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Taylor PJ, Kearney TC, Clark VR, Howard A, Mdluli MV, Markotter W, Geldenhuys M, Richards LR, Rakotoarivelo AR, Watson J, Balona J, Monadjem A. Southern Africa's Great Escarpment as an amphitheater of climate-driven diversification and a buffer against future climate change in bats. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17344. [PMID: 38837566 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Hosting 1460 plant and 126 vertebrate endemic species, the Great Escarpment (hereafter, Escarpment) forms a semi-circular "amphitheater" of mountains girdling southern Africa from arid west to temperate east. Since arid and temperate biota are usually studied separately, earlier studies overlooked the biogeographical importance of the Escarpment as a whole. Bats disperse more widely than other mammalian taxa, with related species and intraspecific lineages occupying both arid and temperate highlands of the Escarpment, providing an excellent model to address this knowledge gap. We investigated patterns of speciation and micro-endemism from modeled past, present, and future distributions in six clades of southern African bats from three families (Rhinolophidae, Cistugidae, and Vespertilionidae) having different crown ages (Pleistocene to Miocene) and biome affiliations (temperate to arid). We estimated mtDNA relaxed clock dates of key divergence events across the six clades in relation both to biogeographical features and patterns of phenotypic variation in crania, bacula and echolocation calls. In horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae), both the western and eastern "arms" of the Escarpment have facilitated dispersals from the Afrotropics into southern Africa. Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene "species pumps" and temperate refugia explained observed patterns of speciation, intraspecific divergence and, in two cases, mtDNA introgression. The Maloti-Drakensberg is a center of micro-endemism for bats, housing three newly described or undescribed species. Vicariance across biogeographic barriers gave rise to 29 micro-endemic species and intraspecific lineages whose distributions were congruent with those identified in other phytogeographic and zoogeographic studies. Although Köppen-Geiger climate models predict a widespread replacement of current temperate ecosystems in southern Africa by tropical or arid ecosystems by 2070-2100, future climate Maxent models for 13 bat species (all but one of those analyzed above) showed minimal range changes in temperate species from the eastern Escarpment by 2070, possibly due to the buffering effect of mountains to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Taylor
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Teresa C Kearney
- Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vincent Ralph Clark
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Geography, University of the Free State: Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Alexandra Howard
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Monday V Mdluli
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Andrinajoro R Rakotoarivelo
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Johan Watson
- Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs, Biodiversity Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Julio Balona
- Gauteng and Northern Regions Bat Interest Group, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ara Monadjem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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Josić D, Çoraman E, Waurick I, Franzenburg S, Ancillotto L, Bajić B, Budinski I, Dietz C, Görföl T, Hayden Bofill SI, Presetnik P, Russo D, Spada M, Zrnčić V, Blom MPK, Mayer F. Cryptic hybridization between the ancient lineages of Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri). Mol Ecol 2024:e17411. [PMID: 38785347 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Studying hybrid zones that form between morphologically cryptic taxa offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of cryptic speciation and the evolution of reproductive barriers. Although hybrid zones have long been the focus of evolutionary studies, the awareness of cryptic hybrid zones increased recently due to rapidly growing evidence of biological diversity lacking obvious phenotypic differentiation. The characterization of cryptic hybrid zones with genome-wide analysis is in its early stages and offers new perspectives for studying population admixture and thus the impact of gene flow. In this study, we investigate the population genomics of the Myotis nattereri complex in one of its secondary contact zones, where a putative hybrid zone is formed between two of its cryptic lineages. By utilizing a whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach, we aim to characterize this cryptic hybrid zone in detail. Demographic analysis suggests that the cryptic lineages diverged during the Pliocene, c. 3.6 million years ago. Despite this ancient separation, the populations in the contact zone exhibit mitochondrial introgression and a considerable amount of mixing in nuclear genomes. The genomic structure of the populations corresponds to geographic locations and the genomic admixture changes along a geographic gradient. These findings suggest that there is no effective hybridization barrier between both lineages, nevertheless, their population structure is shaped by dispersal barriers. Our findings highlight how such deeply diverged cryptic lineages can still readily hybridize in secondary contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Josić
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emrah Çoraman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Isabelle Waurick
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Franzenburg
- IKMB, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Leonardo Ancillotto
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Evolution (AnEcoEvo), Dipartimento di Agraria, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Branka Bajić
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Budinski
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tamás Görföl
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sofia I Hayden Bofill
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Primož Presetnik
- Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora, Miklavž na Dravskem Polju, Slovenia
