1
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Wang HL, Lei T, Wang XW, Cameron S, Navas-Castillo J, Liu YQ, Maruthi MN, Omongo CA, Delatte H, Lee KY, Krause-Sakate R, Ng J, Seal S, Fiallo-Olivé E, Bushley K, Colvin J, Liu SS. A comprehensive framework for the delimitation of species within the Bemisia tabaci cryptic complex, a global pest-species group. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38562016 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Identifying cryptic species poses a substantial challenge to both biologists and naturalists due to morphological similarities. Bemisia tabaci is a cryptic species complex containing more than 44 putative species; several of which are currently among the world's most destructive crop pests. Interpreting and delimiting the evolution of this species complex has proved problematic. To develop a comprehensive framework for species delimitation and identification, we evaluated the performance of distinct data sources both individually and in combination among numerous samples of the B. tabaci species complex acquired worldwide. Distinct datasets include full mitogenomes, single-copy nuclear genes, restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, geographic range, host speciation, and reproductive compatibility datasets. Phylogenetically, our well-supported topologies generated from three dense molecular markers highlighted the evolutionary divergence of species of the B. tabaci complex and suggested that the nuclear markers serve as a more accurate representation of B. tabaci species diversity. Reproductive compatibility datasets facilitated the identification of at least 17 different cryptic species within our samples. Native geographic range information provides a complementary assessment of species recognition, while the host range datasets provide low rate of delimiting resolution. We further summarized different data performances in species classification when compared with reproductive compatibility, indicating that combination of mtCOI divergence, nuclear markers, geographic range provide a complementary assessment of species recognition. Finally, we represent a model for understanding and untangling the cryptic species complexes based on the evidence from this study and previously published articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ling Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Teng Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stephen Cameron
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Malaga, Spain
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - M N Maruthi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | | | - Hélène Delatte
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT CIRAD, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - James Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Malaga, Spain
| | - Kathryn Bushley
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 17123, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Jermy T, Szentesi Á. Why are there not more herbivorous insect species? ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2021. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.67.2.119.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect species richness is estimated to exceed three million species, of which roughly half is herbivorous. Despite the vast number of species and varied life histories, the proportion of herbivorous species among plant-consuming organisms is lower than it could be due to constraints that impose limits to their diversification. These include ecological factors, such as vague interspecific competition; anatomical and physiological limits, such as neural limits and inability of handling a wide range of plant allelochemicals; phylogenetic constraints, like niche conservatism; and most importantly, a low level of concerted genetic variation necessary to a phyletic conversion. It is suggested that diversification ultimately depends on what we call the intrinsic trend of diversification of the insect genome. In support of the above, we survey the major types of host-specificity, the mechanisms and constraints of host specialization, possible pathways of speciation, and hypotheses concerning insect diversification.
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3
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Celorio-Mancera MDLP, Rastas P, Steward RA, Nylin S, Wheat CW. Chromosome Level Assembly of the Comma Butterfly (Polygonia c-album). Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab054. [PMID: 33749729 PMCID: PMC8140205 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album, Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera) is a model insect species, most notably in the study of phenotypic plasticity and plant-insect coevolutionary interactions. In order to facilitate the integration of genomic tools with a diverse body of ecological and evolutionary research, we assembled the genome of a Swedish comma using 10X sequencing, scaffolding with matepair data, genome polishing, and assignment to linkage groups using a high-density linkage map. The resulting genome is 373 Mb in size, with a scaffold N50 of 11.7 Mb and contig N50 of 11,2Mb. The genome contained 90.1% of single-copy Lepidopteran orthologs in a BUSCO analysis of 5,286 genes. A total of 21,004 gene-models were annotated on the genome using RNA-Seq data from larval and adult tissue in combination with proteins from the Arthropoda database, resulting in a high-quality annotation for which functional annotations were generated. We further documented the quality of the chromosomal assembly via synteny assessment with Melitaea cinxia. The resulting annotated, chromosome-level genome will provide an important resource for investigating coevolutionary dynamics and comparative analyses in Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rachel A Steward
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Soren Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stockholm University, Sweden
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4
