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Olguin-Perglione C, Politzki R, Alvarez I, Ruiz V. First report of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis (EqPV-H) in Argentina. Vet J 2024; 306:106204. [PMID: 39047972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The novel Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis (EqPV-H) was first identified in the serum and liver of a horse that died of equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler's disease. Several reports in recent years strongly suggest that EqPV-H is the etiologic agent of Theiler's disease. Brazil is the only South American country where infection with this virus has been reported. This study investigated the presence of EqPV-H DNA in horse serum pools (n=51), commercial horse serum batches (n=5) and individual serum samples from donor horses (n=175) from Argentina. All serum samples were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and samples with positive or indeterminate results were further analyzed by NS1 nested-PCR for phylogenetic studies. None of the serum pools was positive by qPCR but 9/51 pools were indeterminate (one or both test sample's Ct values were higher than the limit of detection). The NS1 nested-PCR detected the EqPV-H DNA in 8 of these indeterminate samples (15.7 % of serum pools). Three of the commercial horse serum batches (60 %) contained EqPV-H DNA, detected either by qPCR and/or nested-PCR. From the 175 individual horse serum samples, three (1.71 %) were positive for EqPV-H by both techniques. The genetic analysis of the 12 partial NS1 sequences obtained showed that the local isolates were similar to EqPV-H sequences from Germany and China. This study provides the first evidence of the presence of EqPV-H in horses and in horse sera commercially available in Argentina and emphasizes the importance of controlling the biosecurity of commercial equine sera as well as any other blood-derived biological products of equine origin. DATA AVAILABILITY: Viral sequences generated in this study were uploaded to the NCBI nucleotide database and are available with the accession numbers PP408676-PP408687.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olguin-Perglione
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires CP1686, Argentina
| | - R Politzki
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires CP1686, Argentina
| | - I Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires CP1686, Argentina
| | - V Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires CP1686, Argentina.
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Lale D, Dirks EE, Preining I, Lyrakis M, Gömer A, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JV, Ramsauer AS. Subclinical infection and potential shedding routes of equine parvovirus-hepatitis among hospitalized horses in Austria. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2373-2379. [PMID: 38899610 PMCID: PMC11256187 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) can cause Theiler's disease and subclinical hepatitis in horses. OBJECTIVES Assess the frequency of subclinical EqPV-H infection in hospitalized horses and to study viral transmission by investigating potential shedding routes. ANIMALS One hundred sixteen equids, that presented to the University Equine Hospital of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna between February 2021 and March 2022, for causes other than hepatopathy. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, samples (serum, feces, nasal, and buccal swabs) of hospitalized horses were collected. Sera were screened for the presence of anti-EqPV-H antibodies by a luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay. Quantitative PCR was used for the detection of EqPV-H DNA in the samples and a nested PCR was used for further validation. RESULTS Seroprevalence was 10.3% (12/116) and viremia occurred in 12.9% (15/116) of the serologically positive horses. The detected viral load in serum varied from non-quantifiable amount to 1.3 × 106 genome equivalents per milliliter of serum. A low viral load of EqPV-H DNA was detected in 2 nasal swabs and 1 fecal sample. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE EqPV-H DNA was detected in nasal secretions and feces of viremic horses, which could pose a risk to naive hospitalized horses. It is advisable to screen hospitalized horses that are potential donors of blood or plasma to reduce the risk of iatrogenic EqPV-H transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Lale
- University Equine Hospital, Clinical Unit of Equine Internal MedicineUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Esther E. Dirks
- University Equine Hospital, Clinical Unit of Equine Internal MedicineUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
- Unit for Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Department of Infectious DiseasesRobert Koch InstituteBerlinGermany
| | - Irina Preining
- University Equine Hospital, Clinical Unit of Equine Internal MedicineUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Manolis Lyrakis
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andre Gömer
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of MedicineRuhr‐University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Jessika‐M. V. Cavalleri
- University Equine Hospital, Clinical Unit of Equine Internal MedicineUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- University Equine Hospital, Clinical Unit of Equine Internal MedicineUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Fortier C, El-Hage C, Normand C, Hue ES, Sutton G, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Jeffers K, Bamford N, Oden E, Paillot R, Hartley C, Gilkerson J, Pronost S. Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Virus and Equine Hepacivirus in Archived Sera from Horses in France and Australia. Viruses 2024; 16:862. [PMID: 38932156 PMCID: PMC11209535 DOI: 10.3390/v16060862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Reports of newly discovered equine hepatotropic flavi- and parvoviruses have emerged throughout the last decade in many countries, the discovery of which has stimulated a great deal of interest and clinical research. Although commonly detected in horses without signs of disease, equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) and equine hepacivirus (EqHV) have been associated with liver disease, including following the administration of contaminated anti-toxin. Our aim was to determine whether EqPV-H and EqHV are present in Australian horses and whether EqPV-H was present in French horses and to examine sequence diversity between strains of both viruses amongst infected horses on either side of the globe. Sera from 188 Australian horses and 256 French horses from horses with and without clinical signs of disease were collected. Twelve out of 256 (4.7%) and 6 out of 188 (3.2%) French and Australian horses, respectively, were positive for the molecular detection of EqPV-H. Five out of 256 (1.9%) and 21 out of 188 (11.2%) French and Australian horses, respectively, were positive for the molecular detection of EqHV. Australian strains for both viruses were genomically clustered, in contrast to strains from French horses, which were more broadly distributed. The findings of this preliminary survey, with the molecular detection of EqHV and EqPV-H in Australia and the latter in France, adds to the growing body of awareness regarding these recently discovered hepatotropic viruses. It has provided valuable information not just in terms of geographic endemicity but will guide equine clinicians, carers, and authorities regarding infectious agents and potential impacts of allogenic tissue contamination. Although we have filled many gaps in the world map regarding equine hepatotropic viruses, further prospective studies in this emerging field may be useful in terms of elucidating risk factors and pathogenesis of these pathogens and management of cases in terms of prevention and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fortier
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (G.S.); (E.O.); (R.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Biotargen, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.E.-H.); (K.J.); (N.B.); (C.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Camille Normand
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (G.S.); (E.O.); (R.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Biotargen, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (G.S.); (E.O.); (R.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Biotargen, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (G.S.); (E.O.); (R.P.)
