1
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Berns HM, Watkins-Chow DE, Lu S, Louphrasitthiphol P, Zhang T, Brown KM, Moura-Alves P, Goding CR, Pavan WJ. Single-cell profiling of MC1R-inhibited melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024; 37:291-308. [PMID: 37972124 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The human red hair color (RHC) trait is caused by increased pheomelanin (red-yellow) and reduced eumelanin (black-brown) pigment in skin and hair due to diminished melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) function. In addition, individuals harboring the RHC trait are predisposed to melanoma development. While MC1R variants have been established as causative of RHC and are a well-defined risk factor for melanoma, it remains unclear mechanistically why decreased MC1R signaling alters pigmentation and increases melanoma susceptibility. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of melanocytes isolated from RHC mouse models to define a MC1R-inhibited Gene Signature (MiGS) comprising a large set of previously unidentified genes which may be implicated in melanogenesis and oncogenic transformation. We show that one of the candidate MiGS genes, TBX3, a well-known anti-senescence transcription factor implicated in melanoma progression, binds both E-box and T-box elements to regulate genes associated with melanogenesis and senescence bypass. Our results provide key insights into further mechanisms by which melanocytes with reduced MC1R signaling may regulate pigmentation and offer new candidates of study toward understanding how individuals with the RHC phenotype are predisposed to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matthew Berns
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sizhu Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PT, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PT, Portugal
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Marrapodi R, Bellei B. The Keratinocyte in the Picture Cutaneous Melanoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:913. [PMID: 38473275 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma progression is a multistep evolution from a common melanocytic nevus through a radial superficial growth phase, the invasive vertical growth phase finally leading to metastatic dissemination into distant organs. Melanoma aggressiveness largely depends on the propensity to metastasize, which means the capacity to escape from the physiological microenvironment since tissue damage due to primary melanoma lesions is generally modest. Physiologically, epidermal melanocytes are attached to the basement membrane, and their adhesion/migration is under the control of surrounding keratinocytes. Thus, the epidermal compartment represents the first microenvironment responsible for melanoma spread. This complex process involves cell-cell contact and a broad range of secreted bioactive molecules. Invasion, or at the beginning of the microinvasion, implies the breakdown of the dermo-epidermal basement membrane followed by the migration of neoplastic melanocytic cells in the superficial papillary dermis. Correspondingly, several experimental evidences documented the structural and functional rearrangement of the entire tissue surrounding neoplasm that in some way reflects the atypia of tumor cells. Lastly, the microenvironment must support the proliferation and survival of melanocytes outside the normal epidermal-melanin units. This task presumably is mostly delegated to fibroblasts and ultimately to the self-autonomous capacity of melanoma cells. This review will discuss remodeling that occurs in the epidermis during melanoma formation as well as skin changes that occur independently of melanocytic hyperproliferation having possible pro-tumoral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Marrapodi
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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3
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Chang CL, Cai Z, Hsu SYT. A gel-forming α-MSH analog promotes lasting melanogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 958:176008. [PMID: 37673364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The α-MSH peptide plays a significant role in the regulation of pigmentation via the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). It increases the DNA repair capacity of melanocytes and reduces the incidence of skin cancers. As such, α-MSH analogs could have the utility for protecting against UV-induced skin DNA damage in susceptible patients. Recently, α-MSH analogs have been approved for the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria, hypoactive sexual desire, or pediatric obesity. However, the delivery of these drugs requires inconvenient implants or frequent injections. We recently found that select palmitoylated melanocortin analogs such as afamelanotide and adrenocorticotropin peptides self-assemble to form liquid gels in situ. To explore the utility of these novel analogs, we studied their pharmacological characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Acylated afamelanotide (DDE 313) and ACTH1-24 (DDE314) analogs form liquid gels at 6-20% and have a significantly increased viscosity at >2.5% compared to original analogs. Using the DDE313 analog as a prototype, we showed gel-formation reduces the passage of DDE313 through Centricon filters, and subcutaneous injection of analog gel in rats leads to the sustained presence of the peptide in circulation for >12 days. In addition, DDE313 darkened the skin of frogs for >4 weeks, whereas those injected with an equivalent dose of afamelanotide lost the tanning response within a few days. Because self-assembled gels allow sustained activation of melanocortin receptors, further studies of these analogs may allow the development of effective and convenient tanning therapies to prophylactically protect against UV-induced malignant transformation of skin cells in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zheqing Cai
- CL Laboratory LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, United States
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4
