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Jang YA, Kim SG, Kim HK, Lee JT. Biological Activity and Component Analyses of Chamaecyparis obtusa Leaf Extract: Evaluation of Antiwrinkle and Cell Protection Effects in UVA-Irradiated Cells. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040755. [PMID: 37109713 PMCID: PMC10146071 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtuse) extract has been used as a folk medicinal remedy in East Asian countries to alleviate inflammation and prevent allergies. Active oxygen causes skin aging and leads to skin cell and tissue damage. Extensive research has been conducted to control active oxygen generation to prevent skin aging. We evaluated the antioxidant activity and antiwrinkle effect of C. obtusa extract to determine its potential as a cosmetic material. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of a 70% ethanol extract of C. obtusa (COE 70) and a water extract of C. obtusa (COW) was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) scavenging, superoxide dismutase-like activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The effective concentration of the extracts was determined using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay to evaluate their toxicity. The effects of COE 70 on the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and procollagen, and expression of activated cytokines, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), in UVA-irradiated fibroblasts were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, quercitrin, amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, and myricetin concentrations in COE 70 were determined using high-pressure high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: COE 70 had higher polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations than COW and exhibited an excellent antioxidant effect. COE 70 suppressed UVA-induced fibroblast death by 21.3% at 25 µg/mL. It also increased MMP-1, MMP-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA levels at 5-25 µg/mL compared with those in control UVA-irradiated fibroblasts. Moreover, mRNA levels of collagen type I and superoxide dismutase significantly increased, indicating the antiwrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract. Among the COE 70 components, quercitrin concentration was the highest; hence, quercitrin could be an active ingredient. Conclusions: COE 70 could be used as a natural antioxidant and antiwrinkle agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ah Jang
- Convergence Research Center for Smart Healthcare of KS R & DB Foundation, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Gie Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan-si 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Lee
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
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Cathepsins in the extracellular space: Focusing on non-lysosomal proteolytic functions with clinical implications. Cell Signal 2023; 103:110531. [PMID: 36417977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins can be found in the extracellular space, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It was initially suspected that the primary physiological function of the cathepsins was to break down intracellular protein, and that they also had a role in pathological processes including inflammation and apoptosis. However, the many actions of cathepsins outside the cell and their complicated biological impacts have garnered much interest. Cathepsins play significant roles in a number of illnesses by regulating parenchymal cell proliferation, cell migration, viral invasion, inflammation, and immunological responses through extracellular matrix remodeling, signaling disruption, leukocyte recruitment, and cell adhesion. In this review, we outline the physiological roles of cathepsins in the extracellular space, the crucial pathological functions performed by cathepsins in illnesses, and the recent breakthroughs in the detection and therapy of specific inhibitors and fluorescent probes in associated dysfunction.
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Kotb MA, Kotb A, Talaat S, Shehata SM, El Dessouki N, ElHaddad AA, El Tagy G, Esmat H, Shehata S, Hashim M, Kotb HA, Zekry H, Abd Elkader HM, Kaddah S, Abd El Baky HE, Lotfi N. Congenital aflatoxicosis, mal-detoxification genomics & ontogeny trigger immune-mediated Kotb disease biliary atresia variant: SANRA compliant review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30368. [PMID: 36181129 PMCID: PMC9524989 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common indication for pediatric liver transplantation. We describe The BA variant: Kotb disease. Liver tissue in the Kotb disease BA is massively damaged by congenital aflatoxicosis resulting in inflammation, adhesions, fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, scarring, cholestasis, focal syncytial giant cell transformation, and typical immune response involving infiltration by CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, CD14+, neutrophil infiltration, neutrophil elastase spill, heavy loads of aflatoxin B1, accelerated cirrhosis, disruption of p53 and GSTPi, and have null glutathione S transferase M1 (GSTM1). All their mothers are heterozygous for GSTM1. This inability to detoxify aflatoxicosis results in progressive inflammatory adhesions and obliterative cholangiopathy early in life. The typical disruption of both p53 and GSTPi causes loss of fidelity of hepatic regeneration. Hence, regeneration in Kotb disease BA typically promotes accelerated cirrhosis. The immune response in Kotb disease BA is for damage control and initiation of regeneration, yet, this friendly fire incurs massive structural collateral damage. The Kotb disease BA is about actual ongoing hepatic entrapment of aflatoxins with lack of ability of safe disposal due to child detoxification-genomics disarray. The Kotb disease BA is a product of the interaction of persistent congenital aflatoxicosis, genetic lack of GSTM1 detoxification, ontogenically impaired activity of other hepatic detoxification, massive neutrophil-elastase, immune-induced damage, and disturbed regeneration. Ante-natal and neonatal screening for aflatoxicosis, avoiding cord milking, and stringent control of aflatoxicosis content of human, poultry and live-stock feeds might prove effective for prevention, prompt diagnosis and management based on our recent understanding of its patho-genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magd A. Kotb
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
- *Correspondence: (e-mail: )
| | - Ahmed Kotb
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Sahar Talaat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Sherif M. Shehata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Nabil El Dessouki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. ElHaddad
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Gamal El Tagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Haytham Esmat
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Sameh Shehata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hashim
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hanan A. Kotb
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hanan Zekry
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Sherif Kaddah
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Nabil Lotfi
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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4
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Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Cossarizza A, Quaglino D. The "Elastic Perspective" of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031559. [PMID: 35163482 PMCID: PMC8835950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin represents the structural component of the extracellular matrix providing elastic recoil to tissues such as skin, blood vessels and lungs. Elastogenic cells secrete soluble tropoelastin monomers into the extracellular space where these monomers associate with other matrix proteins (e.g., microfibrils and glycoproteins) and are crosslinked by lysyl oxidase to form insoluble fibres. Once elastic fibres are formed, they are very stable, highly resistant to degradation and have an almost negligible turnover. However, there are circumstances, mainly related to inflammatory conditions, where increased proteolytic degradation of elastic fibres may lead to consequences of major clinical relevance. In severely affected COVID-19 patients, for instance, the massive recruitment and activation of neutrophils is responsible for the profuse release of elastases and other proteolytic enzymes which cause the irreversible degradation of elastic fibres. Within the lungs, destruction of the elastic network may lead to the permanent impairment of pulmonary function, thus suggesting that elastases can be a promising target to preserve the elastic component in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic factors additionally contributing to damaging the elastic component and to increasing the spread and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (F.D.L.)
| | - Francesco Demetrio Lofaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (F.D.L.)