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Lab, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Kim Jeffers
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.E.-H.); (K.J.); (N.B.); (C.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Nicholas Bamford
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.E.-H.); (K.J.); (N.B.); (C.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Elise Oden
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (G.S.); (E.O.); (R.P.)
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (G.S.); (E.O.); (R.P.)
- Faculty of Science & Engineering, School of Agriculture, Animal & Environmental Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University (ARU Writtle), Lordship Road, Writtle Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK
| | - Carol Hartley
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.E.-H.); (K.J.); (N.B.); (C.H.); (J.G.)
| | - James Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.E.-H.); (K.J.); (N.B.); (C.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (G.S.); (E.O.); (R.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Biotargen, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
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Jager MC, Choi E, Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle G. Naturally acquired equine parvovirus-hepatitis is associated with a wide range of hepatic lesions in horses. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:442-452. [PMID: 38018088 PMCID: PMC11068485 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231214024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is the causative agent of Theiler's disease, or severe acute hepatic necrosis, in horses. However, it is poorly understood whether EqPV-H is associated with other histologic findings in horses with clinical liver disease. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and severity of EqPV-H infections in diagnostic liver samples. Archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver samples (n = 98) from Cornell University and University of California, Davis, collected between 2007 and 2022 were evaluated for 15 individual histologic features and by EqPV-H in situ hybridization. EqPV-H was detected in 48% (n = 47) of samples. The most common histologic features of EqPV-H-positive samples included individual hepatocyte death (n = 40, 85%), lobular infiltrates (n = 38, 80%), portal infiltrates (n = 35, 74%), and ductular reaction (n = 33, 70%). Centrilobular necrosis, portal infiltrate, and individual hepatocyte death were positively associated with high viral load. Neutrophil infiltrates, bridging fibrosis, and portal edema were negatively associated with a high viral load. Only 4 of 49 tested samples were positive for equine hepacivirus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but the PCR assay was unreliable for FFPE tissues. In summary, this study demonstrates that EqPV-H is common in a variety of liver pathologies and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of hepatitis other than Theiler's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunju Choi
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Nardini R, Pacchiarotti G, Svicher V, Salpini R, Bellocchi MC, Conti R, Sala MG, La Rocca D, Carioti L, Cersini A, Manna G, Scicluna MT. First National Prevalence in Italian Horse Population and Phylogenesis Highlight a Fourth Sub-Type Candidate of Equine Hepacivirus. Viruses 2024; 16:616. [PMID: 38675957 PMCID: PMC11054338 DOI: 10.3390/v16040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine hepacivirus (EqHV, Flaviviridae, hepacivirus) is a small, enveloped RNA virus generally causing sub-clinical hepatitis with occasional fatalities. EqHV is reported in equids worldwide, but for Italy data are limited. To address this, a survey study was set up to estimate prevalence at a national level and among different production categories (equestrian; competition; work and meat; reproduction) and national macro-regions (North, Central, South, and Islands). Data obtained testing 1801 horse serum samples by Real-Time RT PCR were compared within the categories and regions. The NS3 fragment of the PCR-positive samples was sequenced by Sanger protocol for phylogenetic and mutational analysis. The tertiary structure of the NS3 protein was also assessed. The estimated national prevalence was 4.27% [1.97-6.59, 95% CI] and no statistical differences were detected among production categories and macro-regions. The phylogenesis confirmed the distribution in Italy of the three known EqHV subtypes, also suggesting a possible fourth sub-type that, however, requires further confirmation. Mutational profiles that could also affect the NS3 binding affinity to the viral RNA were detected. The present paper demonstrates that EqHV should be included in diagnostic protocols when investigating causes of hepatitis, and in quality control protocols for blood derived products due to its parental transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Nardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (R.C.); (M.G.S.); (D.L.R.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giulia Pacchiarotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (R.C.); (M.G.S.); (D.L.R.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Valentina Svicher
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Romina Salpini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.S.); (M.C.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Maria Concetta Bellocchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.S.); (M.C.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Raffaella Conti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (R.C.); (M.G.S.); (D.L.R.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Marcello Giovanni Sala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (R.C.); (M.G.S.); (D.L.R.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide La Rocca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (R.C.); (M.G.S.); (D.L.R.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Luca Carioti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.S.); (M.C.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (R.C.); (M.G.S.); (D.L.R.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Manna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (R.C.); (M.G.S.); (D.L.R.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (M.T.S.)
| | | | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (R.C.); (M.G.S.); (D.L.R.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (M.T.S.)
