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Ferreres JR, Vinyals A, Campos-Martin R, Espín R, Podlipnik S, Ramos R, Bertran E, Carrera C, Marcoval J, Malvehy J, Fabregat I, Puig S, Fabra À. PRRX1 silencing is required for metastatic outgrowth in melanoma and is an independent prognostic of reduced survival in patients. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38978350 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) is an inducer of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in different types of cancer cells. We detected low PRRX1 expression in nevus but increased levels in primary human melanoma and cell lines carrying the BRAFV600E mutation. High expression of PRRX1 correlates with invasiveness and enrichment of genes belonging to the EMT programme. Conversely, we found that loss of PRRX1 in metastatic samples is an independent prognostic predictor of poor survival for melanoma patients. Here, we show that stable depletion of PRRX1 improves the growth of melanoma xenografts and increases the number of distant spontaneous metastases, compared to controls. We provide evidence that loss of PRRX1 counteracts the EMT phenotype, impairing the expression of other EMT-related transcription factors, causing dysregulation of the ERK and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways, and abrogating the invasive and migratory properties of melanoma cells while triggering the up-regulation of proliferative/melanocytic genes and the expression of the neural-crest-like markers nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR; also known as neurotrophin receptor p75NTR) and neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM). Overall, our results indicate that loss of PRRX1 triggers a switch in the invasive programme, and cells de-differentiate towards a neural crest stem cell (NCSC)-like phenotype that accounts for the metastatic aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep R Ferreres
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Dermatology Service, IDIBELL, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antònia Vinyals
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Campos-Martin
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Roderic Espín
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell Program (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Podlipnik
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS & University of Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ramos
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Bertran
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS & University of Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Marcoval
- Dermatology Service, IDIBELL, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS & University of Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS & University of Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Àngels Fabra
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kang JY, Cho H, Gil M, Lee H, Park S, Kim KE. The novel prognostic marker SPOCK2 regulates tumour progression in melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15092. [PMID: 38888196 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich/osteonectin, cwcv and kazal-like domain proteoglycan 2 (SPOCK2) is a protein that regulates cell differentiation and growth. Recent studies have reported that SPOCK2 plays important roles in the progression of various human cancers; however, the role of SPOCK2 in melanoma remains unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the roles of SPOCK2 and the related mechanisms in melanoma progression. To evaluate the clinical significance of SPOCK2 expression in patients with melanoma, we analysed the association between SPOCK2 expression and its prognostic value for patients with melanoma using systematic multiomic analysis. Subsequently, to investigate the roles of Spock2 in melanoma progression in vitro and in vivo, we knocked down Spock2 in the B16F10 melanoma cell line. High SPOCK2 levels were positively associated with good prognosis and long survival rate of patients with melanoma. Spock2 knockdown promoted melanoma cell proliferation by inducing the cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis. Moreover, Spock2 downregulation significantly increased cell migration and invasion by upregulating MMP2 and MT1-MMP. The increased cell proliferation and migration were inhibited by MAPK inhibitor, and ERK phosphorylation was considerably enhanced in Spock2 knockdown cells. Therefore, Spock2 could function as a tumour suppressor gene to regulate melanoma progression by regulating the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway. Additionally, Spock2 knockdown cell injection induced considerable tumour growth and lung metastasis in C57BL6 mice compared to that in the control group. Our findings suggest that SPOCK2 plays crucial roles in malignant progression of melanoma and functions as a novel therapeutic target of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kang
- Department of Health Industry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeijin Cho
- Department of Health Industry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minchan Gil
- Department of Health Industry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Department of Health Industry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Goetze S, van Drogen A, Albinus JB, Fort KL, Gandhi T, Robbiani D, Laforte V, Reiter L, Levesque MP, Xuan Y, Wollscheid B. Simultaneous targeted and discovery-driven clinical proteotyping using hybrid-PRM/DIA. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:26. [PMID: 38565978 PMCID: PMC10988896 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-024-09478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical samples are irreplaceable, and their transformation into searchable and reusable digital biobanks is critical for conducting statistically empowered retrospective and integrative research studies. Currently, mainly data-independent acquisition strategies are employed to digitize clinical sample cohorts comprehensively. However, the sensitivity of DIA is limited, which is why selected marker candidates are often additionally measured targeted by parallel reaction monitoring. METHODS Here, we applied the recently co-developed hybrid-PRM/DIA technology as a new intelligent data acquisition strategy that allows for the comprehensive digitization of rare clinical samples at the proteotype level. Hybrid-PRM/DIA enables enhanced measurement sensitivity for a specific set of analytes of current clinical interest by the intelligent triggering of multiplexed parallel reaction monitoring (MSxPRM) in combination with the discovery-driven digitization of the clinical biospecimen using DIA. Heavy-labeled reference peptides were utilized as triggers for MSxPRM and monitoring of endogenous peptides. RESULTS We first evaluated hybrid-PRM/DIA in a clinical context on a pool of 185 selected proteotypic peptides for tumor-associated antigens derived from 64 annotated human protein groups. We demonstrated improved reproducibility and sensitivity for the detection of endogenous peptides, even at lower concentrations near the detection limit. Up to 179 MSxPRM scans were shown not to affect the overall DIA performance. Next, we applied hybrid-PRM/DIA for the integrated digitization of biobanked melanoma samples using a set of 30 AQUA peptides against 28 biomarker candidates with relevance in molecular tumor board evaluations of melanoma patients. Within the DIA-detected approximately 6500 protein groups, the selected marker candidates such as UFO, CDK4, NF1, and PMEL could be monitored consistently and quantitatively using MSxPRM scans, providing additional confidence for supporting future clinical decision-making. CONCLUSIONS Combining PRM and DIA measurements provides a new strategy for the sensitive and reproducible detection of protein markers from patients currently being discussed in molecular tumor boards in combination with the opportunity to discover new biomarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goetze
- Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- ETH PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center (SMOC), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Audrey van Drogen
- Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
- ETH PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center (SMOC), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas B Albinus
- Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyle L Fort
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yue Xuan
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Gerhold C, Stonesifer C, Xie DL, Norman R. A Rare Case of a Primary Cutaneous Collision Tumor Comprising Malignant Melanoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cureus 2024; 16:e58910. [PMID: 38800207 PMCID: PMC11118888 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This case reports a 35-year-old man who presented with a painful erythematous nodule on his right posterior calf. He first noticed this nodule several years ago and it often bled upon contact with clothing. An excisional biopsy of the skin lesion revealed two distinct populations of cells. One population of epithelioid cells stained positive for Mart-1, HMB45, and SOX-10, confirming the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. The second population of cells stained positive for desmin and calponin, confirming the diagnosis of sarcoma with muscular differentiation. Subsequently, these unusual findings led to the diagnosis of a collision tumor comprising malignant melanoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Follow-up PET/CT and brain MRI revealed no metastasis from the primary skin lesion. This case highlights a rare combination of cell types found within a collision tumor in addition to providing details on how to diagnose this skin lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Gerhold
- Department of Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, USA
| | | | - Dong-Lin Xie
- Department of Dermatopathology, Tampa Community Hospital, Tampa, USA
| | - Robert Norman
- Department of Dermatology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
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5
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Singvogel K, Schittek B. Dormancy of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:88. [PMID: 38419052 PMCID: PMC10903048 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Many cancer-related deaths including melanoma result from metastases that develop months or years after the initial cancer therapy. Even the most effective drugs and immune therapies rarely eradicate all tumor cells. Instead, they strongly reduce cancer burden, permitting dormant cancer cells to persist in niches, where they establish a cellular homeostasis with their host without causing clinical symptoms. Dormant cancers respond poorly to most drugs and therapies since they do not proliferate and hide in niches. It therefore remains a major challenge to develop novel therapies for dormant cancers. In this review we focus on the mechanisms regulating the initiation of cutaneous melanoma dormancy as well as those which are involved in reawakening of dormant cutaneous melanoma cells. In recent years the role of neutrophils and niche components in reawakening of melanoma cells came into focus and indicate possible future therapeutic applications. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo melanoma dormancy models are needed to make progress in this field and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Singvogel
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D -72076 , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D -72076 , Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Shirley CA, Chhabra G, Amiri D, Chang H, Ahmad N. Immune escape and metastasis mechanisms in melanoma: breaking down the dichotomy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336023. [PMID: 38426087 PMCID: PMC10902921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal neoplasms of the skin. Despite the revolutionary introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, metastatic spread, and recurrence remain critical problems in resistant cases. Melanoma employs a multitude of mechanisms to subvert the immune system and successfully metastasize to distant organs. Concerningly, recent research also shows that tumor cells can disseminate early during melanoma progression and enter dormant states, eventually leading to metastases at a future time. Immune escape and metastasis have previously been viewed as separate phenomena; however, accumulating evidence is breaking down this dichotomy. Recent research into the progressive mechanisms of melanoma provides evidence that dedifferentiation similar to classical epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), genes involved in neural crest stem cell maintenance, and hypoxia/acidosis, are important factors simultaneously involved in immune escape and metastasis. The likeness between EMT and early dissemination, and differences, also become apparent in these contexts. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms behind "dual drivers" simultaneously promoting metastatically inclined and immunosuppressive environments can yield novel strategies effective in disabling multiple facets of melanoma progression. Furthermore, understanding progression through these drivers may provide insight towards novel treatments capable of preventing recurrence arising from dormant dissemination or improving immunotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Shirley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Deeba Amiri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
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7
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Cerdido S, Abrisqueta M, Sánchez-Beltrán J, Lambertos A, Castejón-Griñán M, Muñoz C, Olivares C, García-Borrón JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Herraiz C. MGRN1 depletion promotes intercellular adhesion in melanoma by upregulation of E-cadherin and inhibition of CDC42. Cancer Lett 2024; 581:216484. [PMID: 38008393 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 is an E3-ubiquitin ligase encoded by the color gene MGRN1. Our previous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that Mgrn1 deletion in mouse melanoma cells induced cell differentiation and adhesion, and decreased cell motility and invasion on collagen I, and lung colonization in an in vivo model. Here, we investigated the role of MGRN1 on human melanoma cell morphology, adhesion and expression of genes/proteins involved in an EMT-like transition. We demonstrated that wild-type BRAF human melanoma cells adopted a clustering-like morphology on collagen I, with permanent MGRN1 abrogation resulting in bigger cell clusters. Enhanced intercellular adhesion was mostly mediated by induction of E-cadherin and higher co-localization with β-catenin. Transcriptional upregulation of E-cadherin likely occurred through downregulation of the ZEB1 repressor. Finally, pulldown assays showed reduced activation of CDC42 in the absence of MGRN1, which was reverted after E-cadherin silencing. Overall, these findings highlight a new MGRN1-dependent pathway regulating melanoma cell shape, motility, and invasion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cerdido
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Abrisqueta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Sánchez-Beltrán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Castejón-Griñán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - J C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain.
