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Yang Q, Cheng C, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhao J. Interaction between Risk Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Developmental Dyslexia and Parental Education on Reading Ability: Evidence for Differential Susceptibility Theory. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:507. [PMID: 38920839 PMCID: PMC11201191 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
While genetic and environmental factors have been shown as predictors of children's reading ability, the interaction effects of identified genetic risk susceptibility and the specified environment for reading ability have rarely been investigated. The current study assessed potential gene-environment (G×E) interactions on reading ability in 1477 school-aged children. The gene-environment interactions on character recognition were investigated by an exploratory analysis between the risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were discovered by previous genome-wide association studies of developmental dyslexia (DD), and parental education (PE). The re-parameterized regression analysis suggested that this G×E interaction conformed to the strong differential susceptibility model. The results showed that rs281238 exhibits a significant interaction with PE on character recognition. Children with the "T" genotype profited from high PE, whereas they performed worse in low PE environments, but "CC" genotype children were not malleable in different PE environments. This study provided initial evidence for how the significant SNPs in developmental dyslexia GWA studies affect children's reading performance by interacting with the environmental factor of parental education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang’an Road, Xi’an 710062, China; (Q.Y.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.)
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Bonti E, Zerva IK, Koundourou C, Sofologi M. The High Rates of Comorbidity among Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Reconsidering the Clinical Utility of Distinct Diagnostic Categories. J Pers Med 2024; 14:300. [PMID: 38541042 PMCID: PMC10971064 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The boundaries between neurodevelopmental disorders are often indistinct, even among specialists. But do these boundaries exist, or do experts struggle to distinguish and categorize symptoms in order to arrive at a dominant diagnosis while comorbidity continually leaves questions about where each disorder ends and begins? What should be reconsidered? The introduction of the term 'spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders' could pave the way for a re-appraisal of the clinical continuum of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study aims to highlight the problems that emerge in the field of the differential diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders and propose a renegotiation of the distinctiveness criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bonti
- First Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, “Papageorgiou” General Hospital, Pavlos Melas, 564 29 Agios Pavlos, Greece;
- School of Education, Special Education Department, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Irini K. Zerva
- School of Education, Special Education Department, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
- First Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christiana Koundourou
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos 8042, Cyprus; (C.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sofologi
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos 8042, Cyprus; (C.K.); (M.S.)
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Education School, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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Zhong X, Wang L, Xu L, Lian J, Chen J, Gong X, Shao Y. Disturbance of skin sensation and autism spectrum disorder: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3238. [PMID: 37670485 PMCID: PMC10636404 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly experience aberrant skin sensation sensitivity; however, the causal relationship is not yet clear. This study uses a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) method to explore the relationship between disturbance of skin sensation (DSS) and ASD. METHODS Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extracted from the summary data of genome-wide association studies were used as genetic instruments. MR was performed using the inverse-variance-weighted method, with alternate methods (e.g., weighted median, MR-Egger, simple mode, weighted mode, and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier) and multiple sensitivity analyses to assess horizontal pleiotropy and remove outliers. RESULTS The results of the analysis using six SNPs as genetic instruments showed that the DSS is associated with an increased risk of ASD (odds ratio = 1.126, 95% confidence interval = 1.029-1.132; p = .010). The results of the sensitivity analyses were robust with no evidence of pleiotropy. The reverse MR analyses showed no causal effects of ASD on DSS. CONCLUSION This study's findings suggest that DSS has potential causal effects on ASD, whereas ASD has no effect on DSS. Thus, skin sensitivity may represent a behavioral marker of ASD, by which some populations could be subtyped in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhong
- School of PsychologyBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Letong Wang
- School of PsychologyBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lin Xu
- School of PsychologyBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jie Lian
- School of PsychologyBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jie Chen
- School of PsychologyBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinxin Gong
- School of PsychologyBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yongcong Shao
- School of PsychologyBeijing Sport UniversityBeijingChina
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Church JA, Grigorenko EL, Fletcher JM. The Role of Neural and Genetic Processes in Learning to Read and Specific Reading Disabilities: Implications for Instruction. READING RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2023; 58:203-219. [PMID: 37456924 PMCID: PMC10348696 DOI: 10.1002/rrq.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
To learn to read, the brain must repurpose neural systems for oral language and visual processing to mediate written language. We begin with a description of computational models for how alphabetic written language is processed. Next, we explain the roles of a dorsal sublexical system in the brain that relates print and speech, a ventral lexical system that develops the visual expertise for rapid orthographic processing at the word level, and the role of cognitive control networks that regulate attentional processes as children read. We then use studies of children, adult illiterates learning to read, and studies of poor readers involved in intervention, to demonstrate the plasticity of these neural networks in development and in relation to instruction. We provide a brief overview of the rapid increase in the field's understanding and technology for assessing genetic influence on reading. Family studies of twins have shown that reading skills are heritable, and molecular genetic studies have identified numerous regions of the genome that may harbor candidate genes for the heritability of reading. In selected families, reading impairment has been associated with major genetic effects, despite individual gene contributions across the broader population that appear to be small. Neural and genetic studies do not prescribe how children should be taught to read, but these studies have underscored the critical role of early intervention and ongoing support. These studies also have highlighted how structured instruction that facilitates access to the sublexical components of words is a critical part of training the brain to read.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena L Grigorenko