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (F.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Wilkinson HN, Hardman MJ. A role for estrogen in skin ageing and dermal biomechanics. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111513. [PMID: 34044023 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the body's primary defence against the external environment, preventing infection and desiccation. Therefore, alterations to skin homeostasis, for example with skin ageing, increase susceptibility to skin disease and injury. Skin biological ageing is uniquely influenced by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic (primarily photoageing) factors, with differential effects on skin structure and function. Interestingly, skin architecture rapidly changes following the menopause, as a direct result of reduced circulating 17β-estradiol. The traditional clinical benefit of estrogens are supported by recent experimental data, where 17β-estradiol supplementation prevents age-related decline in the skin's structural and mechanical properties. However, the off-target effects of 17β-estradiol continue to challenge therapeutic application. Here we discuss how ageing alters the physiological and structural properties of the dermal extracellular matrix, and explore how estrogen receptor-targeted therapies may restore the mechanical defects associated with skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N Wilkinson
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Hardman
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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6
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Schmelzer CEH, Duca L. Elastic fibers: formation, function, and fate during aging and disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:3704-3730. [PMID: 33896108 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are extracellular components of higher vertebrates and confer elasticity and resilience to numerous tissues and organs such as large blood vessels, lungs, and skin. Their formation and maturation take place in a complex multistage process called elastogenesis. It requires interactions between very different proteins but also other molecules and leads to the deposition and crosslinking of elastin's precursor on a scaffold of fibrillin-rich microfibrils. Mature fibers are exceptionally resistant to most influences and, under healthy conditions, retain their biomechanical function over the life of the organism. However, due to their longevity, they accumulate damages during aging. These are caused by proteolytic degradation, formation of advanced glycation end products, calcification, oxidative damage, aspartic acid racemization, lipid accumulation, carbamylation, and mechanical fatigue. The resulting changes can lead to diminution or complete loss of elastic fiber function and ultimately affect morbidity and mortality. Particularly, the production of elastokines has been clearly shown to influence several life-threatening diseases. Moreover, the structure, distribution, and abundance of elastic fibers are directly or indirectly influenced by a variety of inherited pathological conditions, which mainly affect organs and tissues such as skin, lungs, or the cardiovascular system. A distinction can be made between microfibril-related inherited diseases that are the result of mutations in diverse microfibril genes and indirectly affect elastogenesis, and elastinopathies that are linked to changes in the elastin gene. This review gives an overview on the formation, structure, and function of elastic fibers and their fate over the human lifespan in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Sante, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
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7
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Heinz A. Elastic fibers during aging and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101255. [PMID: 33434682 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are essential constituents of the extracellular matrix of higher vertebrates and endow several tissues and organs including lungs, skin and blood vessels with elasticity and resilience. During the human lifespan, elastic fibers are exposed to a variety of enzymatic, chemical and biophysical influences, and accumulate damage due to their low turnover. Aging of elastin and elastic fibers involves enzymatic degradation, oxidative damage, glycation, calcification, aspartic acid racemization, binding of lipids and lipid peroxidation products, carbamylation and mechanical fatigue. These processes can trigger an impairment or loss of elastic fiber function and are associated with severe pathologies. There are different inherited or acquired pathological conditions, which influence the structure and function of elastic fibers and microfibrils predominantly in the cardiorespiratory system and skin. Inherited elastic-fiber pathologies have a direct or indirect impact on elastic-fiber formation due to mutations in the fibrillin genes (fibrillinopathies), in the elastin gene (elastinopathies) or in genes encoding proteins that are associated with microfibrils or elastic fibers. Acquired elastic-fiber pathologies appear age-related or as a result of multiple factors impairing tissue homeostasis. This review gives an overview on the fate of elastic fibers over the human lifespan in health and disease.
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Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Piperigkou Z, Manou D, Passi A, Skandalis SS, Vynios DH, Orian-Rousseau V, Ricard-Blum S, Schmelzer CEH, Duca L, Durbeej M, Afratis NA, Troeberg L, Franchi M, Masola V, Onisto M. A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix. FEBS J 2021; 288:6850-6912. [PMID: 33605520 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural support for the cells and tissues. Accumulated knowledge clearly demonstrated over the last decade that ECM plays key regulatory roles since it orchestrates cell signaling, functions, properties and morphology. Extracellularly secreted as well as cell-bound factors are among the major members of the ECM family. Proteins/glycoproteins, such as collagens, elastin, laminins and tenascins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, and their cell receptors such as CD44 and integrins, responsible for cell adhesion, comprise a well-organized functional network with significant roles in health and disease. On the other hand, enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases and specific glycosidases including heparanase and hyaluronidases contribute to matrix remodeling and affect human health. Several cell processes and functions, among them cell proliferation and survival, migration, differentiation, autophagy, angiogenesis, and immunity regulation are affected by certain matrix components. Structural alterations have been also well associated with disease progression. This guide on the composition and functions of the ECM gives a broad overview of the matrisome, the major ECM macromolecules, and their interaction networks within the ECM and with the cell surface, summarizes their main structural features and their roles in tissue organization and cell functions, and emphasizes the importance of specific ECM constituents in disease development and progression as well as the advances in molecular targeting of ECM to design new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Demitrios H Vynios
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Véronique Orian-Rousseau
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems- Functional Molecular Systems, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University of Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2: Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit of Muscle Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos A Afratis
- Department Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich, UK
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Study, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The major intrinsic cause of facial skin degeneration is age, associated with extrinsic factors such as exposure to sun. Its major pathologic causes are degeneration of the elastin matrix, with loss of oxytalan and elaunin fibers in the subepidermal region, and actinic degeneration of elastin fibers that lose their functional properties in the deep dermis. Therapy using autologous adipose mesenchymal stem cells for regeneration of extracellular matrix in patients with solar elastosis was addressed in qualitative and quantitative analyses of the dermal elastic fiber system and the associated cells. METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from lipoaspirates, expanded in vitro, and introduced into the facial skin of patients submitted after 3 to 4 months to a face-lift operation. In the retrieved skin, immunocytochemical analyses quantified elastic matrix components; cathepsin K; matrix metalloproteinase 12 (macrophage metalloelastase); and the macrophage M2 markers CD68, CD206, and hemeoxygenase-1. RESULTS A full de novo formation of oxytalan and elaunin fibers was observed in the subepidermal region, with reconstitution of the papillary structure of the dermal-epidermal junction. Elastotic deposits in the deep dermis were substituted by a normal elastin fiber network. The coordinated removal of the pathologic deposits and their substitution by the normal ones was concomitant with activation of cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase 12, and with expansion of the M2 macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSION The full regeneration of solar elastosis was obtained by injection of in vitro expanded autologous adipose mesenchymal stem cells, which are appropriate, competent, and sufficient to elicit the full structural regeneration of the sun-aged skin. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
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10
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Li H, DaSilva NA, Liu W, Xu J, Dombi GW, Dain JA, Li D, Chamcheu JC, Seeram NP, Ma H. Thymocid ®, a Standardized Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa) Seed Extract, Modulates Collagen Cross-Linking, Collagenase and Elastase Activities, and Melanogenesis in Murine B16F10 Melanoma Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2146. [PMID: 32707654 PMCID: PMC7400895 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed extract has been shown to improve dermatological conditions, yet its beneficial effects for skin are not fully elucidated. Herein, Thymocid®, a chemically standardized black cumin seed extract, was investigated for its cosmeceutical potential including anti-aging properties associated with modulation of glycation, collagen cross-linking, and collagenase and elastase activities, as well as antimelanogenic effect in murine melanoma B16F10 cells. Thymocid® (50, 100, and 300 µg/mL) inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (by 16.7-70.7%), collagen cross-linking (by 45.1-93.3%), collagenase activity (by 10.4-92.4%), and elastases activities (type I and III by 25.3-75.4% and 36.0-91.1%, respectively). In addition, Thymocid® (2.5-20 µg/mL) decreased melanin content in B16F10 cells by 42.5-61.6% and reduced cellular tyrosinase activity by 20.9% (at 20 µg/mL). Furthermore, Thymocid® (20 µg/mL for 72 h) markedly suppressed the mRNA expression levels of melanogenesis-related genes including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and TYRP2 to 78.9%, 0.3%, and 0.2%, respectively. Thymocid® (10 µg/mL) also suppressed the protein expression levels of MITF (by 15.2%) and TYRP1 (by 97.7%). Findings from this study support the anti-aging and antimelanogenic potential of Thymocid® as a bioactive cosmeceutical ingredient for skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529020, China; (H.L.); (D.L.)
