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Silva MJA, Silva CS, Brasil TP, Alves AK, dos Santos EC, Frota CC, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. An update on leprosy immunopathogenesis: systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1416177. [PMID: 39308868 PMCID: PMC11412872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leprosy is a chronic infectious condition and the main cause of neuropathy that occurs brought on by M. leprae. It is known that the biological characteristics of the human host, such as the immunological ones, have a higher influence on the pathology of this disease than the intrinsic mechanisms of the bacterium. The objective of this work was to review the scientific knowledge about the relationship between immunopathology and the severity of leprosy. Methods A systematic review following the PRISMA 2020 recommendations was conducted in the PUBMED, LILACS, SciELO and Science Direct databases using articles in English, Portuguese or Spanish between January 2011 and May 2022 with the descriptors "Leprosy/Immunology", "Cytokines" and "Mycobacterium leprae". A methodological quality assessment was carried out using the JBI checklists. Results A total of 49 articles were included. There is a relationship of greater severity of infection associated with lower release of MHC molecules in response to PGL-1 that inhibit the promotion of resolving T lymphocytes arising from dendritic cells (DCs) stimulation. In addition, the differentiation of macrophage phenotypes dependent on the activation of PRRs can define activation and the distinct type of T helper (Th) cells involved according to severity. Activated CD8+ T cells also have distinct types at the appropriate poles of the disease, and B cells show at the most severe pole of the LL, specific induction of IgA and more Treg-type CD8+ T cells that further contribute to T cell anergy. Conclusion Therefore, the adaptive immune system aggravates nerve damage and defines the type of leprosy, while the innate immune system is considerably more significant in the onset of nerve damage, symptomatic of the initial presentation of illness and in several critical immune responses, including inflammation and elimination of dead M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pinto Brasil
- Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Karoliny Alves
- Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Cunha Frota
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
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Tarique M, Naz H, Suhail M, Turan A, Saini C, Muhammad N, Shankar H, Zughaibi TA, Khan TH, Khanna N, Sharma A. Differential expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on various immune cells and its role in human leprosy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1138145. [PMID: 37153623 PMCID: PMC10161389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy patients have been found to have defects in T cells activation, which is critical to the clearance of the bacilli. Treg cell suppression is mediated by inhibitory cytokines such as IL10, IL-35 and TGF-β and its frequency is higher in leprosy patients. Activation and overexpression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor is considered to one of the pathways to inhibit T-cell response in human leprosy. In the current study we address the effect of PD-1 on Tregs function and its immuno-suppressive function in leprosy patients. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression of PD-1 and its ligands on various immune cells T cells, B cells, Tregs and monocytes. We observed higher expression of PD-1 on Tregs is associated with lower production of IL-10 in leprosy patients. PD-1 ligands on T cells, B cells, Tregs and monocytes found to be higher in the leprosy patients as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, in vitro blocking of PD-1 restores the Tregs mediated suppression of Teff and increase secretion of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Moreover, overexpression of PD-1 positively correlates with disease severity as well as Bacteriological Index (BI) among leprosy patients. Collectively, our data suggested that PD-1 overexpression on various immune cells is associated with disease severity in human leprosy. Manipulation and inhibition of PD-1 signaling pathway on Tregs alter and restore the Treg cell suppression activity in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Turan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hari Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tabish H. Khan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Alpana Sharma,
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Tarique M, Suhail M, Naz H, Muhammad N, Tabrez S, Zughaibi TA, Abuzenadah AM, Hashem AM, Shankar H, Saini C, Sharma A. Where do T cell subsets stand in SARS-CoV-2 infection: an update. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:964265. [PMID: 36034704 PMCID: PMC9399648 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.964265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China in December 2019 and spread so rapidly all around the globe. It's continued and spreading more dangerously in India and Brazil with higher mortality rate. Understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 depends on unraveling of interactional mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and human immune response. The immune response is a complex process, which can be better understood by understanding the immunological response and pathological mechanisms of COVID-19, which will provide new treatments, increase treatment efficacy, and decrease mortality associated with the disease. In this review we present a amalgamate viewpoint based on the current available knowledge on COVID-19 which includes entry of the virus and multiplication of virus, its pathological effects on the cellular level, immunological reaction, systemic and organ presentation. T cells play a crucial role in controlling and clearing viral infections. Several studies have now shown that the severity of the COVID-19 disease is inversely correlated with the magnitude of the T cell response. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses is of high interest because T cells are attractive vaccine targets and could help reduce COVID-19 severity. Even though there is a significant amount of literature regarding SARS-CoV-2, there are still very few studies focused on understanding the T cell response to this novel virus. Nevertheless, a majority of these studies focused on peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were specific for viruses. The focus of this review is on different subtypes of T cell responses in COVID-19 patients, Th17, follicular helper T (TFH), regulatory T (Treg) cells, and less classical, invariant T cell populations, such as δγ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells etc that could influence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huma Naz