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Papapetrou MA, Arroyo LG, Meister TL, Baird JD, Steinmann E, Lillie BN. Prevalence of equine parvovirus-hepatitis in healthy broodmares in Ontario, Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2023; 87:169-175. [PMID: 37397641 PMCID: PMC10291705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) was first reported from the serum and liver tissue of a horse diagnosed with Theiler's disease in the United States in 2018. Theiler's disease, also known as equine serum hepatitis, is a severe hepatitis with fulminant hepatic necrosis. The disease has most frequently been reported following the administration of equine-origin biological products; however, it has also been reported in in-contact horses with no prior biologic administration. EqPV-H has been detected in clinically healthy horses in North America (USA, Canada), Europe (Germany, Austria, Slovenia), Asia (China, South Korea), and South America (Brazil). Previous prevalence studies conducted worldwide have shown the presence of EqPV-H DNA in serum or plasma ranging from 3.2 to 19.8%. This study investigated the prevalence of EqPV-H DNA in 170 healthy broodmares of various breeds located on 37 farms in southern Ontario, Canada. The occurrence of EqPV-H infection was determined by quantitative PCR for EqPV-H DNA in serum samples. The effects of age, breed, season, pregnancy status, and equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vaccination history on EqPV-H status were also investigated. There was a prevalence of 15.9% (27/170) with viral loads of EqPV-H ranging from detectable to 2900 copies/mL. Statistical analysis showed that increasing age was a significant factor in the detection of EqPV-H DNA. Neither breed, season, pregnancy status, nor EHV-1 vaccination history was significant in predicting EqPV-H infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Papapetrou
- Department of Pathobiology (Papapetrou, Lillie) and Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Baird) Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany (Meister, Steinmann)
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Pathobiology (Papapetrou, Lillie) and Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Baird) Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany (Meister, Steinmann)
| | - Toni L Meister
- Department of Pathobiology (Papapetrou, Lillie) and Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Baird) Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany (Meister, Steinmann)
| | - John D Baird
- Department of Pathobiology (Papapetrou, Lillie) and Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Baird) Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany (Meister, Steinmann)
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Pathobiology (Papapetrou, Lillie) and Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Baird) Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany (Meister, Steinmann)
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology (Papapetrou, Lillie) and Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Baird) Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany (Meister, Steinmann)
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Ou J, Li J, Wang X, Zhong L, Xu L, Xie J, Lu G, Li S. Genetic characterization of three recently discovered parvoviruses circulating in equines in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1033107. [PMID: 36570511 PMCID: PMC9773246 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1033107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Parvoviridae comprises many major viral pathogens that can infect humans and multiple other species, causing severe diseases. However, knowledge of parvoviruses that infect equids is limited. In the present study, we found that three equine parvoviruses (EqPVs), namely, equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H), equine parvovirus-cerebrospinal fluid (EqPV-CSF) and equine copivirus (EqCoPV) cocirculated among horses in China. We examined the prevalence of these three EqPVs in 225 horse serum samples in China and found EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV viremia in 7.6% (17/225), 2.7% (6/225) and 2.2% of samples (5/225), respectively. We also obtained the complete genomes of one EqPV-H strain, six EqPV-CSF strains and one EqCoPV strain. After phylogenetic analysis of the EqPVs, we found that EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV may have evolved from the same ancestor. The EqPV-CSF strains (E111 and A27) and EqCoPV strain (F124) were genetically similar to foreign strains, but the EqPV-CSF strains (B48, E96, C61 and F146) comprised unique clades. This study determined the prevalence of three EqPVs in Chinese horses and analyzed the genetic characteristics of EqPVs prevalent strains in Chinese horse herds. Our data provide a theoretical basis for follow-up research on the prevention and control of EqPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaJun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghao Li
- Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Xijie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lintao Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China,Gang Lu
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Shoujun Li
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8
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Taylor SD, Kritchevsky JE, Huang P, Olave C, Waxman SJ, Miller MA. A seasonal idiopathic hepatitis syndrome in horses presented to a Midwestern veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:266-272. [PMID: 36476415 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report history, clinical examination findings, clinicopathologic findings, diagnostic test results, treatment, and outcome in horses with a novel idiopathic hepatitis syndrome. ANIMALS 13 client-owned horses. PROCEDURES Medical records of horses that were presented with fever and increased blood liver enzyme activity over a 16-month period were reviewed (December 1, 2020, to April 1, 2022). Collected data included signalment, history, clinical and clinicopathologic findings, diagnostic test results, treatment, clinical progression, and short-term outcome. RESULTS Affected horses were presented between December and April of each of the 2 seasons investigated. The majority of horses developed cyclic fevers over the course of 3 weeks, during which time histologic evidence of hepatitis was observed. Histologic lesions included hepatic necrosis, neutrophilic to lymphohistiocytic inflammation, biliary epithelial injury, and portal fibrosis. Systemic inflammation was evidenced by increased serum amyloid A concentration and leukon changes. No horse developed signs of hepatic insufficiency, and all horses clinically recovered. Return of serum activity of GGT to within the reference range occurred within 16 weeks in most horses. Histologic lesions remained evident up to 27 weeks after initial presentation in 1 horse. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although an etiologic agent has not been identified, an apparently seasonal equine hepatitis syndrome was characterized by fever, systemic inflammation, increased liver enzyme activity, and histologic evidence of hepatitis. An infectious cause is suspected on the basis of histology and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Janice E Kritchevsky
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Patrick Huang
- 2Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Carla Olave
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Sarah J Waxman
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Margaret A Miller
