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Zhu B, Liang L, Hui L, Lu Y. Exploring the role of dermal sheath cells in wound healing and fibrosis. Wound Repair Regen 2024. [PMID: 39129718 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex, dynamic process involving the coordinated interaction of diverse cell types, growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components. Despite emerging evidence highlighting their importance, dermal sheath cells remain a largely overlooked aspect of wound healing research. This review explores the multifunctional roles of dermal sheath cells in various phases of wound healing, including modulating inflammation, aiding in proliferation, and contributing to extracellular matrix remodelling. Special attention is devoted to the paracrine effects of dermal sheath cells and their role in fibrosis, highlighting their potential in improving healing outcomes, especially in differentiating between hairy and non-hairy skin sites. By drawing connections between dermal sheath cells activity and wound healing outcomes, this work proposes new insights into the mechanisms of tissue regeneration and repair, marking a step forward in our understanding of wound healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, affiliated with Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Lu Liang
- Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, affiliated with Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Lihua Hui
- Burn Research Institute of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, affiliated with Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Yaojun Lu
- Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, affiliated with Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
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2
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Xiong L, Zhevlakova I, West XZ, Gao D, Murtazina R, Horak A, Brown JM, Molokotina I, Podrez EA, Byzova TV. TLR2 regulates hair follicle cycle and regeneration via BMP signaling. eLife 2024; 12:RP89335. [PMID: 38483447 PMCID: PMC10939499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiology of hair loss remains enigmatic, and current remedies remain inadequate. Transcriptome analysis of aging hair follicles uncovered changes in immune pathways, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Our findings demonstrate that the maintenance of hair follicle homeostasis and the regeneration capacity after damage depend on TLR2 in hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). In healthy hair follicles, TLR2 is expressed in a cycle-dependent manner and governs HFSCs activation by countering inhibitory BMP signaling. Hair follicles in aging and obesity exhibit a decrease in both TLR2 and its endogenous ligand carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP), a metabolite of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Administration of CEP stimulates hair regeneration through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. These results establish a novel connection between TLR2-mediated innate immunity and HFSC activation, which is pivotal to hair follicle health and the prevention of hair loss and provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Irina Zhevlakova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Xiaoxia Z West
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Detao Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Rakhilya Murtazina
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Anthony Horak
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Iuliia Molokotina
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
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3
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Xiong L, Zhevlakova I, West XZ, Gao D, Murtazina R, Horak A, Brown JM, Molokotina I, Podrez EA, Byzova TV. TLR2 Regulates Hair Follicle Cycle and Regeneration via BMP Signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.14.553236. [PMID: 37645905 PMCID: PMC10462054 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.14.553236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of hair loss remains enigmatic, and current remedies remain inadequate. Transcriptome analysis of aging hair follicles uncovered changes in immune pathways, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Our findings demonstrate that the maintenance of hair follicle homeostasis and the regeneration capacity after damage depends on TLR2 in hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). In healthy hair follicles, TLR2 is expressed in a cycle-dependent manner and governs HFSCs activation by countering inhibitory BMP signaling. Hair follicles in aging and obesity exhibit a decrease in both TLR2 and its endogenous ligand carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP), a metabolite of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Administration of CEP stimulates hair regeneration through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. These results establish a novel connection between TLR2-mediated innate immunity and HFSC activation, which is pivotal to hair follicle health and the prevention of hair loss and provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Irina Zhevlakova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Z. West
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Detao Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rakhylia Murtazina
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Current address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois; Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Anthony Horak
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Iuliia Molokotina
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Eugene A. Podrez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tatiana V. Byzova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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4
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Shannon JL, Corcoran DL, Murray JC, Ziegler SF, MacLeod AS, Zhang JY. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin controls hair growth. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:649-663. [PMID: 35216683 PMCID: PMC9039851 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin tissue regeneration after injury involves the production and integration of signals by stem cells residing in hair follicles (HFSCs). Much remains unknown about how specific wound-derived factors modulate stem cell contribution to hair growth. We demonstrate that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is produced in response to skin injury and during the anagen phase of the hair cycle. Intradermal injection of TSLP promoted wound-induced hair growth (WIHG), whereas neutralizing TSLP receptor (TSLPR) inhibited WIHG. Using flow cytometry and fluorescent immunostaining, we found that TSLP promoted proliferation of transit-amplifying cells. Lgr5CreER-mediated deletion of Tslpr in HFSCs inhibited both wound-induced and exogenous TSLP-induced hair growth. Our data highlight a novel function for TSLP in regulation of hair follicle activity during homeostasis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Shannon