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Fontana F, Sommariva M, Anselmi M, Bianchi F, Limonta P, Gagliano N. Differentiation States of Phenotypic Transition of Melanoma Cells Are Revealed by 3D Cell Cultures. Cells 2024; 13:181. [PMID: 38247872 PMCID: PMC10814891 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is characterized by high metastatic potential favored by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading melanoma cells to exhibit a spectrum of typical EMT markers. This study aimed to analyze the expression of EMT markers in A375 and BLM melanoma cell lines cultured in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids using morphological and molecular methods. The expression of EMT markers was strongly affected by 3D arrangement and revealed a hybrid phenotype for the two cell lines. Indeed, although E-cadherin was almost undetectable in both A375 and BLM cells, cortical actin was detected in A375 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids and was strongly expressed in BLM 3D spheroids. The mesenchymal marker N-cadherin was significantly up-regulated in A375 3D spheroids while undetectable in BLM cells, but vimentin was similarly expressed in both cell lines at the gene and protein levels. This pattern suggests that A375 cells exhibit a more undifferentiated/mesenchymal phenotype, while BLM cells have more melanocytic/differentiated characteristics. Accordingly, the Zeb1 and 2, Slug, Snail and Twist gene expression analyses showed that they were differentially expressed in 2D monolayers compared to 3D spheroids, supporting this view. Furthermore, A375 cells are characterized by a greater invasive potential, strongly influenced by 3D arrangement, compared to the BLM cell line, as evaluated by SDS-zymography and TIMPs gene expression analysis. Finally, TGF-β1, a master controller of EMT, and lysyl oxidase (LOX), involved in melanoma progression, were strongly up-regulated by 3D arrangement in the metastatic BLM cells alone, likely playing a role in the metastatic phases of melanoma progression. Overall, these findings suggest that A375 and BLM cells possess a hybrid/intermediate phenotype in relation to the expression of EMT markers. The former is characterized by a more mesenchymal/undifferentiated phenotype, while the latter shows a more melanocytic/differentiated phenotype. Our results contribute to the characterization of the role of EMT in melanoma cells and confirm that a 3D cell culture model could provide deeper insight into our understanding of the biology of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.F.); (M.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Martina Anselmi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.F.); (M.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (F.B.)
- U. O. Laboratorio Morfologia Umana Applicata, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.F.); (M.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (F.B.)
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9
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Pozniak J, Pedri D, Landeloos E, Van Herck Y, Antoranz A, Vanwynsberghe L, Nowosad A, Roda N, Makhzami S, Bervoets G, Maciel LF, Pulido-Vicuña CA, Pollaris L, Seurinck R, Zhao F, Flem-Karlsen K, Damsky W, Chen L, Karagianni D, Cinque S, Kint S, Vandereyken K, Rombaut B, Voet T, Vernaillen F, Annaert W, Lambrechts D, Boecxstaens V, Saeys Y, van den Oord J, Bosisio F, Karras P, Shain AH, Bosenberg M, Leucci E, Paschen A, Rambow F, Bechter O, Marine JC. A TCF4-dependent gene regulatory network confers resistance to immunotherapy in melanoma. Cell 2024; 187:166-183.e25. [PMID: 38181739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
To better understand intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), we established a comprehensive view of the cellular architecture of the treatment-naive melanoma ecosystem and studied its evolution under ICB. Using single-cell, spatial multi-omics, we showed that the tumor microenvironment promotes the emergence of a complex melanoma transcriptomic landscape. Melanoma cells harboring a mesenchymal-like (MES) state, a population known to confer resistance to targeted therapy, were significantly enriched in early on-treatment biopsies from non-responders to ICB. TCF4 serves as the hub of this landscape by being a master regulator of the MES signature and a suppressor of the melanocytic and antigen presentation transcriptional programs. Targeting TCF4 genetically or pharmacologically, using a bromodomain inhibitor, increased immunogenicity and sensitivity of MES cells to ICB and targeted therapy. We thereby uncovered a TCF4-dependent regulatory network that orchestrates multiple transcriptional programs and contributes to resistance to both targeted therapy and ICB in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pozniak
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dennis Pedri
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewout Landeloos
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Asier Antoranz
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Vanwynsberghe
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ada Nowosad
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niccolò Roda
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samira Makhzami
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Bervoets
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Ferreira Maciel
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos Ariel Pulido-Vicuña
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Pollaris
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine Group, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruth Seurinck
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine Group, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fang Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karine Flem-Karlsen
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT 05610, USA
| | - William Damsky
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Yale University, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT 05610, USA
| | - Limin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Despoina Karagianni
- Immune Regulation and Tumor Immunotherapy Group, Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Sonia Cinque
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Kint
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katy Vandereyken
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Rombaut
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine Group, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thierry Voet
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine Group, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joost van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Bosisio
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Panagiotis Karras
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Hunter Shain
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Pathology and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 05610, USA
| | - Eleonora Leucci
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Paschen
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Rambow
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Applied Computational Cancer Research, Institute for AI in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Bechter
- Department of General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Russell AJC, Weir JA, Nadaf NM, Shabet M, Kumar V, Kambhampati S, Raichur R, Marrero GJ, Liu S, Balderrama KS, Vanderburg CR, Shanmugam V, Tian L, Iorgulescu JB, Yoon CH, Wu CJ, Macosko EZ, Chen F. Slide-tags enables single-nucleus barcoding for multimodal spatial genomics. Nature 2024; 625:101-109. [PMID: 38093010 PMCID: PMC10764288 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological innovations have enabled the high-throughput quantification of gene expression and epigenetic regulation within individual cells, transforming our understanding of how complex tissues are constructed1-6. However, missing from these measurements is the ability to routinely and easily spatially localize these profiled cells. We developed a strategy, Slide-tags, in which single nuclei within an intact tissue section are tagged with spatial barcode oligonucleotides derived from DNA-barcoded beads with known positions. These tagged nuclei can then be used as an input into a wide variety of single-nucleus profiling assays. Application of Slide-tags to the mouse hippocampus positioned nuclei at less than 10 μm spatial resolution and delivered whole-transcriptome data that are indistinguishable in quality from ordinary single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data. To demonstrate that Slide-tags can be applied to a wide variety of human tissues, we performed the assay on brain, tonsil and melanoma. We revealed cell-type-specific spatially varying gene expression across cortical layers and spatially contextualized receptor-ligand interactions driving B cell maturation in lymphoid tissue. A major benefit of Slide-tags is that it is easily adaptable to almost any single-cell measurement technology. As a proof of principle, we performed multiomic measurements of open chromatin, RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequences in the same cells from metastatic melanoma, identifying transcription factor motifs driving cancer cell state transitions in spatially distinct microenvironments. Slide-tags offers a universal platform for importing the compendium of established single-cell measurements into the spatial genomics repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J C Russell
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jackson A Weir
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naeem M Nadaf
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Vipin Kumar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kambhampati
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruth Raichur
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sophia Liu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Vignesh Shanmugam
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luyi Tian
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong, China
| | - J Bryan Iorgulescu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Hematopathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles H Yoon
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Xiang S, Jian L, Zeng H, Wu H, Ge B, Zhang P, Lin J, Guo A, Zhou B. Isoliquiritigenin suppresses the progression of malignant melanoma via targeting H2A.Z.1-E2F1 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115859. [PMID: 37863326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most prevalent tumors, and it is still a huge challenge in the current clinical treatment. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), which is isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., has been reported for its anti-tumor effect. However, the underlying mechanism and targets of ISL are still not be revealed clearly. In this study, differentiallyexpressedproteins were identified bylabel-free quantitative mass spectrometry. Two isoforms of the histone variant H2A.Z, including H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2, were significantly down regulated after administration of ISL in melanoma. H2A.Z.1 was highly expressed in melanoma and correlated with poor prognosis of melanoma. The expression of H2A.Z was inhibited by ISL in a concentration-dependent manner. Overexpression of H2A.Z.1 in melanoma cell lines partly restored the repressed cell proliferation and cell cycle by ISL. Moreover, E2F1 was identified as one downstream target of H2A.Z.1, which was also highly expressed in melanoma and correlated with poor prognosis of melanoma. Furthermore, in vivo assays validated the inhibitory role of ISL in melanoma proliferation and the expression of H2A.Z.1 and E2F1.Aboveall,it is indicated that ISL inhibit melanoma proliferation via targeting H2A.Z.1-E2F1 pathway. These findings explain the anti-tumor mechanism of ISL and provide potential therapeutic targets for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lina Jian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Clinical Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huixing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bingchen Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pujie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Aoxiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Benjie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China.