| | - Danillo Russo
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Evolution (AnEcoEvo), Dipartimento di Agraria, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Martina Spada
- Dipartimento Ambiente-Salute-Sicurezza, Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Vida Zrnčić
- Croatian Biospeleogical Society Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mozes P K Blom
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Mayer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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3
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Foley NM, Harris AJ, Bredemeyer KR, Ruedi M, Puechmaille SJ, Teeling EC, Criscitiello MF, Murphy WJ. Karyotypic stasis and swarming influenced the evolution of viral tolerance in a species-rich bat radiation. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100482. [PMID: 38237599 PMCID: PMC10879000 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has prioritized understanding bats' viral tolerance. Myotis bats are exceptionally species rich and have evolved viral tolerance. They also exhibit swarming, a cryptic behavior where large, multi-species assemblages gather for mating, which has been hypothesized to promote interspecific hybridization. To resolve the coevolution of genome architecture and their unusual antiviral tolerance, we undertook a phylogenomic analysis of 60 Old World Myotis genomes. We demonstrate an extensive history of introgressive hybridization that has replaced the species phylogeny across 17%-93% of the genome except for pericentromeric regions of macrochromosomes. Introgression tracts were enriched on microchromosome regions containing key antiviral pathway genes overexpressed during viral challenge experiments. Together, these results suggest that the unusual Myotis karyotype may have evolved to selectively position immune-related genes in high recombining genomic regions prone to introgression of divergent alleles, including a diversity of interleukin loci responsible for the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Foley
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Andrew J Harris
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kevin R Bredemeyer
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Manuel Ruedi
- Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Route de Malagnou 1, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien J Puechmaille
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental, Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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de Framond L, Beleyur T, Lewanzik D, Goerlitz HR. Calibrated microphone array recordings reveal that a gleaning bat emits low-intensity echolocation calls even in open-space habitat. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245801. [PMID: 37655585 PMCID: PMC10560550 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Echolocating bats use ultrasound for orientation and prey capture in darkness. Ultrasound is strongly attenuated in air. Consequently, aerial-hawking bats generally emit very intense echolocation calls to maximize detection range. However, call levels vary more than tenfold (>20 dB) between species and are tightly linked to the foraging strategy. The brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) is a primarily gleaning, low-amplitude species that may occasionally hawk airborne prey. We used state-of-the-art calibrated acoustic 3D-localization and automated call analysis to measure P. auritus' source levels. Plecotus auritus emits echolocation calls of low amplitude (92 dB rmsSPL re. 20 µPa at 10 cm) even while flying in open-space. While P. auritus thus probably benefits from delayed evasive manoeuvres of eared insects, we propose that low-amplitude echolocation did not evolve as an adaptive countermeasure, but is limited by morphological constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna de Framond
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Thejasvi Beleyur
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Lewanzik
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Holger R. Goerlitz
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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Chakravarty R, Radchuk V, Managave S, Voigt CC. Increasing species richness along elevational gradients is associated with niche packing in bat assemblages. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:863-874. [PMID: 36748268 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The change in species richness along elevational gradients is a well-known pattern in nature. Niche theory predicts that increasing species richness in assemblages can either lead to denser packing of niche space ('niche packing') or an expansion into its novel regions ('niche expansion'). Traditionally, these scenarios have been studied using functional traits but stable isotopes provide advantages such as identifying the degree of resource specialisation, or niche partitioning among functionally similar species. In this study, we evaluate the relevance of niche packing versus niche expansion by investigating stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic niche width and overlap among 23 bat species from six functional groups across a 1500 m elevational gradient in the Himalaya. Our results suggest that an increase in species richness in the low elevation is accompanied by small niche width with high overlap, whereas the high elevation assemblage shows large niche width with low overlap among functional group members. At the functional group level, edge-space foraging, trawling, and active gleaning bats have the highest niche width while passive gleaning bats that are only found in high elevations are isotopic specialists showing low overlap with other groups. Edge and open-space foraging bats showed idiosyncratic changes in niche width across elevations. We also find that the niches of rhinolophid bats overlap with edge-space and open-space foraging bats despite their unique functional traits. These results support the idea that at low elevations high species richness is associated with niche packing while at high elevations strong niche partitioning prevails in dynamic and resource-poor environments. We conclude that although high elevation animal assemblages are often 'functionally underdispersed', that is show homogenous functional traits, our approach based on stable isotopes demonstrates niche partitioning among such functionally similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Chakravarty