- 2Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Jager MC, Tomlinson JE, Henry CE, Fahey MJ, Van de Walle GR. Prevalence and pathology of equine parvovirus-hepatitis in racehorses from New York racetracks. Virol J 2022; 19:175. [PMID: 36320007 PMCID: PMC9628030 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theiler's disease, a.k.a. equine serum hepatitis, is a devastating, highly fatal disease of horses. Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been identified as the likely cause of this disease. While the incidence of Theiler's disease is low, the prevalence of EqPV-H DNA in horses is high, with up to 37% in some regions, suggesting that subclinical or persistent infection is common. METHODS To determine the prevalence and pathogenicity of EqPV-H infection at New York racetracks, DNA was extracted from archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver tissues from racehorses submitted for necropsy to the Animal Health Diagnostic Center as part of the New York State Gaming Commission-Cornell University postmortem examination program. A total of 191 liver samples from horses between 2 and 13 years old were evaluated. Extracted DNA was tested for EqPV-H using PCR and gel electrophoresis. PCR-positive samples were further assessed for tissue morphology using histology and detection of viral nucleic acid using in situ hybridization. RESULTS Forty-two samples were PCR positive (22%). Of those, 31 samples had positive viral nucleic acid hybridization in hepatocytes with 11 samples showing positive hybridization in necrotic hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells, indicating active hepatitis. Both individual hepatocyte necrosis and hepatitis were positively associated with EqPV-H detection (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0005, respectively). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that presence of EqPV-H in the liver and parvoviral-associated hepatitis are prevalent in racehorses from New York racetracks, thus warranting additional studies examining potential associations between EqPV-H infection and racehorse performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason C Jager
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin E Henry
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Megan J Fahey
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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10
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Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Park J, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. Molecular surveillance of equine parvovirus-hepatitis from oral, nasal, vaginal, and semen specimens collected from horses living in Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3455-e3461. [PMID: 36271506 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is one of the etiological agents of Theiler's disease, causing fulminant hepatitis; however, its transmission route and pathogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to determine EqPV-H shedding in oral/nasal/vaginal swabs or semen samples from horses living in Korea using nested polymerase chain reaction. We then used the data obtained to investigate various risk factors associated with EqPV-H including viral shedding, hepatopathological changes, and genetic diversity. Our data revealed occurrence of EqPV-H shedding in these animals (oral: 3/102 [2.9%]; nasal: 3/102 [2.9%]; semen: 1/9 [11.1%]) and identified that both age and country of foaling were significantly associated with EqPV-H shedding (p < .05). In addition, we noted that one of the newly isolated strains clustered separately from the other strains in the phylogenetic tree, revealing unique nucleotide and amino acid substitutions. This is a field surveillance study providing evidence of natural and venereal shedding of EqPV-H and describing its presence in both oral/nasal fluids and semen. This epidemiological and clinical analysis may help specify the clinicopathological features of EqPV-H and facilitate the development of novel disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Korea.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Korea
| | - Ahram Kim
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Korea
| | - Jongyoung Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle GR. Nasal transmission of equine parvovirus hepatitis. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:2238-2244. [PMID: 36250682 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) is highly prevalent and causes subclinical to fatal hepatitis, which can occur in outbreaks. Whereas iatrogenic transmission is well documented, the mode of horizontal transmission is not known. The virus is shed in nasal, oral and fecal secretions, and PO transmission has been reported in a single horse. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE Investigate the efficiency of PO and nasal transmission of EqPV-H in a larger cohort. METHODS Prospective experimental transmission study. Eleven EqPV-H-negative horses were inoculated with 5 × 106 genome equivalents EqPV-H. Serum PCR and serology for EqPV-H were performed weekly and monthly, respectively. Horses first were inoculated PO, and then intranasally 8 weeks later. RESULTS No horse became viremic or seroconverted within 8 weeks after PO inoculation. After intranasal inoculation, 5 horses became viremic within 6 to 12 weeks and seroconverted within 10 to 19 weeks. After a period without monitoring from 12 to 19 weeks postinoculation, another 5 horses were found to be viremic at 19 to 22 weeks. The second set of 5 horses could have been infected by horizontal transmission from the first 5 because of cohousing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We demonstrated that EqPV-H can be transmitted nasally. The prolonged eclipse phase before detectable viremia indicates biosecurity measures to control spread could be impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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12
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Pacchiarotti G, Nardini R, Scicluna MT. Equine Hepacivirus: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of Serological and Biomolecular Prevalence and a Phylogenetic Update. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192486. [PMID: 36230228 PMCID: PMC9558973 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This is a comprehensive review containing the most up-to-date information on Equine Hepacivirus, one of the recently discovered hepatic equine viruses, together with an analysis of serological and biomolecular presence presented in apreviously published papers, and an update on its genetic relationship within the species and with similar species. Extensive description of the EqHV features is included, and results are presented with several tables and figures, providing a valuable reference guide for further studies. Abstract Viral hepatitis has recently assumed relevance for equine veterinary medicine since a variety of new viruses have been discovered. Equine Hepacivirus (EqHV) is an RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family that can cause subclinical hepatitis in horses, occasionally evolving into a chronic disease. EqHV, to date, is considered the closest known relative of human HCV. EqHV has been reported worldwide therefore assessing its features is relevant, considering both the wide use of blood products and transfusions in veterinary therapies and its similitude to HCV. The present review resumes the actual knowledge on EqHV epidemiology, risk factors and immunology, together with potential diagnostics and good practices for prevention. Moreover, adhering to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews a meta-analysis of serological and biomolecular prevalence and an updated phylogenetic description is presented as a benchmark for further studies.