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.A.D.); (J.X.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Nicholas A. DaSilva
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.A.D.); (J.X.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Weixi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (W.L.); (G.W.D.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Jialin Xu
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.A.D.); (J.X.); (N.P.S.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - George W. Dombi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (W.L.); (G.W.D.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Joel A. Dain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (W.L.); (G.W.D.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529020, China; (H.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA;
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.A.D.); (J.X.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Hang Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529020, China; (H.L.); (D.L.)
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.A.D.); (J.X.); (N.P.S.)
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11
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Ruiz-Zapata AM, Heinz A, Kerkhof MH, van de Westerlo-van Rijt C, Schmelzer CEH, Stoop R, Kluivers KB, Oosterwijk E. Extracellular Matrix Stiffness and Composition Regulate the Myofibroblast Differentiation of Vaginal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134762. [PMID: 32635512 PMCID: PMC7369731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation is a key feature of wound-healing in soft tissues, including the vagina. Vaginal fibroblasts maintain the integrity of the vaginal wall tissues, essential to keep pelvic organs in place and avoid pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The micro-environment of vaginal tissues in POP patients is stiffer and has different extracellular matrix (ECM) composition than healthy vaginal tissues. In this study, we employed a series of matrices with known stiffnesses, as well as vaginal ECMs, in combination with vaginal fibroblasts from POP and healthy tissues to investigate how matrix stiffness and composition regulate myofibroblast differentiation in vaginal fibroblasts. Stiffness was positively correlated to production of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Vaginal ECMs induced myofibroblast differentiation as both α-SMA and collagen gene expressions were increased. This differentiation was more pronounced in cells seeded on POP-ECMs that were stiffer than those derived from healthy tissues and had higher collagen and elastin protein content. We showed that stiffness and ECM content regulate vaginal myofibroblast differentiation. We provide preliminary evidence that vaginal fibroblasts might recognize POP-ECMs as scar tissues that need to be remodeled. This is fundamentally important for tissue repair, and provides a rational basis for POP disease modelling and therapeutic innovations in vaginal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M. Ruiz-Zapata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (C.v.d.W.-v.R.); (K.B.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Department of Pharmacy, LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Manon H. Kerkhof
- Curilion, Women’s Health Centre, 2015 BJ Haarlem, The Netherlands;
| | - Cindy van de Westerlo-van Rijt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (C.v.d.W.-v.R.); (K.B.K.)
| | - Christian E. H. Schmelzer
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Reinout Stoop
- TNO Metabolic Health Research, 2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Kirsten B. Kluivers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (C.v.d.W.-v.R.); (K.B.K.)
| | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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12
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Heinz A. Elastases and elastokines: elastin degradation and its significance in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:252-273. [PMID: 32530323 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1768208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is an important protein of the extracellular matrix of higher vertebrates, which confers elasticity and resilience to various tissues and organs including lungs, skin, large blood vessels and ligaments. Owing to its unique structure, extensive cross-linking and durability, it does not undergo significant turnover in healthy tissues and has a half-life of more than 70 years. Elastin is not only a structural protein, influencing the architecture and biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, but also plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Bioactive elastin peptides termed elastokines - in particular those of the GXXPG motif - occur as a result of proteolytic degradation of elastin and its non-cross-linked precursor tropoelastin and display several biological activities. For instance, they promote angiogenesis or stimulate cell adhesion, chemotaxis, proliferation, protease activation and apoptosis. Elastin-degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, serine proteases and cysteine proteases slowly damage elastin over the lifetime of an organism. The destruction of elastin and the biological processes triggered by elastokines favor the development and progression of various pathological conditions including emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and cancer. This review gives an overview on types of human elastases and their action on human elastin, including the formation, structure and biological activities of elastokines and their role in common biological processes and severe pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Heinz
- Department of Pharmacy, LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Boraldi F, Moscarelli P, Lofaro FD, Sabia C, Quaglino D. The mineralization process of insoluble elastin fibrillar structures: Ionic environment vs degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:693-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Expression of elastolytic cathepsins in human skin and their involvement in age-dependent elastin degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129544. [PMID: 32007579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin ageing is associated with structure-functional changes in the extracellular matrix, which is in part caused by proteolytic degradation. Since cysteine cathepsins are major matrix protein-degrading proteases, we investigated the age-dependent expression of elastolytic cathepsins K, S, and V in human skin, their in vitro impact on the integrity of the elastic fibre network, their cleavage specificities, and the release of bioactive peptides. METHODS Cathepsin-mediated degradation of human skin elastin samples was assessed from young to very old human donors using immunohistochemical and biochemical assays, scanning electron microscopy, and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Elastin samples derived from patients between 10 and 86 years of age were analysed and showed an age-dependent deterioration of the fibre structure from a dense network of thinner fibrils into a beaded and porous mesh. Reduced levels of cathepsins K, S, and V were observed in aged skin with a predominant epidermal expression. Cathepsin V was the most potent elastase followed by cathepsin K and S. Biomechanical analysis of degraded elastin fibres corroborated the destructive activity of cathepsins. Mass spectrometric determination of the cleavage sites in elastin revealed that all three cathepsins predominantly cleaved in hydrophobic domains. The degradation of elastin was efficiently inhibited by an ectosteric inhibitor. Furthermore, the degradation of elastin fibres resulted in the release of bioactive peptides, which have previously been associated with various pathologies. CONCLUSION Cathepsins are powerful elastin-degrading enzymes and capable of generating a multitude of elastokines. They may represent a viable target for intervention strategies to reduce skin ageing.
