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Best ATK, Morgan JM, Burgy CLD, Flynn H, Barter LS, Cassano JM. A blinded crossover study design to evaluate midazolam as an adjunct for equine standing sedation for routine oral examinations. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 143:105201. [PMID: 39341376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including midazolam to a common equine standing sedation protocol for routine oral examination. Twelve horses underwent two examinations at least seven days apart. Horses were randomly assigned to receive midazolam intravenously (IV) (0.02mg/kg) or a placebo injection of saline (2-2.5mL IV). Five minutes later, detomidine (0.01mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.01mg/kg) were administered IV and horses were placed in standing stocks. A veterinarian blinded to the treatment protocol used a descriptive scoring system to assess degree of ataxia, acceptance of speculum, chewing on the speculum, headshaking, tongue movement, resistance to palpation, and eye appearance as related to the grimace score. During each examination, additional sedation of IV detomidine (0.006mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.006mg/kg) was administered at the discretion of the blinded practitioner to facilitate safe examination. At the second examination horses received the opposite treatment protocol and, following examination, a routine occlusal adjustment. Scores were compared using JMP software with a repeated measures mixed effects model, treatment as a fixed effect and horse and horse/treatment interaction as random effects. Significance was set at P<0.05. There were no significant differences in any of the single or overall sedation scores between treatment groups or within individual horses (P=0.3). Trends towards improvement of some assessed characteristics of sedation, including decreased tongue movement and less resistance to acceptance of speculum were observed. The use of midazolam may prove beneficial for routine oral examination, as well as other standing procedures, with no obvious undesired side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber T K Best
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Jessica M Morgan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Clara L D Burgy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Harriet Flynn
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Linda S Barter
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Jennifer M Cassano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States.
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Di Cesare F, Rabbogliatti V, Draghi S, Amari M, Brioschi FA, Villa R, Ravasio G, Cagnardi P. Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in anaesthetized horses following repeated subcutaneous administration and intravenous constant rate infusion. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:264. [PMID: 38071301 PMCID: PMC10709979 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inclusion of dexmedetomidine (DEX) within a balanced general anaesthesia protocol is effective in improving the clinical outcome and recovery quality of anaesthesia in horses. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of DEX following repeated subcutaneous (SC) administration at 2 µg/kg every 60 min till the end of the procedure in comparison to intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) at 1 µg/kg/h in anaesthetized horses undergoing diagnostic procedures up to the end of the diagnostic procedure. RESULTS In the CRI and SC groups DEX maximum concentrations (Cmax) were 0.83 ± 0.27 ng/mL and 1.14 ± 0.71 ng/mL, respectively, reached at a time (Tmax) of 57.0 ± 13.4 min and 105.5 ± 29.9 min. Mean residence time to the last measurable concentration (MRTlast) was 11.7 ± 6.2 and 55.8 ± 19.7 min for the CRI group and SC groups, respectively. The apparent elimination half-life was 18.0 ± 10.0 min in the CRI group and 94.8 ± 69.8 min for the SC group, whereas the area under the curve (AUC0-last) resulted 67.7 ± 29.3 and 83.2 ± 60.5 min*ng/mL for CRI and SC group, respectively. Clearance was 16.26 ± 8.07 mL/min/kg for the CRI group. No signs of adverse effects were recorded in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetic profile of DEX following repeated SC administration in anaesthetized horses was comparable to intravenous CRI administration during the intranaesthetic period and beneficial during the recovery phase from general anaesthesia. The SC route could be considered as an alternative to CRI for improving the recovery quality of equine patients undergoing general anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rabbogliatti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Amari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Villa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Cagnardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Costa GL, Spadola