- University of Houston, Texas, USA; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and St. Petersburg State University, Russia
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Wang Z, Zhao S, Zhang L, Yang Q, Cheng C, Ding N, Zhu Z, Shu H, Liu C, Zhao J. A genome-wide association study identifies a new variant associated with word reading fluency in Chinese children. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12833. [PMID: 36514817 PMCID: PMC9994172 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reading disability exhibited defects in different cognitive domains, including word reading fluency, word reading accuracy, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming and morphological awareness. To identify the genetic basis of Chinese reading disability, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the cognitive traits related to Chinese reading disability in 2284 unrelated Chinese children. Among the traits analyzed in the present GWAS, we detected one genome-wide significant association (p < 5 × 10-8 ) on word reading fluency for one SNP on 4p16.2, within EVC genes (rs6446395, p = 7.33 × 10-10 ). Rs6446395 also showed significant association with Chinese character reading accuracy (p = 2.95 × 10-4 ), phonological awareness (p = 7.11 × 10-3 ) and rapid automatized naming (p = 4.71 × 10-3 ), implying multiple effects of this variant. The eQTL data showed that rs6446395 affected EVC expression in the cerebellum. Gene-based analyses identified a gene (PRDM10) to be associated with word reading fluency at the genome-wide level. Our study discovered a new candidate susceptibility variant for reading ability and provided new insights into the genetics of developmental dyslexia in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Wang
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
| | - Shunan Zhao
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
| | - Liming Zhang
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
| | - Qing Yang
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
| | - Chen Cheng
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
| | - Ning Ding
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
| | - Zijian Zhu
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
| | - Hua Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunyu Liu
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
- The School of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of PsychiatrySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral HealthXi'anChina
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Exploring Genetic and Neural Risk of Specific Reading Disability within a Nuclear Twin Family Case Study: A Translational Clinical Application. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13010156. [PMID: 36675818 PMCID: PMC9862148 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging and genetic studies have characterized biological risk factors contributing to specific reading disability (SRD). The current study aimed to apply this literature to a family of twins discordant for SRD and an older sibling with reading difficulty. Intraclass correlations were used to understand the similarity of imaging phenotypes between pairs. Reading-related genes and brain region phenotypes, including asymmetry indices representing the relative size of left compared to right hemispheric structures, were descriptively examined. SNPs that corresponded between the SRD siblings and not the typically developing (TD) siblings were in genes ZNF385D, LPHN3, CNTNAP2, FGF18, NOP9, CMIP, MYO18B, and RBFOX2. Imaging phenotypes were similar among all sibling pairs for grey matter volume and surface area, but cortical thickness in reading-related regions of interest (ROIs) was more similar among the siblings with SRD, followed by the twins, and then the TD twin and older siblings, suggesting cortical thickness may differentiate risk for this family. The siblings with SRD had more symmetry of cortical thickness in the transverse temporal and superior temporal gyri, while the TD sibling had greater rightward asymmetry. The TD sibling had a greater leftward asymmetry of grey matter volume and cortical surface area in the fusiform, supramarginal, and transverse temporal gyrus. This exploratory study demonstrated that reading-related risk factors appeared to correspond with SRD within this family, suggesting that early examination of biological factors may benefit early identification. Future studies may benefit from the use of polygenic risk scores or machine learning to better understand SRD risk.
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ADGRL1 haploinsufficiency causes a variable spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and alters synaptic activity and behavior in a mouse model. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1436-1457. [PMID: 35907405 PMCID: PMC9388395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ADGRL1 (latrophilin 1), a well-characterized adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, has been implicated in synaptic development, maturation, and activity. However, the role of ADGRL1 in human disease has been elusive. Here, we describe ten individuals with variable neurodevelopmental features including developmental delay, intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy, all heterozygous for variants in ADGRL1. In vitro, human ADGRL1 variants expressed in neuroblastoma cells showed faulty ligand-induced regulation of intracellular Ca2+ influx, consistent with haploinsufficiency. In vivo, Adgrl1 was knocked out in mice and studied on two genetic backgrounds. On a non-permissive background, mice carrying a heterozygous Adgrl1 null allele exhibited neurological and developmental abnormalities, while homozygous mice were non-viable. On a permissive background, knockout animals were also born at sub-Mendelian ratios, but many Adgrl1 null mice survived gestation and reached adulthood. Adgrl1-/- mice demonstrated stereotypic behaviors, sexual dysfunction, bimodal extremes of locomotion, augmented startle reflex, and attenuated pre-pulse inhibition, which responded to risperidone. Ex vivo synaptic preparations displayed increased spontaneous exocytosis of dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate, but Adgrl1-/- neurons formed synapses in vitro poorly. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ADGRL1 haploinsufficiency leads to consistent developmental, neurological, and behavioral abnormalities in mice and humans.