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15
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Schmelzer CEH, Hedtke T, Heinz A. Unique molecular networks: Formation and role of elastin cross-links. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:842-854. [PMID: 31834666 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are essential assemblies of vertebrates and confer elasticity and resilience to various organs including blood vessels, lungs, skin, and ligaments. Mature fibers, which comprise a dense and insoluble elastin core and a microfibrillar mantle, are extremely resistant toward intrinsic and extrinsic influences and maintain elastic function over the human lifespan in healthy conditions. The oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine to peptidyl allysine in elastin's precursor tropoelastin is a crucial posttranslational step in their formation. The modification is catalyzed by members of the family of lysyl oxidases and the starting point for subsequent manifold condensation reactions that eventually lead to the highly cross-linked elastomer. This review summarizes the current understanding of the formation of cross-links within and between the monomer molecules, the molecular sites, and cross-link types involved and the pathological consequences of abnormalities in the cross-linking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E H Schmelzer
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tobias Hedtke
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Department of Pharmacy, LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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The role of elastin-derived peptides in human physiology and diseases. Matrix Biol 2019; 84:81-96. [PMID: 31295577 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Once considered as inert, the extracellular matrix recently revealed to be biologically active. Elastin is one of the most important components of the extracellular matrix. Many vital organs including arteries, lungs and skin contain high amounts of elastin to assure their correct function. Physiologically, the organism contains a determined quantity of elastin from the early development which may remain physiologically constant due to its very long half-life and very low turnover. Taking into consideration the continuously ongoing challenges during life, there is a physiological degradation of elastin into elastin-derived peptides which is accentuated in several disease states such as obstructive pulmonary diseases, atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm. These elastin-derived peptides have been shown to have various biological effects mediated through their interaction with their cognate receptor called elastin receptor complex eliciting several signal transduction pathways. In this review, we will describe the production and the biological effects of elastin-derived peptides in physiology and pathology.
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17
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Miekus N, Luise C, Sippl W, Baczek T, Schmelzer CEH, Heinz A. MMP-14 degrades tropoelastin and elastin. Biochimie 2019; 165:32-39. [PMID: 31278967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are a class of enzymes, which degrade extracellular matrix components such as collagens, elastin, laminin or fibronectin. So far, four matrix metalloproteinases have been shown to degrade elastin and its precursor tropoelastin, namely matrix metalloproteinase-2, -7, -9 and -12. This study focuses on investigating the elastinolytic capability of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, also known as matrix metalloproteinase-14. We digested recombinant human tropoelastin and human skin elastin with matrix metalloproteinase-14 and analyzed the peptide mixtures using complementary mass spectrometric techniques and bioinformatics tools. The results and additional molecular docking studies show that matrix metalloproteinase-14 cleaves tropoelastin as well as elastin. While tropoelastin was well degraded, fewer cleavages occurred in the highly cross-linked mature elastin. The study also provides insights into the cleavage preferences of the enzyme. Similar to cleavage preferences of matrix metalloproteinases-2, -7, -9 and -12, matrix metalloproteinase-14 prefers small and medium-sized hydrophobic residues including Gly, Ala, Leu and Val at cleavage site P1'. Pro, Gly and Ala were preferably found at P1-P4 and P2'-P4' in both tropoelastin and elastin. Cleavage of mature skin elastin by matrix metalloproteinase-14 released a variety of bioactive elastin peptides, which indicates that the enzyme may play a role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases that go along with elastin breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Miekus
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Chiara Luise
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tomasz Baczek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Pharmacy, LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Hedtke T, Schräder CU, Heinz A, Hoehenwarter W, Brinckmann J, Groth T, Schmelzer CEH. A comprehensive map of human elastin cross-linking during elastogenesis. FEBS J 2019; 286:3594-3610. [PMID: 31102572 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is an essential structural protein in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates. It is the core component of elastic fibers, which enable connective tissues such as those of the skin, lungs or blood vessels to stretch and recoil. This function is provided by elastin's exceptional properties, which mainly derive from a unique covalent cross-linking between hydrophilic lysine-rich motifs of units of the monomeric precursor tropoelastin. To date, elastin's cross-linking is poorly investigated. Here, we purified elastin from human tissue and cleaved it into soluble peptides using proteases with different specificities. We then analyzed elastin's molecular structure by identifying unmodified residues, post-translational modifications and cross-linked peptides by high-resolution mass spectrometry and amino acid analysis. The data revealed the presence of multiple isoforms in parallel and a complex and heterogeneous molecular interconnection. We discovered that the same lysine residues in different monomers were simultaneously involved in various cross-link types or remained unmodified. Furthermore, both types of cross-linking domains, Lys-Pro and Lys-Ala domains, participate not only in bifunctional inter- but also in intra-domain cross-links. We elucidated the sequences of several desmosine-containing peptides and the contribution of distinct domains such as 6, 14 and 25. In contrast to earlier assumptions proposing that desmosine cross-links are formed solely between two domains, we elucidated the structure of a peptide that proves a desmosine formation with participation of three Lys-Ala domains. In summary, these results provide new and detailed insights into the cross-linking process, which takes place within and between human tropoelastin units in a stochastic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hedtke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Christoph U Schräder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Proteome Analytics Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology & Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.,Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (IADP), Germany
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19
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Wahart A, Hocine T, Albrecht C, Henry A, Sarazin T, Martiny L, El Btaouri H, Maurice P, Bennasroune A, Romier-Crouzet B, Blaise S, Duca L. Role of elastin peptides and elastin receptor complex in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. FEBS J 2019; 286:2980-2993. [PMID: 30946528 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cardiovascular Continuum describes a sequence of events from cardiovascular risk factors to end-stage heart disease. It includes conventional pathologies affecting cardiovascular functions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis or thrombosis and was traditionally considered from the metabolic point of view. This Cardiovascular Continuum, originally described by Dzau and Braunwald, was extended by O'Rourke to consider also the crucial role played by degradation of elastic fibers, occurring during aging, in the appearance of vascular stiffness, another deleterious risk factor of the continuum. However, the involvement of the elastin degradation products, named elastin-derived peptides, to the Cardiovascular Continuum progression has not been considered before. Data from our laboratory and others clearly showed that these bioactive peptides are central regulators of this continuum, thereby amplifying appearance and evolution of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes or hypertension, of vascular alterations such as atherothrombosis and calcification, but also nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The Elastin Receptor Complex has been shown to be a crucial actor in these processes. We propose here the participation of these elastin-derived peptides and of the Elastin Receptor Complex in these events, and introduce a revisited Cardiovascular Continuum based on their involvement, for which elastin-based pharmacological strategies could have a strong impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Wahart
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Thinhinane Hocine
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Camille Albrecht
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Auberi Henry
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Thomas Sarazin