F, Di Pietro S, Nava V, Licata P, Giudice E, Leonardi F, Bruno F, Messina L, Macrì F, Macrì D, Ferrantelli V, Tabbì M, Interlandi C. Tramadol vs. Lidocaine Administered Intraperitoneally and in Incisional Lines for the Intraoperative and Postoperative Pain Management of Romifidine-Telazol-Anesthetized Swine Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2905. [PMID: 37760305 PMCID: PMC10525986 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of tramadol and lidocaine for local anesthesia during umbilical hernia repair in swine. The study was performed on 66 large white crossbred swine. The swine received a mixture of tiletamine/zolazepam at 5 mg/kg and romifidine at 80 µg/kg, administered intramuscularly. Then, they were divided into three groups (n = 22) that received different treatments with lidocaine at 4 mg/kg and tramadol at 4 mg/kg. The LL group received lidocaine both by infiltration of the surgical planes and intraperitoneally. The LT group received lidocaine by infiltration of the surgical planes and tramadol intraperitoneally. The TT group received tramadol both by infiltration of the surgical planes and intraperitoneally. In all groups, the infiltration of the surgical planes into the umbilical region involved both the skin and muscle planes. Heart rate, noninvasive arterial blood pressure, and respiratory frequency were recorded during surgery. The response to the surgical stimulus was evaluated using a cumulative pain scale (the cut-off point for rescue analgesia was set to 10). Postoperative pain was assessed using the UNESP-Botucatu pig composite acute pain scale (the cut-off point was set to 4). The trend of physiological variables was adequate for patients under anesthesia. No subject required intraoperative and postoperative rescue analgesia. Tramadol could therefore be used for pain management in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lucrezia Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Filippo Spadola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Simona Di Pietro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Vincenzo Nava
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Patrizia Licata
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Fabio Bruno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Laura Messina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Francesco Macrì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Daniele Macrì
- Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Gino Marinuzzi 4, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (D.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Gino Marinuzzi 4, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (D.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Marco Tabbì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Claudia Interlandi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
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Costa GL, Leonardi F, Interlandi C, Licata P, Lizarraga I, Macrì F, Macrì D, Ferrantelli V, Spadola F. Tramadol Administered Intravenously Either as a Bolus or a Slow Injection in Pain Management of Romifidine-Sedated Calves Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071145. [PMID: 37048401 PMCID: PMC10093555 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical hernias in calves occur with relative frequency. Most abdominal surgeries can be performed in cattle using standing sedation and local blocks. Romifidine is widely used in calves, alone or in combination with opioids. Tramadol administered as an intravenous slow injection provided better analgesia than an IV bolus in cows. The aim of the present study was to compare the response to surgical stimulus, and sedative effects of tramadol administered intravenously either as a bolus or a slow injection in romifidinesedated calves. Twenty Frisian calves undergoing umbilical hernia repair received romifidine (0.08 mg/kg IM; time 0) followed by tramadol (1 mg/kg IV) 5 min later either as a bolus (n = 10, B group) or a slow injection over 10 min (n = 10, SI group). Surgical area was infiltrated with lidocaine (4 mg/kg). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic, dyastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), sedation scores and response to surgical stimulus were recorded for up to 55 min. After the calves recovered a standing position, postoperative pain scores were assessed for up to 50 min. Sedation scores were significantly higher in the SI group than in the B group at 55 min (p < 0.05). HR, RR, SAP and response to surgical stimulus were significantly higher in the B group than in the SI group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were recorded in postoperative pain scores between groups (p > 0.05). Romifidine IM followed by intravenous tramadol, as a bolus or slow injection and local infiltration with lidocaine provided adequate sedation and analgesia in calves undergoing umbilical hernia repair.