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Berns HM, Watkins-Chow DE, Lu S, Louphrasitthiphol P, Zhang T, Brown KM, Moura-Alves P, Goding CR, Pavan WJ. Loss of MC1R signaling implicates TBX3 in pheomelanogenesis and melanoma predisposition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.10.532018. [PMID: 37090624 PMCID: PMC10120706 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.532018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The human Red Hair Color (RHC) trait is caused by increased pheomelanin (red-yellow) and reduced eumelanin (black-brown) pigment in skin and hair due to diminished melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) function. In addition, individuals harboring the RHC trait are predisposed to melanoma development. While MC1R variants have been established as causative of RHC and are a well-defined risk factor for melanoma, it remains unclear mechanistically why decreased MC1R signaling alters pigmentation and increases melanoma susceptibility. Here, we use single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of melanocytes isolated from RHC mouse models to reveal a Pheomelanin Gene Signature (PGS) comprising genes implicated in melanogenesis and oncogenic transformation. We show that TBX3, a well-known anti-senescence transcription factor implicated in melanoma progression, is part of the PGS and binds both E-box and T-box elements to regulate genes associated with melanogenesis and senescence bypass. Our results provide key insights into mechanisms by which MC1R signaling regulates pigmentation and how individuals with the RHC phenotype are predisposed to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Matthew Berns
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Dawn E. Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sizhu Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, 13 USA
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, 13 USA
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, PT
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, PT
| | - Colin R. Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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5
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Guida S, Guida G, Goding CR. MC1R Functions, Expression, and Implications for Targeted Therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:293-302.e1. [PMID: 34362555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled MC1R is expressed in melanocytes and has a pivotal role in human skin pigmentation, with reduced function in human genetic variants exhibiting a red hair phenotype and increased melanoma predisposition. Beyond its role in pigmentation, MC1R is increasingly recognized as promoting UV-induced DNA damage repair. Consequently, there is mounting interest in targeting MC1R for therapeutic benefit. However, whether MC1R expression is restricted to melanocytes or is more widely expressed remains a matter of debate. In this paper, we review MC1R function and highlight that unbiased analysis suggests that its expression is restricted to melanocytes, granulocytes, and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Colin Ronald Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Bautista RM, Carter KM, Jarrett SG, Napier D, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, D'Orazio JA. Cutaneous pharmacologic cAMP induction induces melanization of the skin and improves recovery from ultraviolet injury in melanocortin 1 receptor-intact or heterozygous skin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:30-40. [PMID: 31398282 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous loss of function of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is associated with a pheomelanotic pigment phenotype and increased melanoma risk. MC1R heterozygosity is less well studied, although individuals inheriting one loss-of-function MC1R allele are also melanoma-prone. Using the K14-Scf C57BL/6J animal model whose skin is characterized by lifelong retention of interfollicular epidermal melanocytes like that of the human, we studied pigmentary, UV responses, and DNA repair capacity in the skin of variant Mc1r background. Topical application of forskolin, a skin-permeable pharmacologic activator of cAMP induction to mimic native Mc1r signaling, increased epidermal eumelanin levels, increased the capacity of Mc1r-heterozygous skin to resist UV-mediated inflammation, and enhanced the skin's ability to clear UV photolesions from DNA. Interestingly, topical cAMP induction also promoted melanin accumulation, UV resistance, and accelerated clearance in Mc1r fully intact skin. Together, our findings suggest that heterozygous Mc1r loss is associated with an intermediately melanized and DNA repair-proficient epidermal phenotype and that topical cAMP induction enhances UV resistance in Mc1r-heterozygous or Mc1r-wild-type individuals by increasing eumelanin deposition and by improving nucleotide excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Marlo Bautista
- The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Stuart Gordon Jarrett
- The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dana Napier
- The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Shosuke Ito
- The Fujita Health University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - John August D'Orazio
- The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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7
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MC1R minor variants and the multiple pathways to melanoma. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2019; 3:287-288. [PMID: 30872113 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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cAMP-mediated regulation of melanocyte genomic instability: A melanoma-preventive strategy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 115:247-295. [PMID: 30798934 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma of the skin is the leading cause of death from skin cancer and ranks fifth in cancer incidence among all cancers in the United States. While melanoma mortality has remained steady for the past several decades, melanoma incidence has been increasing, particularly among fair-skinned individuals. According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 10,000 people in the United States will die from melanoma this year. Individuals with dark skin complexion are protected damage generated by UV-light due to the high content of UV-blocking melanin pigment in their epidermis as well as better capacity for melanocytes to cope with UV damage. There is now ample evidence that suggests that the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a major melanoma risk factor. Inherited loss-of-function mutations in MC1R are common in melanoma-prone persons, correlating with a less melanized skin complexion and poorer recovery from mutagenic photodamage. We and others are interested in the MC1R signaling pathway in melanocytes, its mechanisms of enhancing genomic stability and pharmacologic opportunities to reduce melanoma risk based on those insights. In this chapter, we review melanoma risk factors, the MC1R signaling pathway, and the relationship between MC1R signaling and DNA repair.