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Laurent Martiny
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Hassan El Btaouri
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Amar Bennasroune
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | | | - Sébastien Blaise
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
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20
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Schmelzer CEH, Heinz A, Troilo H, Lockhart-Cairns MP, Jowitt TA, Marchand MF, Bidault L, Bignon M, Hedtke T, Barret A, McConnell JC, Sherratt MJ, Germain S, Hulmes DJS, Baldock C, Muller L. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2)-mediated cross-linking of tropoelastin. FASEB J 2019; 33:5468-5481. [PMID: 30676771 PMCID: PMC6629125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801860rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) play a central role in extracellular matrix remodeling during development and tumor growth and fibrosis through cross-linking of collagens and elastin. We have limited knowledge of the structure and substrate specificity of these secreted enzymes. LOXs share a conserved C-terminal catalytic domain but differ in their N-terminal region, which is composed of 4 repeats of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains in LOX-like (LOXL) 2. We investigated by X-ray scattering and electron microscopy the low-resolution structure of the full-length enzyme and the structure of a shorter form lacking the catalytic domain. Our data demonstrate that LOXL2 has a rod-like structure with a stalk composed of the SRCR domains and the catalytic domain at its tip. We detected direct interaction between LOXL2 and tropoelastin (TE) and also LOXL2-mediated deamination of TE. Using proteomics, we identified several allysines together with cross-linked TE peptides. The elastin-like material generated was resistant to trypsin proteolysis and displayed mechanical properties similar to mature elastin. Finally, we detected the codistribution of LOXL2 and elastin in the vascular wall. Altogether, these data suggest that LOXL2 could participate in elastogenesis in vivo and could be used as a means of cross-linking TE in vitro for biomimetic and cell-compatible tissue engineering purposes.-Schmelzer, C. E. H., Heinz, A., Troilo, H., Lockhart-Cairns, M.-P., Jowitt, T. A., Marchand, M. F., Bidault, L., Bignon, M., Hedtke, T., Barret, A., McConnell, J. C., Sherratt, M. J., Germain, S., Hulmes, D. J. S., Baldock, C., Muller, L. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2)-mediated cross-linking of tropoelastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen Troilo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marion F Marchand
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bidault
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marine Bignon
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Tobias Hedtke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alain Barret
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - James C McConnell
- Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Sherratt
- Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Germain
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - David J S Hulmes
- UMR 5305, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Muller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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21
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Schräder CU, Heinz A, Majovsky P, Karaman Mayack B, Brinckmann J, Sippl W, Schmelzer CEH. Elastin is heterogeneously cross-linked. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15107-15119. [PMID: 30108173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin is an essential vertebrate protein responsible for the elasticity of force-bearing tissues such as those of the lungs, blood vessels, and skin. One of the key features required for the exceptional properties of this durable biopolymer is the extensive covalent cross-linking between domains of its monomer molecule tropoelastin. To date, elastin's exact molecular assembly and mechanical properties are poorly understood. Here, using bovine elastin, we investigated the different types of cross-links in mature elastin to gain insight into its structure. We purified and proteolytically cleaved elastin from a single tissue sample into soluble cross-linked and noncross-linked peptides that we studied by high-resolution MS. This analysis enabled the elucidation of cross-links and other elastin modifications. We found that the lysine residues within the tropoelastin sequence were simultaneously unmodified and involved in various types of cross-links with different other domains. The Lys-Pro domains were almost exclusively linked via lysinonorleucine, whereas Lys-Ala domains were found to be cross-linked via lysinonorleucine, allysine aldol, and desmosine. Unexpectedly, we identified a high number of intramolecular cross-links between lysine residues in close proximity. In summary, we show on the molecular level that elastin formation involves random cross-linking of tropoelastin monomers resulting in an unordered network, an unexpected finding compared with previous assumptions of an overall beaded structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph U Schräder
- From the Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- From the Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.,the Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Petra Majovsky
- the Proteome Analytics Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Berin Karaman Mayack
- From the Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- the Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23538, Germany, and
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- From the Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- From the Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany, .,the Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
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22
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Yeo J, Jung G, Tarakanova A, Martín-Martínez FJ, Qin Z, Cheng Y, Zhang YW, Buehler MJ. Multiscale modeling of keratin, collagen, elastin and related human diseases: Perspectives from atomistic to coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS 2018; 20:112-124. [PMID: 33344740 PMCID: PMC7745951 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scleroproteins are an important category of proteins within the human body that adopt filamentous, elongated conformations in contrast with typical globular proteins. These include keratin, collagen, and elastin, which often serve a common mechanical function in structural support of cells and tissues. Genetic mutations alter these proteins, disrupting their functions and causing diseases. Computational characterization of these mutations has proven to be extremely valuable in identifying the intricate structure-function relationships of scleroproteins from the molecular scale up, especially if combined with multiscale experimental analysis and the synthesis of model proteins to test specific structure-function relationships. In this work, we review numerous critical diseases that are related to keratin, collagen, and elastin, and through several case studies, we propose ways of extensively utilizing multiscale modeling, from atomistic to coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, to uncover the molecular origins for some of these diseases and to aid in the development of novel cures and therapies. As case studies, we examine the effects of the genetic disease Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis (EHK) on the structure and aggregation of keratins 1 and 10; we propose models to understand the diseases of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) and Alport syndrome (AS) that affect the mechanical and aggregation properties of collagen; and we develop atomistic molecular dynamics and elastic network models of elastin to determine the role of mutations in diseases such as Cutis Laxa and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis on elastin's structure and molecular conformational motions and implications for assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yeo
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - GangSeob Jung
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francisco J. Martín-Martínez