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Gialluisi A, Andlauer TFM, Mirza-Schreiber N, Moll K, Becker J, Hoffmann P, Ludwig KU, Czamara D, Pourcain BS, Honbolygó F, Tóth D, Csépe V, Huguet G, Chaix Y, Iannuzzi S, Demonet JF, Morris AP, Hulslander J, Willcutt EG, DeFries JC, Olson RK, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Vaessen A, Maurer U, Lyytinen H, Peyrard-Janvid M, Leppänen PHT, Brandeis D, Bonte M, Stein JF, Talcott JB, Fauchereau F, Wilcke A, Kirsten H, Müller B, Francks C, Bourgeron T, Monaco AP, Ramus F, Landerl K, Kere J, Scerri TS, Paracchini S, Fisher SE, Schumacher J, Nöthen MM, Müller-Myhsok B, Schulte-Körne G. Genome-wide association study reveals new insights into the heritability and genetic correlates of developmental dyslexia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3004-3017. [PMID: 33057169 PMCID: PMC8505236 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a learning disorder affecting the ability to read, with a heritability of 40-60%. A notable part of this heritability remains unexplained, and large genetic studies are warranted to identify new susceptibility genes and clarify the genetic bases of dyslexia. We carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 2274 dyslexia cases and 6272 controls, testing associations at the single variant, gene, and pathway level, and estimating heritability using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. We also calculated polygenic scores (PGSs) based on large-scale GWAS data for different neuropsychiatric disorders and cortical brain measures, educational attainment, and fluid intelligence, testing them for association with dyslexia status in our sample. We observed statistically significant (p < 2.8 × 10-6) enrichment of associations at the gene level, for LOC388780 (20p13; uncharacterized gene), and for VEPH1 (3q25), a gene implicated in brain development. We estimated an SNP-based heritability of 20-25% for DD, and observed significant associations of dyslexia risk with PGSs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (at pT = 0.05 in the training GWAS: OR = 1.23[1.16; 1.30] per standard deviation increase; p = 8 × 10-13), bipolar disorder (1.53[1.44; 1.63]; p = 1 × 10-43), schizophrenia (1.36[1.28; 1.45]; p = 4 × 10-22), psychiatric cross-disorder susceptibility (1.23[1.16; 1.30]; p = 3 × 10-12), cortical thickness of the transverse temporal gyrus (0.90[0.86; 0.96]; p = 5 × 10-4), educational attainment (0.86[0.82; 0.91]; p = 2 × 10-7), and intelligence (0.72[0.68; 0.76]; p = 9 × 10-29). This study suggests an important contribution of common genetic variants to dyslexia risk, and novel genomic overlaps with psychiatric conditions like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and cross-disorder susceptibility. Moreover, it revealed the presence of shared genetic foundations with a neural correlate previously implicated in dyslexia by neuroimaging evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Till F M Andlauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Becker
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ferenc Honbolygó
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Tóth
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yves Chaix
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Children's Hospital, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jean-Francois Demonet
- Leenaards Memory Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Hulslander
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C DeFries
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shelley D Smith
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bruce F Pennington
- Developmental Neuropsychology Lab and Clinic, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anniek Vaessen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Urs Maurer
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Heikki Lyytinen
- Centre for Research on Learning and Teaching, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Paavo H T Leppänen
- Centre for Research on Learning and Teaching, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John F Stein
- Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel B Talcott
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fabien Fauchereau
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arndt Wilcke
- Cognitive Genetics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Cognitive Genetics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology and LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bent Müller
- Cognitive Genetics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Franck Ramus
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, EHESS, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Karin Landerl
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Biomedicum, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas S Scerri
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Whole-genome sequencing identifies functional noncoding variation in SEMA3C that cosegregates with dyslexia in a multigenerational family. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1183-1200. [PMID: 34076780 PMCID: PMC8263547 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a common heritable developmental disorder involving impaired reading abilities. Its genetic underpinnings are thought to be complex and heterogeneous, involving common and rare genetic variation. Multigenerational families segregating apparent monogenic forms of language-related disorders can provide useful entrypoints into biological pathways. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide linkage scan in a three-generational family in which dyslexia affects 14 of its 30 members and seems to be transmitted with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. We identified a locus on chromosome 7q21.11 which cosegregated with dyslexia status, with the exception of two cases of phenocopy (LOD = 2.83). Whole-genome sequencing of key individuals enabled the assessment of coding and noncoding variation in the family. Two rare single-nucleotide variants (rs144517871 and rs143835534) within the first intron of the SEMA3C gene cosegregated with the 7q21.11 risk haplotype. In silico characterization of these two variants predicted effects on gene regulation, which we functionally validated for rs144517871 in human cell lines using luciferase reporter assays. SEMA3C encodes a secreted protein that acts as a guidance cue in several processes, including cortical neuronal migration and cellular polarization. We hypothesize that these intronic variants could have a cis-regulatory effect on SEMA3C expression, making a contribution to dyslexia susceptibility in this family.
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The Polygenic Nature and Complex Genetic Architecture of Specific Learning Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050631. [PMID: 34068951 PMCID: PMC8156942 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder which may involve persistent difficulties in reading (dyslexia), written expression and/or mathematics. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with speed and accuracy of word reading, deficient decoding abilities, and poor spelling. Several studies from different, but complementary, scientific disciplines have investigated possible causal/risk factors for SLD. Biological, neurological, hereditary, cognitive, linguistic-phonological, developmental and environmental factors have been incriminated. Despite worldwide agreement that SLD is highly heritable, its exact biological basis remains elusive. We herein present: (a) an update of studies that have shaped our current knowledge on the disorder’s genetic architecture; (b) a discussion on whether this genetic architecture is ‘unique’ to SLD or, alternatively, whether there is an underlying common genetic background with other neurodevelopmental disorders; and, (c) a brief discussion on whether we are at a position of generating meaningful correlations between genetic findings and anatomical data from neuroimaging studies or specific molecular/cellular pathways. We conclude with open research questions that could drive future research directions.
