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De Lisle SP. Genotype × Environment interaction and the evolution of sexual dimorphism: adult nutritional environment mediates selection and expression of sex-specific genetic variance in Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:770-778. [PMID: 38668688 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Sexual conflict plays a key role in the dynamics of adaptive evolution in sexually reproducing populations, and theory suggests an important role for variance in resource acquisition in generating or masking sexual conflict over fitness and life history traits. Here, I used a quantitative genetic genotype × environment experiment in Drosophila melanogaster to test the theoretical prediction that variance in resource acquisition mediates variation in sex-specific component fitness. Holding larval conditions constant, I found that adult nutritional environments characterized by high protein content resulted in reduced survival of both sexes and lower male reproductive success compared to an environment of lower protein content. Despite reduced mean fitness of both sexes in high protein environments, I found a sex*treatment interaction for the relationship between resource acquisition and fitness; estimates of the adaptive landscape indicate males were furthest from their optimum resource acquisition level in high protein environments, and females were furthest in low protein environments. Expression of genetic variance in resource acquisition and survival was highest for each sex in the environment it was best adapted to, although the treatment effects on expression of genetic variance eroded in the path from resource acquisition to total fitness. Cross-sex genetic correlations were strongly positive for resource acquisition, survival, and total fitness and negative for mating success, although estimation error was high for all. These results demonstrate that environmental effects on resource acquisition can have predictable consequences for the expression of sex-specific genetic variance but also that these effects of resource acquisition can erode through life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P De Lisle
- Department of Environmental and Life Science, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, Karlstad 651 88, Sweden
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2
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Burns-Dunn S, Mortys T, House CM, Mitchell C, Duffield KR, Foquet B, Sadd BM, Sakaluk SK, Hunt J. Sexually antagonistic coevolution of the male nuptial gift and female feeding behaviour in decorated crickets. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240804. [PMID: 38955230 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of nuptial gifts has traditionally been considered a harmonious affair, providing benefits to both mating partners. There is growing evidence, however, that receiving a nuptial gift can be actively detrimental to the female. In decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus), males produce a gelatinous spermatophylax that enhances sperm transfer but provides little nutritional benefit and hinders female post-copulatory mate choice. Here, we examine the sexually antagonistic coevolution of the spermatophylax and the female feeding response to this gift in G. sigillatus maintained in experimental populations with either a male-biased or female-biased adult sex ratio. After 25 generations, males evolving in male-biased populations produced heavier spermatophylaxes with a more manipulative combination of free amino acids than those evolving in female-biased populations. Moreover, when the spermatophylax originated from the same selection regime, females evolving in male-biased populations always had shorter feeding durations than those evolving in female-biased populations, indicating the evolution of greater resistance. Across populations, female feeding duration increased with the mass and manipulative combination of free amino acids in the spermatophylax, suggesting sexually antagonistic coevolution. Collectively, our work demonstrates a key role for interlocus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic coevolution in the mating system of G. sigillatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Burns-Dunn
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Tassie Mortys
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher Mitchell
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Kristin R Duffield
- Crop BioProtection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, National Centre for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Bert Foquet
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
| | - Ben M Sadd
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
| | - Scott K Sakaluk
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
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3
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Tosto NM, Beasley ER, Wong BBM, Mank JE, Flanagan SP. The roles of sexual selection and sexual conflict in shaping patterns of genome and transcriptome variation. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:981-993. [PMID: 36959239 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is one of the most prevalent, and often the most extreme, examples of phenotypic variation within species, and arises primarily from genomic variation that is shared between females and males. Many sexual dimorphisms arise through sex differences in gene expression, and sex-biased expression is one way that a single, shared genome can generate multiple, distinct phenotypes. Although many sexual dimorphisms are expected to result from sexual selection, and many studies have invoked the possible role of sexual selection to explain sex-specific traits, the role of sexual selection in the evolution of sexually dimorphic gene expression remains difficult to differentiate from other forms of sex-specific selection. In this Review, we propose a holistic framework for the study of sex-specific selection and transcriptome evolution. We advocate for a comparative approach, across tissues, developmental stages and species, which incorporates an understanding of the molecular mechanisms, including genomic variation and structure, governing gene expression. Such an approach is expected to yield substantial insights into the evolution of genetic variation and have important applications in a variety of fields, including ecology, evolution and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Tosto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Emily R Beasley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judith E Mank
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah P Flanagan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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4
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Rundell TB, Brunelli M, Alvi A, Safian G, Capobianco C, Tu W, Subedi S, Fiumera A, Musselman LP. Polygenic adaptation to overnutrition reveals a role for cholinergic signaling in longevity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544888. [PMID: 37398379 PMCID: PMC10312690 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition by high-sugar (HS) feeding reduces both the lifespan and healthspan across taxa. Pressuring organisms to adapt to overnutrition can highlight genes and pathways important for the healthspan in stressful environments. We used an experimental evolution approach to adapt four replicate, outbred population pairs of Drosophila melanogaster to a HS or control diet. Sexes were separated and aged on either diet until mid-life, then mated to produce the next generation, allowing enrichment for protective alleles over time. All HS-selected populations increased their lifespan and were therefore used as a platform to compare allele frequencies and gene expression. Pathways functioning in the nervous system were overrepresented in the genomic data and showed evidence for parallel evolution, although very few genes were the same across replicates. Acetylcholine-related genes, including the muscarinic receptor mAChR-A, showed significant changes in allele frequency in multiple selected populations and differential expression on a HS diet. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that cholinergic signaling affects Drosophila feeding in a sugar-specific fashion. Together, these results suggest that adaptation produces changes in allele frequencies that benefit animals under conditions of overnutrition and that it is repeatable at the pathway level.