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Mora Huertas AC, Schmelzer CE, Luise C, Sippl W, Pietzsch M, Hoehenwarter W, Heinz A. Degradation of tropoelastin and skin elastin by neprilysin. Biochimie 2018; 146:73-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Kuzan A, Chwiłkowska A, Maksymowicz K, Bronowicka-Szydełko A, Stach K, Pezowicz C, Gamian A. Advanced glycation end products as a source of artifacts in immunoenzymatic methods. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:95-103. [PMID: 29305778 PMCID: PMC5849676 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The most abundant proteins in the arteries are those of extracellular matrix, ie. collagen and elastin. Due to their long half-lifes these proteins have an increased chance to undergo glycation. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between the content of the main extracellular matrix proteins and the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in arteries. In this study 103 fragments of aorta were analyzed by ELISA and immunobloting for the content of collagens type I, III and IV and elastin and the content of advanced glycation end-products (AGE). A negative correlation between the content of collagens type III and IV and AGE (r = -0,258, p = 0,0122, and a weak negative correlation between collagen type III and age of the sample donor (r = 0,218, p = 0,0262) were demonstrated. This result comes as a surprise and it contradicts an intuitive assumption that with more glycation substrate, i.e. matrix proteins, more AGE products are expected. We have concluded that the results of the ELISA tests must have been influenced by the glycation. As a consequence, either modified protein molecules were not being recognized by the antibodies, or the glycation, and formation of crosslinks have blocked access of the antibodies to the antigen. It will conceal the effect of the linear dependence between the result (absorbance/densitometry) from the quantity of protein to which the antibody is directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kuzan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, ul. T. Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - A Chwiłkowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, ul. T. Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - K Maksymowicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Wrocław Medical University, ul. J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 4, Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Bronowicka-Szydełko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, ul. T. Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - K Stach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, ul. T. Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - C Pezowicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mechatronics and Theory of Mechanisms, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology, ul. Łukasiewicza 7/9, 50-371, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Gamian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, ul. T. Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
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25
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Sutcliffe JES, Thrasivoulou C, Serena TE, Madden L, Richards T, Phillips ARJ, Becker DL. Changes in the extracellular matrix surrounding human chronic wounds revealed by 2-photon imaging. Int Wound J 2017; 14:1225-1236. [PMID: 28730726 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a growing problem worldwide with no effective therapeutic treatments available. Our objective was to understand the composition of the dermal tissue surrounding venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). We used novel 2-photon imaging techniques alongside classical histology to examine biopsies from the edges of two common types of chronic wound, venous leg ulcers and DFU. Compared to normal intact skin, we found that collagen levels are significantly reduced throughout the dermis of venous leg ulcer biopsies and DFU, with a reduction in both fibril thickness and abundance. Both wound types showed a significant reduction in elastin in the upper dermis, but in DFU, the loss was throughout the dermis. Loss of extracellular matrix correlated with high levels of CD68- and CD18-positive leukocytes. 2-photon imaging of the extracellular matrix in the intact tissue surrounding a chronic wound with a hand-held device may provide a useful clinical indicator on the healing progression or deterioration of these wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas E Serena
- SerenaGroup, Wound and Hyperbaric Centers, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leigh Madden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Toby Richards
- Department of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*Star, Immunos, Singapore
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26
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Ashraf Kharaz Y, Zamboulis D, Sanders K, Comerford E, Clegg P, Peffers M. Comparison between chaotropic and detergent-based sample preparation workflow in tendon for mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomics 2017; 17:1700018. [PMID: 28547889 PMCID: PMC5575552 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the tendon proteome is a challenging but important task for understanding the mechanisms of physiological/pathological processes during ageing and disease and for the development of new treatments. Several extraction methods have been utilised for tendon mass spectrometry, however different extraction methods have not been simultaneously compared. In the present study we compared protein extraction in tendon with two chaotropic agents, guanidine hydrochloride (GnHCl) and urea, a detergent, RapiGest™, and their combinations for shotgun mass spectrometry. An initial proteomic analysis was performed following urea, GnHCl, and RapiGest™ extraction of equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) tissue. Subsequently, another proteomic analysis was performed following extraction with GnHCl, Rapigest™, and their combinations. Between the two chaotropic agents, GnHCl extracted more proteins, whilst a greater number of proteins were solely identified after Rapigest™ extraction. Protein extraction with a combination of GnHCl followed by RapiGest™ on the insoluble pellet demonstrated, after label-free quantification, increased abundance of identified collagen proteins and low sample to sample variability. In contrast, GnHCl extraction on its own showed increased abundance of identified proteoglycans and cellular proteins. Therefore, the selection of protein extraction method for tendon tissue for mass spectrometry analysis should reflect the focus of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Ashraf Kharaz
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Danae Zamboulis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Karen Sanders
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Peter Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- The MRC‐Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA)LiverpoolUK
| | - Mandy Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- The MRC‐Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA)LiverpoolUK
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27
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Göebel-Pinto JB, de Almeida HL, de Castro LAS, Rocha NM. Ultrastructural aspects of primary anetoderma. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 44:786-789. [PMID: 28605051 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anetoderma is a rare cutaneous disorder characterized by focal loss of dermal elastic tissue due to unknown mechanisms. Primary anetoderma develops on clinical normal skin, without any preceding dermatosis and it can be associated with autoimmune conditions. Secondary anetoderma develops on the same area of a previous disorder, such as infectious, neoplastic or inflammatory diseases. A 37-year-old female patient noticed for 4 years circumscribed, normochromic, asymptomatic herniated plaques on the trunk and upper limbs. Family history was negative. Only a positive antinuclear factor (ANF) test, with titer of 1:160 and nuclear homogeneous pattern was found. Light microscopy with Weigert staining showed a lessening of elastic fibers with fragmentation; the oxytalanic fibers were also affected or absent. Transmission electron microscopy showed fragmentation and granular degeneration of elastic fibers. With greater magnification, fragments similar to those seen with optical microscopy were identified. The collagen fibers did not present any alteration. The examination of the dermis with scanning electron microscopy also identified fragmentation and significant fissures of the elastic tissue, granular degeneration was also observed. With greater magnification fragmented elastic fibers were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiram L de Almeida
- Health Post-graduation Program, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Deparment of Dermatology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Nara M Rocha
- Electron Microscopy, EMBRAPA-CPA-CT, Pelotas, Brazil
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28
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Schmelzer CE, Nagel MB, Dziomba S, Merkher Y, Sivan SS, Heinz A. Prolyl hydroxylation in elastin is not random. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2169-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Mora Huertas AC, Schmelzer CEH, Hoehenwarter W, Heyroth F, Heinz A. Molecular-level insights into aging processes of skin elastin. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:163-73. [PMID: 27569260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin aging is characterized by different features including wrinkling, atrophy of the dermis and loss of elasticity associated with damage to the extracellular matrix protein elastin. The aim of this study was to investigate the aging process of skin elastin at the molecular level by evaluating the influence of intrinsic (chronological aging) and extrinsic factors (sun exposure) on the morphology and susceptibility of elastin towards enzymatic degradation. Elastin was isolated from biopsies derived from sun-protected or sun-exposed skin of differently aged individuals. The morphology of the elastin fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Mass spectrometric analysis and label-free quantification allowed identifying differences in the cleavage patterns of the elastin samples after enzymatic digestion. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to visualize differences between the samples and to determine the contribution of extrinsic and intrinsic aging to the proteolytic susceptibility of elastin. Moreover, the release of potentially bioactive peptides was studied. Skin aging is associated with the decomposition of elastin fibers, which is more pronounced in sun-exposed tissue. Marker peptides were identified, which showed an age-related increase or decrease in their abundances and provide insights into the progression of the aging process of elastin fibers. Strong age-related cleavage occurs in hydrophobic tropoelastin domains 18, 20, 24 and 26. Photoaging makes the N-terminal and central parts of the tropoelastin molecules more susceptible towards enzymatic cleavage and, hence, accelerates the age-related degradation of elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Mora Huertas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Frank Heyroth