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Martín-Suárez EM, Mesa P, Portillo M, Morgaz J, Moreno O, Guisado A, Galán-Rodríguez A. A Modified Schirmer Tear Test in Clinically Normal Horses: Measurement at 30 Seconds versus 60 Seconds. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 120:104162. [PMID: 36343832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to compare the Schirmer Tear Test (STT)-1 results at 30 (STT30) versus 60 (STT60) seconds in healthy horses. This study included a total of 56 healthy horses. STT-1 was performed in both eyes, right eye first, and the wetting lengths were measured in STT30 and STT60. To evaluate the reduction of the initial reflex phase, the wetting length velocity was measured during the first 30 seconds. The effects of eye, age, weight, sex, and ambient temperature and humidity on STT values were evaluated. Mean (standard deviation) STT30 and STT60 were 19.06 (3.88) and 24.26 (4.50) mm. There was a linear correlation between the STT 30 and STT60, expressed according to the following equation: STT60 = 2.20 + 1.18 × STT30 (P = .001). STT30 or STT60 values did not vary between the sexes or correlate with age, weight, ambient temperature, or humidity. In conclusion, STT30 allows for an accurate, reliable, and applicable diagnosis of tear production compared with the standard STT60 value. The proposed method is shorter and may be a suitable alternative to the 1-min test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Martín-Suárez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Pablo Mesa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Portillo
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Morgaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ofelia Moreno
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alicia Guisado
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alba Galán-Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
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Costa GL, Leonardi F, Interlandi C, Spadola F, Fisichella S, Macrì F, Nastasi B, Macrì D, Ferrantelli V, Di Pietro S. Levobupivacaine Combined with Cisatracurium in Peribulbar Anaesthesia in Cats Undergoing Corneal and Lens Surgery. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13010170. [PMID: 36611778 PMCID: PMC9817947 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study included evaluating the effects of levobupivacaine combined with cisatracurium on akinesia and mydriasis when administered by peribulbar injection, and evaluating if the chosen dose of cisatracurium is enough to avoid the use of systemic neuromuscular blockade in cats. The animals were divided into four groups as follows: group L received 1.25 mg kg-1 levobupivacaine administered by peribulbar injection; group LC received the same dose of levobupivacaine combined with 0.01 mg kg-1 of cisatracurium administered by peribulbar injection; group C received 0.01 mg kg-1 of cisatracurium administered by peribulbar injection; group GC received 0.01 mg kg-1 of cisatracurium intravenously. Physiological variables, intraocular pressure, akinesia, and mydriasis were measured before and up to 30 min after peribulbar injection. The onset of akinesia, duration of akinesia, and train of four (TOF) were evaluated. Physiological variables remained in the physiological range in all groups. Effective akinesia and mydriasis were observed in all groups. The (TOF) was 0.9 in all groups. Throughout the study was observed in group LC a shortened onset of akinesia and a prolonging its duration. The peribulbar injection of cisatracurium and levobupivacaine provided effective akinesia and mydriasis, and shortened the onset of akinesia while prolonging its duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L. Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Interlandi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39(0)90-676-6758
| | - Filippo Spadola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sheila Fisichella
- Evidensia Veterinarhuset Sundsvall, Regementsvagen 9, 85238 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Francesco Macrì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Bernadette Nastasi
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort Unité d’anesthésie et reanimation, Pôle anesthésie et réanimation, Urgences et Soins Intensives 7, Av Du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Daniele Macrì
- Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Simona Di Pietro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Mansour C, Hout NE, Hassoun R. Anaesthetic management in adult fallow deer undergoing orthopaedic surgery. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nermine El Hout
- Beirut Pet Hospital Verdun Beirut Lebanon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Lebanese Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Dekwaneh Lebanon
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COMPARISON OF TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM COMBINED WITH DEXMEDETOMIDINE OR XYLAZINE FOR CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF WILD FALLOW DEER ( DAMA DAMA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:1009-1012. [PMID: 34687517 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared dexmedetomidine or xylazine in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam for chemical immobilization of wild fallow deer (Dama dama) in a prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study. Forty fallow deer were divided into two groups: tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine (TZX) and tiletamine-zolazepam-dexmedetomidine (TZD). The TZX group was immobilized with 1.9 ± 0.05 mg/kg of xylazine and 1.48 ± 0.05 mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam, whereas the TZD group was immobilized with 34.15 ± 1.1 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine and 0.97 ± 0.03 mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam by dart. The induction time was recorded. During the immobilization, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, blood lactate concentration, and quality of immobilization were recorded at 10, 20, and 30 m after drug administration. The time of achievement of sternal recumbency and that of standing were also recorded. The TZD group showed a significantly shorter induction time (8 ± 1.6 m, TZX group; 4 ± 0.5 m, TZD group), significantly higher quality of immobilization score (2[1-2], TZX group; 4[4-4], TZD group), and significantly lower lactate levels (5[3-7] mmol/L, TZX group; 2[1-3] mmol/L, TZD group). The time to sternal recumbency was 7 ± 1.6 m (TZX group) and 4 ± 0.5 m (TZD group), and time to quadrupedal standing was 20 ± 1.6 m (TZX group) and 16 ± 0.8 m (TZD group) (P = 0.001). Dexmedetomidine combined with tiletamine-zolazepam is a viable alternative to xylazine for the chemical immobilization of fallow deer.