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12
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Harmange G, Hueros RAR, Schaff DL, Emert B, Saint-Antoine M, Kim LC, Niu Z, Nellore S, Fane ME, Alicea GM, Weeraratna AT, Simon MC, Singh A, Shaffer SM. Disrupting cellular memory to overcome drug resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7130. [PMID: 37932277 PMCID: PMC10628298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression states persist for varying lengths of time at the single-cell level, a phenomenon known as gene expression memory. When cells switch states, losing memory of their prior state, this transition can occur in the absence of genetic changes. However, we lack robust methods to find regulators of memory or track state switching. Here, we develop a lineage tracing-based technique to quantify memory and identify cells that switch states. Applied to melanoma cells without therapy, we quantify long-lived fluctuations in gene expression that are predictive of later resistance to targeted therapy. We also identify the PI3K and TGF-β pathways as state switching modulators. We propose a pretreatment model, first applying a PI3K inhibitor to modulate gene expression states, then applying targeted therapy, which leads to less resistance than targeted therapy alone. Together, we present a method for finding modulators of gene expression memory and their associated cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Harmange
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raúl A Reyes Hueros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan L Schaff
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Emert
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael Saint-Antoine
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Laura C Kim
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zijian Niu
- Department of Chemistry, College of the Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physics, College of the Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shivani Nellore
- Department of Biology, College of the Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Research Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhyudai Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Sydney M Shaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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McRee SK, Bayer AL, Pietruska J, Tsichlis PN, Hinds PW. AKT2 Loss Impairs BRAF-Mutant Melanoma Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4958. [PMID: 37894325 PMCID: PMC10605002 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment, melanoma remains the deadliest form of skin cancer due to its highly metastatic nature. Melanomas harboring oncogenic BRAFV600E mutations combined with PTEN loss exhibit unrestrained PI3K/AKT signaling and increased invasiveness. However, the contribution of different AKT isoforms to melanoma initiation, progression, and metastasis has not been comprehensively explored, and questions remain about whether individual isoforms play distinct or redundant roles in each step. We investigate the contribution of individual AKT isoforms to melanoma initiation using a novel mouse model of AKT isoform-specific loss in a murine melanoma model, and we investigate tumor progression, maintenance, and metastasis among a panel of human metastatic melanoma cell lines using AKT isoform-specific knockdown studies. We elucidate that AKT2 is dispensable for primary tumor formation but promotes migration and invasion in vitro and metastatic seeding in vivo, whereas AKT1 is uniquely important for melanoma initiation and cell proliferation. We propose a mechanism whereby the inhibition of AKT2 impairs glycolysis and reduces an EMT-related gene expression signature in PTEN-null BRAF-mutant human melanoma cells to limit metastatic spread. Our data suggest that the elucidation of AKT2-specific functions in metastasis might inform therapeutic strategies to improve treatment options for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan K. McRee
- Program in Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Abraham L. Bayer
- Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jodie Pietruska
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Philip N. Tsichlis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Philip W. Hinds
- Program in Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
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14
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Wang W, Wang M, Liu X, Chen X, Cheng H, Wang G. LncRNA NEAT1 antagonizes the inhibition of melanoma proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT by Polyphyllin B. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2469-2480. [PMID: 37004552 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyphyllin B (PPB) is a compound with anti-tumor effects. Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a long-stranded noncoding RNA that induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. However, the role and mechanism of PPB on melanoma and the correlation between them remain unclear. In this study we screened NEAT1 by using LncRNA transcriptomic sequencing, and then transfected B16F10 cells using OVER-NEAT1 lentivirus. Next, we found that PPB had significant proliferation inhibition of melanoma and B16F10 cells through MTT assay and establishment of mouse subcutaneous transplantation tumor model; in addition, through wound healing assay, transwell assay and establishment of mouse melanoma lung metastasis model, we found that PPB significantly inhibited the invasion and migration of B16F10 cells in vitro, and inhibited the metastasis of melanoma to lung, bone and liver in vivo. Finally, changes in the expression levels of EMT-related proteins were assessed by western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry, and PPB significantly downregulated the expression levels of MMP-9, N-cadherin, etc., and upregulated E-cadherin. While overexpressed NEAT1 showed the ability to promote melanoma proliferation, migration and invasion, in addition to partially reversed the inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma by PPB mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230038, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Xiaxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230038, China.
