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Hagen KM, Ousman SS. Aging and the immune response in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 355:577574. [PMID: 33894676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of older individuals with diabetes go on to develop diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). DPN is associated with an increase in inflammatory cells within the peripheral nerve, activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and receptors for advanced glycation end products/advanced glycation end products pathways, aberrant cytokine expression, oxidative stress, ischemia, as well as pro-inflammatory changes in the bone marrow; all processes that may be exacerbated with age. We review the immunological features of DPN and discuss whether age-related changes in relevant immunological areas may contribute to age being a risk factor for DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Hagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shalina S Ousman
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Lim EMF, Hoghooghi V, Hagen KM, Kapoor K, Frederick A, Finlay TM, Ousman SS. Presence and activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages are associated with CRYAB expression in vitro and after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:82. [PMID: 33761953 PMCID: PMC7992798 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation constitutes both positive and negative aspects to recovery following peripheral nerve injury. Following damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), immune cells such as macrophages play a beneficial role in creating a supportive environment for regrowing axons by phagocytosing myelin and axonal debris. However, a prolonged inflammatory response after peripheral nerve injury has been implicated in the pathogenesis of negative symptoms like neuropathic pain. Therefore, the post-injury inflammation must be carefully controlled to prevent secondary damage while allowing for regeneration. CRYAB (also known as alphaB-crystallin/HSPB5) is a small heat shock protein that has many protective functions including an immunomodulatory role in mouse models of multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and stroke. Because its expression wanes and rebounds in the early and late periods respectively after PNS damage, and CRYAB null mice with sciatic nerve crush injury display symptoms of pain, we investigated whether CRYAB is involved in the immune response following PNS injury. METHODS Sciatic nerve crush injuries were performed in age-matched Cryab knockout (Cryab-/-) and wildtype (WT) female mice. Nerve segments distal to the injury site were processed by immunohistochemistry for macrophages and myelin while protein lysates of the nerves were analyzed for cytokines and chemokines using Luminex and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peritoneal macrophages from the two genotypes were also cultured and polarized into pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes where their supernatants were analyzed for cytokines and chemokines by ELISA and protein lysates for macrophage antigen presenting markers using western blotting. RESULTS We report that (1) more pro-inflammatory CD16/32+ macrophages are present in the nerves of Cryab-/- mice at days 14 and 21 after sciatic nerve crush-injury compared to WT counterparts, and (2) CRYAB has an immunosuppressive effect on cytokine secretion [interleukin (IL)-β, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] from pro-inflammatory macrophages in vitro. CONCLUSIONS CRYAB may play a role in curbing the potentially detrimental pro-inflammatory macrophage response during the late stages of peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin-Mai F Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vahid Hoghooghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Hagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kunal Kapoor
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ariana Frederick
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Trisha M Finlay
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shalina S Ousman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Hagen KM, Ousman SS. The immune response and aging in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:78. [PMID: 33752693 PMCID: PMC7983397 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) consists of various autoimmune subtypes in which the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is attacked. CIDP can follow a relapsing-remitting or progressive course where the resultant demyelination caused by immune cells (e.g., T cells, macrophages) and antibodies can lead to disability in patients. Importantly, the age of CIDP patients has a role in their symptomology and specific variants have been associated with differing ages of onset. Furthermore, older patients have a decreased frequency of functional recovery after CIDP insult. This may be related to perturbations in immune cell populations that could exacerbate the disease with increasing age. In the present review, the immune profile of typical CIDP will be discussed followed by inferences into the potential role of relevant aging immune cell populations. Atypical variants will also be briefly reviewed followed by an examination of the available studies on the immunology underlying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Hagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shalina S Ousman
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Hagen KM, Ousman SS. The Neuroimmunology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome and the Potential Role of an Aging Immune System. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:613628. [PMID: 33584245 PMCID: PMC7873882 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.613628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a paralyzing autoimmune condition affecting the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Within GBS there are several variants affecting different aspects of the peripheral nerve. In general, there appears to be a role for T cells, macrophages, B cells, and complement in initiating and perpetuating attacks on gangliosides of Schwann cells and axons. Of note, GBS has an increased prevalence and severity with increasing age. In addition, there are alterations in immune cell functioning that may play a role in differences in GBS with age alongside general age-related declines in reparative processes (e.g., delayed de-differentiation of Schwann cells and decline in phagocytic ability of macrophages). The present review will explore the immune response in GBS as well as in animal models of several variants of the disorder. In addition, the potential involvement of an aging immune system in contributing to the increased prevalence and severity of GBS with age will be theorized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Hagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shalina S. Ousman
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Defife KM, Hagen KM, Clapper DL, Anderson JM. Photochemically immobilized polymer coatings: effects on protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and leukocyte activation. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1999; 10:1063-74. [PMID: 10591132 DOI: 10.1163/156856299x00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic chains of 4-benzoylbenzoic acid moieties and polymer were photochemically immobilized onto silicone rubber to ask whether the covalently coupled polymers would passivate the silicone rubber by inhibiting protein adsorption and subsequent cell adhesion and activation. Three groups of polymers were utilized: the hydrophilic synthetic polymers of polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone; the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid; and poly(glycine-valine-glycine-valine-proline), a polypeptide derived from the sequence of elastin. Each coating variant decreased the adsorption of fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G compared to uncoated silicone rubber. All except the methoxy-polyethylene glycol coating nearly abolished fibroblast growth, but none of the coating variants inhibited monocyte or polymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion. Interleukin-1beta, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion by leukocytes were not statistically different between any of the coating variants and uncoated silicone rubber. However, the methoxy-polyethylene glycol and elastin-based polypeptide coatings, which supported the highest numbers of adherent monocytes, also elicited the lowest levels of proinflammatory cytokine secretion. When these in vitro data were collectively evaluated, the coating that most effectively passivated silicone rubber was the polypeptide derived from elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Defife
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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DeFife KM, Shive MS, Hagen KM, Clapper DL, Anderson JM. Effects of photochemically immobilized polymer coatings on protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and the foreign body reaction to silicone rubber. J Biomed Mater Res 1999; 44:298-307. [PMID: 10397932 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19990305)44:3<298::aid-jbm8>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical immobilization technology was utilized to covalently couple polymers to silicone rubber either at multiple points along a polymer backbone or at the endpoint of an amphiphilic chain. The coating variants then were tested in vitro and in vivo for improvement of desired responses compared to uncoated silicone rubber. All coating variants suppressed the adsorption of fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G, and most also inhibited fibroblast growth by 90-99%. None of the coating variants inhibited monocyte or neutrophil adhesion in vitro. However, the surfaces that supported the highest levels of monocyte adhesion also elicited the lowest secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. None of the materials elicited a strong inflammatory response or significantly (p< 0.05) reduced the thickness of the fibrous capsule when implanted subcutaneously in rats. Overall, the most passivating coating variant was an endpoint immobilized polypeptide that reduced protein adsorption, inhibited fibroblast growth by 90%, elicited low cytokine secretion from monocytes, and reduced fibrous encapsulation by 33%. In general, although some coating variants modified the adsorption of proteins and the behavior of leukocytes or fibroblasts in vitro, none abolished the development of a fibrous capsule in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M DeFife
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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