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11
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Price KM, Wigg KG, Feng Y, Blokland K, Wilkinson M, He G, Kerr EN, Carter TC, Guger SL, Lovett MW, Strug LJ, Barr CL. Genome-wide association study of word reading: Overlap with risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12648. [PMID: 32108986 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reading disabilities (RD) are the most common neurocognitive disorder, affecting 5% to 17% of children in North America. These children often have comorbid neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The genetics of RD and their overlap with other disorders is incompletely understood. To contribute to this, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for word reading. Then, using summary statistics from neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders, we computed polygenic risk scores (PRS) and used them to predict reading ability in our samples. This enabled us to test the shared aetiology between RD and other disorders. The GWAS consisted of 5.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two samples; a family-based sample recruited for reading difficulties in Toronto (n = 624) and a population-based sample recruited in Philadelphia [Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC)] (n = 4430). The Toronto sample SNP-based analysis identified suggestive SNPs (P ~ 5 × 10-7 ) in the ARHGAP23 gene, which is implicated in neuronal migration/axon pathfinding. The PNC gene-based analysis identified significant associations (P < 2.72 × 10-6 ) for LINC00935 and CCNT1, located in the region of the KANSL2/CCNT1/LINC00935/SNORA2B/SNORA34/MIR4701/ADCY6 genes on chromosome 12q, with near significant SNP-based analysis. PRS identified significant overlap between word reading and intelligence (R2 = 0.18, P = 7.25 × 10-181 ), word reading and educational attainment (R2 = 0.07, P = 4.91 × 10-48 ) and word reading and ADHD (R2 = 0.02, P = 8.70 × 10-6 ; threshold for significance = 7.14 × 10-3 ). Overlap was also found between RD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as top-ranked genes were previously implicated in autism by rare and copy number variant analyses. These findings support shared risk between word reading, cognitive measures, educational outcomes and neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Price
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen G Wigg
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Feng
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten Blokland
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Wilkinson
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gengming He
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth N Kerr
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tasha-Cate Carter
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Holland Bloorview Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon L Guger
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen W Lovett
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa J Strug
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cathy L Barr
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Liu L, Gu H, Hou F, Xie X, Li X, Zhu B, Zhang J, Wei WH, Song R. Dyslexia associated functional variants in Europeans are not associated with dyslexia in Chinese. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:488-495. [PMID: 31264768 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of developmental dyslexia (DD) often used European samples and identified only a handful associations with moderate or weak effects. This study aims to identify DD functional variants by integrating the GWAS associations with tissue-specific functional data and test the variants in a Chinese DD study cohort named READ. We colocalized associations from nine DD related GWAS with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) derived from brain tissues and identified two eSNPs rs349045 and rs201605. Both eSNPs had supportive evidence of chromatin interactions observed in human hippocampus tissues and their respective target genes ZNF45 and DNAH9 both had lower expression in brain tissues in schizophrenia patients than controls. In contrast, an eSNP rs4234898 previously identified based on eQTL from the lymphoblastic cell lines of dyslexic children had no chromatin interaction with its target gene SLC2A3 in hippocampus tissues and SLC2A3 expressed higher in the schizophrenia patients than controls. We genotyped the three eSNPs in the READ cohort of 372 cases and 354 controls and discovered only weak associations in rs201605 and rs4234898 with three DD symptoms (p < .05). The lack of associations could be due to low power in READ but could also implicate different etiology of DD in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaiting Gu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Hou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Wen-Hua Wei
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Fontana BD, Franscescon F, Rosemberg DB, Norton WH, Kalueff AV, Parker MO. Zebrafish models for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Gialluisi A, Andlauer TFM, Mirza-Schreiber N, Moll K, Becker J, Hoffmann P, Ludwig KU, Czamara D, St Pourcain B, Brandler W, Honbolygó F, Tóth D, Csépe V, Huguet G, Morris AP, Hulslander J, Willcutt EG, DeFries JC, Olson RK, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Vaessen A, Maurer U, Lyytinen H, Peyrard-Janvid M, Leppänen PHT, Brandeis D, Bonte M, Stein JF, Talcott JB, Fauchereau F, Wilcke A, Francks C, Bourgeron T, Monaco AP, Ramus F, Landerl K, Kere J, Scerri TS, Paracchini S, Fisher SE, Schumacher J, Nöthen MM, Müller-Myhsok B, Schulte-Körne G. Genome-wide association scan identifies new variants associated with a cognitive predictor of dyslexia. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:77. [PMID: 30741946 PMCID: PMC6370792 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is one of the most prevalent learning disorders, with high impact on school and psychosocial development and high comorbidity with conditions like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and anxiety. DD is characterized by deficits in different cognitive skills, including word reading, spelling, rapid naming, and phonology. To investigate the genetic basis of DD, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of these skills within one of the largest studies available, including nine cohorts of reading-impaired and typically developing children of European ancestry (N = 2562-3468). We observed a genome-wide significant effect (p < 1 × 10-8) on rapid automatized naming of letters (RANlet) for variants on 18q12.2, within MIR924HG (micro-RNA 924 host gene; rs17663182 p = 4.73 × 10-9), and a suggestive association on 8q12.3 within NKAIN3 (encoding a cation transporter; rs16928927, p = 2.25 × 10-8). rs17663182 (18q12.2) also showed genome-wide significant multivariate associations with RAN measures (p = 1.15 × 10-8) and with all the cognitive traits tested (p = 3.07 × 10-8), suggesting (relational) pleiotropic effects of this variant. A polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis revealed significant genetic overlaps of some of the DD-related traits with educational attainment (EDUyears) and ADHD. Reading and spelling abilities were positively associated with EDUyears (p ~ [10-5-10-7]) and negatively associated with ADHD PRS (p ~ [10-8-10-17]). This corroborates a long-standing hypothesis on the partly shared genetic etiology of DD and ADHD, at the genome-wide level. Our findings suggest new candidate DD susceptibility genes and provide new insights into the genetics of dyslexia and its comorbities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Till F M Andlauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Becker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - William Brandler
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ferenc Honbolygó
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Tóth
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, Universiy of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Hulslander
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C DeFries
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shelley D Smith
- Developmental Neuroscience Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bruce F Pennington