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Shreyas Managave
- Department of Earth and Climate Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, India
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Yi X, Latch EK. Systematics of the New World bats Eptesicus and Histiotus suggest trans-marine dispersal followed by Neotropical cryptic diversification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 175:107582. [PMID: 35810969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity can be boosted by colonization of new habitats such as remote islands and separated continents. Molecular studies have suggested that recently evolved organisms probably colonized already separated continents by dispersal, either via land bridge connections or crossing the ocean. Here we test the on-land and trans-marine dispersal hypotheses by evaluating possibilities of colonization routes over the Bering land bridge and across the Atlantic Ocean in the cosmopolitan bat genus Eptesicus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Previous molecular studies have found New World Eptesicus more closely related to Histiotus, a Neotropical endemic lineage with enlarged ears, than to Old World Eptesicus. However, phylogenetic relationships within the New World group remained unresolved and their evolutionary history was unclear. Here we studied the systematics of New World Eptesicus and Histiotus using extensive taxonomic and geographic sampling, and genomic data from thousands of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs). We estimated phylogenetic trees using concatenation and multispecies coalescent. All analyses supported four major New World clades and a novel topology where E. fuscus and Histiotus are sister clades that together diverged from two sister clades of Neotropical Eptesicus. Intra-clade divergence suggested cryptic diversity that has been concealed by morphological features, especially in the Neotropics where taxonomic re-evaluations are warranted. Molecular dating estimated that Old World and New World clades diverged around 17 million years ago followed by radiation of major New World clades in the mid-Miocene, when climatic changes might have facilitated global dispersal and radiation events. Biogeographic ancestral reconstruction supported the Neotropical origin of the New World clades, suggesting a trans-Atlantic colonization route from North Africa to the northern Neotropics. We highlight that trans-marine dispersal may be more prevalent than currently acknowledged and may be an important first step to global biodiversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Yi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Emily K Latch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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López-Aguirre C, Hand SJ, Simmons NB, Silcox MT. Untangling the ecological signal in the dental morphology in the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea. J MAMM EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Uvizl M, Benda P. Intraspecific Variation of Myotis emarginatus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genetic Markers. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2021.23.2.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Uvizl
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Benda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Bullington LS, Seidensticker MT, Schwab N, Ramsey PW, Stone K. Do the evolutionary interactions between moths and bats promote niche partitioning between bats and birds? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17160-17178. [PMID: 34938500 PMCID: PMC8668740 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological theory suggests that the coexistence of species is promoted by the partitioning of available resources, as in dietary niche partitioning where predators partition prey. Yet, the mechanisms underlying dietary niche partitioning are not always clear. We used fecal DNA metabarcoding to investigate the diets of seven nocturnal insectivorous bird and bat species. Low diet overlap (2%-22%) supported resource partitioning among all species. Differences in diet corresponded with species identity, prey detection method, and foraging behavior of predators. Insects with ultrasonic hearing capabilities were consumed significantly more often by birds than bats, consistent with an evolved avoidance of echolocating strategies. In turn, bats consumed a greater proportion of noneared insects such as spruce budworms. Overall, our results suggest that evolutionary interactions among bats and moths translate to dietary niche partitioning and coexistence among bats and nocturnal birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorinda S. Bullington
- MPG Ranch MissoulaMissoulaMontanaUSA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Mathew T. Seidensticker
- MPG Ranch MissoulaMissoulaMontanaUSA
- Northern Rockies Research & Educational ServicesLoloMontanaUSA
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Hedrick BP. Inter- and intraspecific variation in the Artibeus species complex demonstrates size and shape partitioning among species. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11777. [PMID: 34306832 PMCID: PMC8280882 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae) are one of the most diverse mammalian families and Artibeus spp. is one of the most speciose phyllostomid genera. In spite of their species diversity, previous work on Artibeus crania using linear morphometrics has uncovered limited interspecific variation. This dearth of shape variation suggests that differences in cranial morphology are not contributing to niche partitioning across species, many of which are often found in sympatry. Using two-dimensional geometric morphometric methods on crania from eleven species from the Artibeus species complex, the current study demonstrates substantial cranial interspecific variation, sexual size and shape dimorphism, and intraspecific geographic variation. The majority of species were shown to have a unique size and shape, which suggests that each species may be taking advantage of slightly different ecological resources. Further, both sexual size and shape dimorphism were significant in the Artibeus species complex. Male and female Artibeus are known to have sex specific foraging strategies, with males eating near