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Martín-Aguilar L, Lleixà C, Pascual-Goñi E, Caballero-Ávila M, Martínez-Martínez L, Díaz-Manera J, Rojas-García R, Cortés-Vicente E, Turon-Sans J, de Luna N, Suárez-Calvet X, Gallardo E, Rajabally Y, Scotton S, Jacobs BC, Baars A, Cortese A, Vegezzi E, Höftberger R, Zimprich F, Roesler C, Nobile-Orazio E, Liberatore G, Hiew FL, Martínez-Piñeiro A, Carvajal A, Piñar-Morales R, Usón-Martín M, Albertí O, López-Pérez MÁ, Márquez F, Pardo-Fernández J, Muñoz-Delgado L, Cabrera-Serrano M, Ortiz N, Bartolomé M, Duman Ö, Bril V, Segura-Chávez D, Pitarokoili K, Steen C, Illa I, Querol L. Clinical and Laboratory Features in Anti-NF155 Autoimmune Nodopathy. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:e1098. [PMID: 34728497 PMCID: PMC8564865 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To study the clinical and laboratory features of antineurofascin-155 (NF155)-positive autoimmune nodopathy (AN). METHODS Patients with anti-NF155 antibodies detected on routine immunologic testing were included. Clinical characteristics, treatment response, and functional scales (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] and Inflammatory Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale [I-RODS]) were retrospectively collected at baseline and at the follow-up. Autoantibody and neurofilament light (NfL) chain levels were analyzed at baseline and at the follow-up. RESULTS Forty NF155+ patients with AN were included. Mean age at onset was 42.4 years. Patients presented with a progressive (75%), sensory motor (87.5%), and symmetric distal-predominant weakness in upper (97.2%) and lower extremities (94.5%), with tremor and ataxia (75%). Patients received a median of 3 (2-4) different treatments in 46 months of median follow-up. Response to IV immunoglobulin (86.8%) or steroids (72.2%) was poor in most patients, whereas 77.3% responded to rituximab. HLA-DRB1*15 was detected in 91.3% of patients. IgG4 anti-NF155 antibodies were predominant in all patients; anti-NF155 titers correlated with mRS within the same patient (r = 0.41, p = 0.004). Serum NfL (sNfL) levels were higher in anti-NF155+ AN than in healthy controls (36.47 vs 7.56 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and correlated with anti-NF155 titers (r = 0.43, p = 0.001), with I-RODS at baseline (r = -0.88, p < 0.001) and with maximum I-RODS achieved (r = -0.58, p = 0.01). Anti-NF155 titers and sNfL levels decreased in all rituximab-treated patients. DISCUSSION Anti-NF155 AN presents a distinct clinical profile and good response to rituximab. Autoantibody titers and sNfL are useful to monitor disease status in these patients. The use of untagged-NF155 plasmids minimizes the detection of false anti-NF155+ cases. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that anti-NF155 antibodies associate with a specific phenotype and response to rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elba Pascual-Goñi
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Caballero-Ávila
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Martínez-Martínez
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jordi Díaz-Manera
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricard Rojas-García
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Cortés-Vicente
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Turon-Sans
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Noemi de Luna
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Xavier Suárez-Calvet
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Gallardo
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yusuf Rajabally
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sangeeta Scotton
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bart C. Jacobs
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Adája Baars
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Cortese
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Vegezzi
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Roesler
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fu Liong Hiew
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alicia Martínez-Piñeiro
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alejandra Carvajal
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Raquel Piñar-Morales
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mercedes Usón-Martín
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Olalla Albertí
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Ángeles López-Pérez
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Márquez
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Julio Pardo-Fernández
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Muñoz-Delgado
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Macarena Cabrera-Serrano
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolau Ortiz
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Bartolomé
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Özgür Duman
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Bril
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Darwin Segura-Chávez
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pitarokoili
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Steen
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Illa
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Querol
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
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Landa J, Guasp M, Petit-Pedrol M, Martínez-Hernández E, Planagumà J, Saiz A, Ruiz-García R, García-Fernández L, Verschuuren J, Saunders-Pullman R, Ramirez-Gómez L, Geschwind MD, Dalmau J, Sabater L, Graus F. Seizure-related 6 homolog like 2 autoimmunity: Neurologic syndrome and antibody effects. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:e916. [PMID: 33144342 PMCID: PMC7641326 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical syndrome of 4 new patients with seizure-related 6 homolog like 2 antibodies (SEZ6L2-abs), study the antibody characteristics, and evaluate their effects on neuronal cultures. METHODS SEZ6L2-abs were initially identified in serum and CSF of a patient with cerebellar ataxia by immunohistochemistry on rat brain sections and immunoprecipitation from rat cerebellar neurons. We used a cell-based assay (CBA) of HEK293 cells transfected with SEZ6L2 to test the serum of 95 patients with unclassified neuropil antibodies, 331 with different neurologic disorders, and 10 healthy subjects. Additional studies included characterization of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and the effects of SEZ6L2-abs on cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. RESULTS In addition to the index patient, SEZ6L2-abs were identified by CBA in 3/95 patients with unclassified neuropil antibodies but in none of the 341 controls. The median age of the 4 patients was 62 years (range: 54-69 years), and 2 were female. Patients presented with subacute gait ataxia, dysarthria, and mild extrapyramidal symptoms. Initial brain MRI was normal, and CSF pleocytosis was found in only 1 patient. None improved with immunotherapy. SEZ6L2-abs recognized conformational epitopes. IgG4 SEZ6L2-abs were found in all 4 patients, and it was the predominant subclass in 2. SEZ6L2-abs did not alter the number of total or synaptic SEZ6L2 or the AMPA glutamate receptor 1 (GluA1) clusters on the surface of hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSIONS SEZ6L2-abs associate with a subacute cerebellar syndrome with frequent extrapyramidal symptoms. The potential pathogenic effect of the antibodies is not mediated by internalization of the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Landa
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mar Guasp
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mar Petit-Pedrol
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Hernández
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jesús Planagumà
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Albert Saiz
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Raquel Ruiz-García
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lorena García-Fernández
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jan Verschuuren
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Liliana Ramirez-Gómez
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Josep Dalmau
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lidia Sabater
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesc Graus
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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