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Dagnall C, Khenissi L, Love E. Monitoring techniques for equine anaesthesia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dagnall
- Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | | | - E. Love
- Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Interlandi C, Leonardi F, Spadola F, Costa GL. Evaluation of the paw withdrawal latency for the comparison between tramadol and butorphanol administered locally, in the plantar surface of rat, preliminary study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254497. [PMID: 34310642 PMCID: PMC8312927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of tramadol compared to butorphanol administered locally in ventral surface of the hind paw of rats. Prospective, randomized experimental study; twenty-one adult male Wistar rats were selected. Heart rate (beats minute-1), respiratory rate (breaths minute-1), and paw withdrawal latency (onset of radiant heat until paw withdrawal/seconds) were measured prior (T0) and after (T5, T10, T15, T20) intraplantar injection with saline solution 0,9% (group S), butorphanol 1 mg kg-1 (group B), and tramadol 1 mg kg-1 (group T). Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Friedman test were used to analyze the data expressed by median and range. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis of heart rate showed that there were significant differences between groups at different monitoring times. There were no significant differences in respiratory rate after intraplantar injection in any of the treatment groups. The paw withdrawal latency values at T5, T10, and T15 minutes after intraplantar injection in the group B were significantly higher compared to baseline value and to the values of the other groups. The paw withdrawal latency were no significant changes in the measurements of intragroup in S and T. Intraplantar administration of butorphanol provides a good analgesia and significantly increases paw withdrawal latency compared to tramadol. Intraplantar injection of butorphanol could be useful and safe and safe technique to achieve local analgesia for minor surgical procedures in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Interlandi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Spadola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Aghababaei A, Ronagh A, Mosallanejad B, Baniadam A. Effects of Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine and their combination with Acepromazine on the intraocular pressure (IOP), tear secretion and pupil diameter in dogs. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1090-1095. [PMID: 33751831 PMCID: PMC8294359 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A great number of sedatives and anaesthetics have been used to perform surgeries or routine ophthalmologic examinations in animals and sometimes the combination of these medicines has more suitable effects than each one alone. Objectives This paper aims to explore the main effects of Medetomidine + Acepromazine, Dexmedetomidine + Acepromazine on intraocular pressure, tear secretion and pupil diameter. Methods To accomplish the aforementioned aim, 32 adult dogs (aged one‐to‐three‐years‐old) were clinically examined. Dogs were divided into four groups consisting of group DA, Dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) + Acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg); Group D, Dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg); Group M, Medetomidine (10 µg/kg); Group MA, Medetomidine (10 µg/kg) + Acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg). The ocular factors including tear production, pupil diameter and intraocular pressure of both right and left eyes were first measured and then recorded in each dog at time T0 (−15 min). Afterwards, the drugs were administered intramuscularly, based on which the ocular factors were re‐measured at T1 (+5 min), T2 (+15 min) and T3 (+20 min). All four groups showed a reduction in intraocular pressure, which was significant in DA, D and M groups. Results Furthermore, there was a fluctuation in the amount of tear secretion in DA and D groups (increase and then decrease), as well as a significant reduction in M and MA groups. Decreasing in pupil diameter also occurred in all four groups, but the reduction was significant only in DA and MA groups. Conclusion According to the results obtained, as the changes caused by the systemic administration of the above drug compounds did not exceed the physiological range, it can be concluded that these combinations could be utilized as suitable sedatives or pre‐anaesthetic compounds in the eye surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aghababaei