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5
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De Lisle SP. Rapid evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism driven by resource competition. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:124-131. [PMID: 36366784 PMCID: PMC10099664 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in ecologically important traits are common in animals and plants, and prompted Darwin to first propose an ecological cause of sexual dimorphism. Despite theoretical plausibility and Darwin's original notion, a role for ecological resource competition in the evolution of sexual dimorphism has never been directly demonstrated and remains controversial. I used experimental evolution in Drosophila melanogaster to test the hypothesis that resource competition can drive the evolution of sex differences in diet. Following just three generations of adaptation, offspring from flies evolved in low-resource, high-competition environments show elevated sexual dimorphism in diet preference compared to both the ancestor and populations evolved on high-resource availability. This increased sexual dimorphism was the result of divergence in male sucrose intake and female yeast intake consistent with the differential nutritional requirements of the sexes. These results provide the first real-time direct evidence for evolution of sexual dimorphism driven by resource competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P De Lisle
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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6
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Lund-Hansen KK, Kutzer MAM, Armitage SAO, Gornard S, Keilani H, Abbott JK. Female-limited X chromosome evolution reveals that lifespan is mainly modulated by interlocus rather than intralocus sexual conflict. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022; 76:120. [PMID: 35991525 PMCID: PMC9385781 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Sexual dimorphism in somatic investment may be shaped by two distinct forms of sexual conflict; under intralocus sexual conflict (IASC), males and females have different optimal levels of somatic investment but are constrained from reaching their respective optima by their shared genome, while under interlocus sexual conflict (IRSC), males and females have different optimal sexual strategies, which could have direct or indirect effects on levels of somatic investment. We investigated effects of IASC and IRSC on two aspects of somatic investment, immune defence strategies and longevity, using previously established female-limited experimental evolution lines in Drosophila melanogaster. We found little evidence for any effect of either type of sexual conflict on investment in the immune defence resistance or tolerance. Nor did we find convincing evidence that longevity is subject to IASC in this species. However, we did find evidence that increased female control over mating rate had important and opposite effects on longevity between the sexes. Specifically, females that had adapted to high levels of female control over mating had a longer lifespan when kept in mixed-sex groups, while males had shorter longevity, perhaps due to increased investment in post-copulatory sexual selection. These novel results show that female control over mating rates may have important and unexpected effects on patterns of somatic investment. Significance statement Sexual conflict occurs between the two sexes over numerous life history traits, and it is complex to disentangle how these traits interact and affect each other. Here we use a long-term evolution experiment to investigate sexual dimorphism in somatic maintenance. We found no effect of feminising the X chromosome on female immune defence. However, we did find that increased female control over mating rate resulted in longer female lifespan, but reduced male lifespan, and that these effects were dependent on social context (isolated or in mixed-sex groups). Unlike previous studies on the effect of sexual conflict on longevity, our experiment did not manipulate environmental conditions nor the adult sex ratio, which is likely to reduce both pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-022-03231-4.
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Concerted evolution of metabolic rate, economics of mating, ecology, and pace of life across seed beetles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205564119. [PMID: 35943983 PMCID: PMC9388118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205564119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coevolution between females and males has led to remarkable differences between the sexes but has taken very different routes, even in closely related animal species, for reasons that are not well understood. We studied the physiological processes that convert resources into offspring (metabolism) in males and females of several related beetle species. We found that ecological factors dictate metabolic rate, which, in turn, have predictable direct and indirect effects on male–female coevolution. Our findings suggest that a complete understanding of differences between the sexes requires an understanding of how ecology affects metabolic processes and how these differ in the sexes. Male–female coevolution has taken different paths among closely related species, but our understanding of the factors that govern its direction is limited. While it is clear that ecological factors, life history, and the economics of reproduction are connected, the divergent links are often obscure. We propose that a complete understanding requires the conceptual integration of metabolic phenotypes. Metabolic rate, a nexus of life history evolution, is constrained by ecological factors and may exert important direct and indirect effects on the evolution of sexual dimorphism. We performed standardized experiments in 12 seed beetle species to gain a rich set of sex-specific measures of metabolic phenotypes, life history traits, and the economics of mating and analyzed our multivariate data using phylogenetic comparative methods. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) showed extensive evolution and evolved more rapidly in males than in females. The evolution of RMR was tightly coupled with a suite of life history traits, describing a pace-of-life syndrome (POLS), with indirect effects on the economics of mating. As predicted, high resource competition was associated with a low RMR and a slow POLS. The cost of mating showed sexually antagonistic coevolution, a hallmark of sexual conflict. The sex-specific costs and benefits of mating were predictably related to ecology, primarily through the evolution of male ejaculate size. Overall, our results support the tenet that resource competition affects metabolic processes that, in turn, have predictable effects on both life history evolution and reproduction, such that ecology shows both direct and indirect effects on male–female coevolution.
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8
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Colpitts J, Jarvis WMC, Agrawal AF, Rundle HD. Quantifying male harm and its divergence. Evolution 2022; 76:829-836. [PMID: 35276016 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Male harm arises when traits that increase reproductive success in competition with other males also harm females as a side effect. The extent of harm depends on male and female phenotypes, both of which can diverge between populations. Within a population, harm is inferred when increased exposure to males reduces female fitness, but studies of the divergence of male harm rarely manipulate male exposure. Here, we quantify male harm and compare its magnitude between two lab populations of Drosophila serrata that were derived from a common ancestor 7 years earlier and subsequently held under conditions that minimized environmental differences. We manipulated female exposure to males in a factorial design involving all four combinations of males and females from these populations, providing insight into divergence in both sexes. Our results reveal substantial harm to females and provide stronger evidence of divergence in males than in females. Using these and other published data, we discuss conceptual issues surrounding the quantification and comparison of harm that arise because it involves a comparison of multiple quantities (e.g., female fitness under varying male exposure), and we demonstrate the increased insight that is gained by manipulating male exposure to quantify these quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Colpitts
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Current address: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Will M C Jarvis
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aneil F Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard D Rundle
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Dobler R, Charette M, Kaplan K, Turnell BR, Reinhardt K. Divergent natural selection alters male sperm competition success in
Drosophila melanogaster. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8567. [PMID: 35222953 PMCID: PMC8848461 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually selected traits may also be subject to non‐sexual selection. If optimal trait values depend on environmental conditions, then “narrow sense” (i.e., non‐sexual) natural selection can lead to local adaptation, with fitness in a certain environment being highest among individuals selected under that environment. Such adaptation can, in turn, drive ecological speciation via sexual selection. To date, most research on the effect of narrow‐sense natural selection on sexually selected traits has focused on precopulatory measures like mating success. However, postcopulatory traits, such as sperm function, can also be under non‐sexual selection, and have the potential to contribute to population divergence between different environments. Here, we investigate the effects of narrow‐sense natural selection on male postcopulatory success in Drosophila melanogaster. We chose two extreme environments, low oxygen (10%, hypoxic) or high CO2 (5%, hypercapnic) to detect small effects. We measured the sperm defensive (P1) and offensive (P2) capabilities of selected and control males in the corresponding selection environment and under control conditions. Overall, selection under hypoxia decreased both P1 and P2, while selection under hypercapnia had no effect. Surprisingly, P1 for both selected and control males was higher under both ambient hypoxia and ambient hypercapnia, compared to control conditions, while P2 was lower under hypoxia. We found limited evidence for local adaptation: the positive environmental effect of hypoxia on P1 was greater in hypoxia‐selected males than in controls. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolution of postcopulatory traits in response to non‐sexual and sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Dobler