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Whitaker MRL, Salzman S. Ecology and evolution of cycad-feeding Lepidoptera. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1862-1877. [PMID: 32969575 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cycads are an ancient group of tropical gymnosperms that are toxic to most animals - including humans - though the larvae of many moths and butterflies (order: Lepidoptera) feed on cycads with apparent immunity. These insects belong to distinct lineages with varying degrees of specialisation and diverse feeding ecologies, presenting numerous opportunities for comparative studies of chemically mediated eco-evolutionary dynamics. This review presents the first evolutionary evaluation of cycad-feeding among Lepidoptera along with a comprehensive review of their ecology. Our analysis suggests that multiple lineages have independently colonised cycads from angiosperm hosts, yet only a few clades appear to have radiated following their transitions to cycads. Defensive traits are likely important for diversification, as many cycad specialists are warningly coloured and sequester cycad toxins. The butterfly family Lycaenidae appears to be particularly predisposed to cycad-feeding and several cycadivorous lycaenids are warningly coloured and chemically defended. Cycad-herbivore interactions provide a promising but underutilised study system for investigating plant-insect coevolution, convergent and divergent adaptations, and the multi-trophic significance of defensive traits; therefore the review ends by suggesting specific research gaps that would be fruitfully addressed in Lepidoptera and other cycad-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R L Whitaker
- Entomological Collection, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Weinbergstrasse 56/58, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Shayla Salzman
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 502 Mann Library, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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5
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Steward RA, Boggs CL. Experience may outweigh cue similarity in maintaining a persistent host‐plant‐based evolutionary trap. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Steward
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina 715 Sumter Street Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 519 Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Carol L. Boggs
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina 715 Sumter Street Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 519 Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
- School of the Earth, Ocean, & Environment University of South Carolina 701 Sumter Street Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
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6
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Kaczvinsky C, Hardy NB. Do major host shifts spark diversification in butterflies? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3636-3646. [PMID: 32313623 PMCID: PMC7160180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escape and Radiate Hypothesis posits that herbivorous insects and their host plants diversify through antagonistic coevolutionary adaptive radiation. For more than 50 years, it has inspired predictions about herbivorous insect macro-evolution, but only recently have the resources begun to fall into place for rigorous testing of those predictions. Here, with comparative phylogenetic analyses of nymphalid butterflies, we test two of these predictions: that major host switches tend to increase species diversification and that such increases will be proportional to the scope of ecological opportunity afforded by a particular novel host association. We find that by and large the effect of major host-use changes on butterfly diversity is the opposite of what was predicted; although it appears that the evolution of a few novel host associations can cause short-term bursts of speciation, in general, major changes in host use tend to be linked to significant long-term decreases in butterfly species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Kaczvinsky
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
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7
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Cryptic ecological and geographic diversification in coral-associated nudibranchs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 144:106698. [PMID: 31812568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems of the world, yet little is known about the processes creating and maintaining their diversity. Ecologically, corallivory in nudibranchs resembles phytophagy in insects- a process that for decades has served as a model for ecological speciation via host shifting. This study uses extensive field collections, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history of coral-associated nudibranchs and assess the relative roles that host shifting and geography may have played in their diversification. We find that the number of species is three times higher than the number previously known to science, with evidence for both allopatric and ecological divergence through host shifting and host specialization. Results contribute to growing support for the importance of ecological diversification in marine environments and provide evidence for new species in the genus Tenellia.
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8
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Braga MP, Guimarães PR, Wheat CW, Nylin S, Janz N. Unifying host-associated diversification processes using butterfly-plant networks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5155. [PMID: 30514925 PMCID: PMC6279759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07677-x|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining the exceptional diversity of herbivorous insects is an old problem in evolutionary ecology. Here we focus on the two prominent hypothesised drivers of their diversification, radiations after major host switch or variability in host use due to continuous probing of new hosts. Unfortunately, current methods cannot distinguish between these hypotheses, causing controversy in the literature. Here we present an approach combining network and phylogenetic analyses, which directly quantifies support for these opposing hypotheses. After demonstrating that each hypothesis produces divergent network structures, we then investigate the contribution of each to diversification in two butterfly families: Pieridae and Nymphalidae. Overall, we find that variability in host use is essential for butterfly diversification, while radiations following colonisation of a new host are rare but can produce high diversity. Beyond providing an important reconciliation of alternative hypotheses for butterfly diversification, our approach has potential to test many other hypotheses in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Braga
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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9