- Graduate of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Ronagh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Mosallanejad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Baniadam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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12
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Armando F, Godizzi F, Razzuoli E, Leonardi F, Angelone M, Corradi A, Meloni D, Ferrari L, Passeri B. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in a Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of a Horse: Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2318. [PMID: 33297475 PMCID: PMC7762370 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most frequent tumors of skin and muco-cutaneous junctions in the horse. Equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) has been detected in equine SCC of the oral tract and genitals, and recently also in the larynx. As human squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx (SCCL), it is strongly etiologically associated with high-risk papillomavirus (h-HPV) infection. This study focuses on tumor cells behavior in a naturally occurring tumor that can undergo the so-called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). A SCCL in a horse was investigated by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against E-cadherin, pan-cytokeratin AE3/AE1, β-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB-1, TWIST, and HIF-1α. EcPV2 DNA detection and expression of oncogenes in SCC were investigated. A cadherin switch and an intermediate filaments rearrangement within primary site tumor cells together with the expression of the EMT-related transcription factors TWIST-1, ZEB-1, and HIF-1α were observed. DNA obtained from the tumor showed EcPV2 positivity, with E2 gene disruption and E6 gene dysregulation. The results suggest that equine SCCL might be a valuable model for studying EMT and the potential interactions between EcPV2 oncoproteins and the EMT process in SCCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Armando
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.A.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Francesco Godizzi
- Department of Veterinary Science (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via dell‘Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mario Angelone
- Department of Veterinary Science, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.A.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Daniela Meloni
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.A.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Benedetta Passeri
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.A.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (B.P.)
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13
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Kanda T, Gotoh M, Makino A, Furumoto K, Shimizu Y, Itoi T, Maeta N, Furukawa T. Effect of Different Doses of Atipamezole on Reversal of Medetomidine-Induced Tear-Flow Decrease in Rats. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040197. [PMID: 33287407 PMCID: PMC7761856 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that α2-adrenoceptor agonists such as medetomidine decrease tear flow in many species, including rats. Few studies have investigated the involvement of α2-adrenoceptor in decreased tear flow; the issue has not been illustrated sufficiently. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of atipamezole on the reversal of medetomidine-induced tear-flow decrease to reveal the specific involvement of α2-adrenoceptor. Treatment with 400, 800, or 1600 µg/kg atipamezole (or saline as the control) was intramuscularly administered to rats 15 min following intramuscular administration of 200 µg/kg medetomidine. After medetomidine administration, tear flow was measured using a phenol red thread test (PRTT). PRTT values decreased significantly after 200 µg/kg medetomidine administration. The PRTT values after 800 (optimal dose to reverse) and 1600 µg/kg atipamezole administration reached baseline, but never exceeded it significantly. Treatment with 400 µg/kg atipamezole also reversed the decrease in PRTT value but the PRTT remained lower than baseline. The optimal dose and the higher dose of atipamezole fully reversed the medetomidine-induced decrease in tear flow to the baseline level in rats, while the lower dose of atipamezole partially recovered tear flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Kanda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.S.); (T.I.); (N.M.)