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution and Ecology Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen Tübingen Germany
- Applied Zoology Institute of Zoology Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Marc Charette
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Katrin Kaplan
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution and Ecology Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Biz R. Turnell
- Applied Zoology Institute of Zoology Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution and Ecology Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen Tübingen Germany
- Applied Zoology Institute of Zoology Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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10
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Gustafsson ALS, Gussarova G, Borgen L, Ikeda H, Antonelli A, Marie-Orleach L, Rieseberg LH, Brochmann C. Rapid evolution of post-zygotic reproductive isolation is widespread in Arctic plant lineages. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:171-184. [PMID: 34643673 PMCID: PMC8796670 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Arctic tundra, with its extreme temperatures and short growing season, is evolutionarily young and harbours one of the most species-poor floras on Earth. Arctic species often show little phenotypic and genetic divergence across circumpolar ranges. However, strong intraspecific post-zygotic reproductive isolation (RI) in terms of hybrid sterility has frequently evolved within selfing Arctic species of the genus Draba. Here we assess whether incipient biological species are common in the Arctic flora. METHODS We conducted an extensive crossing experiment including six species representing four phylogenetically distant families collected across the circumpolar Arctic. We crossed conspecific parental populations representing different spatial scales, raised 740 F1 hybrids to maturity and measured fertility under laboratory conditions. We examined genetic divergence between populations for two of these species (Cardamine bellidifolia and Ranunculus pygmaeus). KEY RESULTS In five of the six species, we find extensive reduction in pollen fertility and seed set in F1 hybrids; 219 (46 %) of the 477 F1 hybrids generated between parents separated by ≥427 km had <20 % pollen fertility. Isolation with migration (IM) and *BEAST analyses of sequences of eight nuclear genes in C. bellidifolia suggests that reproductively isolated populations of this species diverged during, or even after, the last glaciation. Likewise, Arctic populations of R. pygmaeus were genetically very similar despite exhibiting strongly reduced fertility in crosses, suggesting that RI evolved recently also in this species. CONCLUSION We show that post-zygotic RI has developed multiple times within taxonomically recognized Arctic species belonging to several distantly related lineages, and that RI may have developed over just a few millennia. Rapid and widespread evolution of incipient biological species in the Arctic flora might be associated with frequent bottlenecks due to glacial cycles, and/or selfing mating systems, which are common in the harsh Arctic environment where pollinators are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Galina Gussarova
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Botany Department, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St Petersburg, Russia
- Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Liv Borgen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hajime Ikeda
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucas Marie-Orleach
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- ECOBIO—Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution, Rennes, France
| | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Rowe L, Rundle HD. The Alignment of Natural and Sexual Selection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-033324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection has the potential to decrease mean fitness in a population through an array of costs to nonsexual fitness. These costs may be offset when sexual selection favors individuals with high nonsexual fitness, causing the alignment of sexual and natural selection. We review the many laboratory experiments that have manipulated mating systems aimed at quantifying the net effects of sexual selection on mean fitness. These must be interpreted in light of population history and the diversity of ways manipulations have altered sexual interactions, sexual conflict, and sexual and natural selection. Theory and data suggest a net benefit is more likely when sexually concordant genetic variation is enhanced and that ecological context can mediate the relative importance of these different effects. Comparative studies have independently examined the consequences of sexual selection for population/species persistence. These provide little indication of a benefit, and interpreting these higher-level responses is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Howard D. Rundle
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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12
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Baur J, Jagusch D, Michalak P, Koppik M, Berger D. The mating system affects the temperature sensitivity of male and female fertility. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Baur
- Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Dorian Jagusch
- Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Piotr Michalak
- Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mareike Koppik
- Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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13
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Plesnar‐Bielak A, Łukasiewicz A. Sexual conflict in a changing environment. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1854-1867. [PMID: 33960630 PMCID: PMC8518779 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual conflict has extremely important consequences for various evolutionary processes including its effect on local adaptation and extinction probability during environmental change. The awareness that the intensity and dynamics of sexual conflict is highly dependent on the ecological setting of a population has grown in recent years, but much work is yet to be done. Here, we review progress in our understanding of the ecology of sexual conflict and how the environmental sensitivity of such conflict feeds back into population adaptivity and demography, which, in turn, determine a population's chances of surviving a sudden environmental change. We link two possible forms of sexual conflict - intralocus and interlocus sexual conflict - in an environmental context and identify major gaps in our knowledge. These include sexual conflict responses to fluctuating and oscillating environmental changes and its influence on the interplay between interlocus and intralocus sexual conflict, among others. We also highlight the need to move our investigations into more natural settings and to investigate sexual conflict dynamics in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Plesnar‐Bielak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of BiologyJagiellonian Universityul. Gronostajowa 730‐387KrakówPoland
| | - Aleksandra Łukasiewicz
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandPO Box 11180101JoensuuFinland
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz Universityul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661‐614PoznańPoland
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14
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Sexually antagonistic coevolution between the sex chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2003359118. [PMID: 33602805 PMCID: PMC7923534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003359118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are not only involved in genetic sex determination—they are also important factors in sexual conflict and speciation. Using laboratory experiments and population genetic modeling, we show that the sex chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster can coevolve antagonistically. We found that swapping sex chromosomes between five D. melanogaster populations increased male fitness, apparently at the cost of reduced offspring survival. After 25 generations, these fitness effects had disappeared, consistent with the resolution of conflict after disrupting antagonistically coevolved X- and Y-linked genes. Our population genetic models show that antagonistic coevolution between sex chromosomes is a biologically plausible explanation for our empirical findings. Together, our empirical and theoretical results provide support for a potential path to speciation through sexual conflict. Antagonistic interactions between the sexes are important drivers of evolutionary divergence. Interlocus sexual conflict is generally described as a conflict between alleles at two interacting loci whose identity and genomic location are arbitrary, but with opposite fitness effects in each sex. We build on previous theory by suggesting that when loci under interlocus sexual conflict are located on the sex chromosomes it can lead to cycles of antagonistic coevolution between them and therefore between the sexes. We tested this hypothesis by performing experimental crosses using Drosophila melanogaster where we reciprocally exchanged the sex chromosomes between five allopatric wild-type populations in a round-robin design. Disrupting putatively coevolved sex chromosome pairs resulted in increased male reproductive success in 16 of 20 experimental populations (10 of which were individually significant), but also resulted in lower offspring egg-to-adult viability that affected both male and female fitness. After 25 generations of experimental evolution these sexually antagonistic fitness effects appeared to be resolved. To formalize our hypothesis, we developed population genetic models of antagonistic coevolution using fitness expressions based on our empirical results. Our model predictions support the conclusion that antagonistic coevolution between the sex chromosomes is plausible under the fitness effects observed in our experiments. Together, our results lend both empirical and theoretical support to the idea that cycles of antagonistic coevolution can occur between sex chromosomes and illustrate how this process, in combination with autosomal coadaptation, may drive genetic and phenotypic divergence between populations.