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13
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Meister TL, Arroyo LG, Shanahan R, Papapetrou MA, Reinecke B, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Stang A, Hazlett M, Baird JD, Steinmann E. Infection of young foals with Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis following a fatal non-biologic case of Theiler's disease. Vet Microbiol 2022; 274:109557. [PMID: 36088712 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's disease (TD) is a (sub-)acute hepatitis in adult horses and one of the most common causes of acute hepatic failure. Recent findings indicate that equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) likely causes TD and that its transmission occurs via iatrogenic and/or natural routes. Following the death of an EqPV-H positive mare with TD, close-contact mares and foals in the same paddock were monitored to evaluate if there was any evidence of EqPV-H. For this purpose, the serum of close contact horses was examined 6 and 42 days after the mare's death for the presence of EqPV-H DNA and changes in liver-associated serum biochemical parameters. The foals had higher EqPV-H viral loads than the mares. Apart from the mare that was euthanized, none of the horses included in this study showed signs of severe disease and nor did they have particularly elevated liver enzymes. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed no major differences between the viral DNA detected in the serum of the dead mare and any of the in-contact horses. In conclusion, our data confirmed previous findings that horizontal transmission of EqPV-H may occur through close contact between horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Luise Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rachel Shanahan
- Port Perry Veterinary Services, 1589 King Street, Prince Albert, Ontario L9L 1C2, Canada
| | - Maria A Papapetrou
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Birthe Reinecke
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Stang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Murray Hazlett
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John D Baird
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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14
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Divers TJ, Tomlinson JE, Tennant BC. The history of Theiler's disease and the search for its aetiology. Vet J 2022; 287:105878. [PMID: 35907440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's disease (serum hepatitis) may occur in outbreaks or as single cases of acute hepatitis and is often associated with prior administration of equine-origin biologics approximately 4-10 weeks before the onset of clinical signs. Cases have also been described without any prior administration of blood products. The clinical disease has a low morbidity but high mortality and only adult horses are affected. The course of the disease is short, with horses either dying or completely recovering in a few days. Pathology in affected horses is predominantly centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis with mononuclear cell infiltration of the lesser affected periportal regions of the liver. Subclinical cases of the disease also occur. Based on the epidemiology and pathology of the disease, a viral cause, similar to hepatitis B in humans, has long been suspected. This paper reviews both historical and recent findings on Theiler's disease. Reported epidemics of Theiler's disease in the early 1900s are reviewed, along with their similarities to outbreaks of serum hepatitis in humans following yellow fever virus vaccinations in the 1930s and 1940s. Recent metagenomics-based studies to determine the aetiology of Theiler's disease are discussed, along with both clinical and experimental findings supporting equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) as the likely cause of this 100-year-old disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Divers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Road, Ithaca, N.Y., 14853 USA.
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Road, Ithaca, N.Y., 14853 USA
| | - Bud C Tennant
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Road, Ithaca, N.Y., 14853 USA
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15
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Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Matsuoka H, Nishizono A, Yamamoto S, Fukui E, Mizuo H, Kawakami M, Murata K, Okamoto H. Genomic characterization and the prevalence of a novel copiparvovirus in wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan. Virus Res 2022; 314:198749. [PMID: 35344744 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary metagenomic analysis of the virome of wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) blood in Japan resulted in the identification of a novel parvovirus. The virus was closest, but only 44.7-60.7% identical to 17 reported strains belonging to the genus Copiparvovirus within the subfamily Parvovirinae, over the near-entire genomic sequence. The sika deer copiparvovirus DNA was detected in 15% (31/206) of sika deer captured in 7 prefectures of Japan, and a region-dependent prevalence of 0-66.7% was noted, with a biased distribution in the southern part of Japan. The observed biased distribution of sika deer copiparvovirus may be due to the habitat density of deer and the number of ticks, which might play a role in the transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Seigo Yamamoto
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
| | - Emiko Fukui
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mizuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kin-ikyo Chuo Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido 007-8505, Japan
| | - Manri Kawakami
- Center for Liver Disease, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Okayama 700-8511, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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16
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Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Song H, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. First report of equine parvovirus-hepatitis and equine hepacivirus coinfection in horses in Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2735-2746. [PMID: 34919324 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) and equine hepacivirus (EqHV) are etiologically associated with Theiler's disease (TD), causing fulminant equine hepatitis, but the transmission route and co-infection effect remain unclear. We determined EqPV-H and EqHV prevalence and coinfection rate in 160 serum and 114 faecal samples using nested polymerase chain reaction. Amino acid and nucleotide analyses were performed and phylogenetic trees were constructed. By measuring liver-specific parameters (AST, GGT, TBIL and A/G ratio), hepatopathological changes in viremia status were compared. We found a high prevalence (EqPV-H: 10.6% in serum, 5.3% in faeces; EqHV: 8.1% in serum) and coinfection rate (35.3% in EqPV-H) of TD-causing agents. The newly identified EqPV-H genomes showed high nucleotide and amino acid similarities with previously reported strains in the USA, China and Austria. In phylogenetic tree and recombination analysis, a natural recombination event was confirmed between Chinese and Korean strains. In the EqPV-H or EqHV viremic horses, AST was significantly elevated and at least two liver-specific parameters were outside the reference intervals in 43.5% (10/23) of horses. To our knowledge, this is the first prevalence field study of EqPV-H and EqHV using both serum and faeces, providing further evidence of faecal-oral transmission of TD. These epidemiologic and clinicopathologic analyses specify the risk factors of TD infection and promote disease prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Korea.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Korea
| | - Ahram Kim
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Korea
| | - Heeeun Song
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Molecular Prevalence of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis in the Sera of Clinically Healthy Horses in South Korea. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110282. [PMID: 34822655 PMCID: PMC8619122 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) causes equine hepatitis. The prevalence of EqPV-H in healthy horses has been reported in the United States, China, Germany, and Austria. The present study determined the prevalence of EqPV-H in the sera of clinically healthy horses in South Korea to identify the potential factors for infection and examine the genetic diversity of EqPV-H DNA sequences through comparison with foreign strains. Serum samples collected from 321 horses were tested for EqPV-H using non-structural protein 1 (NS1)-specific polymerase chain reaction. The associations of EqPV-H infection with sex, age, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase levels, and race performance were analyzed. Fourteen samples tested positive for EqPV-H (4.4%, 14/321), and EqPV-H infection was associated with sex (p = 0.006) and performance (p = 0.049). In both EqPV-H-positive and control horses, liver-specific biochemical analytes were within the normal ranges. Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial sequences of EqPV-H NS1 revealed that the Korean EqPV-H isolates shared approximately 98.7-100% similarity. Of these, 11 Korean isolates shared high similarity with strains from the United States, Germany, and China, and the remaining three strains were distinct in phylogenetic analyses. The present study describes the current molecular prevalence, potential risk factors, and genetic diversity of Korean EqPV-H.