| | - Guokai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
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15
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Khan SU, Fatima K, Malik F, Kalkavan H, Wani A. Cancer metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108522. [PMID: 37661054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic progression combined with non-responsiveness towards systemic therapy often shapes the course of disease for cancer patients and commonly determines its lethal outcome. The complex molecular events that promote metastasis are a combination of both, the acquired pro-metastatic properties of cancer cells and a metastasis-permissive or -supportive tumor micro-environment (TME). Yet, dissemination is a challenging process for cancer cells that requires a series of events to enable cancer cell survival and growth. Metastatic cancer cells have to initially detach themselves from primary tumors, overcome the challenges of their intravasal journey and colonize distant sites that are suited for their metastases. The implicated obstacles including anoikis and immune surveillance, can be overcome by intricate intra- and extracellular signaling pathways, which we will summarize and discuss in this review. Further, emerging modulators of metastasis, like the immune-microenvironment, microbiome, sublethal cell death engagement, or the nervous system will be integrated into the existing working model of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Ullah Khan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ASIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ASIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Abubakar Wani
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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16
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Sarrand J, Soyfoo MS. Involvement of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14481. [PMID: 37833928 PMCID: PMC10572663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex reversible biological process characterized by the loss of epithelial features and the acquisition of mesenchymal features. EMT was initially described in developmental processes and was further associated with pathological conditions including metastatic cascade arising in neoplastic progression and organ fibrosis. Fibrosis is delineated by an excessive number of myofibroblasts, resulting in exuberant production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, thereby compromising organ function and ultimately leading to its failure. It is now well acknowledged that a significant number of myofibroblasts result from the conversion of epithelial cells via EMT. Over the past two decades, evidence has accrued linking fibrosis to many chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including systemic sclerosis (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In addition, chronic inflammatory states observed in most autoimmune and inflammatory diseases can act as a potent trigger of EMT, leading to the development of a pathological fibrotic state. In the present review, we aim to describe the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of EMT to the pathophysiological processes of various rheumatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sarrand
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muhammad S. Soyfoo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Kuras M. Exploring the Complex and Multifaceted Interplay between Melanoma Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14403. [PMID: 37762707 PMCID: PMC10531837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a very aggressive skin cancer, characterized by a heterogeneous nature and high metastatic potential. The incidence of melanoma is continuously increasing worldwide, and it is one of the most common cancers in young adults. In the past twenty years, our understanding of melanoma biology has increased profoundly, and disease management for patients with disseminated disease has improved due to the emergence of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. However, a significant fraction of patients relapse or do not respond adequately to treatment. This can partly be explained by the complex signaling between the tumor and its microenvironment, giving rise to melanoma phenotypes with different patterns of disease progression. This review focuses on the key aspects and complex relationship between pathogenesis, genetic abnormalities, tumor microenvironment, cellular plasticity, and metabolic reprogramming in melanoma. By acquiring a deeper understanding of the multifaceted features of melanomagenesis, we can reach a point of more individualized and patient-centered disease management and reduced costs of ineffective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kuras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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18
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Haerinck J, Goossens S, Berx G. The epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity landscape: principles of design and mechanisms of regulation. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:590-609. [PMID: 37169858 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) enables cells to interconvert between several states across the epithelial-mesenchymal landscape, thereby acquiring hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypic features. This plasticity is crucial for embryonic development and wound healing, but also underlies the acquisition of several malignant traits during cancer progression. Recent research using systems biology and single-cell profiling methods has provided novel insights into the main forces that shape EMP, which include the microenvironment, lineage specification and cell identity, and the genome. Additionally, key roles have emerged for hysteresis (cell memory) and cellular noise, which can drive stochastic transitions between cell states. Here, we review these forces and the distinct but interwoven layers of regulatory control that stabilize EMP states or facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) and discuss the therapeutic potential of manipulating the EMP landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Haerinck
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Translational Research in Oncology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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McRee SK, Bayer AL, Pietruska J, Tsichlis PN, Hinds PW. AKT2 Loss Impairs BRAF-Mutant Melanoma Metastasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554685. [PMID: 37662310 PMCID: PMC10473698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment, melanoma remains the deadliest form of skin cancer, due to its highly metastatic nature. Melanomas harboring oncogenic BRAF V600E mutations combined with PTEN loss exhibit unrestrained PI3K/AKT signaling and increased invasiveness. However, the contribution of different AKT isoforms to melanoma initiation, progression, and metastasis has not been comprehensively explored, and questions remain whether individual isoforms play distinct or redundant roles in each step. We investigate the contribution of individual AKT isoforms to melanoma initiation using a novel mouse model of AKT isoform-specific loss in a murine melanoma model, and investigate tumor progression, maintenance, and metastasis among a panel of human metastatic melanoma cell lines using AKT-isoform specific knockdown studies. We elucidate that AKT2 is dispensable for primary tumor formation but promotes migration and invasion in vitro and metastatic seeding in vivo , while AKT1 is uniquely important for melanoma initiation and cell proliferation. We propose a mechanism whereby inhibition of AKT2 impairs glycolysis and reduces an EMT-related gene expression signature in PTEN-null BRAF-mutant human melanoma cells to limit metastatic spread. Our data suggest that elucidation of AKT2-specific functions in metastasis could inform therapeutic strategies to improve treatment options for melanoma patients.
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20
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Li Y, Liu F. The extracellular vesicles targeting tumor microenvironment: a promising therapeutic strategy for melanoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200249. [PMID: 37575250 PMCID: PMC10419216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles secreted by numerous cell types and circulate in almost all body fluids, acting as crucial messengers for cell-to-cell communication. EVs involves multiple physiological and pathological processes, including tumor progression, via their multiple cargoes. Therefore, EVs have become attractive candidates for the treatment of tumor, including melanoma. Notably, due to the crucial role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in promoting tumor malignant phenotype, and the close intercellular communication in TME, EVs-based therapy by targeting TME has become a cutting-edge and prospective strategy for inhibiting melanoma progression and strengthening the anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we aimed to summarize and discuss the role of therapeutic EVs, which target the components of TME in melanoma, thereby providing insights into these promising clinical strategies for the treatment of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
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21
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Romano B, Maresca DC, Somma F, Ahmadi P, Putra MY, Rahmawati SI, Chianese G, Formisano C, Ianaro A, Ercolano G. Ircinia ramosa Sponge Extract (iSP) Induces Apoptosis in Human Melanoma Cells and Inhibits Melanoma Cell Migration and Invasiveness. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:371. [PMID: 37504902 PMCID: PMC10381260 DOI: 10.3390/md21070371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine compounds represent a varied source of new drugs with potential anticancer effects. Among these, sponges, including those belonging to the Irciniidae family, have been demonstrated to exert cytotoxic effects on different human cancer cells. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the therapeutic effect of an extract (referred as iSP) from the sponge, Ircinia ramosa (Porifera, Dictyoceratida, and Irciniidae), on A375 human melanoma cells. We found that iSP impaired A375 melanoma cells proliferation, induced cell death through caspase-dependent apoptosis and arrested cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, as demonstrated via both flow cytometry and qPCR analysis. The proapoptotic effect of iSP is associated with increased ROS production and mitochondrial modulation, as observed by using DCF-DHA and mitochondrial probes. In addition, we performed wound healing, invasion and clonogenic assays and found that iSP was able to restrain A375 migration, invasion and clonogenicity. Importantly, we observed that an iSP treatment modulated the expression of the EMT-associated epithelial markers, E-CAD and N-CAD, unveiling the mechanism underlying the effect of iSP in modulating A375 migration and invasion. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence to support the role of Ircinia ramosa sponge extracts as a potential therapeutic resource for the treatment of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Claudia Maresca
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Somma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Peni Ahmadi
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drug, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), JI. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Masteria Yunovilsa Putra
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drug, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), JI. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Siti Irma Rahmawati
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drug, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), JI. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Formisano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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22
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Andhari MD, Antoranz A, De Smet F, Bosisio FM. Recent advancements in tumour microenvironment landscaping for target selection and response prediction in immune checkpoint therapies achieved through spatial protein multiplexing analysis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 382:207-237. [PMID: 38225104 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapies have significantly advanced cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the high costs and potential adverse effects associated with these therapies highlight the need for better predictive biomarkers to identify patients who are most likely to benefit from treatment. Unfortunately, the existing biomarkers are insufficient to identify such patients. New high-dimensional spatial technologies have emerged as a valuable tool for discovering novel biomarkers by analysing multiple protein markers at a single-cell resolution in tissue samples. These technologies provide a more comprehensive map of tissue composition, cell functionality, and interactions between different cell types in the tumour microenvironment. In this review, we provide an overview of how spatial protein-based multiplexing technologies have fuelled biomarker discovery and advanced the field of immunotherapy. In particular, we will focus on how these technologies contributed to (i) characterise the tumour microenvironment, (ii) understand the role of tumour heterogeneity, (iii) study the interplay of the immune microenvironment and tumour progression, (iv) discover biomarkers for immune checkpoint therapies (v) suggest novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Dipak Andhari
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Asier Antoranz
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Maria Bosisio
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Penas C, Arroyo-Berdugo Y, Apraiz A, Rasero J, Muñoa-Hoyos I, Andollo N, Cancho-Galán G, Izu R, Gardeazabal J, Ezkurra PA, Subiran N, Alvarez-Dominguez C, Alonso S, Bosserhoff AK, Asumendi A, Boyano MD. Pirin is a prognostic marker of human melanoma that dampens the proliferation of malignant cells by downregulating JARID1B/KDM5B expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9561. [PMID: 37308689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally considered to act as a transcriptional co-factor, Pirin has recently been reported to play a role in tumorigenesis and the malignant progression of many tumors. Here, we have analyzed the diagnostic and prognostic value of Pirin expression in the early stages of melanoma, and its role in the biology of melanocytic cells. Pirin expression was analyzed in a total of 314 melanoma biopsies, correlating this feature with the patient's clinical course. Moreover, PIR downregulated primary melanocytes were analyzed by RNA sequencing, and the data obtained were validated in human melanoma cell lines overexpressing PIR by functional assays. The immunohistochemistry multivariate analysis revealed that early melanomas with stronger Pirin expression were more than twice as likely to develop metastases during the follow-up. Transcriptome analysis of PIR downregulated melanocytes showed a dampening of genes involved in the G1/S transition, cell proliferation, and cell migration. In addition, an in silico approach predicted that JARID1B as a potential transcriptional regulator that lies between PIR and its downstream modulated genes, which was corroborated by co-transfection experiments and functional analysis. Together, the data obtained indicated that Pirin could be a useful marker for the metastatic progression of melanoma and that it participates in the proliferation of melanoma cells by regulating the slow-cycling JARID1B gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Penas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Yoana Arroyo-Berdugo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Aintzane Apraiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Javier Rasero
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Iraia Muñoa-Hoyos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Noelia Andollo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Izu
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Basurto University Hospital, 48013, Bilbo, Spain
| | - Jesús Gardeazabal
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Cruces University Hospital, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Pilar A Ezkurra
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Nerea Subiran
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- MEDONLINE Multidisciplinary Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Faculty of Education, International University of La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Santos Alonso
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Anja K Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - María D Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain.