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15
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Rodriguez‐Exposito E, Garcia‐Gonzalez F. Metapopulation structure modulates sexual antagonism. Evol Lett 2021; 5:344-358. [PMID: 34367660 PMCID: PMC8327942 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the far-reaching evolutionary implications of sexual conflict, the effects of metapopulation structure, when populations are subdivided into several demes connected to some degree by migration, on sexual conflict dynamics are unknown. Here, we used experimental evolution in an insect model system, the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, to assess the independent and interacting effects of selection histories associated with mating system (monogamy vs. polygamy) and population subdivision on sexual conflict evolution. We confirm traditional predictions from sexual conflict theory by revealing increased resistance to male harm in females from populations with a history of intense sexual selection (polygamous populations) compared to females from populations with a history of relaxed sexual selection (monogamous populations). However, selection arising from metapopulation structure reversed the classic pattern of sexually antagonistic coevolution and led to reduced resistance in females from polygamous populations. These results underscore that population spatial structure moderates sexual selection and sexual conflict, and more broadly, that the evolution of sexual conflict is contingent on ecological context. The findings also have implications for population dynamics, conservation biology, and biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rodriguez‐Exposito
- Doñana Biological Station (EBD‐CSIC)Isla de la CartujaSevillaSpain
- Current address: Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA‐CSIC)Santa Cruz de TenerifeSpain
| | - F. Garcia‐Gonzalez
- Doñana Biological Station (EBD‐CSIC)Isla de la CartujaSevillaSpain
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Yun L, Agrawal AF, Rundle HD. On Male Harm: How It Is Measured and How It Evolves in Different Environments. Am Nat 2021; 198:219-231. [PMID: 34260866 DOI: 10.1086/715038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMales can harm the females that they interact with, but populations and species widely vary in the occurrence and extent of harm. We consider the merits and limitations of two common approaches to investigating male harm and apply these to an experimental study of divergence in harm. Different physical environments can affect how the sexes interact, causing plastic and/or evolved changes in harm. If harmful male phenotypes are less likely to evolve in situations where females have more control over sexual interactions, populations evolving in environments in which females have greater control should have less harmful males. We test this idea using experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster that have evolved in either of two environments that vary in the extent to which females can avoid males or in a third environment without mate competition (i.e., enforced monogamy). We demonstrate an evolved reduction in harm in the absence of mate competition and also in a mate competition environment in which females have greater control. We also show a plastic effect in that otherwise harmful males are no longer so when tested in the environment in which females have greater control. Our results reveal the different perspectives provided by the two methods of studying harm.
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17
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Filice DCS, Bhargava R, Dukas R. Female mating experience and genetic background independently influence male mating success in fruit flies. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:309-318. [PMID: 33128417 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When the reproductive interests of males and females conflict, males can evolve traits that are harmful to females, and females can coevolve traits to resist this harm. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, there is genetic variation in female resistance traits, which can affect the pre- and post-mating success of males that try to mate with them. However, it is not clear to what extent the expression of these phenotypes can be modified by environmental factors such as sociosexual experience. Here, we tested how the genetic background of a female and her previous mating experience interact to affect the mating success of focal males. In the experience phase, we placed females from 28 distinct genetic backgrounds individually either with a single male (low conflict) or with three males (high conflict) for 48 hr. In the subsequent test phase, we measured the mating and post-mating fertilization success of focal males paired individually with each female. We found that focal males paired with females from the high-conflict treatment were less successful at mating, took longer to mate when they were successful, and had a lower proportion of paternity share. Furthermore, we identified significant female genetic variation associated with male mating success. These results indicate that female experience, along with intrinsic genetic factors, can independently influence different fitness components of her subsequent mates and has implications for our understanding of plastic female mating strategies and the evolution of sexually antagonistic traits in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C S Filice
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rajat Bhargava
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Reuven Dukas
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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García-Roa R, Garcia-Gonzalez F, Noble DWA, Carazo P. Temperature as a modulator of sexual selection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1607-1629. [PMID: 32691483 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A central question in ecology and evolution is to understand why sexual selection varies so much in strength across taxa; it has long been known that ecological factors are crucial to this. Temperature is a particularly salient abiotic ecological factor that modulates a wide range of physiological, morphological and behavioural traits, impacting individuals and populations at a global taxonomic scale. Furthermore, temperature exhibits substantial temporal variation (e.g. daily, seasonally and inter-seasonally), and hence for most species in the wild sexual selection will regularly unfold in a dynamic thermal environment. Unfortunately, studies have so far almost completely neglected the role of temperature as a modulator of sexual selection. Here, we outline the main pathways through which temperature can affect the intensity and form (i.e. mechanisms) of sexual selection, via: (i) direct effects on secondary sexual traits and preferences (i.e. trait variance, opportunity for selection and trait-fitness covariance), and (ii) indirect effects on key mating parameters, sex-specific reproductive costs/benefits, trade-offs, demography and correlated abiotic factors. Building upon this framework, we show that, by focusing exclusively on the first-order effects that environmental temperature has on traits linked with individual fitness and population viability, current global warming studies may be ignoring eco-evolutionary feedbacks mediated by sexual selection. Finally, we tested the general prediction that temperature modulates sexual selection by conducting a meta-analysis of available studies experimentally manipulating temperature and reporting effects on the variance of male/female reproductive success and/or traits under sexual selection. Our results show a clear association between temperature and sexual selection measures in both sexes. In short, we suggest that studying the feedback between temperature and sexual selection processes may be vital to developing a better understanding of variation in the strength of sexual selection in nature, and its consequences for population viability in response to environmental change (e.g. global warming).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto García-Roa
- Behaviour and Evolution, Ethology Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Gonzalez
- Doñana Biological Station, Spanish Research Council CSIC, c/Americo Vespucio, 26, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, 41092, Spain.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.,Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2061, Australia
| | - Pau Carazo
- Behaviour and Evolution, Ethology Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
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19
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Łukasiewicz A. Juvenile diet quality and intensity of sexual conflict in the mite Sancassania berlesei. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:35. [PMID: 32164531 PMCID: PMC7069193 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differing evolutionary interests of males and females may result in sexual conflict, whereby traits or behaviours that are beneficial for male reproductive success (e.g., traits related to male-male competition) are costly for females. Since sexual conflict may play an important role in areas such as speciation, population persistence or evolution of life history traits, understanding what factors modulate the intensity of sexual conflict is important. This study aims to examine juvenile diet quality as one of the underestimated ecological factors that may affect the intensity of sexual conflict via individual conditions. I used food manipulation during the development of the mite Sancassania berlesei to investigate the effects on male reproductive behaviour and competitiveness, male-induced harm to female fitness and female resistance to this harm. RESULTS Males that were exposed to low-quality food started mating later than the control males, and number of their mating attempts were lower compared to those of control males. Moreover, males from the low-quality diet treatment sired fewer offspring under competition than males from the control treatment. However, the fitness of females exposed to males reared on a poor diet did not differ from that of females mated with control males. Furthermore, female diet quality did not alter their resistance to male-induced harm. CONCLUSION Overall, diet quality manipulation affected male reproductive behaviour and mating success. However, I found no evidence that the intensity of sexual conflict in S. berlesei depends on male or female conditions. Investigating a broader range of environmental factors will provide a better understanding of sexual conflict dynamics and its feedback into associated evolutionary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Łukasiewicz