- Developmental Neuropsychology Lab & Clinic, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anniek Vaessen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience & Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Urs Maurer
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Heikki Lyytinen
- Centre for Research on Learning and Teaching, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Paavo H T Leppänen
- Centre for Research on Learning and Teaching, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience & Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - John F Stein
- Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel B Talcott
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fabien Fauchereau
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arndt Wilcke
- Cognitive Genetics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Franck Ramus
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, EHESS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Karin Landerl
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Molecular Medicine Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas S Scerri
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research & Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Kappel DB, Schuch JB, Rovaris DL, da Silva BS, Müller D, Breda V, Teche SP, S Riesgo R, Schüler-Faccini L, Rohde LA, Grevet EH, Bau CHD. ADGRL3 rs6551665 as a Common Vulnerability Factor Underlying Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:60-67. [PMID: 30652248 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are prevalent, frequently occur in comorbidity and share substantial genetic correlation. Previous evidence has suggested a role for the ADGRL3 gene in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) susceptibility in several samples. Considering ADGRL3 functionality in central nervous system development and its previous association with neurodevelopmental disorders, we aimed to assess ADGRL3 influence in early-onset ADHD (before 7 years of age) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The sample comprises 187 men diagnosed with early-onset ADHD, 135 boys diagnosed with ASD and 468 male blood donors. We tested the association of an ADGRL3 variant (rs6551665) with both early-onset ADHD and ASD susceptibility. We observed significant associations between ADGRL3-rs6551665 on ADHD and ASD susceptibilities; we found that G-carriers were at increased risk of ADHD and ASD, in accordance with previous studies. The overall evidence from the literature, corroborated by our results, suggests that ADGRL3 might be involved in brain development, and genetic modifications related to it might be part of a shared vulnerability factor associated with the underlying neurobiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djenifer B Kappel
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline B Schuch
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna S da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diana Müller
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitor Breda
- ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefania P Teche
- ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rudimar S Riesgo
- Child Neurology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schüler-Faccini
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Luís A Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil. .,ADHD Outpatient Program - Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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16
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Guidi LG, Velayos‐Baeza A, Martinez‐Garay I, Monaco AP, Paracchini S, Bishop DVM, Molnár Z. The neuronal migration hypothesis of dyslexia: A critical evaluation 30 years on. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3212-3233. [PMID: 30218584 PMCID: PMC6282621 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for language is one of the key features underlying the complexity of human cognition and its evolution. However, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate normal or impaired linguistic ability. For developmental dyslexia, early postmortem studies conducted in the 1980s linked the disorder to subtle defects in the migration of neurons in the developing neocortex. These early studies were reinforced by human genetic analyses that identified dyslexia susceptibility genes and subsequent evidence of their involvement in neuronal migration. In this review, we examine recent experimental evidence that does not support the link between dyslexia and neuronal migration. We critically evaluate gene function studies conducted in rodent models and draw attention to the lack of robust evidence from histopathological and imaging studies in humans. Our review suggests that the neuronal migration hypothesis of dyslexia should be reconsidered, and the neurobiological basis of dyslexia should be approached with a fresh start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G. Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Antonio Velayos‐Baeza
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Isabel Martinez‐Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of NeuroscienceSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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17
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Sánchez-Morán M, Hernández JA, Duñabeitia JA, Estévez A, Bárcena L, González-Lahera A, Bajo MT, Fuentes LJ, Aransay AM, Carreiras M. Genetic association study of dyslexia and ADHD candidate genes in a Spanish cohort: Implications of comorbid samples. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206431. [PMID: 30379906 PMCID: PMC6209299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two complex neuro-behaviorally disorders that co-occur more often than expected, so that reading disability has been linked to inattention symptoms. We examined 4 SNPs located on genes previously associated to dyslexia (KIAA0319, DCDC2, DYX1C1 and FOXP2) and 3 SNPs within genes related to ADHD (COMT, MAOA and DBH) in a cohort of Spanish children (N = 2078) that met the criteria of having one, both or none of these disorders (dyslexia and ADHD). We used a case-control approach comparing different groups of samples based on each individual diagnosis. In addition, we also performed a quantitative trait analysis with psychometric measures on the general population (N = 3357). The results indicated that the significance values for some markers change depending on the phenotypic groups compared and/or when considering pair-wise marker interactions. Furthermore, our quantitative trait study showed significant genetic associations with specific cognitive processes. These outcomes advocate the importance of establishing rigorous and homogeneous criteria for the diagnosis of cognitive disorders, as well as the relevance of considering cognitive endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Sánchez-Morán
- BCBL-Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
- BCBL-Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | | | | | | | - María Teresa Bajo
- Research Center for Brain, Mind & Behavior, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ana M. Aransay
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL-Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Universidad del Pais Vasco UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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18
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Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurobiological disorder featured by reading disabilities. In recent years, genome-wide approaches provided new perspectives to discover novel candidate genes of DD. In a previous study, rs9313548 located downstream of FGF18 showed borderline genome-wide significant association with DD. Herein, we selected rs9313548 and 11 independent tag single nucleotide polymorphisms covering gene region of FGF18 to perform association analysis with DD among 978 Chinese dyslexic cases and 998 controls recruited from elementary schools. However, we did not observe any single nucleotide polymorphism exceeding significant threshold. Our preliminary results suggested that FGF18 might not be a susceptibility gene for DD in Chinese population.