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18
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Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Song H, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. First Detection and Genetic Characterization of New Equine Parvovirus Species Circulating among Horses in Korea. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110268. [PMID: 34822641 PMCID: PMC8621016 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-cerebrospinal fluid (EqPV-CSF) and eqcopivirus (EqCoPV) are new parvovirus species (EqPVs) identified from various tissues (CSF, blood, and respiratory swabs) in horses with neurologic and respiratory diseases. In this study, we described the prevalence rate of EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV in 133 and 77 serum and fecal samples, respectively, using polymerase chain reaction. Further, we analyzed the potential risk factors for infection. We calculated the nucleotide and amino acid similarity and constructed phylogenetic trees. There was a moderate-to-high prevalence rate (EqPV-CSF: 3.8%; EqCoPV 9.8%) of each virus in serum; moreover, age, country of foaling, and clinical colic signs were significantly associated with the EqPVs infection. The newly identified EqPV-CSF/EqCoPV genomes had high nucleotide and amino acid identities with previously isolated strains in the USA. In phylogenetic analysis, they clustered and formed a new subgroup in the genus Copiparvovirus. To our knowledge, this is the first field epidemiologic study on EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV using both serum and fecal samples. Our findings demonstrate the risk factors for infection and could facilitate the development of disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (H.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Ahram Kim
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Heeeun Song
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2049-6228
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19
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Jager MC, Tomlinson JE, Lopez-Astacio RA, Parrish CR, Van de Walle GR. Small but mighty: old and new parvoviruses of veterinary significance. Virol J 2021; 18:210. [PMID: 34689822 PMCID: PMC8542416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result in fatal or debilitating infections. In recent years, advances in metagenomic viral discovery techniques have dramatically increased the identification of novel parvoviruses in both diseased and healthy individuals. While some of these discoveries have solved etiologic mysteries of well-described diseases in animals, many of the newly discovered parvoviruses appear to cause mild or no disease, or disease associations remain to be established. With the increased use of animal parvoviruses as vectors for gene therapy and oncolytic treatments in humans, it becomes all the more important to understand the diversity, pathogenic potential, and evolution of this diverse family of viruses. In this review, we discuss parvoviruses infecting vertebrate animals, with a special focus on pathogens of veterinary significance and viruses discovered within the last four years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason C Jager
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert A Lopez-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Investigation of Three Newly Identified Equine Parvoviruses in Blood and Nasal Fluid Samples of Clinically Healthy Horses and Horses with Acute Onset of Respiratory Disease. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11103006. [PMID: 34680025 PMCID: PMC8532786 DOI: 10.3390/ani11103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of the present study was to determine the molecular frequency of three recently identified parvoviruses (equine parvovirus hepatitis, equine parvovirus CSF and equine copivirus) in blood and respiratory secretions of 667 equids with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs and 87 clinically healthy horses. One hundred and seventeen sick horses tested qPCR-positive for at least one of the three parvoviruses. Ten clinically healthy horses tested qPCR-positive for one of the equine parvoviruses. The frequency of detection of the three equine parvoviruses was similar between sick and clinically healthy horses, suggesting that these newly characterized viruses do not appear to contribute to the clinical picture of equids with respiratory disease. In order to prove the clinical relevance of any of these newly identified equine parvoviruses, experimental challenge studies using pure, clonal inocula will be required. Abstract Three newly identified equine parvoviruses (equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), equine parvovirus CSF (EqPV-CSF) and equine copivirus (Eqcopivirus)) have recently been discovered in horses with respiratory signs. However, the clinical impact of these three equine parvoviruses has yet to be determined. Nasal fluid samples and blood from 667 equids with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs submitted to a diagnostic laboratory were analyzed for the presence of common equine respiratory pathogens (equine influenza virus, equine herpesvirus-1/-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus, S. equi subspecies equi) as well as EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and Eqcopivirus by qPCR. An additional 87 clinically healthy horses served as controls. One hundred and seventeen sick horses tested qPCR-positive for at least one of the three parvoviruses. Co-infections with common respiratory pathogens and parvoviruses were seen in 39 sick equids. All 87 clinically healthy horses tested qPCR-negative for all tested common respiratory pathogens and 10 healthy horses tested qPCR-positive for one of the equine parvoviruses. When the frequency of detection for EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and Eqcopivirus of equids with respiratory signs was compared to that of clinically healthy horses, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), suggesting that the three recently identified equine parvoviruses do not contribute to the clinical picture of equids with respiratory disease.