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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20
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Filice DCS, Bhargava R, Dukas R. Plasticity in male mating behavior modulates female life history in fruit flies. Evolution 2020; 74:365-376. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. S. Filice
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and BehaviourMcMaster University Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Rajat Bhargava
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and BehaviourMcMaster University Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Reuven Dukas
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and BehaviourMcMaster University Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada
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21
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Rostant WG, Mason JS, de Coriolis JC, Chapman T. Resource-dependent evolution of female resistance responses to sexual conflict. Evol Lett 2020; 4:54-64. [PMID: 32055411 PMCID: PMC7006461 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict can promote the evolution of dramatic reproductive adaptations as well as resistance to its potentially costly effects. Theory predicts that responses to sexual conflict will vary significantly with resource levels—when scant, responses should be constrained by trade‐offs, when abundant, they should not. However, this can be difficult to test because the evolutionary interests of the sexes align upon short‐term exposure to novel environments, swamping any selection due to sexual conflict. What is needed are investigations of populations that are well adapted to both differing levels of sexual conflict and resources. Here, we used this approach in a long‐term experimental evolution study to track the evolution of female resistance to sexual conflict in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In resource‐rich regimes, high‐conflict females evolved resistance to continual exposure to males. There was no difference in baseline survival, consistent with the idea that responses evolving under nutritional abundance experienced no trade‐offs with resistance. In the poor resource regimes, the ability of high‐conflict females to evolve resistance to males was severely compromised and they also showed lower baseline survival than low‐conflict females. This suggested high‐conflict females traded off somatic maintenance against any limited resistance they had evolved in response to sexual conflict. Overall, these findings provide experimental support for the hypothesis that evolutionary responses to sexual conflict are critically dependent upon resource levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne G Rostant
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| | - Janet S Mason
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| | | | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
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22
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De Lisle SP. Understanding the evolution of ecological sex differences: Integrating character displacement and the Darwin-Bateman paradigm. Evol Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/evl3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. De Lisle
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund 22362 Sweden
- Current address: Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut 06269
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23
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Connallon T, Débarre F, Li XY. Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0414. [PMID: 30150215 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many conspicuous forms of evolutionary diversity occur within species. Two prominent examples include evolutionary divergence between populations differentially adapted to their local environments (local adaptation), and divergence between females and males in response to sex differences in selection (sexual dimorphism sensu lato). These two forms of diversity have inspired vibrant research programmes, yet these fields have largely developed in isolation from one another. Nevertheless, conceptual parallels between these research traditions are striking. Opportunities for local adaptation strike a balance between local selection, which promotes divergence, and gene flow-via dispersal and interbreeding between populations-which constrains it. Sex differences are similarly constrained by fundamental features of inheritance that mimic gene flow. Offspring of each sex inherit genes from same-sex and opposite-sex parents, leading to gene flow between each differentially selected half of the population, and raising the question of how sex differences arise and are maintained. This special issue synthesizes and extends emerging research at the interface between the research traditions of local adaptation and sex differences. Each field can promote understanding of the other, and interactions between local adaptation and sex differences can generate new empirical predictions about the evolutionary consequences of selection that varies across space, time, and between the sexes.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Florence Débarre
- CNRS, UMR 7241 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Xiang-Yi Li
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Martinossi‐Allibert I, Thilliez E, Arnqvist G, Berger D. Sexual selection, environmental robustness, and evolutionary demography of maladapted populations: A test using experimental evolution in seed beetles. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1371-1384. [PMID: 31417621 PMCID: PMC6691221 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether sexual selection impedes or aids adaptation has become an outstanding question in times of rapid environmental change and parallels the debate about how the evolution of individual traits impacts on population dynamics. The net effect of sexual selection on population viability results from a balance between genetic benefits of "good-genes" effects and costs of sexual conflict. Depending on how these facets of sexual selection are affected under environmental change, extinction of maladapted populations could be either avoided or accelerated. Here, we evolved seed beetles under three alternative mating regimes to disentangle the contributions of sexual selection, fecundity selection, and male-female coevolution to individual reproductive success and population fitness. We compared these contributions between the ancestral environment and two stressful environments (elevated temperature and a host plant shift). We found evidence that sexual selection on males had positive genetic effects on female fitness components across environments, supporting good-genes sexual selection. Interestingly, however, when males evolved under sexual selection with fecundity selection removed, they became more robust to both temperature and host plant stress compared to their conspecific females and males from the other evolution regimes that applied fecundity selection. We quantified the population-level consequences of this sex-specific adaptation and found evidence that the cost of sociosexual interactions in terms of reduced offspring production was higher in the regime applying only sexual selection to males. Moreover, the cost tended to be more pronounced at the elevated temperature to which males from the regime were more robust compared to their conspecific females. These results illustrate the tension between individual-level adaptation and population-level viability in sexually reproducing species and suggest that the relative efficacies of sexual selection and fecundity selection can cause inherent sex differences in environmental robustness that may impact demography of maladapted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Thilliez
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal EcologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal EcologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal EcologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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25
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26
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Yun L, Bayoumi M, Yang S, Chen PJ, Rundle HD, Agrawal AF. Testing for local adaptation in adult male and female fitness among populations evolved under different mate competition regimes. Evolution 2019; 73:1604-1616. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yun
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Malak Bayoumi
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Seon Yang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick J. Chen
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Aneil F. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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27
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Sutter A, Travers LM, Weedon M, Oku K, Price TAR, Wedell N. No selection for change in polyandry under experimental evolution. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:717-730. [PMID: 30970158 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
What drives mating system variation is a major question in evolutionary biology. Female multiple mating (polyandry) has diverse evolutionary consequences, and there are many potential benefits and costs of polyandry. However, our understanding of its evolution is biased towards studies enforcing monandry in polyandrous species. What drives and maintains variation in polyandry between individuals, genotypes, populations and species remains poorly understood. Genetic variation in polyandry may be actively maintained by selection, or arise by chance if polyandry is selectively neutral. In Drosophila pseudoobscura, there is genetic variation in polyandry between and within populations. We used isofemale lines to found replicate populations with high or low initial levels of polyandry and tracked polyandry under experimental evolution over seven generations. Polyandry remained relatively stable, reflecting the starting frequencies of the experimental populations. There were no clear fitness differences between high versus low polyandry genotypes, and there was no signature of balancing selection. We confirmed these patterns in direct comparisons between evolved and ancestral females and found no consequences of polyandry for female fecundity. The absence of differential selection even when initiating populations with major differences in polyandry casts some doubt on the importance of polyandry for female fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sutter