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Asuri S, McIntosh S, Taylor V, Rokeby A, Kelly J, Shumansky K, Field LL, Yoshida EM, Arbour L. Primary Biliary Cholangitis in British Columbia First Nations: Clinical features and discovery of novel genetic susceptibility loci. Liver Int 2018; 38:940-948. [PMID: 29297981 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterized by destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts, portal inflammation and cirrhosis. Although rare in most populations, it is prevalent and often familial in British Columbia First Nations. We hypothesized that major genetic factors increased the risk in First Nations. METHODS In all, 44 individuals with Primary Biliary Cholangitis and 61 unaffected relatives from 32 First Nations families participated. Family history and co-morbidities were documented. Medical records were reviewed and available biopsies were re-reviewed by our team pathologist. Genotyping was performed on DNA from 36 affected persons and 27 unaffected relatives using the Affymetrix Human Mapping 500K Array Set. MERLIN software was used to carry out multipoint parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis. Candidate genes were identified and entered into InnateDB and KEGG software to identify potential pathways affecting pathogenesis. RESULTS In all, 34% of families were multiplex. Fifty per cent of cases and 33% of unaffected relatives reported other autoimmune disease. Three genomic regions (9q21, 17p13 and 19p13) produced LOD scores of 2.3 or greater suggestive of linkage, but no single linkage peak reached statistical significance. Candidate genes identified in the three regions suggested involvement of IL17, NFκB, IL6, JAK-STAT, IFNγ and TGFβ immune signalling pathways. Specifically, four genes-ACT1, PIN1, DNMT1 and NTN1-emerged as having roles in these pathways that may influence Primary Biliary Cholangitis pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our whole genome linkage study results reflect the multifactorial nature of Primary Biliary Cholangitis, support previous studies suggesting signalling pathway involvement and identify new candidate genes for consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Asuri
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah McIntosh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Valerie Taylor
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Rokeby
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - James Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karey Shumansky
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lanora Leigh Field
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric M Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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20
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Deriziotis P, Fisher SE. Speech and Language: Translating the Genome. Trends Genet 2017; 33:642-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Carrion-Castillo A, van Bergen E, Vino A, van Zuijen T, de Jong PF, Francks C, Fisher SE. Evaluation of results from genome-wide studies of language and reading in a novel independent dataset. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 15:531-41. [PMID: 27198479 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association scans (GWAS) for reading and language abilities have pin-pointed promising new candidate loci. However, the potential contributions of these loci remain to be validated. In this study, we tested 17 of the most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from these GWAS studies (P < 10(-6) in the original studies) in a new independent population dataset from the Netherlands: known as Familial Influences on Literacy Abilities. This dataset comprised 483 children from 307 nuclear families and 505 adults (including parents of participating children), and provided adequate statistical power to detect the effects that were previously reported. The following measures of reading and language performance were collected: word reading fluency, nonword reading fluency, phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. Two SNPs (rs12636438 and rs7187223) were associated with performance in multivariate and univariate testing, but these did not remain significant after correction for multiple testing. Another SNP (rs482700) was only nominally associated in the multivariate test. For the rest of the SNPs, we did not find supportive evidence of association. The findings may reflect differences between our study and the previous investigations with respect to the language of testing, the exact tests used and the recruitment criteria. Alternatively, most of the prior reported associations may have been false positives. A larger scale GWAS meta-analysis than those previously performed will likely be required to obtain robust insights into the genomic architecture underlying reading and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carrion-Castillo
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E van Bergen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Vino
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - T van Zuijen
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P F de Jong
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - S E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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22
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Paracchini S, Diaz R, Stein J. Advances in Dyslexia Genetics—New Insights Into the Role of Brain Asymmetries. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 96:53-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Language is a defining characteristic of the human species, but its foundations remain mysterious. Heritable disorders offer a gateway into biological underpinnings, as illustrated by the discovery that FOXP2 disruptions cause a rare form of speech and language impairment. The genetic architecture underlying language-related disorders is complex, and although some progress has been made, it has proved challenging to pinpoint additional relevant genes with confidence. Next-generation sequencing and genome-wide association studies are revolutionizing understanding of the genetic bases of other neurodevelopmental disorders, like autism and schizophrenia, and providing fundamental insights into the molecular networks crucial for typical brain development. We discuss how a similar genomic perspective, brought to the investigation of language-related phenotypes, promises to yield equally informative discoveries. Moreover, we outline how follow-up studies of genetic findings using cellular systems and animal models can help to elucidate the biological mechanisms involved in the development of brain circuits supporting language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Graham
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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24
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Insights into the genetic foundations of human communication. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:3-26. [PMID: 25597031 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human capacity to acquire sophisticated language is unmatched in the animal kingdom. Despite the discontinuity in communicative abilities between humans and other primates, language is built on ancient genetic foundations, which are being illuminated by comparative genomics. The genetic architecture of the language faculty is also being uncovered by research into neurodevelopmental disorders that disrupt the normally effortless process of language acquisition. In this article, we discuss the strategies that researchers are using to reveal genetic factors contributing to communicative abilities, and review progress in identifying the relevant genes and genetic variants. The first gene directly implicated in a speech and language disorder was FOXP2. Using this gene as a case study, we illustrate how evidence from genetics, molecular cell biology, animal models and human neuroimaging has converged to build a picture of the role of FOXP2 in neurodevelopment, providing a framework for future endeavors to bridge the gaps between genes, brains and behavior.