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, P.O. Box 103052, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David L Corcoran
- Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - John C Murray
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, P.O. Box 103052, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, P.O. Box 103052, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, P.O. Box 103052, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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5
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Yue Z, Lei M, Paus R, Chuong CM. The global regulatory logic of organ regeneration: circuitry lessons from skin and its appendages. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2573-2583. [PMID: 34145718 PMCID: PMC10874616 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In organ regeneration, the regulatory logic at a systems level remains largely unclear. For example, what defines the quantitative threshold to initiate regeneration, and when does the regeneration process come to an end? What leads to the qualitatively different responses of regeneration, which restore the original structure, or to repair which only heals a wound? Here we discuss three examples in skin regeneration: epidermal recovery after radiation damage, hair follicle fate choice after chemotherapy damage, and wound-induced feather regeneration. We propose that the molecular regulatory circuitry is of paramount significance in organ regeneration. It is conceivable that defects in these controlling pathways may lead to failed regeneration and/or organ renewal, and understanding the underlying logic could help to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiCao Yue
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Carson International Cancer Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Mingxing Lei
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, U.S.A
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6
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Wu P, Jiang TX, Lei M, Chen CK, Hsieh Li SM, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Cyclic growth of dermal papilla and regeneration of follicular mesenchymal components during feather cycling. Development 2021; 148:dev198671. [PMID: 34344024 PMCID: PMC10656464 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
How dermis maintains tissue homeostasis in cyclic growth and wounding is a fundamental unsolved question. Here, we study how dermal components of feather follicles undergo physiological (molting) and plucking injury-induced regeneration in chickens. Proliferation analyses reveal quiescent, transient-amplifying (TA) and long-term label-retaining dermal cell (LRDC) states. During the growth phase, LRDCs are activated to make new dermal components with distinct cellular flows. Dermal TA cells, enriched in the proximal follicle, generate both peripheral pulp, which extends distally to expand the epithelial-mesenchymal interactive interface for barb patterning, and central pulp, which provides nutrition. Entering the resting phase, LRDCs, accompanying collar bulge epidermal label-retaining cells, descend to the apical dermal papilla. In the next cycle, these apical dermal papilla LRDCs are re-activated to become new pulp progenitor TA cells. In the growth phase, lower dermal sheath can generate dermal papilla and pulp. Transcriptome analyses identify marker genes and highlight molecular signaling associated with dermal specification. We compare the cyclic topological changes with those of the hair follicle, a convergently evolved follicle configuration. This work presents a model for analyzing homeostasis and tissue remodeling of mesenchymal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mingxing Lei
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Man Hsieh Li
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Tiede S, Hundt JE, Paus R. UDP-GlcNAc-1-Phosphotransferase Is a Clinically Important Regulator of Human and Mouse Hair Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2957-2965.e5. [PMID: 34116066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UDP-GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase, a product of two separate genes (GNPTAB, GNPTG), is essential for the sorting and transportation of lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes. GNPTAB gene defects cause extracellular missorting of lysosomal enzymes resulting in lysosomal storage diseases, namely mucolipidosis type II and mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta, which is associated with hair discoloration. Yet, the physiological functions of GNPTAB in the control of hair follicle (HF) pigmentation remain unknown. To elucidate these, we have silenced GNPTAB in organ-cultured human HFs as a human ex vivo model for mucolipidosis type II. GNPTAB silencing profoundly inhibited intrafollicular melanin production, the correct sorting of melanosomes, tyrosinase activity, and HMB45 expression in the HF pigmentary unit and altered HF melanocyte morphology in situ. In isolated primary human HF melanocytes, GNPTAB knockdown significantly reduced melanogenesis, tyrosinase activity, and correct tyrosinase protein sorting as well as POMC expression and caused the expected lysosomal enzyme missorting in vitro. Moreover, transgenic mice overexpressing an inserted missense mutation corresponding to that seen in human mucolipidosis type II and mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta showed significantly reduced HF pigmentation, thus corroborating the in vivo relevance of our ex vivo and in vitro findings in the human system. This identifies GNPTAB as a clinically important enzymatic control of human HF pigmentation, likely by directly controlling tyrosinase sorting and POMC transcription in HF melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Tiede
- International Center for Lysosomal Disorders, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; University Children's Research at Kinder-UKE, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer E Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; The NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA; Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.