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9
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Mowlazadeh Haghighi S, Zhou Y, Dai J, Sawyer JR, Hruby VJ, Cai M. Replacement of Arg with Nle and modified D-Phe in the core sequence of MSHs, Ac-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH 2, leads to hMC1R selectivity and pigmentation. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:815-823. [PMID: 29679901 PMCID: PMC6003700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma skin cancer is the fastest growing cancer in the US [1]. A great need exists for improved formulations and mechanisms to prevent and protect human skin from cancers and other skin damage caused by sunlight exposure. Current efforts to prevent UV damage to human skin, which in many cases leads to melanoma and other skin cancers. The primordial melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is involved in regulating skin pigmentation and hair color, which is a natural prevention from UV damage. The endogenous melanocortin agonists induce pigmentation and share a core pharmacophore sequence "His-Phe-Arg-Trp", and it was found that substitution of the Phe by D-Phe results in increasing melanocortin receptor potency. To improve the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) selectivity a series of tetra-peptides with the moiety of Ac-Xaa-Yaa-Nle-Trp-NH2, and structural modifications to reduce electrostatic ligand-receptor interactions have been designed and synthesized. It is discovered that the tetrapeptide Ac-His-D-Phe(4-CF3)-Nle-Trp-NH2 resulted in a potent and selective hMC1R agonist at the hMC1R (EC50: 10 nM). Lizard anolis carolinensis pigmentation study shows very high potency in vivo. NMR studies revealed a reversed β turn structure which led to the potency and selectivity towards the hMC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Jixun Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Jonathon R Sawyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States.
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10
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Mykicki N, Herrmann AM, Schwab N, Deenen R, Sparwasser T, Limmer A, Wachsmuth L, Klotz L, Köhrer K, Faber C, Wiendl H, Luger TA, Meuth SG, Loser K. Melanocortin-1 receptor activation is neuroprotective in mouse models of neuroinflammatory disease. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:362ra146. [PMID: 27797962 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In inflammation-associated progressive neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory infiltrates containing T helper 1 (TH1) and TH17 cells cause demyelination and neuronal degeneration. Regulatory T cells (Treg) control the activation and infiltration of autoreactive T cells into the central nervous system (CNS). In MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, Treg function is impaired. We show that a recently approved drug, Nle4-d-Phe7-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-MSH), induced functional Treg, resulting in amelioration of EAE progression in mice. NDP-MSH also prevented immune cell infiltration into the CNS by restoring the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. NDP-MSH exerted long-lasting neuroprotective effects in mice with EAE and prevented excitotoxic death and reestablished action potential firing in mouse and human neurons in vitro. Neuroprotection by NDP-MSH was mediated via signaling through the melanocortin-1 and orphan nuclear 4 receptors in mouse and human neurons. NDP-MSH may be of benefit in treating neuroinflammatory diseases such as relapsing-remitting MS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mykicki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion-Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander M Herrmann
- Cells in Motion-Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Center, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Clinic for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Clinic of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Cells in Motion-Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,CRC1009 Breaking Barriers and CRC-TR 128 Multiple Sclerosis, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Cells in Motion-Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,CRC1009 Breaking Barriers and CRC-TR 128 Multiple Sclerosis, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas A Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion-Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Cells in Motion-Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,CRC1009 Breaking Barriers and CRC-TR 128 Multiple Sclerosis, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany. .,Cells in Motion-Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,CRC1009 Breaking Barriers and CRC-TR 128 Multiple Sclerosis, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Zhou Y, Haghighi SM, Zoi I, Sawyer JR, Hruby VJ, Cai M. Design of MC1R Selective γ-MSH Analogues with Canonical Amino Acids Leads to Potency and Pigmentation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9320-9329. [PMID: 29094944 PMCID: PMC5999399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a lethal form of skin cancer. Skin pigmentation, which is regulated by the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), is an effective