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Laura M Travers
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Melanie Weedon
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Keiko Oku
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Thomas A R Price
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nina Wedell
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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28
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Giery ST, Layman CA. Ecological Consequences Of Sexually Selected Traits: An Eco-Evolutionary Perspective. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/702341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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29
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García‐Roa R, Chirinos V, Carazo P. The ecology of sexual conflict: Temperature variation in the social environment can drastically modulate male harm to females. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto García‐Roa
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Ethology Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - Valeria Chirinos
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Ethology Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - Pau Carazo
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Ethology Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
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30
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Wensing KU, Fricke C. Divergence in sex peptide-mediated female post-mating responses in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1563. [PMID: 30209231 PMCID: PMC6158525 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer and receipt of seminal fluid proteins crucially affect reproductive processes in animals. Evolution in these male ejaculatory proteins is explained with post-mating sexual selection, but we lack a good understanding of the evolution of female post-mating responses (PMRs) to these proteins. Some of these proteins are expected to mediate sexually antagonistic coevolution generating the expectation that females evolve resistance. One candidate in Drosophila melanogaster is the sex peptide (SP) which confers cost of mating in females. In this paper, we compared female SP-induced PMRs across three D. melanogaster wild-type populations after mating with SP-lacking versus control males including fitness measures. Surprisingly, we did not find any evidence for SP-mediated fitness costs in any of the populations. However, female lifetime reproductive success and lifespan were differently affected by SP receipt indicating that female PMRs diverged among populations. Injection of synthetic SP into virgin females further supported these findings and suggests that females from different populations require different amounts of SP to effectively initiate PMRs. Molecular analyses of the SP receptor suggest that genetic differences might explain the observed phenotypical divergence. We discuss the evolutionary processes that might have caused this divergence in female PMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina U Wensing
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany .,Muenster Graduate School of Evolution, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Claudia Fricke
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
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31
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Arbuthnott D. Female Life-History Trade-Offs and the Maintenance of Genetic Variation in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2018; 192:448-460. [PMID: 30205025 DOI: 10.1086/698727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Why do we observe substantial variation in fitness-related traits under strong natural or sexual selection? While there is support for several selective and neutral mechanisms acting in select systems, we lack a comprehensive analysis of the relative importance of various mechanisms within a single system. Furthermore, while sexually selected male traits have been a central focus of this paradox, female sexual traits have rarely been considered. In this study, I evaluate the contribution of various selective mechanisms to the maintenance of substantial variation in female attractiveness and offspring production observed among Drosophila melanogaster genotypes. I tested for contributions from antagonistic pleiotropy, frequency-dependent selection, changing environments, and sexual conflict. I found negative genetic correlations between some traits (male attractiveness vs. female resistance to male harm, early-life offspring production vs. reproductive senescence) and genotype-specific changes in fitness between environments. However, no measurement found strong trade-offs among the fitness components of these genotypes. Overall, I find little evidence that any one mechanism is strong enough to maintain genetic variation on its own. Instead, I suggest that many mechanisms may weaken the selection among genotypes, which would collectively allow neutral processes such as mutation-selection balance to maintain genetic variation within populations.
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32
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Arbuthnott D, Whitlock MC. Environmental stress does not increase the mean strength of selection. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1599-1606. [PMID: 29978525 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A common intuition among evolutionary biologists and ecologists is that environmental stress will increase the strength of selection against deleterious alleles and among alternate genotypes. However, the strength of selection is determined by the relative fitness differences among genotypes, and there is no theoretical reason why these differences should be exaggerated as mean fitness decreases. We update a recent review of the empirical results pertaining to environmental stress and the strength of selection and find that there is no overall trend towards increased selection under stress, in agreement with other recent analyses of existing data. The majority of past studies measure the strength of selection by quantifying the decrease in fitness imposed by single or multiple mutations in different environments. However, selection rarely acts on one locus independently, and the strength of selection will be determined by variation across the whole genome. We used 20 inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster to make repeated fitness measurements of the same genotypes in four different environments. This framework allowed us to determine the variation in fitness attributable to genotype across stressful environments and to calculate the opportunity for selection among these genotypes in each stress. Although we found significant decreases in mean fitness in our stressful environments, we did not find any significant differences in the strength of selection among any of the four measured environments. Therefore, in agreement with our updated review, we find no evidence for the oft-cited verbal model that stress increases the strength of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Arbuthnott
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael C Whitlock
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Sexual conflict is acknowledged as pervasive, with the potential to generate and maintain genetic variation. Mechanistic studies of conflict have been important in providing direct evidence for the existence of sexual conflict. They have also led to the growing realization that there is a striking phenotypic diversity of adaptations whose evolution can be shaped by sexually antagonistic selection. The mechanisms involved range from the use of genital spines, claspers, songs, and smells to ejaculate molecules. In one well-studied example, sexual conflict can occur over the sexually antagonistic effects of seminal fluid proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. However, an important puzzle remains, namely, why seminal fluid proteins are so numerous and complex, hence whether all or some are involved in mediating sexual conflict. I hypothesize that this rich diversity and the complexity of traits subject to sexually antagonistic selection in general may arise, at least in part, due to the deployment of sexually antagonistic adaptations in males in a way that lessens the probability of broadscale, strong resistance evolution in females. In elaborating this hypothesis, I explore how research into the evolution of resistance to insecticides, antimicrobials, and vaccines might be used to provide insights into the evolution of female resistance to the effects of sexually antagonistic manipulative traits of males. In this manner, the manipulative traits of males can be resistance-proofed.
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34
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Veltsos P, Fang Y, Cossins AR, Snook RR, Ritchie MG. Mating system manipulation and the evolution of sex-biased gene expression in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2072. [PMID: 29233985 PMCID: PMC5727229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in dioecious animals are pervasive and result from gene expression differences. Elevated sexual selection has been predicted to increase the number and expression of male-biased genes, and experimentally imposing monogamy on Drosophila melanogaster has led to a relative feminisation of the transcriptome. Here, we test this hypothesis further by subjecting another polyandrous species, D. pseudoobscura, to 150 generations of experimental monogamy or elevated polyandry. We find that sex-biased genes do change in expression but, contrary to predictions, there is usually masculinisation of the transcriptome under monogamy, although this depends on tissue and sex. We also identify and describe gene expression changes following courtship experience. Courtship often influences gene expression, including patterns in sex-biased gene expression. Our results confirm that mating system manipulation disproportionately influences sex-biased gene expression but show that the direction of change is dynamic and unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Veltsos
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- Centre for Genomic Researc, Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BX, UK
| | - Andrew R Cossins
- Centre for Genomic Researc, Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BX, UK
| | - Rhonda R Snook
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. .,Zoologiska Institutionen (Ekologi), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael G Ritchie
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK.