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21
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Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Park J, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Jung S, Seo Y, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. First Clinical Case of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis-Related Theiler's Disease in Asia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101917. [PMID: 34696347 PMCID: PMC8541225 DOI: 10.3390/v13101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is a newly identified etiologic agent of Theiler’s disease (TD). We present a case of EqPV-H-related fulminant hepatitis in a 14-year-old thoroughbred mare in Korea. The mare had acute hepatopathy and gastrointestinal symptoms, with abnormal liver-related blood parameters. The horse was born in the USA and imported to Korea in 2017, with no history of administration of equine biological products after entry into Korea. The horse was diagnosed with EqPV-H-associated hepatitis after abdominal ultrasonography, laparotomy, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays. The serum, nasal swab, oral swab, and liver biopsy were positive for EqPV-H according to the PCR assay. Genetic analysis of the partial NS1 gene of EqPV-H showed a unique nucleotide substitution, distinct from that in previously deposited strains. EqPV-H DNA was found not only in hepatocytes but also in bile duct epithelium and Kupffer cells, particularly via ISH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of EqPV-H-associated TD in Asia, providing the first clinical evidence for viral shedding from the mouth and nose, and identification of EqPV-H in the liver. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathological features of EqPV-H-associated TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (J.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Ahram Kim
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Jongyoung Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yeeun Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.)
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2049-6228
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22
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Altan E, Hui A, Li Y, Pesavento P, Asín J, Crossley B, Deng X, Uzal FA, Delwart E. New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Foals with Interstitial Pneumonia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081612. [PMID: 34452477 PMCID: PMC8402702 DOI: 10.3390/v13081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described equine copiparvovirus named eqcopivirus, as well as three previously uncharacterized viruses, were identified. The complete ORFs genomes of two closely related protoparvoviruses, and of a bocaparvovirus, plus the partial genome of a picornavirus were assembled. The parvoviruses were classified as members of new ungulate protoparvovirus and bocaparvovirus species in the Parvoviridae family. The picornavirus was classified as a new species in the Salivirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples from each foal were then tested for these viral genomes by nested PCR and RT-PCR. When present, parvoviruses were detected in both feces and spleen. The picornavirus, protoparvovirus, and eqcopivirus genomes were detected in the lungs of one animal each. Three foals were co-infected with the picornavirus and either a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected with a protoparvovirus only. No viral infection was detected in one animal. The complete ORFs of the first equine protoparvoviruses and bocaparvovirus, the partial ORF of the third equine picornavirus, and their detection in tissues of foals with interstitial pneumonia are described here. Testing the involvement of these viruses in fatal interstitial pneumonia or other equine diseases will require larger epidemiological and/or inoculation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Yanpeng Li
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Patricia Pesavento
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
| | - Javier Asín
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Correspondence:
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23
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Zehetner V, Cavalleri JMV, Klang A, Hofer M, Preining I, Steinborn R, Ramsauer AS. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Screening in Horses and Donkeys with Histopathologic Liver Abnormalities. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081599. [PMID: 34452465 PMCID: PMC8402897 DOI: 10.3390/v13081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is associated with the onset of Theiler's disease, an acute hepatic necrosis, in horses. However, the impact of this virus on other hepatopathies remains unknown. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence and quantify the viral loads of EqPV-H in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded equine and donkey livers with various histopathologic abnormalities. The pathologies included cirrhosis, circulatory disorders of the liver, toxic and metabolic hepatic diseases as well as neoplastic and inflammatory diseases (n = 84). Eight normal liver samples were included for comparison as controls. EqPV-H DNA was qualitatively and quantitatively measured by real-time PCR and digital PCR, respectively. The virus was detected in two livers originating from horses diagnosed with abdominal neoplasia and liver metastasis (loads of 5 × 103 and 9.5 × 103 genome equivalents per million cells). The amount of viral nucleic acids measured indicates chronic infection or persistence of EqPV-H, which might have been facilitated by the neoplastic disease. In summary, this study did not provide evidence for EqPV-H being involved in hepatopathies other than Theiler's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zehetner
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Klang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martin Hofer
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Irina Preining
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna S. Ramsauer
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
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24
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Reinecke B, Klöhn M, Brüggemann Y, Kinast V, Todt D, Stang A, Badenhorst M, Koeppel K, Guthrie A, Groner U, Puff C, de le Roi M, Baumgärtner W, Cavalleri JMV, Steinmann E. Clinical Course of Infection and Cross-Species Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081454. [PMID: 34452320 PMCID: PMC8402690 DOI: 10.3390/v13081454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first discovery by Arnold Theiler in 1918, serum hepatitis also known as Theiler’s disease has been reported worldwide, causing idiopathic acute hepatitis and liver failure in horses. Recent studies have suggested a novel parvovirus, named equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), to be associated with Theiler’s disease. Despite the severity and potential fatality of EqPV-H infection, little is known about the possibility of developing chronic infections and putative cross-species infection of equine sister species. In the present longitudinal study, we employed qPCR analysis, serology, and biochemical testing as well as pathology examination of liver biopsies and sequence analysis to investigate potential chronic EqPV-H infection in an isolated study cohort of in total 124 horses from Germany over five years (2013–2018). Importantly, our data suggest that EqPV-H viremia can become chronic in infected horses that do not show biochemical and pathological signs of liver disease. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood model also confirms high sequence similarity and nucleotide conservation of the multidomain nuclear phosphoprotein NS1 sequences from equine serum samples collected between 2013–2018. Moreover, by examining human, zebra, and donkey sera for the presence of EqPV-H DNA and VP1 capsid protein antibodies, we found evidence for cross-species infection in donkey, but not to human and zebra. In conclusion, this study provides proof for the occurrence of persistent EqPV-H infection in asymptomatic horses and cross-species EqPV-H detection in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Reinecke
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, a Joint Venture between Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Volker Kinast
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Stang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Marcha Badenhorst
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (J.-M.V.C.)