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24
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Lin Z, Lei Y, Wen M, He Q, Tian D, Xie H. MTAP-ANRIL gene fusion promotes melanoma epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process by activating the JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9073. [PMID: 37277447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene fusions caused by cytogenetic aberrations play important roles in the initiation and progression of cancers. The recurrent MTAP-ANRIL fusion gene was reported to have a frequency of greater than 7% in melanoma in our previous study. However, its functions remain unclear. Truncated MTAP proteins resulting from point mutations in the last three exons of MTAP can physically interact with the wild-type MTAP protein, a tumor suppressor in several human cancers. Similarly, MTAP-ANRIL, which is translated into a truncated MTAP protein, would influence wild-type MTAP to act as an oncogene. Here, we found that MTAP-ANRIL gene fusion downregulated the expression of wild-type MTAP and promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process through the activation of JNK and p38 MAPKs in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that MTAP-ANRIL is a potential molecular prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shangrao People's Hospital, Shangrao, 334000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical CollegeWuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mingyao Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical CollegeWuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical CollegeWuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huaping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical CollegeWuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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25
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Hu J, Coleman K, Zhang D, Lee EB, Kadara H, Wang L, Li M. Deciphering tumor ecosystems at super resolution from spatial transcriptomics with TESLA. Cell Syst 2023; 14:404-417.e4. [PMID: 37164011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including their abundance, composition, and spatial location, are critical determinants of patient response to therapy. Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) have enabled the comprehensive characterization of gene expression in the TME. However, popular ST platforms, such as Visium, only measure expression in low-resolution spots and have large tissue areas that are not covered by any spots, which limits their usefulness in studying the detailed structure of TME. Here, we present TESLA, a machine learning framework for tissue annotation with pixel-level resolution in ST. TESLA integrates histological information with gene expression to annotate heterogeneous immune and tumor cells directly on the histology image. TESLA further detects unique TME features such as tertiary lymphoid structures, which represents a promising avenue for understanding the spatial architecture of the TME. Although we mainly illustrated the applications in cancer, TESLA can also be applied to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kyle Coleman
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daiwei Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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26
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Thirant C, Peltier A, Durand S, Kramdi A, Louis-Brennetot C, Pierre-Eugène C, Gautier M, Costa A, Grelier A, Zaïdi S, Gruel N, Jimenez I, Lapouble E, Pierron G, Sitbon D, Brisse HJ, Gauthier A, Fréneaux P, Grossetête S, Baudrin LG, Raynal V, Baulande S, Bellini A, Bhalshankar J, Carcaboso AM, Geoerger B, Rohrer H, Surdez D, Boeva V, Schleiermacher G, Delattre O, Janoueix-Lerosey I. Reversible transitions between noradrenergic and mesenchymal tumor identities define cell plasticity in neuroblastoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2575. [PMID: 37142597 PMCID: PMC10160107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noradrenergic and mesenchymal identities have been characterized in neuroblastoma cell lines according to their epigenetic landscapes and core regulatory circuitries. However, their relationship and relative contribution in patient tumors remain poorly defined. We now document spontaneous and reversible plasticity between the two identities, associated with epigenetic reprogramming, in several neuroblastoma models. Interestingly, xenografts with cells from each identity eventually harbor a noradrenergic phenotype suggesting that the microenvironment provides a powerful pressure towards this phenotype. Accordingly, such a noradrenergic cell identity is systematically observed in single-cell RNA-seq of 18 tumor biopsies and 15 PDX models. Yet, a subpopulation of these noradrenergic tumor cells presents with mesenchymal features that are shared with plasticity models, indicating that the plasticity described in these models has relevance in neuroblastoma patients. This work therefore emphasizes that intrinsic plasticity properties of neuroblastoma cells are dependent upon external cues of the environment to drive cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Thirant
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Peltier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Simon Durand
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amira Kramdi
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Louis-Brennetot
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Pierre-Eugène
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Margot Gautier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ana Costa
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Grelier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sakina Zaïdi
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nadège Gruel
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
| | - Irène Jimenez
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Eve Lapouble
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Pierron
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Déborah Sitbon
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Hervé J Brisse
- Institut Curie, Department of Imaging, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul Fréneaux
- Institut Curie, Department of Biopathology, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Grossetête
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laura G Baudrin
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Raynal
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Angela Bellini
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Jaydutt Bhalshankar
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Angel M Carcaboso
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, INSERM U1015, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Didier Surdez
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Balgrist University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Boeva
- Inserm, U1016, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris, France
- ETH Zürich, Department of Computer Science, Institute for Machine Learning, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Schleiermacher
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Janoueix-Lerosey
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France.
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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Ruffini F, Ceci C, Atzori MG, Caporali S, Levati L, Bonmassar L, Cappellini GCA, D'Atri S, Graziani G, Lacal PM. TARGETING OF PDGF-C/NRP-1 AUTOCRINE LOOP AS A NEW STRATEGY FOR COUNTERACTING THE INVASIVENESS OF MELANOMA RESISTANT TO BRAF INHIBITORS. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106782. [PMID: 37127213 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma resistance to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) is often accompanied by a switch from a proliferative to an invasive phenotype. Therefore, the identification of signaling molecules involved in the development of metastatic properties by resistant melanoma cells is of primary importance. We have previously demonstrated that activation of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C confers melanoma cells with an invasive behavior similar to that of BRAFi resistant tumors. Aims of the present study were to evaluate the role of PDGF-C/NRP-1 autocrine loop in the acquisition of an invasive and BRAFi-resistant phenotype by melanoma cells and the effect of its inhibition on drug resistance and extracellular matrix (ECM) invasion. Furthermore, we investigated whether PDGF-C serum levels were differentially modulated by drug treatment in metastatic melanoma patients responsive or refractory to BRAFi as a single agent or in combination with MEK inhibitors (MEKi). The results indicated that human melanoma cells resistant to BRAFi express higher levels of PDGF-C and NRP-1 as compared to their susceptible counterparts. Overexpression occurs early during development of drug resistance and contributes to the invasive properties of resistant cells. Accordingly, silencing of NRP-1 or PDGF-C reduces tumor cell invasiveness. Analysis of PDGF-C in the serum collected from patients treated with BRAFi or BRAFi+MEKi, showed that in responders PDGF-C levels decrease after treatment and raise again at tumor progression. Conversely, in non-responders treatment does not affect PDGF-C serum levels. Thus, blockade of NRP-1 activation by PDGF-C might represent a new therapeutic approach to counteract the invasiveness of BRAFi-resistant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ruffini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ceci
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant'Alessandro, 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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28
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Russell AJC, Weir JA, Nadaf NM, Shabet M, Kumar V, Kambhampati S, Raichur R, Marrero GJ, Liu S, Balderrama KS, Vanderburg CR, Shanmugam V, Tian L, Wu CJ, Yoon CH, Macosko EZ, Chen F. Slide-tags: scalable, single-nucleus barcoding for multi-modal spatial genomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.01.535228. [PMID: 37066158 PMCID: PMC10103946 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.01.535228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological innovations have enabled the high-throughput quantification of gene expression and epigenetic regulation within individual cells, transforming our understanding of how complex tissues are constructed. Missing from these measurements, however, is the ability to routinely and easily spatially localise these profiled cells. We developed a strategy, Slide-tags, in which single nuclei within an intact tissue section are 'tagged' with spatial barcode oligonucleotides derived from DNA-barcoded beads with known positions. These tagged nuclei can then be used as input into a wide variety of single-nucleus profiling assays. Application of Slide-tags to the mouse hippocampus positioned nuclei at less than 10 micron spatial resolution, and delivered whole-transcriptome data that was indistinguishable in quality from ordinary snRNA-seq. To demonstrate that Slide-tags can be applied to a wide variety of human tissues, we performed the assay on brain, tonsil, and melanoma. We revealed cell-type-specific spatially varying gene expression across cortical layers and spatially contextualised receptor-ligand interactions driving B-cell maturation in lymphoid tissue. A major benefit of Slide-tags is that it is easily adaptable to virtually any single-cell measurement technology. As proof of principle, we performed multiomic measurements of open chromatin, RNA, and T-cell receptor sequences in the same cells from metastatic melanoma. We identified spatially distinct tumour subpopulations to be differentially infiltrated by an expanded T-cell clone and undergoing cell state transition driven by spatially clustered accessible transcription factor motifs. Slide-tags offers a universal platform for importing the compendium of established single-cell measurements into the spatial genomics repertoire.