their roosts and females feeding further from their roosts. The presence of cranial sexual dimorphism in the Artibeus species complex, combined with previous work showing that different fruit size and hardness is correlated with different cranial shapes in phyllostomids, indicates that the males and females may be utilizing different food resources, leading to divergent cranial morphotypes. Additional field studies will be required to confirm this emergent hypothesis. Finally, significant geographical shape variation was found in a large intraspecific sample of Artibeus lituratus crania. However, this variation was not correlated with latitude and instead may be linked to local environmental factors. Additional work on ecology and behavior in the Artibeus species complex underlying the morphological variation uncovered in this study will allow for a better understanding of how the group has reached its present diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Hedrick
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center- New Orleans, New Orleans, United States of America
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Ospina-Garcés SM, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Medellín RA. Cranial Morphology of the Flat-Headed Bat Myotis planiceps (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Context of American Myotis. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2021.23.1.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Ospina-Garcés
- Museo de Zoología ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-399, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales
- Subdireccion de Laboratorios y Apoyo Académico, INAH, Moneda #16 Col. Centro, 06060 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rodrigo A. Medellín
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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Morales AE, Fenton MB, Carstens BC, Simmons NB. Comment on “Population genetics reveal Myotis keenii (Keen’s myotis) and Myotis evotis (long-eared myotis) to be a single species”. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic exchange and hybridization appear common among the western long-eared bats from North America. Multiple sources of evidence indicate that lineages within this group are evolving independently, despite genetic exchange. However, evidence of gene flow raises questions about the species-level status of some lineages. C.L. Lausen et al. (2019. Can. J. Zool. 97(3): 267–279) proposed that Myotis evotis (H. Allen, 1864) (long-eared myotis) and Myotis keenii (Merriam, 1895) (Keen’s myotis) are one species, not two. This conclusion is based on analyses of cytochrome b and microsatellite data suggesting gene flow between these taxa. Microsatellites are not reliable markers for identifying species because homoplasy can be a major confounding factor, which appears to be true in this case. We reanalyzed the dataset of C.L. Lausen et al. (2019) and show that it is not reliable to distinguish between gene flow or homoplasy, and that these data do not support the conclusion that M. evotis and M. keenii represent a single species. Previous morphological and genomic studies indicate that these are separate species despite previous genetic exchange between them. Failing to recognize that gene flow can occur between independently evolving lineages is counterproductive for conservation because it can lead to neglect of important independent lineages, and likewise failing to use proper tools to delimit species is counterproductive to efforts to quantify biodiversity and design conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna E. Morales
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Bryan C. Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
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López‐Aguirre C, Wilson LAB, Koyabu D, Tu VT, Hand SJ. Variation in cross‐sectional shape and biomechanical properties of the bat humerus under Wolff's law. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1937-1952. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo López‐Aguirre
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura A. B. Wilson
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Vuong Tan Tu
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Suzanne J. Hand
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Phylogenetics of mud snakes (Squamata: Serpentes: Homalopsidae): A paradox of both undescribed diversity and taxonomic inflation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 160:107109. [PMID: 33609712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mud snakes (Serpentes: Homalopsidae) are a family of 55 described, mainly aquatic, species primarily distributed throughout mainland Southeast Asia and the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Although they have been the focus of prior research, the basic relationships amongst genera and species remain poorly known. We used a combined mitochondrial and nuclear gene dataset to infer their phylogenetic relationships, using the highest levels of taxon and geographic sampling for any homalopsid phylogeny to date (62% generic and 62% species coverage; 140 individuals). Our results recover two reciprocally monophyletic groups: the fangless Brachyorrhos and its sister clade comprised of all rear-fanged homalopsids. Most genera and interspecific relationships were monophyletic and strongly supported, but intergeneric relationships and intraspecific population structure lack support. We find evidence of both undescribed diversity as well as cases of taxonomic inflation within several species. Tree-based species delimitation approaches (mPTP) support potential new candidate species as distinct from their conspecifics and also suggest that many named taxa may not be distinct species. Divergence date estimation and lineage-through-time analyses indicate lower levels of speciation in the Eocene, with a subsequent burst in diversification in the Miocene. Homalopsids may have diversified most rapidly during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, possibly in relation to tectonic shifts and sea-level fluctuations that took place in Sundaland and the Sahul Shelf. Our analyses provide new insights on homalopsid taxonomy, a baseline phylogeny for the family, and further biogeographic implications demonstrating how dynamic tectonics and Quaternary sea level changes may have shaped a widespread, diverse family of snakes.