protection against melanoma. However, the endogenous MC1R agonists lack selectivity for the MC1R and thus can have side effects. The use of noncanonical amino acids in previous MC1R ligand development raises safety concerns. Here we report the development of the first potent and selective hMC1R agonist with only canonical amino acids. Using γ-MSH as a template, we developed a peptide, [Leu3, Leu7, Phe8]-γ-MSH-NH2 (compound 5), which is 16-fold selective for the hMC1R (EC50 = 4.5 nM) versus other melanocortin receptors. Conformational studies revealed a constrained conformation for this linear peptide. Molecular docking demonstrated a hydrophobic binding pocket for the melanocortin 1 receptor. In vivo pigmentation study shows high potency and short duration. [Leu3, Leu7, Phe8]-γ-MSH-NH2 is ideal for inducing short-term skin pigmentation without sun for melanoma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioanna Zoi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jonathon R. Sawyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Minying Cai
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (520) 621-8617. Fax: (520) 621-8407.
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12
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Flori E, Mastrofrancesco A, Kovacs D, Bellei B, Briganti S, Maresca V, Cardinali G, Picardo M. The activation of PPARγ by 2,4,6-Octatrienoic acid protects human keratinocytes from UVR-induced damages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9241. [PMID: 28835664 PMCID: PMC5569026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention is addressed to identify products able to enhance skin photoprotection and to prevent skin carcinogenesis. Several studies have demonstrated that the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH), acting on a functional MC1R, provides a photoprotective effect by inducing pigmentation, antioxidants and DNA repair. We discovered a link between αMSH and the nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ), suggesting that some of the αMSH protective effects may be dependent on PPARγ transcriptional activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that the activation of PPARγ by the parrodiene 2,4,6-octatrienoic acid (Octa) induces melanogenesis and antioxidant defence in human melanocytes and counteracts senescence-like phenotype in human fibroblasts. In this study, we demonstrate that the activation of PPARγ by Octa exerts a protective effect against UVA- and UVB-induced damage on normal human keratinocytes (NHKs), the major target cells of UV radiation. Octa promotes the antioxidant defence, augments DNA repair and reduces the induction of proteins involved in UV-induced DNA damage response. Our results contribute to deepen the analysis of the αMSH/PPARγ connection and suggest perspectives for the development of new molecules and formulations able to prevent cutaneous UV damage by acting on the different skin cell populations through PPARγ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Mastrofrancesco
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Briganti
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Wolf Horrell EM, Jarrett SG, Carter KM, D'Orazio JA. Divergence of cAMP signalling pathways mediating augmented nucleotide excision repair and pigment induction in melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:577-584. [PMID: 28094871 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) polymorphisms are common in UV-sensitive fair-skinned individuals and are associated with blunted cAMP second messenger signalling and higher lifetime risk of melanoma because of diminished ability of melanocytes to cope with UV damage. cAMP signalling positions melanocytes to resist UV injury by upregulating synthesis of UV-blocking eumelanin pigment and by enhancing the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. cAMP enhances melanocyte nucleotide excision repair (NER), the genome maintenance pathway responsible for the removal of mutagenic UV photolesions, through cAMP-activated protein kinase (protein kinase A)-mediated phosphorylation of the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) protein on the S435 residue. We investigated the interdependence of cAMP-mediated melanin upregulation and cAMP-enhanced DNA repair in primary human melanocytes and a melanoma cell line. We observed that the ATR-dependent molecular pathway linking cAMP signalling to the NER pathway is independent of MITF activation. Similarly, cAMP-mediated upregulation of pigment synthesis is independent of ATR, suggesting that the key molecular events driving MC1R-mediated enhancement of genome maintenance (eg PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ATR) and MC1R-induced pigment induction (eg MITF activation) are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Wolf Horrell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stuart G Jarrett
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Katharine M Carter
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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14
