective based on human data, but species differences indicated a reduction in selectivity ratios in other species. Also, many of the P2R ligands still lack bioavailability due to charged groups or hydrolytic (either enzymatic or chemical) instability. X-ray crystallographic structures of AR and P2YRs have shifted the mode of ligand discovery to structure-based approaches rather than previous empirical approaches. The X-ray structures can be utilized either for in silico screening of chemically diverse libraries for the discovery of novel ligands or for enhancement of the properties of known ligands by chemical modification. Although X-ray structures of the zebrafish P2X4R have been reported, there is scant structural information about ligand recognition in these trimeric ion channels. In summary, there are definitive, selective agonists and antagonists for all of the ARs and some of the P2YRs; while the pharmacochemistry of P2XRs is still in nascent stages. The therapeutic potential of selectively modulating these receptors is continuing to gain interest in such fields as cancer, inflammation, pain, diabetes, ischemic protection and many other conditions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2-MeSADP, (PubChem CID: 121990)
- A-740003, (PubChem CID: 23232014)
- ATP
- Agonists
- Antagonists
- DPCPX, (PubChem CID: 1329)
- GPCR
- IB-MECA, (PubChem CID: 123683)
- Ion channel
- LUF6000, (PubChem CID: 11711282)
- MRS2500, (PubChem CID: 44448831)
- Nucleosides
- Nucleotides
- PPTN, (PubChem CID: 42611190)
- PSB-1114, (PubChem CID: 52952605)
- PSB-603, (PubChem CID: 44185871)
- SCH442416, (PubChem CID: 10668061)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892, Bethesda, USA.
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hansen MJ, Velema WA, Lerch MM, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Wavelength-selective cleavage of photoprotecting groups: strategies and applications in dynamic systems. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3358-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00118h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wavelength-selective deprotection is an attractive method to control multiple functions in one system using light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickel J. Hansen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Velema
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Michael M. Lerch
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|