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hari Shankar
- India Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Mi Z, Wang Z, Xue X, Liu T, Wang C, Sun L, Yu G, Zhang Y, Shi P, Sun Y, Yang Y, Ma S, Wang Z, Yu Y, Liu J, Liu H, Zhang F. The immune-suppressive landscape in lepromatous leprosy revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Cell Discov 2022; 8:2. [PMID: 35013182 PMCID: PMC8748782 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepromatous leprosy (L-LEP), caused by the massive proliferation of Mycobacterium leprae primarily in macrophages, is an ideal disease model for investigating the molecular mechanism of intracellular bacteria evading or modulating host immune response. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of both skin biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of L-LEP patients and healthy controls. In L-LEP lesions, we revealed remarkable upregulation of APOE expression that showed a negative correlation with the major histocompatibility complex II gene HLA-DQB2 and MIF, which encodes a pro-inflammatory and anti-microbial cytokine, in the subset of macrophages exhibiting a high expression level of LIPA. The exhaustion of CD8+ T cells featured by the high expression of TIGIT and LAG3 in L-LEP lesions was demonstrated. Moreover, remarkable enhancement of inhibitory immune receptors mediated crosstalk between skin immune cells was observed in L-LEP lesions. For PBMCs, a high expression level of APOE in the HLA-DRhighFBP1high monocyte subset and the expansion of regulatory T cells were found to be associated with L-LEP. These findings revealed the primary suppressive landscape in the L-LEP patients, providing potential targets for the intervention of intracellular bacteria caused persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Mi
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Xiaotong Xue
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Tingting Liu
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Chuan Wang
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Lele Sun
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Gongqi Yu
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Peidian Shi
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yonghu Sun
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhe Wang
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yueqian Yu
- grid.410587.fShandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XHuman Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ocular manifestations of leprosy do occur despite advances in the areas of leprosy research. Understanding the nuances in the domain shall guide the clinician for effective patient-centered care. RECENT FINDINGS Despite the existence of microbiologic cure for leprosy, ocular manifestations of this disease do occur. Advances in genetic and genomic studies have better characterized the interaction that the bacteria has with the host. The ocular features vary with the spectrum of the disease. Its careful correlation can help to predict the bacillary load of the patient. Investigations are particularly relevant in multibacillary cases. The WHO suggests a treatment duration longer than the 2 years in ocular involvement. SUMMARY The isolation of lepra bacilli from the iris biopsy in negative skin smear patients and multidrug therapy completion highlights the potential role of bactericidal agents in the planned intraocular treatment. Lepra reactions need careful titration of oral steroids and appropriate antibacterial agents. Advances in phacoemulsification with in the bag implantation of intraocular lenses is a game changer in the management of the most common cause of blindness of leprosy. Advances in vaccine research in leprosy are promising.
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Tarique M, Naz H, Saini C, Suhail M, Shankar H, Khanna N, Sharma A. Association of IL-10 Gene Polymorphism With IL-10 Secretion by CD4 and T Regulatory Cells in Human Leprosy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1974. [PMID: 32849660 PMCID: PMC7424005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Cytokines are known to play vital role as a peacekeeper during inflammatory and other immunocompromised conditions such as leprosy. This study has tried to bridge the gap of information on cytokine gene polymorphisms and its potential role in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunosuppressive cytokine, found to be elevated in leprosy that accounted for the suppression of host’s immune system by regulating the functions of other immune cells. T helper cells and T regulatory (Tregs) cells are the major source of IL-10 in lepromatous leprosy patients. In this study, we have documented the association of IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphism with the disease progression. A total of 132 lepromatous leprosy patients and 120 healthy controls were analyzed for IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphisms using PCR-SSP assay and flow cytometry was used to analyze IL-10 secretion by CD4 and Tregs in various genotype of leprosy patients. The frequencies of IL-10 (-819) TT and IL-10 (-1082) GG genotypes were significantly higher in leprosy patients as compared to healthy controls. This observation advocates that these genotypes were associated with the susceptibility and development of the disease. In addition, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an increased number of IL-10 producing CD4 and Treg cells in IL-10 (819) TT genotype compared to CT and CC genotypes. These observations were further supported by immunohistochemical studies. Therefore, we can conclude that IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphisms by affecting its production can determine the predilection and progression of leprosy in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hari Shankar