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25
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Gialluisi A, Newbury DF, Wilcutt EG, Olson RK, DeFries JC, Brandler WM, Pennington BF, Smith SD, Scerri TS, Simpson NH, Luciano M, Evans DM, Bates TC, Stein JF, Talcott JB, Monaco AP, Paracchini S, Francks C, Fisher SE. Genome-wide screening for DNA variants associated with reading and language traits. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:686-701. [PMID: 25065397 PMCID: PMC4165772 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reading and language abilities are heritable traits that are likely to share some genetic influences with each other. To identify pleiotropic genetic variants affecting these traits, we first performed a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) meta-analysis using three richly characterized datasets comprising individuals with histories of reading or language problems, and their siblings. GWAS was performed in a total of 1862 participants using the first principal component computed from several quantitative measures of reading- and language-related abilities, both before and after adjustment for performance IQ. We identified novel suggestive associations at the SNPs rs59197085 and rs5995177 (uncorrected P ≈ 10–7 for each SNP), located respectively at the CCDC136/FLNC and RBFOX2 genes. Each of these SNPs then showed evidence for effects across multiple reading and language traits in univariate association testing against the individual traits. FLNC encodes a structural protein involved in cytoskeleton remodelling, while RBFOX2 is an important regulator of alternative splicing in neurons. The CCDC136/FLNC locus showed association with a comparable reading/language measure in an independent sample of 6434 participants from the general population, although involving distinct alleles of the associated SNP. Our datasets will form an important part of on-going international efforts to identify genes contributing to reading and language skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gialluisi
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Ramos-Quiroga JA, Nasillo V, Fernández-Aranda F, Casas M. Addressing the lack of studies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:553-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.908708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Reading and language disorders: the importance of both quantity and quality. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:285-309. [PMID: 24705331 PMCID: PMC4094934 DOI: 10.3390/genes5020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading and language disorders are common childhood conditions that often co-occur with each other and with other neurodevelopmental impairments. There is strong evidence that disorders, such as dyslexia and Specific Language Impairment (SLI), have a genetic basis, but we expect the contributing genetic factors to be complex in nature. To date, only a few genes have been implicated in these traits. Their functional characterization has provided novel insight into the biology of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the lack of biological markers and clear diagnostic criteria have prevented the collection of the large sample sizes required for well-powered genome-wide screens. One of the main challenges of the field will be to combine careful clinical assessment with high throughput genetic technologies within multidisciplinary collaborations.
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28
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Tran C, Wigg KG, Zhang K, Cate-Carter TD, Kerr E, Field LL, Kaplan BJ, Lovett MW, Barr CL. Association of the ROBO1 gene with reading disabilities in a family-based analysis. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:430-8. [PMID: 24612512 PMCID: PMC4930671 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Linkage studies have identified a locus on chromosome 3 as reading disabilities (RD) and speech and sound disorder (SSD) susceptibility region, with both RD and SSD sharing similar phonological processing and phonological memory difficulties. One gene in this region, roundabout homolog 1 (ROBO1), has been indicated as a RD candidate and has shown significant association with measures of phonological memory in a population-based sample. In this study, we conducted a family-based association analysis using two independent samples collected in Toronto and Calgary, Canada. Using the two samples, we tested for association between ROBO1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and RD, along with quantitative measures for reading, spelling and phonological memory. One SNP, rs331142, which was selected based on its correlation with ROBO1 expression in brain tissue, was found to be significantly associated with RD in the Toronto sample with over transmission of the minor C allele (P = 0.001), correlated with low expression. This SNP is located ~200 bp from a putative enhancer and results for a marker within the enhancer, rs12495133, showed evidence for association with the same allele in both the Toronto and Calgary samples (P = 0.005 and P = 0.007). These results support previous associations between ROBO1 and RD, as well as correlation with low gene expression, suggesting a possible mechanism of risk conferred by this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Tran
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - K. G. Wigg
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
| | - K. Zhang
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
| | - T. D. Cate-Carter
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - E. Kerr
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - L. L. Field
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - B. J. Kaplan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M. W. Lovett
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - C. L. Barr
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
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29