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35
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Lankinen Å, Hydbom S, Strandh M. Sexually antagonistic evolution caused by male-male competition in the pistil. Evolution 2017; 71:2359-2369. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Deparment of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; S-230 53 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Sofia Hydbom
- Deparment of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; S-230 53 Alnarp Sweden
- Department of Biology; Lund University; S-223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Maria Strandh
- Deparment of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; S-230 53 Alnarp Sweden
- Department of Biology; Lund University; S-223 62 Lund Sweden
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36
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Iltis C, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Galipaud M, Moreau J, Bollache L, Louâpre P. The curse of being single: both male and female Gammarus pulex benefit energetically from precopulatory mate guarding. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Perry JC, Garroway CJ, Rowe L. The role of ecology, neutral processes and antagonistic coevolution in an apparent sexual arms race. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1107-1117. [PMID: 28683517 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Some of the strongest examples of a sexual 'arms race' come from observations of correlated evolution in sexually antagonistic traits among populations. However, it remains unclear whether these cases truly represent sexually antagonistic coevolution; alternatively, ecological or neutral processes might also drive correlated evolution. To investigate these alternatives, we evaluated the contributions of intersex genetic correlations, ecological context, neutral genetic divergence and sexual coevolution in the correlated evolution of antagonistic traits among populations of Gerris incognitus water striders. We could not detect intersex genetic correlations for these sexually antagonistic traits. Ecological variation was related to population variation in the key female antagonistic trait (spine length, a defence against males), as well as body size. Nevertheless, population covariation between sexually antagonistic traits remained substantial and significant even after accounting for all of these processes. Our results therefore provide strong evidence for a contemporary sexual arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Perry
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Jesus College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin J Garroway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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38
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McKown AD, Klápště J, Guy RD, Soolanayakanahally RY, La Mantia J, Porth I, Skyba O, Unda F, Douglas CJ, El-Kassaby YA, Hamelin RC, Mansfield SD, Cronk QCB. Sexual homomorphism in dioecious trees: extensive tests fail to detect sexual dimorphism in Populus †. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1831. [PMID: 28500332 PMCID: PMC5431824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sexual dimorphism and expansion of sex chromosomes are both driven through sexual conflict, arising from differing fitness optima between males and females. Here, we pair work in poplar (Populus) describing one of the smallest sex-determining regions known thus far in complex eukaryotes (~100 kbp) with comprehensive tests for sexual dimorphism using >1300 individuals from two Populus species and assessing 96 non-reproductive functional traits. Against expectation, we found sexual homomorphism (no non-reproductive trait differences between the sexes), suggesting that gender is functionally neutral with respect to non-reproductive features that affect plant survival and fitness. Combined with a small sex-determining region, we infer that sexual conflict may be effectively stymied or non-existent within these taxa. Both sexual homomorphism and the small sex-determining region occur against a background of strong environmental selection and local adaptation in Populus. This presents a powerful hypothesis for the evolution of dioecious species. Here, we suggest that environmental selection may be sufficient to suppress and stymy sexual conflict if it acts orthogonal to sexual selection, thereby placing limitations on the evolution of sexual dimorphism and genomic expansion of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jaroslav Klápště
- Department of Dendrology and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, 165 21, Czech Republic.,Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Jonathan La Mantia
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Corn and Soybean Research, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Ilga Porth
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Skyba
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quentin C B Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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39
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Pischedda A, Chippindale AK. Direct benefits of choosing a high-fitness mate can offset the indirect costs associated with intralocus sexual conflict. Evolution 2017; 71:1710-1718. [PMID: 28369895 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intralocus sexual conflict generates a cost to mate choice: high-fitness partners transmit genetic variation that confers lower fitness to offspring of the opposite sex. Our earlier work in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, revealed that these indirect genetic costs were sufficient to reverse potential "good genes" benefits of sexual selection. However, mate choice can also confer direct fitness benefits by inducing larger numbers of progeny. Here, we consider whether direct benefits through enhanced fertility could offset the costs associated with intralocus sexual conflict in D. melanogaster. Using hemiclonal analysis, we found that females mated to high-fitness males produced 11% more offspring compared to those mated to low-fitness males, and high-fitness females produced 34% more offspring than low-fitness females. These direct benefits more than offset the reduction in offspring fitness caused by intralocus sexual conflict, creating a net fitness benefit for each sex to pairing with a high-fitness partner. Our findings highlight the need to consider both direct and indirect effects when investigating the fitness impacts of mate choice. Direct fitness benefits may shelter sexually antagonistic alleles from selection, suggesting a novel mechanism for the maintenance of fitness variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Pischedda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, 39762
| | - Adam K Chippindale
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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40
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Lankinen Å, Hydbom S. Effects of soil resources on expression of a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity in a mixed-mating plant. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Plant Protection Biology; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 102 SE-230 53 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Sofia Hydbom
- Plant Protection Biology; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 102 SE-230 53 Alnarp Sweden
- Dept of Biology; Lund University; Ecology Building Lund Sweden
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41
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Berger D, Martinossi-Allibert I, Grieshop K, Lind MI, Maklakov AA, Arnqvist G. Intralocus Sexual Conflict and the Tragedy of the Commons in Seed Beetles. Am Nat 2016; 188:E98-E112. [DOI: 10.1086/687963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Meisel RP, Davey T, Son JH, Gerry AC, Shono T, Scott JG. Is Multifactorial Sex Determination in the House Fly, Musca domestica (L.), Stable Over Time? J Hered 2016; 107:615-625. [PMID: 27540102 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination pathways evolve rapidly, usually because of turnover of master regulatory genes at the top of the developmental pathway. Polygenic sex determination is expected to be a transient state between ancestral and derived conditions. However, polygenic sex determination has been observed in numerous animal species, including the house fly, Musca domestica House fly males carry a male-determining factor (M) that can be located on any chromosome, and an individual male may have multiple M factors. Females lack M and/or have a dominant allele of the Md-tra gene (Md-tra D ) that acts as a female-determining locus even in the presence of multiple copies of M. We found the frequency and linkage of M in house flies collected in Chino, CA (USA) was relatively unchanged between 1982 and 2014. The frequency of females with Md-tra D in the 2014 collection was 33.6% (n = 140). Analysis of these results, plus previously published data, revealed a strong correlation between the frequencies of Md-tra D and multiple M males, and we find that these populations are expected to have balanced sex ratios. We also find that fitness values that allow for the invasion and maintenance of multiple sex determining loci suggest that sexually antagonistic selection could be responsible for maintaining polygenic sex determination in house fly populations. The stability over time and equilibrium frequencies within populations suggest the house fly polygenic sex determination system is not in transition, and provide guidance for future investigations on the factors responsible for the polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Meisel
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX (Meisel and Son); Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Davey and Scott); Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA (Gerry); and Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Shono)
| | - Taira Davey
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX (Meisel and Son); Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Davey and Scott); Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA (Gerry); and Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Shono)
| | - Jae Hak Son
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX (Meisel and Son); Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Davey and Scott); Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA (Gerry); and Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Shono)
| | - Alec C Gerry
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX (Meisel and Son); Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Davey and Scott); Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA (Gerry); and Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Shono)
| | - Toshio Shono
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX (Meisel and Son); Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Davey and Scott); Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA (Gerry); and Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Shono)
| | - Jeffrey G Scott
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX (Meisel and Son); Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Davey and Scott); Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA (Gerry); and Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Shono).