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Simmons NB, Flanders J, Bakwo Fils EM, Parker G, Suter JD, Bamba S, Douno M, Keita MK, Morales AE, Frick WF. A New Dichromatic Species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1206/3963.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B. Simmons
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Jon Flanders
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Eric Moïse Bakwo Fils
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Guy Parker
- Société des Mines de Fer de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Seinan Bamba
- Société des Mines de Fer de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mory Douno
- Centre de Gestion de l'Environnement des Monts Nimba et Simandou/Ministère de l'Environnement, des Eaux et Forêts, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Ariadna E. Morales
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History, New York
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Molecular and morphological revision of small Myotinae from the Himalayas shed new light on the poorly known genus Submyotodon (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe systematics status of the constituent species of the M. mystacinus morphogroup in the Himalayan region has long been marred by uncertainty. Lack of integrative studies combining morphological and genetic data from specimens recently collected in this region has hampered our understanding of cryptic variations in this complex taxonomic group. To address this issue, new material from the Himalayan region of India and Nepal was obtained and vouchered specimens in the holdings of various museums were also re-examined. As comparative material, a large series of relevant specimens from South and Southeast Asia were also included in this revision. Using a combination of multivariate analysis of craniodental characters and molecular reconstructions, we critically evaluated the systematic position of the small Myotinae in the Himalayas. We establish that M. nipalensis forms a very distinct lineage (which also includes the recently described M. annatessae) and refute previous taxonomic suggestions that it is related to M. davidii. Our study also conclusively proved the common occurrence of the poorly known genus Submyotodon in the Himalayan region (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and China) and evidenced species-level divergences within that genus. Submyotodon species share nyctalodont or semi-nyctalodont lower molar configuration with few other small and unrelated Myotinae from Asia suggesting that these unusual dental characters are homoplasious in this subfamily. We also noticed a very confused taxonomic situation associated with many DNA sequences of Asian Myotis deposited in public repositories and call for possibilities of better data curation.