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Braga MP, Guimarães PR, Wheat CW, Nylin S, Janz N. Unifying host-associated diversification processes using butterfly-plant networks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5155. [PMID: 30514925 PMCID: PMC6279759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining the exceptional diversity of herbivorous insects is an old problem in evolutionary ecology. Here we focus on the two prominent hypothesised drivers of their diversification, radiations after major host switch or variability in host use due to continuous probing of new hosts. Unfortunately, current methods cannot distinguish between these hypotheses, causing controversy in the literature. Here we present an approach combining network and phylogenetic analyses, which directly quantifies support for these opposing hypotheses. After demonstrating that each hypothesis produces divergent network structures, we then investigate the contribution of each to diversification in two butterfly families: Pieridae and Nymphalidae. Overall, we find that variability in host use is essential for butterfly diversification, while radiations following colonisation of a new host are rare but can produce high diversity. Beyond providing an important reconciliation of alternative hypotheses for butterfly diversification, our approach has potential to test many other hypotheses in evolutionary biology. Herbivorous insects could diversify through radiations after major host switches or through constant variability in new host use. With phylogenetic and network analyses, Braga et al. show that variability in host use supports most butterfly diversification, while rare radiations can further boost diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Braga
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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10
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Braga MP, Araujo SBL, Agosta S, Brooks D, Hoberg E, Nylin S, Janz N, Boeger WA. Host use dynamics in a heterogeneous fitness landscape generates oscillations in host range and diversification. Evolution 2018; 72:1773-1783. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Braga
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Salvatore Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Institute for Advanced Studies Kőszeg, Europe House, Kőszeg Chernel st. 14 H‐9730 Hungary
| | - Eric Hoberg
- US National Parasite Collection, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland 20705
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Walter A. Boeger
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Parasitology, Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba PR 81531 Brazil
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11
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Navaud O, Barbacci A, Taylor A, Clarkson JP, Raffaele S. Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1309-1323. [PMID: 29421852 PMCID: PMC5900718 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite cophylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Navaud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Adelin Barbacci
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Warwick Crop CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - John P. Clarkson
- Warwick Crop CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
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12
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Segar ST, Volf M, Isua B, Sisol M, Redmond CM, Rosati ME, Gewa B, Molem K, Dahl C, Holloway JD, Basset Y, Miller SE, Weiblen GD, Salminen JP, Novotny V. Variably hungry caterpillars: predictive models and foliar chemistry suggest how to eat a rainforest. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171803. [PMID: 29118136 PMCID: PMC5698651 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term goal in evolutionary ecology is to explain the incredible diversity of insect herbivores and patterns of host plant use in speciose groups like tropical Lepidoptera. Here, we used standardized food-web data, multigene phylogenies of both trophic levels and plant chemistry data to model interactions between Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars) from two lineages (Geometridae and Pyraloidea) and plants in a species-rich lowland rainforest in New Guinea. Model parameters were used to make and test blind predictions for two hectares of an exhaustively sampled forest. For pyraloids, we relied on phylogeny alone and predicted 54% of species-level interactions, translating to 79% of all trophic links for individual insects, by sampling insects from only 15% of local woody plant diversity. The phylogenetic distribution of host-plant associations in polyphagous geometrids was less conserved, reducing accuracy. In a truly quantitative food web, only 40% of pair-wise interactions were described correctly in geometrids. Polyphenol oxidative activity (but not protein precipitation capacity) was important for understanding the occurrence of geometrids (but not pyraloids) across their hosts. When both foliar chemistry and plant phylogeny were included, we predicted geometrid-plant occurrence with 89% concordance. Such models help to test macroevolutionary hypotheses at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Segar
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Volf
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Brus Isua
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, PO Box 604 Madang, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mentap Sisol
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, PO Box 604 Madang, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Conor M Redmond
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Margaret E Rosati
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Bradley Gewa
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, PO Box 604 Madang, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Kenneth Molem
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, PO Box 604 Madang, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Chris Dahl
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jeremy D Holloway
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Yves Basset
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Scott E Miller
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - George D Weiblen
- Bell Museum of Natural History and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108-1095, USA
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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13