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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30
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Heinz A, Huertas ACM, Schräder CU, Pankau R, Gosch A, Schmelzer CEH. Elastins from patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome and healthy individuals differ on the molecular level. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:1832-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Heinz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Angela C. Mora Huertas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Christoph U. Schräder
- Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Rainer Pankau
- Finkelstein-Klinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin; Heidekreis-Klinikum; Walsrode Germany
| | - Angela Gosch
- Fakultät für angewandte Sozialwissenschaften FK 11; Hochschule München; München Germany
| | - Christian E. H. Schmelzer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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31
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Syntia F, Nehmé R, Claude B, Morin P. Human neutrophil elastase inhibition studied by capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection and microscale thermophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1431:215-223. [PMID: 26777089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence (CZE-LIF) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) were used for the first time to study the inhibition of human neutrophil elastase (HNE). We recently studied HNE kinetics (Km and Vmax) by developing an in-capillary CZE-LIF assay based on transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles (TDLFP) for reactant mixing. In this work, the former assay was adapted to monitor HNE inhibition. Two natural well known HNE inhibitors from the triterpene family, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, were tested to validate the developed assay. Since the solubility of pentacyclic triterpenes in aqueous media where the enzymatic reaction will take place is limited, the effect of DMSO and ethanol on HNE was studied using microscale thermophoresis (MST). An agglomeration of the enzyme was revealed when preparing the inhibitor in 5% (v/v) DMSO. This phenomenon did not occur in the presence of ethanol. Therefore, ethanol was used as inhibitor solvent, at a limited percentage of 20% (v/v). In these conditions and after optimization of the TDLFP approach, the repeatability (RSD on migration times and peak-areas inferior to 2.2%) of the CZE-LIF assay and the sensitivity (LOQ of few nM) were found to be satisfactory for conducting inhibition assays. IC50 values for ursolic and oleanolic acid were successfully determined. They were respectively equal to 5.62±0.10μM (r(2)=0.9807; n=3) and to 8.21±0.23μM (r(2)=0.9887; n=3). Excellent agreement was found between the results obtained by CE and those reported in literature which validates the developed method. Particularly, the CE-based assay is able to rank HNE inhibitors relative to each other. Furthermore, MST technique was used for evaluating HNE interaction with the ursolic acid. Up to 16 capillaries were automatically processed to obtain in one titration experiment the dissociation constant for the HNE-ursolic acid complex. Ki was found to be 2.72±0.66μM (n=3) which is in excellent agreement with the value determined by CE enzyme inhibition studies (Ki=2.81μM) confirming the reliability of the developed CE assay and the competitive inhibition mode of ursolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayad Syntia
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS FR 2708, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
| | - Reine Nehmé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS FR 2708, UMR 7311, Orléans, France.
| | - Bérengère Claude
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS FR 2708, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
| | - Philippe Morin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS FR 2708, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
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32
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Abstract
Aging is a progressive process determined by genetic and acquired factors. Among the latter are the chemical reactions referred to as nonenzymatic posttranslational modifications (NEPTMs), such as glycoxidation, which are responsible for protein molecular aging. Carbamylation is a more recently described NEPTM that is caused by the nonenzymatic binding of isocyanate derived from urea dissociation or myeloperoxidase-mediated catabolism of thiocyanate to free amino groups of proteins. This modification is considered an adverse reaction, because it induces alterations of protein and cell properties. It has been shown that carbamylated proteins increase in plasma and tissues during chronic kidney disease and are associated with deleterious clinical outcomes, but nothing is known to date about tissue protein carbamylation during aging. To address this issue, we evaluated homocitrulline rate, the most characteristic carbamylation-derived product (CDP), over time in skin of mammalian species with different life expectancies. Our results show that carbamylation occurs throughout the whole lifespan and leads to tissue accumulation of carbamylated proteins. Because of their remarkably long half-life, matrix proteins, like type I collagen and elastin, are preferential targets. Interestingly, the accumulation rate of CDPs is inversely correlated with longevity, suggesting the occurrence of still unidentified protective mechanisms. In addition, homocitrulline accumulates more intensely than carboxymethyl-lysine, one of the major advanced glycation end products, suggesting the prominent role of carbamylation over glycoxidation reactions in age-related tissue alterations. Thus, protein carbamylation may be considered a hallmark of aging in mammalian species that may significantly contribute in the structural and functional tissue damages encountered during aging.
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33
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Qin Z. Soluble elastin peptides in cardiovascular homeostasis: Foe or ally. Peptides 2015; 67:64-73. [PMID: 25794852 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elastin peptides, also known as elastin-derived peptides or elastokines, are soluble polypeptides in blood and tissue. The blood levels of elastin peptides are usually low but can increase during cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm and diabetes with vascular complications. Generally, elastin peptides are derived from the degradation of insoluble elastic polymers. The biological activities of elastin peptides are bidirectional, e.g., a pro-inflammatory effect on monocyte migration induction vs. a protective effect on vasodilation promotion. However, recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that elastin peptides promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in hypercholesterolemic mice and induce hyperglycemia and elevations in plasma lipid levels in fasted mice. More important, the detrimental effects induced by elastin peptides can be largely inhibited by genetic or pharmacological blockade of the elastin receptor complex or by neutralization of an antibody against elastin peptides. These studies indicate new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by targeting elastin peptide metabolism. Therefore, the goal of this review is to summarize current knowledge about elastin peptides relevant to cardiovascular pathologies to further delineate their potential application in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Qin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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34
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Schräder CU, Heinz A, Majovsky P, Schmelzer CEH. Fingerprinting desmosine-containing elastin peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:762-773. [PMID: 25604393 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is a vital protein of the extracellular matrix of jawed vertebrates and provides elasticity to numerous tissues. It is secreted in the form of its soluble precursor tropoelastin, which is subsequently cross-linked in the course of the elastic fiber assembly. The process involves the formation of the two tetrafunctional amino acids desmosine (DES) and isodesmosine (IDES), which are unique to elastin. The resulting high degree of cross-linking confers remarkable properties, including mechanical integrity, insolubility, and long-term stability to the protein. These characteristics hinder the structural elucidation of mature elastin. However, MS(2) data of linear and cross-linked peptides released by proteolysis can provide indirect insights into the structure of elastin. In this study, we performed energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation experiments of DES, IDES, their derivatives, and DES-/IDES-containing peptides to determine characteristic product ions. It was found that all investigated compounds yielded the same product ion clusters at elevated collision energies. Elemental composition determination using the exact masses of these ions revealed molecular formulas of the type CxHyN, suggesting that the pyridinium core of DES/IDES remains intact even at relatively high collision energies. The finding of these specific product ions enabled the development of a similarity-based scoring algorithm that was successfully applied on LC-MS/MS data of bovine elastin digests for the identification of DES-/IDES-cross-linked peptides. This approach facilitates the straightforward investigation of native cross-links in elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph U Schräder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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35