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8
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A Cell Membrane-Level Approach to Cicatricial Alopecia Management: Is Caveolin-1 a Viable Therapeutic Target in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050572. [PMID: 34069454 PMCID: PMC8159142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible destruction of the hair follicle (HF) in primary cicatricial alopecia and its most common variant, frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), results from apoptosis and pathological epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of epithelial HF stem cells (eHFSCs), in conjunction with the collapse of bulge immune privilege (IP) and interferon-gamma-mediated chronic inflammation. The scaffolding protein caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a key component of specialized cell membrane microdomains (caveolae) that regulates multiple signaling events, and even though Cav1 is most prominently expressed in the bulge area of human scalp HFs, it has not been investigated in any cicatricial alopecia context. Interestingly, in mice, Cav1 is involved in the regulation of (1) key HF IP guardians (TGF-β and α-MSH signaling), (2) IP collapse inducers/markers (IFNγ, substance P and MICA), and (3) EMT. Therefore, we hypothesize that Cav1 may be an unrecognized, important player in the pathobiology of cicatricial alopecias, and particularly, in FFA, which is currently considered as the most common type of primary lymphocytic scarring alopecia in the world. We envision that localized therapeutic inhibition of Cav1 in management of FFA (by cholesterol depleting agents, i.e., cyclodextrins/statins), could inhibit and potentially reverse bulge IP collapse and pathological EMT. Moreover, manipulation of HF Cav1 expression/localization would not only be relevant for management of cicatricial alopecia, but FFA could also serve as a model disease for elucidating the role of Cav1 in other stem cell- and/or IP collapse-related pathologies.
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Martino PA, Heitman N, Rendl M. The dermal sheath: An emerging component of the hair follicle stem cell niche. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:512-521. [PMID: 33006790 PMCID: PMC8016715 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles cyclically regenerate throughout adult mammalian life, owing to a resident population of epithelial hair follicle stem cells. Stem cell (SC) activity drives bouts of follicle growth, which are periodically interrupted by follicle regression and rest. These phases and the transitions between them are tightly spatiotemporally coordinated by signalling crosstalk between stem/progenitor cells and the various cell types of the microenvironment, or niche. The dermal papilla (DP) is a cluster of specialized mesenchymal cells that have long been recognized for important niche roles in regulating hair follicle SC activation, as well as progenitor proliferation and differentiation during follicle growth. In addition to the DP, the mesenchyme of the murine pelage follicle is also comprised of a follicle-lining smooth muscle known as the dermal sheath (DS), which has been far less studied than the DP yet may be equally specialized and important for hair cycling. In this review, we define the murine pelage DS in comparison with human DS and discuss recent work that highlights the emergent importance of the DS in the hair follicle SC niche. Last, we examine potential therapeutic applications for the DS in hair regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Martino
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
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10
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Paus R. Shining a (blue) light on hair follicle chronobiology and photobiomodulation. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:189-192. [PMID: 33433942 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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11
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Morgun EI, Vorotelyak EA. Epidermal Stem Cells in Hair Follicle Cycling and Skin Regeneration: A View From the Perspective of Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581697. [PMID: 33240882 PMCID: PMC7680886 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many studies devoted to the role of hair follicle stem cells in wound healing as well as in follicle self-restoration. At the same time, the influence of the inflammatory cells on the hair follicle cycling in both injured and intact skin is well established. Immune cells of all wound healing stages, including macrophages, γδT cells, and T regs, may activate epidermal stem cells to provide re-epithelization and wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. In addition to the ability of epidermal cells to maintain epidermal morphogenesis through differentiation program, they can undergo de-differentiation and acquire stem features under the influence of inflammatory milieu. Simultaneously, a stem cell compartment may undergo re-programming to adopt another fate. The proportion of skin resident immune cells and wound-attracted inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages) in wound-induced hair follicle anagen and plucking-induced anagen is still under discussion to date. Experimental data suggesting the role of reactive oxygen species and prostaglandins, which are uncharacteristic of the intact skin, in the hair follicle cycling indicates the role of neutrophils in injury-induced conditions. In this review, we discuss some of the hair follicles stem cell activities, such as wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis, hair follicle cycling, and re-epithelization, through the prism of inflammation. The plasticity of epidermal stem cells under the influence of inflammatory microenvironment is considered. The relationship between inflammation, scarring, and follicle neogenesis as an indicator of complete wound healing is also highlighted. Taking into consideration the available data, we also conclude that there may exist a presumptive interlink between the stem cell activation, inflammation and the components of programmed cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I. Morgun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. McElwee
- Centre for Skin Sciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
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13
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Plikus MV, Chuong CM. Understanding skin morphogenesis across developmental, regenerative and evolutionary levels. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:327-331. [PMID: 30951234 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,International Wound Repair and Regenerative Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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