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29
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Castro MV, Barbero GA, Máscolo P, Villanueva MB, Nsengimana J, Newton-Bishop J, Illescas E, Quezada MJ, Lopez-Bergami P. ROR2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition by hyperactivating ERK in melanoma. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:75-88. [PMID: 35723796 PMCID: PMC10030744 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a protein with important functions during embryogenesis that is dysregulated in human cancer. An intriguing feature of this receptor is that it plays opposite roles in different tumor types either promoting or inhibiting tumor progression. Understanding the complex role of this receptor requires a more profound exploration of both the altered biological and molecular mechanisms. Here, we describe that ROR2 promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) by inducing cadherin switch and the upregulation of the transcription factors ZEB1, Twist, Slug, Snail, and HIF1A, together with a mesenchymal phenotype and increased migration. We show that ROR2 activates both p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways independently of Wnt5a. Further, we demonstrated that the upregulation of EMT-related proteins depends on the hyperactivation of the ERK pathway far above the typical high constitutive activity observed in melanoma. In addition, ROR2 also promoted ERK phosphorylation, EMT, invasion, and necrosis in xenotransplanted mice. ROR2 also associates with EMT in tumor samples from melanoma patients where analysis of large cohorts revealed that increased ROR2 levels are linked to EMT signatures. This important role of ROR2 translates into melanoma patient' s prognosis since elevated ROR2 levels reduced overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival of patients with lymph node metastasis. In sum, these results demonstrate that ROR2 contributes to melanoma progression by inducing EMT and necrosis and can be an attractive therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Castro
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Alexis Barbero
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Máscolo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Villanueva
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Edith Illescas
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Quezada
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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30
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Wang D, Li S, Chen Y, Luo J, Li L, Wang B, Xu Y, Liang Y. Sodium thiosulfate inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in melanoma via regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 109:89-98. [PMID: 36870927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is the most common form of skin cancer. Given its high metastasis and high recurrence, its therapies are constantly updated. OBJECTIVE The study aims to prove the efficacy of sodium thiosulfate (STS), an antidote to cyanide or nitroprusside poisoning, in melanoma treatment. METHODS We tested the effect of STS by culturing melanoma cells (B16 and A375) in vitro and establishing melanoma mouse models in vivo. The proliferation and viability of melanoma cells were measured by the CCK-8 test, cell cycle assay, apoptosis analysis, wound healing assay, and transwell migration assay. The expression of apoptosis-related molecules, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated molecules, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related molecules were determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The high metastasis of melanoma is considered to be linked to the EMT process. The scratch assay using B16 and A375 cells also showed that STS could inhibit the EMT process of melanoma. We demonstrated that STS inhibited the proliferation, viability, and EMT process of melanoma by releasing H2S. STS-mediated weakening of cell migration was related to the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Mechanistically, we defined that STS inhibited the EMT process via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the negative effect of STS on melanoma development is mediated by the reduction of EMT via the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which provides a new clue to treating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuheng Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yishan Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Luo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bocheng Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xu
- Experimental Research Center, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunsheng Liang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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The mechanical phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cell: an emerging driver of therapy cross-resistance. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:7. [PMID: 36774337 PMCID: PMC9922263 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and one of the most aggressive human cancers. Targeted therapies (TT) against BRAF mutated melanoma and immune checkpoints blockade therapies (ICB) have been a breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, therapy-driven resistance remains a major hurdle in the clinical management of the metastatic disease. Besides shaping the tumor microenvironment, current treatments impact transition states to promote melanoma cell phenotypic plasticity and intratumor heterogeneity, which compromise treatment efficacy and clinical outcomes. In this context, mesenchymal-like dedifferentiated melanoma cells exhibit a remarkable ability to autonomously assemble their own extracellular matrix (ECM) and to biomechanically adapt in response to therapeutic insults, thereby fueling tumor relapse. Here, we review recent studies that highlight mechanical phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells as a hallmark of adaptive and non-genetic resistance to treatment and emerging driver in cross-resistance to TT and ICB. We also discuss how targeting BRAF-mutant dedifferentiated cells and ECM-based mechanotransduction pathways may overcome melanoma cross-resistance.
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32
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Shoji KF, Bayet E, Leverrier-Penna S, Le Devedec D, Mallavialle A, Marionneau-Lambot S, Rambow F, Perret R, Joussaume A, Viel R, Fautrel A, Khammari A, Constantin B, Tartare-Deckert S, Penna A. The mechanosensitive TRPV2 calcium channel promotes human melanoma invasiveness and metastatic potential. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55069. [PMID: 36744297 PMCID: PMC10074106 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer endowed with a unique capacity of rapidly metastasizing, which is fundamentally driven by aberrant cell motility behaviors. Discovering "migrastatics" targets, specifically controlling invasion and dissemination of melanoma cells during metastasis, is therefore of primary importance. Here, we uncover the prominent expression of the plasma membrane TRPV2 calcium channel as a distinctive feature of melanoma tumors, directly related to melanoma metastatic dissemination. In vitro as well as in vivo, TRPV2 activity is sufficient to confer both migratory and invasive potentials, while conversely TRPV2 silencing in highly metastatic melanoma cells prevents aggressive behavior. In invasive melanoma cells, TRPV2 channel localizes at the leading edge, in dynamic nascent adhesions, and regulates calcium-mediated activation of calpain and the ensuing cleavage of the adhesive protein talin, along with F-actin organization. In human melanoma tissues, TRPV2 overexpression correlates with advanced malignancy and poor prognosis, evoking a biomarker potential. Hence, by regulating adhesion and motility, the mechanosensitive TRPV2 channel controls melanoma cell invasiveness, highlighting a new therapeutic option for migrastatics in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji F Shoji
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Elsa Bayet
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,CNRS, 4CS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Dahiana Le Devedec
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- INSERM, C3M, team 'labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2022, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Florian Rambow
- Department of Applied Computational Cancer Research, Institute for AI in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Raul Perret
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Joussaume
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Roselyne Viel
- CNRS, Inserm UMS Biosit, H2P2 Core Facility, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Fautrel
- CNRS, Inserm UMS Biosit, H2P2 Core Facility, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Amir Khammari
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Tartare-Deckert
- INSERM, C3M, team 'labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2022, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Aubin Penna
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,CNRS, 4CS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Kontogianni G, Voutetakis K, Piroti G, Kypreou K, Stefanaki I, Vlachavas EI, Pilalis E, Stratigos A, Chatziioannou A, Papadodima O. A Comprehensive Analysis of Cutaneous Melanoma Patients in Greece Based on Multi-Omic Data. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030815. [PMID: 36765773 PMCID: PMC9913631 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, and it is characterised by high mutational load and heterogeneity. In this study, we aimed to analyse the genomic and transcriptomic profile of primary melanomas from forty-six Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues from Greek patients. Molecular analysis for both germline and somatic variations was performed in genomic DNA from peripheral blood and melanoma samples, respectively, exploiting whole exome and targeted sequencing, and transcriptomic analysis. Detailed clinicopathological data were also included in our analyses and previously reported associations with specific mutations were recognised. Most analysed samples (43/46) were found to harbour at least one clinically actionable somatic variant. A subset of samples was profiled at the transcriptomic level, and it was shown that specific melanoma phenotypic states could be inferred from bulk RNA isolated from FFPE primary melanoma tissue. Integrative bioinformatics analyses, including variant prioritisation, differential gene expression analysis, and functional and gene set enrichment analysis by group and per sample, were conducted and molecular circuits that are implicated in melanoma cell programmes were highlighted. Integration of mutational and transcriptomic data in CM characterisation could shed light on genes and pathways that support the maintenance of phenotypic states encrypted into heterogeneous primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kontogianni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Piroti
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Kypreou
- 1st Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Stefanaki
- 1st Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Alexander Stratigos
- 1st Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- e-NIOS Applications Private Company, 17671 Kallithea, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (O.P.); Tel.: +30-210-727-3721 (A.C. & O.P.)
| | - Olga Papadodima
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (O.P.); Tel.: +30-210-727-3721 (A.C. & O.P.)