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR - National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Mi Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Advances in the Immunology and Genetics of Leprosy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32373110 PMCID: PMC7176874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis, has affected humans for more than 4,000 years and is a stigmatized disease even now. Since clinical manifestations of leprosy patients present as an immune-related spectrum, leprosy is regarded as an ideal model for studying the interaction between host immune response and infection; in fact, the landscape of leprosy immune responses has been extensively investigated. Meanwhile, leprosy is to some extent a genetic disease because the genetic factors of hosts have long been considered major contributors to this disease. Many immune-related genes have been discovered to be associated with leprosy. However, immunological and genetic findings have rarely been studied and discussed together, and as a result, the effects of gene variants on leprosy immune responses and the molecular mechanisms of leprosy pathogenesis are largely unknown. In this context, we summarized advances in both the immunology and genetics of leprosy and discussed the perspective of the combination of immunological and genetic approaches in studying the molecular mechanism of leprosy pathogenesis. In our opinion, the integrating of immunological and genetic approaches in the future may be promising to elucidate the molecular mechanism of leprosy onset and how leprosy develops into different types of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Tarique M, Naz H, Kurra SV, Saini C, Naqvi RA, Rai R, Suhail M, Khanna N, Rao DN, Sharma A. Interleukin-10 Producing Regulatory B Cells Transformed CD4 +CD25 - Into Tregs and Enhanced Regulatory T Cells Function in Human Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1636. [PMID: 30083152 PMCID: PMC6065098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are known to exhibit their regulatory functions through interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine which suppress inflammation. There are only a few studies explaining the phenotype and functioning of these cells in contribution to host immunity in leprosy. Here, we evaluated the role of IL-10 producing Bregs in the pathogenesis of leprosy and assessed their immunoregulatory effects on Tregs and effector T cells. We found an increased frequency of Bregs and increased expression of their immune modulatory molecules (IL-10, FoxP3, and PDL-1) in leprosy patients. The potential immunoregulatory mechanism of Bregs was also investigated using MACS sorted Teff (CD4+CD25−) and Treg (CD4+CD25+) cells were cocultured with Bregs to elucidate the effects of Bregs on effector T and regulatory T cells. Cell coculture results showed that purified Bregs cells from leprosy patients convert CD4+CD25− cells into CD4+CD25+ cells. Cell coculture experiments also demonstrated that leprosy derived IL-10 producing Bregs enhance FoxP3 and PD-1 expression in Tregs and enhanced Tregs activity. Blocking of IL-10 receptor confirmed that IL-10 producing Breg has immunomodulatory effect on Tregs and effector T cells as effector T cells are not converted into Tregs and enhanced expression of FoxP3 and PD-1 was not observed on Tregs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IL-10 producing Breg cells play an important mechanism in controlling the immunopathogenesis of leprosy and have an immunomodulatory effect on Tregs and effector T cells. Our findings may pave way for novel targets of IL-10 producing Bregs for immunotherapy in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh V Kurra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Reeta Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Donthamshetty N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Saini C, Tarique M, Ramesh V, Khanna N, Sharma A. γδ T cells are associated with inflammation and immunopathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Immunol Lett 2018; 200:55-65. [PMID: 30006101 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy reactions appear episodically in leprosy patients, which lead to high inflammation, morbidity and peripheral nerve damage. The role of Th17 cell has been well studied in leprosy reactions but the role of γδ or unconventional T cells which is an other major source of IL-17 in many diseases, not studied in leprosy reactional episodes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study to elucidate the role of γδ T cells in leprosy reactions. METHODOLOGY A total of 40 untreated non-reaction and reactions patients were recruited. PBMCs were isolated and stimulated with M. leprae sonicated antigen (MLSA) for 48 h and immuno-phenotyping was done using flow cytometry. Moreover, γδ T cells were isolated by Magnetic beads technology and mRNA expression of IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β and FOXP3 were analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) and cytokine was estimated in the culture supernatant by ELISA. RESULTS γδ T cells were significantly increased in both Reversal reaction (RR) and Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reaction patients. These cells produced significant amount of IL-17 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, CD3+TCRγδ+ T cells expressed transient FOXP3 with a low amount of TGF-β in both reactions as compared to stable patients. Moreover, low TGF-β producing TCR-γδ cells were associated with low phosphorylation of STAT5A. CONCLUSION This study will add to our understanding of the immunological features that mediate and regulate the pathogenesis of leprosy and may helpful to reduce the immuno-pathogenesis of leprosy reaction by targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - V Ramesh
- Dermatology and Venereology SJH, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Saini C, Tarique M, Rai R, Siddiqui A, Khanna N, Sharma A. T helper cells in leprosy: An update. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:61-66. [PMID: 28235552 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient disease caused by gram positive, rod shaped bacilli called Mycobacterium leprae. Patients present with varied clinico-pathological disease depending on the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Thus tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous (LL) patients represent two ends of a spectrum where the former shows limited disease, high T cell mediate immune (CMI) response and low antibody (HI) levels in serum. In contrast the latter has low T cell and high humoral immune response i.e antibody levels. The mechanisms underlying these differences have been investigated intensely; however, there is no consensus on the primary immunological basis. Over three decades, Th1 and Th2 paradigm were thought to underling tuberculoid and lepromatous disease respectively. However many patients were shown to have mixed Th1/Th2 pattern of (IFN-γ/IL-4) cytokines. The present review was undertaken with a view to understand the T cells and cytokine dysregulation in leprosy. In recent years the sub classes of T cells that are Regulatory in nature (Treg) have been implicated in immune diseases where they were shown to suppress T cell functions. Additionally Th17 cells secreting IL-17A, IL17F, were implicated in immune inflammation. Taken together these regulatory cells may play a part in influencing immune responses in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Reeta Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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