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Herraiz C, Garcia-Borron JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Olivares C. MC1R signaling. Intracellular partners and pathophysiological implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2448-2461. [PMID: 28259754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) preferentially expressed in melanocytes is best known as a key regulator of the synthesis of epidermal melanin pigments. Its paracrine stimulation by keratinocyte-derived melanocortins also activates DNA repair pathways and antioxidant defenses to build a complex, multifaceted photoprotective response. Many MC1R actions rely on cAMP-dependent activation of two transcription factors, MITF and PGC1α, but pleiotropic MC1R signaling also involves activation of mitogen-activated kinases and AKT. MC1R partners such as β-arrestins, PTEN and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MGRN1 differentially regulate these pathways. The MC1R gene is complex and polymorphic, with frequent variants associated with skin phenotypes and increased cancer risk. We review current knowledge of signaling from canonical MC1R, its splice isoforms and natural polymorphic variants. Recently discovered intracellular targets and partners are also discussed, to highlight the diversity of mechanisms that may contribute to normal and pathological variation of pigmentation and sensitivity to solar radiation-induced damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose C Garcia-Borron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Inzelberg R, Flash S, Friedman E, Azizi E. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and Parkinson disease: Common pathways? Ann Neurol 2016; 80:811-820. [PMID: 27761938 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) in Parkinson disease (PD) are unclear, but plausibly involve common pathways. 129Ser-phosphorylated α-synuclein, a pathological PD hallmark, is abundantly expressed in CMM, but not in normal skin. In inherited PD, PARK genes harbor germline mutations; the same genes are somatically mutated in CMM, or their encoded proteins are involved in melanomagenesis. Conversely, genes associated with CMM affect PD risk. PD/CMM-targeted cells share neural crest origin and melanogenesis capability. Pigmentation gene variants may underlie their susceptibility. We review putative genetic intersections that may be suggestive of shared pathways in neurodegeneration/melanomagenesis. Ann Neurol 2016;80:811-820.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Inzelberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer
| | - Shira Flash
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Esther Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Lee EJ, Kim JY, Oh SH. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promote melanogenesis through receptor for AGEs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27848. [PMID: 27293210 PMCID: PMC4904211 DOI: 10.1038/srep27848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is linked with development or aggravation of many degenerative processes or disorders, including aging and atherosclerosis. AGEs production in skin cells is known to promote stiffness and loss of elasticity through their buildup in connective tissue. However, the impact of AGEs has yet to be fully explored in melanocytes. In this study, we confirmed the existence of receptor for AGE (RAGE) in melanocytes in western blot and immunofluorescence along with increased melanin production in ex vivo skin organ culture and in vitro melanocyte culture following AGEs treatment. Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 are considered as key regulatory proteins in AGEs-induced melanogenesis. In addition, blockage experiment using anti-RAGE blocking antibody has indicated that RAGE plays a pivotal role in AGE-mediated melanogenesis. Therefore, it is apparent that AGEs, known markers of aging, promote melanogenesis via RAGE. In addition, AGEs could be implicated in pigmentation associated with photoaging according to the results of increased secretion of AGEs from keratinocytes following UV irradiation. AGE-mediated melanogenesis may thus hold promise as a novel mean of altering skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Maresca V, Flori E, Picardo M. Skin phototype: a new perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:378-89. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
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18
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Malewicz M, Perlmann T. Function of transcription factors at DNA lesions in DNA repair. Exp Cell Res 2014; 329:94-100. [PMID: 25173987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular systems for DNA repair ensure prompt removal of DNA lesions that threaten the genomic stability of the cell. Transcription factors (TFs) have long been known to facilitate DNA repair via transcriptional regulation of specific target genes encoding key DNA repair proteins. However, recent findings identified TFs as DNA repair components acting directly at the DNA lesions in a transcription-independent fashion. Together this recent progress is consistent with the hypothesis that TFs have acquired the ability to localize DNA lesions and function by facilitating chromatin remodeling at sites of damaged DNA. Here we review these recent findings and discuss how TFs may function in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Malewicz
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 3, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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