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43
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Kao JY, Lymer S, Hwang SH, Sung A, Nuzhdin SV. Postmating reproductive barriers contribute to the incipient sexual isolation of the United States and Caribbean Drosophila melanogaster. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3171-82. [PMID: 26357543 PMCID: PMC4559059 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nascent stages of speciation start with the emergence of sexual isolation. Understanding the influence of reproductive barriers in this evolutionary process is an ongoing effort. We present a study of Drosophila melanogaster admixed populations from the southeast United States and the Caribbean islands known to be a secondary contact zone of European- and African-derived populations undergoing incipient sexual isolation. The existence of premating reproductive barriers has been previously established, but these types of barriers are not the only source shaping sexual isolation. To assess the influence of postmating barriers, we investigated putative postmating barriers of female remating and egg-laying behavior, as well as hatchability of eggs laid and female longevity after mating. In the central region of our putative hybrid zone of American and Caribbean populations, we observed lower hatchability of eggs laid accompanied by increased resistance to harm after mating to less-related males. These results illustrate that postmating reproductive barriers act alongside premating barriers and genetic admixture such as hybrid incompatibilities and influence early phases of sexual isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Kao
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, 90089 ; Department of Biology, New York University 29 Washington Pl, New York city, New York, 10003
| | - Seana Lymer
- Department of Biology, New York University 29 Washington Pl, New York city, New York, 10003
| | - Sea H Hwang
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Albert Sung
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Sergey V Nuzhdin
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, 90089 ; St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University St. Petersburg, Russia
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44
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Schrempf A, von Wyschetzki K, Klein A, Schrader L, Oettler J, Heinze J. Mating with an allopatric male triggers immune response and decreases longevity of ant queens. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3618-27. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Schrempf
- Zoology/Evolutionary Biology; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 D-93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - K. von Wyschetzki
- Zoology/Evolutionary Biology; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 D-93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - A. Klein
- Zoology/Evolutionary Biology; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 D-93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - L. Schrader
- Zoology/Evolutionary Biology; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 D-93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - J. Oettler
- Zoology/Evolutionary Biology; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 D-93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - J. Heinze
- Zoology/Evolutionary Biology; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 D-93040 Regensburg Germany
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45
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Hersh E, Madjidian JA, Andersson S, Strandh M, Armbruster WS, Lankinen Å. Sexual antagonism in the pistil varies among populations of a hermaphroditic mixed-mating plant. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1321-34. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Hersh
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - J. A. Madjidian
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - S. Andersson
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Strandh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Plant Protection Biology; Alnarp Sweden
| | - W. S. Armbruster
- School of Biological Science; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska; Fairbanks AK USA
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Å. Lankinen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Plant Protection Biology; Alnarp Sweden
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46
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Abstract
Sexual conflict occurs whenever there is sexually antagonistic selection on shared traits. When shared traits result from interactions (e.g., mating rate) and have a different genetic basis in each sex (i.e., interlocus conflict), then sex-specific traits that shift the value of these interaction traits toward the sex-specific optimum will be favored. Male traits can be favored that increase the fitness of their male bearers, but decrease the fitness of interacting females. Likewise, female traits that reduce the costs of interacting with harmful males may simultaneously impose costs on males. If the evolution of these antagonistic traits changes the nature of selection acting on the opposite sex, interesting coevolutionary dynamics will result. Here we examine three current issues in the study of sexually antagonistic interactions: the female side of sexual conflict, the ecological context of sexual conflict, and the strength of evidence for sexually antagonistic coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Perry
- Jesus College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3DW, United Kingdom Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
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47
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Cothran RD, French BJ, Relyea RA. An assessment of Putative Sexually Antagonistic Traits in a Freshwater Amphipod Species. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rickey D. Cothran
- Department of Biological Sciences & Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Beverly J. French
- Department of Biological Sciences & Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Rick A. Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences & Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
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48
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Lankinen Å, Karlsson Green K. Using theories of sexual selection and sexual conflict to improve our understanding of plant ecology and evolution. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv008. [PMID: 25613227 PMCID: PMC4344479 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Today it is accepted that the theories of sexual selection and sexual conflict are general and can be applied to both animals and plants. However, potentially due to a controversial history, plant studies investigating sexual selection and sexual conflict are relatively rare. Moreover, these theories and concepts are seldom implemented in research fields investigating related aspects of plant ecology and evolution. Even though these theories are complex, and can be difficult to study, we suggest that several fields in plant biology would benefit from incorporating and testing the impact of selection pressures generated by sexual selection and sexual conflict. Here we give examples of three fields where we believe such incorporation would be particularly fruitful, including (i) mechanisms of pollen-pistil interactions, (ii) mating-system evolution in hermaphrodites and (iii) plant immune responses to pests and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, PO Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kristina Karlsson Green
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, PO Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
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49
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Arnqvist G, Vellnow N, Rowe L. The effect of epistasis on sexually antagonistic genetic variation. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0489. [PMID: 24870040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of segregating sexually antagonistic (SA) genetic variation for fitness in laboratory and wild populations, yet the conditions for the maintenance of such variation can be restrictive. Epistatic interactions between genes can contribute to the maintenance of genetic variance in fitness and we suggest that epistasis between SA genes should be pervasive. Here, we explore its effect on SA genetic variation in fitness using a two locus model with negative epistasis. Our results demonstrate that epistasis often increases the parameter space showing polymorphism for SA loci. This is because selection in one locus is affected by allele frequencies at the other, which can act to balance net selection in males and females. Increased linkage between SA loci had more marginal effects. We also show that under some conditions, large portions of the parameter space evolve to a state where male benefit alleles are fixed at one locus and female benefit alleles at the other. This novel effect of epistasis on SA loci, which we term the 'equity effect', may have important effects on population differentiation and may contribute to speciation. More generally, these results support the suggestion that epistasis contributes to population divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Arnqvist
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nikolas Vellnow
- Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, M5S 3B2
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50
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Heinen-Kay JL, Noel HG, Layman CA, Langerhans RB. Human-caused habitat fragmentation can drive rapid divergence of male genitalia. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1252-67. [PMID: 25558285 PMCID: PMC4275096 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study rests on three premises: (i) humans are altering ecosystems worldwide, (ii) environmental variation often influences the strength and nature of sexual selection, and (iii) sexual selection is largely responsible for rapid and divergent evolution of male genitalia. While each of these assertions has strong empirical support, no study has yet investigated their logical conclusion that human impacts on the environment might commonly drive rapid diversification of male genital morphology. We tested whether anthropogenic habitat fragmentation has resulted in rapid changes in the size, allometry, shape, and meristics of male genitalia in three native species of livebearing fishes (genus: Gambusia) inhabiting tidal creeks across six Bahamian islands. We found that genital shape and allometry consistently and repeatedly diverged in fragmented systems across all species and islands. Using a model selection framework, we identified three ecological consequences of fragmentation that apparently underlie observed morphological patterns: decreased predatory fish density, increased conspecific density, and reduced salinity. Our results demonstrate that human modifications to the environment can drive rapid and predictable divergence in male genitalia. Given the ubiquity of anthropogenic impacts on the environment, future research should evaluate the generality of our findings and potential consequences for reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justa L Heinen-Kay
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Holly G Noel
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Craig A Layman
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA
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