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Bultmann-Mellin I, Conradi A, Maul AC, Dinger K, Wempe F, Wohl AP, Imhof T, Wunderlich FT, Bunck AC, Nakamura T, Koli K, Bloch W, Ghanem A, Heinz A, von Melchner H, Sengle G, Sterner-Kock A. Modeling autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C in mice reveals distinct functions for Ltbp-4 isoforms. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:403-15. [PMID: 25713297 PMCID: PMC4381339 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed an important role for LTBP-4 in elastogenesis. Its mutational inactivation in humans causes autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C (ARCL1C), which is a severe disorder caused by defects of the elastic fiber network. Although the human gene involved in ARCL1C has been discovered based on similar elastic fiber abnormalities exhibited by mice lacking the short Ltbp-4 isoform (Ltbp4S(-/-)), the murine phenotype does not replicate ARCL1C. We therefore inactivated both Ltbp-4 isoforms in the mouse germline to model ARCL1C. Comparative analysis of Ltbp4S(-/-) and Ltbp4-null (Ltbp4(-/-)) mice identified Ltbp-4L as an important factor for elastogenesis and postnatal survival, and showed that it has distinct tissue expression patterns and specific molecular functions. We identified fibulin-4 as a previously unknown interaction partner of both Ltbp-4 isoforms and demonstrated that at least Ltbp-4L expression is essential for incorporation of fibulin-4 into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Overall, our results contribute to the current understanding of elastogenesis and provide an animal model of ARCL1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Bultmann-Mellin
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Conradi
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra C Maul
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Dinger
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Wempe
- Department of Molecular Hematology, University of Frankfurt Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander P Wohl
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Imhof
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Bunck
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tomoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
| | - Katri Koli
- Research Programs Unit and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Ghanem
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Harald von Melchner
- Department of Molecular Hematology, University of Frankfurt Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Sterner-Kock
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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36
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Heinz A, Schräder CU, Baud S, Keeley FW, Mithieux SM, Weiss AS, Neubert RHH, Schmelzer CEH. Molecular-level characterization of elastin-like constructs and human aortic elastin. Matrix Biol 2014; 38:12-21. [PMID: 25068896 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the structures of two elastin-like constructs, one composed of a cross-linked elastin-like polypeptide and the other one of cross-linked tropoelastin, and native aortic elastin. The structures of the insoluble materials and human aortic elastin were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, all samples were digested with enzymes of different specificities, and the resultant peptide mixtures were characterized by ESI mass spectrometry and MALDI mass spectrometry. The MS(2) data was used to sequence linear peptides, and cross-linked species were analyzed with the recently developed software PolyLinX. This enabled the identification of two intramolecularly cross-linked peptides containing allysine aldols in the two constructs. The presence of the tetrafunctional cross-link desmosine was shown for all analyzed materials and its quantification revealed that the cross-linking degree of the two in vitro cross-linked materials was significantly lower than that of native elastin. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed, based on molecular species identified in the samples, to follow the formation of elastin cross-links. The results provide evidence for the significance of the GVGTP hinge region of domain 23 for the formation of elastin cross-links. Overall, this work provides important insight into structural similarities and differences between elastin-like constructs and native elastin. Furthermore, it represents a step toward the elucidation of the complex cross-linking pattern of mature elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Christoph U Schräder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Laboratoire SiRMa, FRE CNRS/URCA 3481, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Plateforme de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Fred W Keeley
- Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Anthony S Weiss
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Reinhard H H Neubert
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Cruz-Silva I, Neuhof C, Gozzo AJ, Nunes VA, Hirata IY, Sampaio MU, Figueiredo-Ribeiro RDC, Neuhof H, Araújo MDS. Using a Caesalpinia echinata Lam. protease inhibitor as a tool for studying the roles of neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3 in pulmonary edema. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:235-243. [PMID: 24140156 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by neutrophil infiltration and the release of proteases, mainly elastase (NE), cathepsin G (Cat G) and proteinase 3 (PR3), which can be controlled by specific endogenous inhibitors. However, inhibitors of these proteases have been isolated from different sources, including plants. For this study, CeEI, or Caesalpinia echinata elastase inhibitor, was purified from C. echinata (Brazil-wood) seeds after acetone fractionation, followed by ion exchange and reversed phase chromatographic steps. Characterization with SDS-PAGE, stability assays, amino acid sequencing and alignment with other protein sequences confirmed that CeEI is a member of the soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor family. Like other members of this family, CeEI is a 20 kDa monomeric protein; it is stable within a large pH and temperature range, with four cysteine residues forming two disulfide bridges, conserved amino acid residues and leucine-isoleucine residues in the reactive site. CeEI was able to inhibit NE and Cat G at a nanomolar range (with K(i)s of 1.9 and 3.6 nM, respectively) and inhibited PR3 within a micromolar range (K(i) 3.7 μM), leading to hydrolysis of specific synthetic substrates. In a lung edema model, CeEI reduced the lung weight and pulmonary artery pressure until 180 min after the injection of zymosan-activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In experiments performed in the presence of a Cat G and PR3, but not an NE inhibitor, lung edema was reduced only until 150 min and pulmonary artery pressure was similar to that of the control. These results confirm that NE action is crucial to edema establishment and progression. Additionally, CeEI appears to be a useful tool for studying the physiology of pulmonary edema and provides a template for molecular engineering and drug design for ALI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Cruz-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bochicchio B, Laurita A, Heinz A, Schmelzer CEH, Pepe A. Investigating the role of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline in elastin model peptides. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4278-88. [PMID: 24127724 DOI: 10.1021/bm4011529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications play a key role in defining the biological functions of proteins. Among them, the hydroxylation of proline producing the (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) is one of the most frequent modifications observed in vertebrates, being particularly abundant in the proteins of the extracellular matrix. In collagen, hydroxylation of proline plays a critical role, conferring the correct structure and mechanical strength to collagen fibers. In elastin, the exact role of this modification is not yet understood. Here we show that Hyp-containing elastin polypeptides have flexible molecular structures, analogously to proline-containing polypeptides. In turn, the self-assembly of the elastin peptides is significantly altered by the presence of Hyp, evidencing different supramolecular structures. Also the in vitro susceptibility to protease digestion is changed. These findings give a better insight into the elastic fiber formation and degradation processes in the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, our results could contribute in defining the subtle role of proline structural variants in the folding and self-assembly of elastin-inspired peptides, helping the rational design of elastin biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Bochicchio
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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