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Wang H, Holloway JD, Janz N, Braga MP, Wahlberg N, Wang M, Nylin S. Polyphagy and diversification in tussock moths: Support for the oscillation hypothesis from extreme generalists. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7975-7986. [PMID: 29043049 PMCID: PMC5632610 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory on plasticity driving speciation, as applied to insect-plant interactions (the oscillation hypothesis), predicts more species in clades with higher diversity of host use, all else being equal. Previous support comes mainly from specialized herbivores such as butterflies, and plasticity theory suggests that there may be an upper host range limit where host diversity no longer promotes diversification. The tussock moths (Erebidae: Lymantriinae) are known for extreme levels of polyphagy. We demonstrate that this system is also very different from butterflies in terms of phylogenetic signal for polyphagy and for use of specific host orders. Yet we found support for the generality of the oscillation hypothesis, in that clades with higher diversity of host use were found to contain more species. These clades also consistently contained the most polyphagous single species. Comparing host use in Lymantriinae with related taxa shows that the taxon indeed stands out in terms of the frequency of polyphagous species. Comparative evidence suggests that this is most probably due to its nonfeeding adults, with polyphagy being part of a resulting life history syndrome. Our results indicate that even high levels of plasticity can drive diversification, at least when the levels oscillate over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshuai Wang
- Department of EntomologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Niklas Janz
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of BiologyLaboratory of GeneticsUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Min Wang
- Department of EntomologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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14
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Nakadai R. Species diversity of herbivorous insects: a brief review to bridge the gap between theories focusing on the generation and maintenance of diversity. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Sahoo RK, Warren AD, Collins SC, Kodandaramaiah U. Hostplant change and paleoclimatic events explain diversification shifts in skipper butterflies (Family: Hesperiidae). BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:174. [PMID: 28768477 PMCID: PMC5541431 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skippers (Family: Hesperiidae) are a large group of butterflies with ca. 4000 species under 567 genera. The lack of a time-calibrated higher-level phylogeny of the group has precluded understanding of its evolutionary past. We here use a 10-gene dataset to reconstruct the most comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny of the group, and explore factors that affected the diversification of these butterflies. RESULTS Ancestral state reconstructions show that the early hesperiid lineages utilized dicots as larval hostplants. The ability to feed on monocots evolved once at the K-Pg boundary (ca. 65 million years ago (Mya)), and allowed monocot-feeders to diversify much faster on average than dicot-feeders. The increased diversification rate of the monocot-feeding clade is specifically attributed to rate shifts in two of its descendant lineages. The first rate shift, a four-fold increase compared to background rates, happened ca. 50 Mya, soon after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, in a lineage of the subfamily Hesperiinae that mostly fed on forest monocots. The second rate shift happened ca. 40 Mya in a grass-feeding lineage of Hesperiinae when open-habitat grasslands appeared in the Neotropics owing to gradual cooling of the atmospheric temperature. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of monocot feeding strongly influenced diversification of skippers. We hypothesize that although monocot feeding was an intrinsic trait that allowed exploration of novel niches, the lack of extensive availability of monocots comprised an extrinsic limitation for niche exploration. The shifts in diversification rate coincided with paleoclimatic events during which grasses and forest monocots were diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 551, India.
| | - Andrew D Warren
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, PO Box 112710, 3215 Hull Rd., UF Cultural Plaza, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2710, USA
| | - Steve C Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), PO Box 14308 0800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 551, India
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16
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Hardy NB. Do plant‐eating insect lineages pass through phases of host‐use generalism during speciation and host switching? Phylogenetic evidence. Evolution 2017; 71:2100-2109. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University 301 Funchess Hall Auburn Alabama 36849
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17
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Abstract
Variation in diet breadth among organisms is a pervasive feature of the natural world that has resisted general explanation. In particular, trade-offs in the ability to use one resource at the expense of another have been expected but rarely detected. We explore a spatial model for the evolution of specialization, motivated by studies of plant-feeding insects. The model is neutral with respect to the causes and consequences of diet breadth: the number of hosts utilized is not constrained by trade-offs, and specialization or generalization does not confer a direct advantage with respect to the persistence of populations or the probability of diversification. We find that diet breadth evolves in ways that resemble reports from natural communities. Simulated communities are dominated by specialized species, with a predictable but less species-rich component of generalized taxa. These results raise the possibility that specialization might be a consequence of stochastic diversification dynamics acting on spatially segregated consumer-resource associations rather than a trait either favored or constrained directly by natural selection. Finally, our model generates hypotheses for global patterns of herbivore diet breadth, including a positive effect of host richness and a negative effect of evenness in host plant abundance on the number of specialized taxa.