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Hossain SM, Eccles MR. Phenotype Switching and the Melanoma Microenvironment; Impact on Immunotherapy and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021601. [PMID: 36675114 PMCID: PMC9864717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, a highly heterogeneous tumor, is comprised of a functionally diverse spectrum of cell phenotypes and subpopulations, including stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Melanoma has been shown to dynamically shift between different transcriptional states or phenotypes. This is referred to as phenotype switching in melanoma, and it involves switching between quiescent and proliferative cell cycle states, and dramatic shifts in invasiveness, as well as changes in signaling pathways in the melanoma cells, and immune cell composition in the TME. Melanoma cell plasticity is associated with altered gene expression in immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, as well as changes in extracellular matrix, which drive the metastatic cascade and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, resistance to therapy in melanoma is not only dependent on genetic evolution, but it has also been suggested to be driven by gene expression changes and adaptive phenotypic cell plasticity. This review discusses recent findings in melanoma phenotype switching, immunotherapy resistance, and the balancing of the homeostatic TME between the different melanoma cell subpopulations. We also discuss future perspectives of the biology of neural crest-like state(s) in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Mehbuba Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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CHRNA1 and its correlated-myogenesis/cell cycle genes are prognosis-related markers of metastatic melanoma. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 33:101425. [PMID: 36654921 PMCID: PMC9841360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (CHRNs) expression and their critical role in various types of cancer have been reported. However, it is still unclear which CHRNs and their associated genes play essential roles in metastasis in melanoma patients. Here, we performed bioinformatics analyses on publicly available bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of patients with melanoma to identify the CHRNs highly expressed in metastatic melanoma. We found that CHRNA1 was highly expressed in metastatic melanoma samples compared to primary melanoma samples and was strongly associated with CHRNB1 and CHRNG. These muscle-type CHRNs (CHRNA1, CHRNB1, and CHRNG) were correlated with the ZEB1 and Rho/ROCK pathway-related genes in metastatic melanoma samples. Pairwise correlations and enrichment analyses revealed that CHRNA1 was significantly associated with myogenesis/muscle contraction and cell cycle genes. Kaplan-Meier curves illustrated the involvement of CHRNA1, four of its correlated genes (DES, FLNC, CDK1, and CDC20), and the myogenesis gene signature in the prognosis of melanoma patients. Following the bulk RNA-seq analysis, single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis showed that the CHRNA1-expressing melanoma cells are primarily metastatic and had high expression levels of CHRNB1, CHRNG, and myogenesis/cell cycle-related genes. Our bioinformatics analyses of the bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq data of patients with melanoma revealed that CHRNA1 and its correlated myogenesis/cell-related cycle genes are critical prognosis-related markers of metastatic melanoma.
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36
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Liu J, Feng S, Ji S, Ai D. LINC00511 promotes melanoma progression by targeting miR-610/NUCB2. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230628. [PMID: 36874361 PMCID: PMC9979001 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long intergenic noncoding RNA 00511 (LINC00511) predicts poor prognosis in various malignancies and functions as an oncogene in distinct malignant tumors. The role of LINC00511 in melanoma progression was assessed. In our research, expression of LINC00511 in melanoma cells was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Colony formation and CCK8 assays were used to detect cell proliferation. Cell metastasis was evaluated by transwell and wound healing assays. Downstream target of LINC00511 was investigated by luciferase activity assay. As a results, LINC00511 was elevated in melanoma cells and tissues. Loss of LINC00511 decreased cell viability, reduced proliferation, invasion, and migration of melanoma. miR-610 was target of LINC00511, and miR-610 binds to 3'UTR of nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2). Inhibition of miR-610 attenuated LINC00511 deficiency-induced decrease of NUCB2 in melanoma cells. Loss of miR-610 weakened LINC00511 deficiency-induced decrease of cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration of melanoma. In conclusion, silence of LINC00511 reduced cell proliferation and metastasis of melanoma through down-regulation of miR-610-mediated NUCB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Shijun Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16, Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Shanshan Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Dongfang Ai
- Department of Dermatology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, 061001, China
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Mennens F, Van Herck Y, Sciot R, Vanden Bempt I, Boecxstaens V, Garmyn M, Bechter O. Melanoma cell plasticity poses diagnostic challenges: a case series. Melanoma Res 2022; 32:428-439. [PMID: 36125893 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype switching is an emerging concept in melanoma research and deals with the cancer cell plasticity. In this paper, we present five cases of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma where the tumor underwent dramatic morphological and immunohistochemical changes thereby mimicking other types of malignancies. The diagnosis of melanoma in all these cases was based on the mutational profile of the tumor assessed by next-generation sequencing compared to the primary lesion or local regional lymph nodes. These cases highlight the importance of thorough diagnostic measures in patients with metastatic melanoma who show progressive disease and where basic pathological assessment shows a diagnostic discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Garmyn
- Dermatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Strategies to improve drug penetration into tumor microenvironment by nanoparticles: focus on nanozymes. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibition by metformin reduces melanoma lung metastasis in a murine model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17776. [PMID: 36273071 PMCID: PMC9588059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive cancer with fast metastatic spread and reduced survival time. One common event during the neoplastic progression is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enhances invasiveness, cell migration, and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of metformin at EMT in melanoma cell lines B16-F10 and A-375, in vitro, and the impact of EMT downregulation on melanoma progression in vivo. The metformin cells treatment reduces the migration potential in vitro and reduced the development of pulmonary metastases and the expressions of N-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB1, and ZEB2 at the metastases site, in vivo. These results indicate that metformin can promote EMT downregulation impairing the metastatic potential of melanoma cells.
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40
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Popovic A, Tartare-Deckert S. Role of extracellular matrix architecture and signaling in melanoma therapeutic resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:924553. [PMID: 36119516 PMCID: PMC9479148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.924553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis therefore its production, assembly and mechanical stiffness are highly regulated in normal tissues. However, in solid tumors, increased stiffness resulting from abnormal ECM structural changes is associated with disease progression, an increased risk of metastasis and poor survival. As a dynamic and key component of the tumor microenvironment, the ECM is becoming increasingly recognized as an important feature of tumors, as it has been shown to promote several hallmarks of cancer via biochemical and biomechanical signaling. In this regard, melanoma cells are highly sensitive to ECM composition, stiffness and fiber alignment because they interact directly with the ECM in the tumor microenvironment via cell surface receptors, secreted factors or enzymes. Importantly, seeing as the ECM is predominantly deposited and remodeled by myofibroblastic stromal fibroblasts, it is a key avenue facilitating their paracrine interactions with melanoma cells. This review gives an overview of melanoma and further describes the critical roles that ECM properties such as ECM remodeling, ECM-related proteins and stiffness play in cutaneous melanoma progression, tumor cell plasticity and therapeutic resistance. Finally, given the emerging importance of ECM dynamics in melanoma, future perspectives on therapeutic strategies to normalize the ECM in tumors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Popovic
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
- Team Microenvironnement, Signaling and Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Sophie Tartare-Deckert
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
- Team Microenvironnement, Signaling and Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
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41
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Ohanna M, Biber P, Deckert M. Emerging Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes (DUBs) in Melanoma Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143371. [PMID: 35884430 PMCID: PMC9322030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin cancer. Therapies targeting the BRAF oncogenic pathway and immunotherapies show remarkable clinical efficacy. However, these treatments are limited to subgroups of patients and relapse is common. Overall, the majority of patients require additional treatments, justifying the development of new therapeutic strategies. Non-genetic and genetic alterations are considered to be important drivers of cellular adaptation mechanisms to current therapies and disease relapse. Importantly, modification of the overall proteome in response to non-genetic and genetic events supports major cellular changes that are required for the survival, proliferation, and migration of melanoma cells. However, the mechanisms underlying these adaptive responses remain to be investigated. The major contributor to proteome remodeling involves the ubiquitin pathway, ubiquitinating enzymes, and ubiquitin-specific proteases also known as DeUBiquitinases (DUBs). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the nature and roles of the DUBs recently identified in melanoma progression and therapeutic resistance and discuss their potential as novel sources of vulnerability for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Ohanna
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France; (P.B.); (M.D.)
- Team MicroCan, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 06204 Nice, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-8915-3853
| | - Pierric Biber
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France; (P.B.); (M.D.)
- Team MicroCan, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Marcel Deckert
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France; (P.B.); (M.D.)
- Team MicroCan, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 06204 Nice, France
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42
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Žužul M, Lozić M, Filipović N, Čanović S, Didović Pavičić A, Petričević J, Kunac N, Šoljić V, Saraga-Babić M, Konjevoda S, Vukojevic K. The Expression of Connexin 37, 40, 43, 45 and Pannexin 1 in the Early Human Retina and Choroid Development and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5918. [PMID: 35682601 PMCID: PMC9180640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression pattern of Connexins (Cx) 37, 40, 43, 45 and Pannexin 1 (Pnx1) was analyzed immunohistochemically, as well as semi-quantitatively and quantitatively in histological sections of developing 8th- to 12th-week human eyes and postnatal healthy eye, in retinoblastoma and different uveal melanomas. Expressions of both Cx37 and Cx43 increased during development but diminished in the postnatal period, being higher in the retina than in the choroid. Cx37 was highly expressed in the choroid of retinoblastoma, and Cx43 in epitheloid melanoma, while they were both increasingly expressed in mixoid melanoma. In contrast, mild retinal Cx40 expression during development increased to strong in postnatal period, while it was significantly higher in the choroid of mixoid melanoma. Cx45 showed significantly higher expression in the developing retina compared to other samples, while it became low postnatally and in all types of melanoma. Pnx1 was increasingly expressed in developing choroid but became lower in the postnatal eye. It was strongly expressed in epithelial and spindle melanoma, and particularly in retinoblastoma. Our results indicate importance of Cx37 and Cx40 expression in normal and pathological vascularization, and Cx43 expression in inflammatory response. Whereas Cx45 is involved in early stages of eye development, Pnx1might influence cell metabolism. Additionally, Cx43 might be a potential biomarker of tumor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Žužul
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Zadar, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.Ž.); (S.Č.); (A.D.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Mirela Lozić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (N.F.); (M.S.-B.)
| | - Natalija Filipović
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (N.F.); (M.S.-B.)
| | - Samir Čanović
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Zadar, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.Ž.); (S.Č.); (A.D.P.); (S.K.)
- Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Ana Didović Pavičić
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Zadar, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.Ž.); (S.Č.); (A.D.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Joško Petričević
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Nenad Kunac
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Violeta Šoljić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (N.F.); (M.S.-B.)
| | - Suzana Konjevoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Zadar, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.Ž.); (S.Č.); (A.D.P.); (S.K.)
- Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (N.F.); (M.S.-B.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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43
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Benboubker V, Boivin F, Dalle S, Caramel J. Cancer Cell Phenotype Plasticity as a Driver of Immune Escape in Melanoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873116. [PMID: 35432344 PMCID: PMC9012258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies blocking negative immune checkpoints are now approved for the treatment of a growing number of cancers. However, even in metastatic melanoma, where sustained responses are observed, a significant number of patients still do not respond or display resistance. Increasing evidence indicates that non-genetic cancer cell-intrinsic alterations play a key role in resistance to therapies and immune evasion. Cancer cell plasticity, mainly associated with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in carcinoma, relies on transcriptional, epigenetic or translational reprogramming. In melanoma, an EMT-like dedifferentiation process is characterized by the acquisition of invasive or neural crest stem cell-like features. Herein, we discuss recent findings on the specific roles of phenotypic reprogramming of melanoma cells in driving immune evasion and resistance to immunotherapies. The mechanisms by which dedifferentiated melanoma cells escape T cell lysis, mediate T cell exclusion or remodel the immune microenvironment will be detailed. The expanded knowledge on tumor cell plasticity in melanoma should contribute to the development of novel therapeutic combination strategies to further improve outcomes in this deadly metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Benboubker
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre Léon Bérard, "Cancer cell Plasticity in Melanoma" team, Lyon, France
| | - Félix Boivin
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre Léon Bérard, "Cancer cell Plasticity in Melanoma" team, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre Léon Bérard, "Cancer cell Plasticity in Melanoma" team, Lyon, France.,Dermatology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CH Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Julie Caramel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre Léon Bérard, "Cancer cell Plasticity in Melanoma" team, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, epigenetic regulators have emerged as major players in cellular processes that drive cancer initiation and progression, and subsequently modulate the responsiveness of cancers to therapeutic agents. This Special Issue of The FEBS Journal, Cancer Epigenetics, features an exciting collection of review articles that focus on the functions of a broad spectrum of epigenetic modulators in cancer. The diverse topics explored herein range from the roles of transposable elements and chromatin architecture in cancer and the most recent research advances on cancer-associated histone variants (oncohistones), to the effects of altered epigenetics on transcription and advanced cancer cell phenotypes. Moreover, the prospective key function of cancer metabolism in linking epigenetics and transcriptional regulation, and the potential of epigenetics for targeted cancer therapeutics is discussed. We hope that this collection of articles will give readers an enlightening overview of the most recent advances in the fast-moving field of cancer epigenetics.
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45
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Sanchez-Laorden B, Nieto MA. Antifibrotic drugs as therapeutic tools in resistant melanoma. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15449. [PMID: 35156326 PMCID: PMC8899909 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Together with the recent advances in immunotherapy, targeted therapy with inhibitors of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPKi) pathway including BRAF and MEK inhibitors has greatly improved the clinical outcome of these patients. Unfortunately, due to genetic and non‐genetic events, many patients develop resistance to MAPKi. Melanoma phenotypic plasticity, understood as the ability of melanoma cells to dynamically transition between different states with varying levels of differentiation/dedifferentiation, is key for melanoma progression. Lineage plasticity has also emerged as an important mechanism of non‐genetic adaptive melanoma drug resistance in the clinic (Arozarena & Wellbrock, 2019), highlighting the need for a deeper characterization of the mechanisms that control this process. In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Diazzi et al (2022) identify a mechanism regulating MAPKi‐induced phenotypic plasticity and resistance, providing evidence to support the use of an anti‐fibrotic drug as a potential novel combinatorial therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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46
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Bao Y, Cui J, Yue Y, Cao S, Li X, Liu L. ERBB3 binding protein 1 promotes the progression of malignant melanoma through activation of the Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:44. [PMID: 35093077 PMCID: PMC8800265 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant melanoma (MM) is highly metastatic and has the highest mortality rate in patients with skin cancer. The ERBB3 binding protein 1 (Ebp1) has been linked to the onset and progression of a number of malignancies. However, the role of Ebp1 in MM has not yet been reported. Methods Multiple databases were analyzed for comparing the expression of Ebp1 in normal skin and MM. Ebp1 expression was knocked down in A375 and B16 cells, and the impact of Ebp1 on the cell growth was tested by CCK-8, plate clone colony, and cell cycle assays. Scratch, transwell, and in vivo caudal vein lung metastasis tests were also used to confirm the effects of Ebp1 on melanoma cells migration, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, the possible molecular mechanism of Ebp1 was predicted by set enrichment analysis and verified by western blotting. Results Ebp1 expression was substantially higher in MM than it was in normal skin, and Ebp1 was linked to the clinical stage and lymph node metastases of patients with MM. Knockdown of Ebp1 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In vivo experiments further verified that the knockdown of Ebp1 had an obvious inhibitory effect on lung metastasis in nude mice. Knockdown of Ebp1 reduced vimentin, N-cadherin, slug, and snail expression while increasing E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, knockdown of Ebp1 reduced the expression of β-catenin, as well as its downstream targets CyclinD1 and p-GSK3β; however, a Wnt/β-catenin agonist could reverse this effect. Conclusion Ebp1 may promote the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma cells through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Chhabra G, Ahmad N. BRAF Inhibitors in Melanoma Management: When Friends Become Foes. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1256-1259. [PMID: 34872726 PMCID: PMC9199497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) vemurafenib improves survival of patients with melanoma with BRAFV600E mutations. However, effects of sustained BRAFis on BRAFi-resistant melanomas with dual mutations in BRAF and NRAS are not well characterized. Jandova and Wondrak (2021) report that vemurafenib selectively enhances expression of genes involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in BRAFV600E/NRASQ61K melanoma cells, paradoxically promoting tumor growth and metastasis in mice. This preclinical study provides compelling reasons to be cautious in the use of BRAFis in patients with NRAS-driven melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Fujimoto N, Dieterich LC. Mechanisms and Clinical Significance of Tumor Lymphatic Invasion. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102585. [PMID: 34685565 PMCID: PMC8533989 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels play an important role in tumor progression, mediating lymphatic dissemination of malignant cells to tumor-draining lymph nodes and regulating tumor immunity. An early, necessary step in the lymphatic metastasis cascade is the invasion of lymphatic vessels by tumor cell clusters or single tumor cells. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, which include tumor-specific as well as normal, developmental and immunological processes “hijacked” by tumor cells to gain access to the lymphatic system. Furthermore, we summarize the prognostic value of lymphatic invasion, discuss its relationship with local recurrence, lymph node and distant metastasis, and highlight potential therapeutic options and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriki Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan;
| | - Lothar C. Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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NecroX-5 Can Suppress Melanoma Metastasis by Reducing the Expression of Rho-Family GTPases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132790. [PMID: 34201921 PMCID: PMC8267632 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NecroX-5 (NX-5) is a cell-permeable necrosis inhibitor with cytoprotective effects. Although it has been reported to inhibit lung and breast cancer metastasis by modulating migration, its therapeutic effect on melanoma metastasis is still unknown. In this study, we examined the anti-metastatic effect of NX-5 on melanoma cell lines and its related therapeutic mechanism. The anti-metastatic effect of NX-5 on melanoma cell lines was determined using a transwell migration assay. We performed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis to measure changes in the expression of mRNA and protein, respectively, for major mediators of Rho-family GTPases after NX-5 treatment in melanoma cells. In addition, after constructing the 3D melanoma model, the expression of Rho-family GTPases was measured by immunohistochemistry. NX-5 (10 μM and 20 μM) treatment significantly reduced melanoma cell migration (p < 0.01). Additionally, NX-5 (20 μM) treatment significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA in melanoma cells compared with the untreated group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Immunohistochemistry for our 3D melanoma model showed that Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA were constitutively expressed in the nuclei of melanoma cells of the untreated group, and NX-5 treatment decreased their expression. These results demonstrate that NX-5 can suppress melanoma metastasis by reducing the expression of Rho-family GTPases.
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