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López-Aguirre C, Hand SJ, Koyabu D, Tu VT, Wilson LAB. Phylogeny and foraging behaviour shape modular morphological variation in bat humeri. J Anat 2020; 238:1312-1329. [PMID: 33372711 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats show a remarkable ecological diversity that is reflected both in dietary and foraging guilds (FGs). Cranial ecomorphological adaptations linked to diet have been widely studied in bats, using a variety of anatomical, computational and mathematical approaches. However, foraging-related ecomorphological adaptations and the concordance between cranial and postcranial morphological adaptations remain unexamined in bats and limited to the interpretation of traditional aerodynamic properties of the wing (e.g. wing loading [WL] and aspect ratio [AR]). For this reason, the postcranial ecomorphological diversity in bats and its drivers remain understudied. Using 3D virtual modelling and geometric morphometrics (GMM), we explored the phylogenetic, ecological and biological drivers of humeral morphology in bats, evaluating the presence and magnitude of modularity and integration. To explore decoupled patterns of variation across the bone, we analysed whole-bone shape, diaphyseal and epiphyseal shape. We also tested whether traditional aerodynamic wing traits correlate with humeral shape. By studying 37 species from 20 families (covering all FGs and 85% of dietary guilds), we found similar patterns of variation in whole-bone and diaphyseal shape and unique variation patterns in epiphyseal shape. Phylogeny, diet and FG significantly correlated with shape variation at all levels, whereas size only had a significant effect on epiphyseal morphology. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in all levels of humeral shape. Epiphyseal shape significantly correlated with wing AR. Statistical support for a diaphyseal-epiphyseal modular partition of the humerus suggests a functional partition of shape variability. Our study is the first to show within-structure modular morphological variation in the appendicular skeleton of any living tetrapod. Our results suggest that diaphyseal shape correlates more with phylogeny, whereas epiphyseal shape correlates with diet and FG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo López-Aguirre
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Hand
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vuong Tan Tu
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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18
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Heterogeneous relationships between rates of speciation and body size evolution across vertebrate clades. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 5:101-110. [PMID: 33106601 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several theories predict that rates of phenotypic evolution should be related to the rate at which new lineages arise. However, drawing general conclusions regarding the coupling between these fundamental evolutionary rates has been difficult due to the inconsistent nature of previous results combined with uncertainty over the most appropriate methodology with which to investigate such relationships. Here we propose and compare the performance of several different approaches for testing associations between lineage-specific rates of speciation and phenotypic evolution using phylogenetic data. We then use the best-performing method to test relationships between rates of speciation and body size evolution in five major vertebrate clades (amphibians, birds, mammals, ray-finned fish and squamate reptiles) at two phylogenetic scales. Our results provide support for the long-standing view that rates of speciation and morphological evolution are generally positively related at broad macroevolutionary scales, but they also reveal a substantial degree of heterogeneity in the strength and direction of these associations at finer scales across the vertebrate tree of life.
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Çoraman E, Dundarova H, Dietz C, Mayer F. Patterns of mtDNA introgression suggest population replacement in Palaearctic whiskered bat species. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191805. [PMID: 32742679 PMCID: PMC7353987 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary contacts can play a major role in the evolutionary histories of species. Various taxa diverge in allopatry and later on come into secondary contact during range expansions. When they meet, their interactions and the extent of gene flow depend on the level of their ecological differentiation and the strength of their reproductive isolation. In this study, we present the multilocus phylogeography of two cryptic whiskered bat species, Myotis mystacinus and M. davidii, with a particular focus on their putative sympatric zone. Our findings suggest that M. mystacinus and M. davidii evolved in allopatry and came into secondary contact during range expansions. Individuals in the area of secondary contact, in Anatolia and the Balkans, have discordant population assignments based on the mitochondrial and the nuclear datasets. These observed patterns suggest that the local M. mystacinus populations hybridized with expanding M. davidii populations, which resulted in mitochondrial introgression from the former. In the introgression area, M. mystacinus individuals with concordant nuclear and mitochondrial genotypes were identified in relatively few locations, suggesting that the indigenous populations might have been largely replaced by invading M. davidii. Changing environmental conditions coupled with ecological competition is the likely reason for this replacement. Our study presents one possible example of a historical population replacement that was captured in phylogeographic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Çoraman
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Natural Science Collection, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, Halle (Saale) D-06108, Germany
| | - Heliana Dundarova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Christian Dietz
- Biologische Gutachten Dietz, Balinger Str. 15, 72401 Haigerloch, Germany
| | - Frieder Mayer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Kuhn A, Skipwith P, Overcast I. Digest: An emerging model system for understanding ecomorphological convergence*. Evolution 2020; 74:696-697. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Kuhn
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History New York New York 10024
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, Graduate Center New York New York 10016
| | - Phillip Skipwith
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History New York New York 10024
| | - Isaac Overcast
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, Graduate Center New York New York 10016
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21
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The Skull Integration Pattern and Internal Constraints in Myotis myotis–Myotis blythii Species Group (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) Might be Shaped by Natural Selection During Evolution Along the Genetic Line of Least Resistance. Evol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-019-09488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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