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18
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Dai X, Zhang W, Xu J, Duffy KJ, Guo Q. Global pattern of plant utilization across different organisms: Does plant apparency or plant phylogeny matter? Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2535-2545. [PMID: 28428845 PMCID: PMC5395452 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is the first to consider human and nonhuman consumers together to reveal several general patterns of plant utilization. We provide evidence that at a global scale, plant apparency and phylogenetic isolation can be important predictors of plant utilization and consumer diversity. Using the number of species or genera or the distribution area of each plant family as the island "area" and the minimum phylogenetic distance to common plant families as the island "distance", we fitted presence-area relationships and presence-distance relationships with a binomial GLM (generalized linear model) with a logit link. The presence-absence of consumers among each plant family strongly depended on plant apparency (family size and distribution area); the diversity of consumers increased with plant apparency but decreased with phylogenetic isolation. When consumers extended their host breadth, unapparent plants became more likely to be used. Common uses occurred more often on common plants and their relatives, showing higher host phylogenetic clustering than uncommon uses. On the contrary, highly specialized uses might be related to the rarity of plant chemicals and were therefore very species-specific. In summary, our results provide a global illustration of plant-consumer combinations and reveal several general patterns of plant utilization across humans, insects and microbes. First, plant apparency and plant phylogenetic isolation generally govern plant utilization value, with uncommon and isolated plants suffering fewer parasites. Second, extension of the breadth of utilized hosts helps explain the presence of consumers on unapparent plants. Finally, the phylogenetic clustering structure of host plants is different between common uses and uncommon uses. The strength of such consistent plant utilization patterns across a diverse set of usage types suggests that the persistence and accumulation of consumer diversity and use value for plant species are determined by similar ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China.,National Navel Orange Engineering Research Centre Ganzhou China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Kevin J Duffy
- Institute of Systems Science Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa.,School of Mathematics Statistics and Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
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19
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Hardy NB, Peterson DA, Normark BB. Nonadaptive radiation: Pervasive diet specialization by drift in scale insects? Evolution 2016; 70:2421-2428. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Daniel A. Peterson
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003
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20
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Nakadai R, Kawakita A. Phylogenetic test of speciation by host shift in leaf cone moths (Caloptilia) feeding on maples (Acer). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4958-70. [PMID: 27547326 PMCID: PMC4979720 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional explanation for the exceptional diversity of herbivorous insects emphasizes host shift as the major driver of speciation. However, phylogenetic studies have often demonstrated widespread host plant conservatism by insect herbivores, calling into question the prevalence of speciation by host shift to distantly related plants. A limitation of previous phylogenetic studies is that host plants were defined at the family or genus level; thus, it was unclear whether host shifts predominate at a finer taxonomic scale. The lack of a statistical approach to test the hypothesis of host-shift-driven speciation also hindered studies at the species level. Here, we analyze the radiation of leaf cone moths (Caloptilia) associated with maples (Acer) using a newly developed, phylogeny-based method that tests the role of host shift in speciation. This method has the advantage of not requiring complete taxon sampling from an entire radiation. Based on 254 host plant records for 14 Caloptilia species collected at 73 sites in Japan, we show that major dietary changes are more concentrated toward the root of the phylogeny, with host shift playing a minor role in recent speciation. We suggest that there may be other roles for host shift in promoting herbivorous insect diversification rather than facilitating speciation per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakadai
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityHirano 2‐509‐3OtsuShiga520‐2113Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakita
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityHirano 2‐509‐3OtsuShiga520‐2113Japan
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21
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Abstract
Many areas of research in ecology and evolutionary biology depend on the quantification of dietary niche width. For herbivorous insects, diet breadth has most often been measured as simply the number and type of host plant taxa attacked. We propose an index of host range (which we refer to as "ordinated diet breadth") based on observed associations between plants and insects, and the calculation of multivariate distances among plants in ordination space. Similarities and distances are calculated based on host association and, in this context, potentially encompass multiple properties of plants, including phytochemistry, phenology, and other plant traits. This approach can distinguish between herbivores that utilize suites of hosts that are commonly used together and herbivores that attack unusual host combinations, and thus have a relatively broad diet breadth. For illustration, we use a data set of nymphalid butterfly host records, and compare taxonomic and ordinated host range. For a large number of butterfly taxa, we find that host use is clustered in multivariate space with respect to associations observed across all of the butterfly taxa. Applications are discussed, including a hypothesis test of nonrandom host association, and prediction of shifts and expansions of diet breadth.