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Nudel R, Simpson NH, Baird G, O'Hare A, Conti-Ramsden G, Bolton PF, Hennessy ER, Ring SM, Davey Smith G, Francks C, Paracchini S, Monaco AP, Fisher SE, Newbury DF. Genome-wide association analyses of child genotype effects and parent-of-origin effects in specific language impairment. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:418-29. [PMID: 24571439 PMCID: PMC4114547 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific language impairment (SLI) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects linguistic abilities when development is otherwise normal. We report the results of a genome-wide association study of SLI which included parent-of-origin effects and child genotype effects and used 278 families of language-impaired children. The child genotype effects analysis did not identify significant associations. We found genome-wide significant paternal parent-of-origin effects on chromosome 14q12 (P = 3.74 × 10−8) and suggestive maternal parent-of-origin effects on chromosome 5p13 (P = 1.16 × 10−7). A subsequent targeted association of six single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 5 in 313 language-impaired individuals and their mothers from the ALSPAC cohort replicated the maternal effects, albeit in the opposite direction (P = 0.001); as fathers’ genotypes were not available in the ALSPAC study, the replication analysis did not include paternal parent-of-origin effects. The paternally-associated SNP on chromosome 14 yields a non-synonymous coding change within the NOP9 gene. This gene encodes an RNA-binding protein that has been reported to be significantly dysregulated in individuals with schizophrenia. The region of maternal association on chromosome 5 falls between the PTGER4 and DAB2 genes, in a region previously implicated in autism and ADHD. The top SNP in this association locus is a potential expression QTL of ARHGEF19 (also called WGEF) on chromosome 1. Members of this protein family have been implicated in intellectual disability. In summary, this study implicates parent-of-origin effects in language impairment, and adds an interesting new dimension to the emerging picture of shared genetic etiology across various neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nudel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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30
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Gold MS, Blum K, Oscar-Berman M, Braverman ER. Low dopamine function in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: should genotyping signify early diagnosis in children? Postgrad Med 2014; 126:153-77. [PMID: 24393762 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.01.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is present in 8% to 12% of children, and 4% of adults worldwide. Children with ADHD can have learning impairments, poor selfesteem, social dysfunction, and an increased risk of substance abuse, including cigarette smoking. Overall, the rate of treatment with medication for patients with ADHD has been increasing since 2008, with ≥ 2 million children now being treated with stimulants. The rise of adolescent prescription ADHD medication abuse has occurred along with a concomitant increase of stimulant medication availability. Of adults presenting with a substance use disorder (SUD), 20% to 30% have concurrent ADHD, and 20% to 40% of adults with ADHD have a history of SUD. Following a brief review of the etiology of ADHD, its diagnosis and treatment, we focus on the benefits of early and appropriate testing for a predisposition to ADHD. We suggest that by genotyping patients for a number of known, associated dopaminergic polymorphisms, especially at an early age, misdiagnoses and/or over-diagnosis can be reduced. Ethical and legal issues of early genotyping are considered. As many as 30% of individuals with ADHD are estimated to either have secondary side-effects or are not responsive to stimulant medication. We also consider the benefits of non-stimulant medication and alternative treatment modalities, which include diet, herbal medications, iron supplementation, and neurofeedback. With the goals of improving treatment of patients with ADHD and SUD prevention, we encourage further work in both genetic diagnosis and novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
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31
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Sinzig J, Vinzelberg I, Bell H, Quirmbach L. Besonderheiten in der multiaxialen Klassifizierung, Anamnese und Psychopathologie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit einer Autismus-Spektrum-Störung und einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2014. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit einer Autismus Spektrum Störung (ASS) ohne oder mit einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) die Achsen des Multiaxialen Klassifikationsschemas (MAS), anamnestische Daten, sowie Ergebnisse psychopathologischer Fragebogenverfahren zu vergleichen. Insgesamt wurden 120 Patienten (Gruppe ASS: n=60; Gruppe ASS+ADHS: n=60) untersucht. Es wurden eigen- und familienanamnestische Daten, die sechs Achsen der MAS und testpsychologische Ergebnisse erhoben (MBAS, FSK, SRS, CBCL). Deskriptiv konnten in der Gruppe ASS+ADHS ein gehäufter Konsum schädlicher Substanzen durch die Mütter in der Schwangerschaft erhoben werden. In beiden Gruppen fand sich bei den Vätern gehäuft eine Tätigkeit in einem akademisch-technischen Beruf. Hinsichtlich der Fragebogenverfahren zeigte sich eine höhere externalisierende Psychopathologie für die Gruppe ASS+ADHS. Passend zu bisherigen Studien konnte bei den Patienten mit ASS und ADHS eine stärker ausgeprägte psychopathologische Belastung beschrieben werden, auf die bei Diagnostik und Therapie geachtet werden sollte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sinzig
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, LVR-Klinik Bonn
| | - Isabella Vinzelberg
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, LVR-Klinik Bonn
| | - Hannah Bell
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, LVR-Klinik Bonn
| | - Linda Quirmbach
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, LVR-Klinik Bonn
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32
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Luciano M, Evans DM, Hansell NK, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Bates TC. A genome-wide association study for reading and language abilities in two population cohorts. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:645-52. [PMID: 23738518 PMCID: PMC3908370 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Candidate genes have been identified for both reading and language, but most of the heritable variance in these traits remains unexplained. Here, we report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of two large cohorts: population samples of Australian twins and siblings aged 12–25 years (n = 1177 from 538 families), and a younger cohort of children of the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and their Children (aged 8 and 9 years; maximum n = 5472). Suggestive association was indicated for reading measures and non-word repetition (NWR), with the greatest support found for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the pseudogene, ABCC13 (P = 7.34 × 10−8), and the gene, DAZAP1 (P = 1.32 × 10−6). Gene-based analyses showed significant association (P < 2.8 × 10−6) for reading and spelling with genes CD2L1, CDC2L2 and RCAN3 in two loci on chromosome 1. Some support was found for the same SNPs having effects on both reading skill and NWR, which is compatible with behavior genetic evidence for influences of reading acquisition on phonological-task performance. The results implicate novel candidates for study in additional cohorts for reading and language abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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