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan; (M.G.); (A.M.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manami Gotoh
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan; (M.G.); (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Ayumi Makino
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan; (M.G.); (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Kayo Furumoto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.S.); (T.I.); (N.M.)
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan; (M.G.); (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.S.); (T.I.); (N.M.)
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan; (M.G.); (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Takamasa Itoi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.S.); (T.I.); (N.M.)
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan; (M.G.); (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Noritaka Maeta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.S.); (T.I.); (N.M.)
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan; (M.G.); (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Toshinori Furukawa
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan; (M.G.); (A.M.); (T.F.)
- Department of Animal Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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14
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Mair TS. Equine medicine special issue. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Mair
- Equine Vetertinary Education Editorial Office
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15
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Kanda T, Mizoguchi Y, Furumoto K, Shimizu Y, Maeta N, Furukawa T. Effect of Intramuscular Medetomidine Administration on Tear Flow in Rats. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020042. [PMID: 32294903 PMCID: PMC7356148 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Medetomidine has been reported to decrease tear flow significantly in dogs, cats, and pigs when used as a sedative or analgesic; however, there are no such reports when it comes to rats. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of medetomidine on tear flow in rats. Medetomidine in doses of 50, 100, or 200 µg/kg or a physiological saline solution as the control, were administered intramuscularly to male Slc:Wistar/ST rats. After the administration of medetomidine, tear flow in both eyes was measured using a phenol red thread tear test. The area under the curve (AUC) of phenol red thread test values from baseline to 8 h was calculated. Data were plotted against the dose of medetomidine and simple linear regression analysis was performed. The effect of the drug on phenol red thread test values was considered dose-related when linear analysis yielded a significant relationship. In all medetomidine-treated groups, tear flow decreased significantly in both eyes after administration, while no significant changes were observed in either eye in the control group. The AUC values from baseline to 8 h after administration in groups treated with 100 and 200 µg/kg of medetomidine were significantly lower in both the left and right eyes compared to the control group. The linear regression of the AUC values was significant for both eyes. Our results indicated that the intramuscular administration of medetomidine in rats decreased tear flow significantly in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Kanda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuka Mizoguchi
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan
| | - Kayo Furumoto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan
| | - Noritaka Maeta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, 2640 Nishinoura, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan
| | - Toshinori Furukawa
- Department of Animal Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Carregaro AB, Ueda GI, Censoni JB, Bisetto SP, Alonso BB, Reginato GM. Effect of Methadone Combined With Acepromazine or Detomidine on Sedation and Dissociative Anesthesia in Healthy Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 86:102908. [PMID: 32067671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of methadone combined with detomidine or acepromazine on the quality of sedation and its influence over dissociative anesthesia in healthy horses. In a crossover design, seven horses were administered with 0.1 mg/kg methadone and 0.02 mg/kg detomidine intravenously (group MD) or 0.1 mg/kg methadone and 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine intravenously (group MA). Subsequently, anesthesia was induced with a combination of 2.2 mg/kg ketamine and 0.1 mg/kg midazolam intravenously. Descriptive scales and footages were used to evaluate the quality of sedation, induction, anesthesia maintenance, and recovery. Physiological parameters, arterial blood gas, and electrolytes were assessed from baseline to the recovery of anesthesia. The MA group showed lower arterial blood pressure and higher heart rate compared with the group MD. A slight decrease in arterial blood oxygen levels was observed after recumbency, more prominently in the MA group. There was no difference in the quality or time of induction or maintenance or recovery of anesthesia between groups. The results suggest that both premedication protocols produce good sedation and quality of anesthesia. Methadone combined with detomidine produced a good cardiopulmonary stability compared with methadone combined with acepromazine and might be safer to be used as premedication for dissociative anesthesia compared with methadone combined with acepromazine in healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Bonfim Carregaro
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giuliana Izumi Ueda
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Barrionuevo Censoni
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Shayne Pedrozo Bisetto
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bodini Alonso
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Morandini Reginato
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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