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22
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Hamm CA, Fordyce JA. Greater host breadth still not associated with increased diversification rate in the Nymphalidae-A response to Janz et al. Evolution 2016; 70:1156-60. [PMID: 27061297 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In their technical comment, Janz et al. take issue with our recent study examining the association between host breadth and diversification rates in the brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (Hamm and Fordyce 2015). Specifically, they are concerned that we misrepresent their "oscillation hypothesis" (OH) (Janz et al. 2006; Janz and Nylin 2008) and that one of our models was inadequate to test hypotheses regarding host breadth and diversification rate. Given our mutual interests in the macroevolutionary patterns of herbivorous insects, we appreciate the opportunity to respond to their concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hamm
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045.
| | - James A Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
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23
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Janz N, Braga MP, Wahlberg N, Nylin S. On oscillations and flutterings-A reply to Hamm and Fordyce. Evolution 2016; 70:1150-5. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mariana P. Braga
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology; University of Turku; 20014 Turku Finland
- Department of Biology; Lund University; 223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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24
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Hamm CA, Fordyce JA. Selaginella and the Satyr: Euptychia westwoodi (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Oviposition Preference and Larval Performance. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iew018. [PMID: 27126962 PMCID: PMC4864580 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Members of the plant genus Selaginella (de Beauvois 1805) have few known insect herbivores even though they are considered by some to be 'living fossils', with extant taxa virtually indistinguishable from 300 Mya fossils. Butterflies are well-known herbivores, and the satyrs are among the most speciose of them despite having radiated ∼ 35 Mya ago. Nearly all satyrs feed on grass or sedges, but members of the Neotropical genus Euptychia Hübner 1818 feed on Selaginella; little is known about the degree to which this butterfly favors this ancient plant over those that its close relatives utilize. To advance our knowledge of Euptychia natural history, we conducted a series of experiments to examine oviposition preference and growth rates across a series of potential host plants on a Euptychia westwoodi population in Costa Rica. We found that Euptychia westwoodi Butler 1867 exhibit a strong preference to oviposit on Selaginella eurynota over the sympatric Selaginella arthritica, though they perform equally well as larvae on both plants. We did not observe oviposition on a sympatric grass that is commonly consumed by close relatives of E. westwoodi, and when larvae were offered the grass they refused to eat. These results suggest that E. westwoodi in Costa Rica exhibit a strong preference for Selaginella and may have lost the ability to feed on a locally abundant grass commonly used by other Satyrinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hamm
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Haworth Hall - 5032, Lawrence KS 66045, USA;
| | - James A Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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25
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Boivin T, Gidoin C, von Aderkas P, Safrana J, Candau JN, Chalon A, Sondo M, El Maâtaoui M. Host-Parasite Interactions from the Inside: Plant Reproductive Ontogeny Drives Specialization in Parasitic Insects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139634. [PMID: 26441311 PMCID: PMC4595336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Host plant interactions are likely key drivers of evolutionary processes involved in the diversification of phytophagous insects. Granivory has received substantial attention for its crucial role in shaping the interaction between plants and their seed parasites, but fine-scale mechanisms explaining the role of host plant reproductive biology on specialization of seed parasites remain poorly described. In a comparative approach using plant histological techniques, we tested the hypotheses that different seed parasite species synchronize their life cycles to specific stages in seed development, and that the stage they target depends on major differences in seed development programs. In a pinaceous system, seed storage products are initiated before ovule fertilization and the wasps target the ovule’s nucellus during megagametogenesis, a stage at which larvae may benefit from the by-products derived from both secreting cells and dying nucellar cells. In a cupressaceous system, oviposition activity peaks later, during embryogenesis, and the wasps target the ovule’s megagametophyte where larvae may benefit from cell disintegration during embryogenesis. Our cytohistological approach shows for the first time how, despite divergent oviposition targets, different parasite species share a common strategy that consists of first competing for nutrients with developing plant structures, and then consuming these developed structures to complete their development. Our results support the prediction that seed developmental program is an axis for specialization in seed parasites, and that it could be an important parameter in models of their ecological and taxonomic divergence. This study provides the basis for further investigating the possibility of the link between plant ontogeny and pre-dispersal seed parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boivin
- INRA, UR 629 Ecologie des forêts méditerranéennes, F-84914, Avignon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Cindy Gidoin
- INRA, UR 629 Ecologie des forêts méditerranéennes, F-84914, Avignon, France
| | - Patrick von Aderkas
- University of Victoria, Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Jonathan Safrana
- INRA, UR 629 Ecologie des forêts méditerranéennes, F-84914, Avignon, France
| | - Jean-Noël Candau
- INRA, UR 629 Ecologie des forêts méditerranéennes, F-84914, Avignon, France
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Alain Chalon
- INRA, UR 629 Ecologie des forêts méditerranéennes, F-84914, Avignon, France
| | - Marion Sondo
- INRA, UR 629 Ecologie des forêts méditerranéennes, F-84914, Avignon, France
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