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Katja Koeppel
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Alan Guthrie
- Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Ursula Groner
- Economic Cooperative of German Veterinarians e.G. (WDT), 27318 Hoyerhagen, Germany;
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Madeleine de le Roi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (J.-M.V.C.)
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-32-23189
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de Moraes MVDS, Salgado CRS, Godoi TLOS, de Almeida FQ, Chalhoub FLL, de Filippis AMB, de Souza AM, de Oliveira JM, Figueiredo AS. Equine parvovirus-hepatitis is detected in South America, Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:3022-3027. [PMID: 34236767 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H), recently identified in association with serum hepatitis in horses (also known as Theiler's disease), has been so far described in horses from North America, Asia and Europe. There is no information regarding its circulation in South America. Our retrospective study (2013-2016) screened by EqPV-H nested-PCR a total of 96 Brazilian horses grouped according to previous status of infection: Known to be positive for one or more horse "hepatitis viruses" (equine hepacivirus, equine pegivirus-EPgV and Theiler's disease-associated virus) and known to be negative. Serum biochemical parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and glutamate dehydrogenase) were evaluated in EqPV-H positive horses. Molecular characteristics of the isolates were analyzed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. EqPV-H DNA was detected in 12.5% (12/96) of horses from 46.6% (7/15) of the farms evaluated. Similar results were obtained between coinfected group (12.3%, 7/57) and non-coinfected group (12.8%, 5/39). Coinfection with EPgV was the most frequent (5/7). Altered serum biochemical parameters suggested a subclinical hepatopathy in some animals (3/12), but the majority presented no clinical or laboratory signs of infection. Nucleotide identity was higher than 94% in comparison with previous isolates. In conclusion, we demonstrated, for the first time in South America, the circulation of EqPV-H. The Brazilian isolates presented a low genetic variability, thus corroborating previous evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatianne Leme Oliveira Santos Godoi
- Coordenação de Produção Integrada ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Reitoria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aline Moreira de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Diagnóstico Molecular Professor Marcílio Dias do Nascimento, Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Andreza Soriano Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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26
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Ramsauer AS, Badenhorst M, Cavalleri JMV. Equine parvovirus hepatitis. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:886-894. [PMID: 34101906 PMCID: PMC8457058 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV‐H) was first described in 2018 in a fatal case of Theiler's disease which followed the administration of an equine‐origin biological product. The virus has since been frequently identified in serum and liver tissue of horses affected by Theiler's disease—an acute, severe hepatitis characterised by fulminant hepatic necrosis with a fatal outcome in most cases. EqPV‐H is hepatotropic, appears to be associated with subclinical to severe hepatitis in horses, and is a likely cause of Theiler's disease. Although this disease is most frequently reported following the administration of equine‐origin biological products, it can also occur among in‐contact horses. Horizontal transmission may be iatrogenic, via contaminated equine‐origin biological products such as equine serum, botulism or tetanus antitoxin, and mesenchymal stem cells or by means of the oral route of infection. Other horizontal transmission routes, for example, arthropod vectors, warrant further investigation. A worldwide prevalence of EqPV‐H antibodies and DNA has been reported in asymptomatic horses. EqPV‐H‐positive horses suffering from acute, severe hepatitis have reportedly developed clinical signs including icterus, lethargy, inappetence, and neurological abnormalities and have had increased liver‐associated biochemistry parameters recorded. The most common histopathological abnormalities of the liver have been hepatocellular necrosis, collapse of the lobular architecture, and lymphocytic infiltration. Most horses infected experimentally with EqPV‐H have developed subclinical hepatitis, and close temporal associations between peak viraemia, seroconversion, and the onset of hepatitis have been observed. Based on strong evidence indicating that EqPV‐H causes hepatitis in horses, veterinarians should consider this virus an important differential diagnosis in such cases. Potential risks associated with the administration of equine‐origin biological products must be emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcha Badenhorst
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hui A, Altan E, Slovis N, Fletcher C, Deng X, Delwart E. Circovirus in Blood of a Febrile Horse with Hepatitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050944. [PMID: 34065502 PMCID: PMC8161410 DOI: 10.3390/v13050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circoviruses infect vertebrates where they can result in a wide range of disease signs or in asymptomatic infections. Using viral metagenomics we analyzed a pool of five sera from four healthy and one sick horse. Sequences from parvovirus-H, equus anellovirus, and distantly related to mammalian circoviruses were recognized. PCR identified the circovirus reads as originating from a pregnant mare with fever and hepatitis. That horse's serum was also positive by real time PCR for equine parvovirus H and negative for the flavivirus equine hepacivirus. The complete circular genome of equine circovirus 1 strain Charaf (EqCV1-Charaf) was completed using PCR and Sanger sequencing. EqCV1 replicase showed 73-74% identity to those of their closest relatives, pig circoviruses 1/2, and elk circovirus. The closest capsid proteins were from the same ungulate circoviruses with 62-63% identity. The overall nucleotide identity of 72% to its closest relative indicates that EqCV1 is a new species in the Circovirus genus, the first reported in genus Equus. Whether EqCV1 alone or in co-infections can result in disease and its prevalence in different equine populations will require further studies now facilitated using EqCV1's genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (A.H.); (E.A.); (X.D.)
| | - Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (A.H.); (E.A.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Nathan Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40361, USA; (N.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Caitlin Fletcher
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40361, USA; (N.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (A.H.); (E.A.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (A.H.); (E.A.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Correspondence:
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