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Walde MG, Wenden B, Chuine I, Gessler A, Saurer M, Vitasse Y. Stable water isotopes reveal the onset of bud dormancy in temperate trees, whereas water content is a better proxy for dormancy release. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae028. [PMID: 38417929 PMCID: PMC11016847 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Earlier spring growth onset in temperate forests is a visible effect of global warming that alters global water and carbon cycling. Consequently, it becomes crucial to accurately predict the future spring phenological shifts in vegetation under different climate warming scenarios. However, current phenological models suffer from a lack of physiological insights of tree dormancy and are rarely experimentally validated. Here, we sampled twig cuttings of five deciduous tree species at two climatically different locations (270 and 750 m a.s.l., ~ 2.3 °C difference) throughout the winter of 2019-20. Twig budburst success, thermal time to budburst, bud water content and short-term 2H-labelled water uptake into buds were quantified to link bud dormancy status with vascular water transport efficacy, with the objective of establishing connections between the dormancy status of buds and their effectiveness in vascular water transport. We found large differences in the dormancy status between species throughout the entire investigation period, likely reflecting species-specific environmental requirements to initiate and release dormancy, whereas only small differences in the dormancy status were found between the two studied sites. We found strong 2H-labelled water uptake into buds during leaf senescence, followed by a sharp decrease, which we ascribed to the initiation of endodormancy. However, surprisingly, we did not find a progressive increase in 2H-labelled water uptake into buds as winter advanced. Nonetheless, all examined tree species exhibited a consistent relationship between bud water content and dormancy status. Our results suggest that short-term 2H-labelled water uptake may not be a robust indicator of dormancy release, yet it holds promise as a method for tracking the induction of dormancy in deciduous trees. By contrast, bud water content emerges as a cost-effective and more reliable indicator of dormancy release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G Walde
- Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Wenden
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Isabelle Chuine
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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2
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Heinecke T, De Frenne P, Verheyen K, Nijs I, Matthysen E, Campioli M. Unpunctual in diversity: The effect of stand species richness on spring phenology of deciduous tree stands varies among species and years. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17266. [PMID: 38533756 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Climatic drivers alone do not adequately explain the regional variation in budburst timing in deciduous forests across Europe. Stand-level factors, such as tree species richness, might affect budburst timing by creating different microclimates under the same site macroclimate. We assessed different phases of the spring phenology (start, midpoint, end, and overall duration of the budburst period) of four important European tree species (Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur and Tilia cordata) in monocultures and four-species mixture stands of a common garden tree biodiversity experiment in Belgium (FORBIO) in 2021 and 2022. Microclimatic differences between the stands in terms of bud chilling, temperature forcing, and soil temperature were considerable, with four-species mixtures being generally colder than monocultures in spring, but not in winter. In the colder spring of 2021, at the stand level, the end of the budburst period was advanced, and its overall duration shortened, in the four-species mixtures. At species level, this response was significant for F. sylvatica. In the warmer spring of 2022, advances in spring phenology in four-species stands were observed again in F. sylvatica and, less markedly, in B. pendula but without a general response at the stand level. Q. robur showed specific patterns with delayed budburst start in 2021 in the four-species mixtures and very short budburst duration for all stands in 2022. Phenological differences between monocultures and four-species mixtures were linked to microclimatic differences in light availability rather than in temperature as even comparatively colder microclimates showed an advanced phenology. Compared to weather conditions, tree species richness had a lower impact on budburst timing, but this impact can be of importance for key species like F. sylvatica and colder springs. These results indicate that forest biodiversity can affect budburst phenology, with wider implications, especially for forest- and land surface models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Heinecke
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Naturelab (ForNaLab), Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Naturelab (ForNaLab), Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Evolutionary Ecology (EVECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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3
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Cheng DX, Wang XH, Wang CL, Li XY, Ye ZL, Li WF. Cambium Reactivation Is Closely Related to the Cell-Cycle Gene Configuration in Larix kaempferi. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3578. [PMID: 38612390 PMCID: PMC11011626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dormancy release and reactivation in temperate trees are mainly controlled by temperature and are affected by age, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of low temperatures in winter and warm temperatures in spring on dormancy release and reactivation in Larix kaempferi. Further, we established the relationships between cell-cycle genes and cambium cell division. The results showed that chilling accelerated L. kaempferi bud break overall, and the longer the duration of chilling is, the shorter the bud break time is. After dormancy release, warm temperatures induced cell-cycle gene expression; when the configuration value of the cell-cycle genes reached 4.97, the cambium cells divided and L. kaempferi reactivated. This study helps to predict the impact of climate change on wood production and provides technical support for seedling cultivation in greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wan-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (D.-X.C.); (X.-H.W.); (C.-L.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (Z.-L.Y.)
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4
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Lin S, Wang H, Dai J, Ge Q. Spring wood phenology responds more strongly to chilling temperatures than bud phenology in European conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad146. [PMID: 38079514 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A comparative assessment of bud and wood phenology could aid a better understanding of tree growth dynamics. However, the reason for asynchronism or synchronism in leaf and cambial phenology remains unclear. To test the assumption that the temporal relationship between the budburst date and the onset date of wood formation is due to their common or different responses to environmental factors, we constructed a wood phenology dataset from previous literature, and compared it with an existing bud phenology dataset in Europe. We selected three common conifers (Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and Pinus sylvestris L.) in both datasets and analyzed 909 records of the onset of wood formation at 47 sites and 238,720 records of budburst date at 3051 sites. We quantified chilling accumulation (CA) and forcing requirement (FR) of budburst and onset of wood formation based on common measures of CA and FR. We then constructed negative exponential CA-FR curves for bud and wood phenology separately. The results showed that the median, variance and probability distribution of CA-FR curves varied significantly between bud and wood phenology for three conifers. The different FR under the same chilling condition caused asynchronous bud and wood phenology. Furthermore, the CA-FR curves manifested that wood phenology was more sensitive to chilling than bud phenology. Thus, the FR of the onset of wood formation increases more than that of budburst under the same warming scenarios, explaining the stronger earlier trends in the budburst date than the onset date of woody formation simulated by the process-based model. Our work not only provides a possible explanation for asynchronous bud and wood phenology from the perspective of organ-specific responses to chilling and forcing, but also develops a phenological model for predicting both bud and wood phenology with acceptable uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huanjiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, Sector H-9, East Service Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Quansheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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5
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Vitasse Y, Pohl N, Walde MG, Nadel H, Gossner MM, Baumgarten F. Feasting on the ordinary or starving for the exceptional in a warming climate: Phenological synchrony between spongy moth ( Lymantria dispar) and budburst of six European tree species. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10928. [PMID: 38371870 PMCID: PMC10869895 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming is affecting the phenological cycles of plants and animals, altering the complex synchronization that has co-evolved over thousands of years between interacting species and trophic levels. Here, we examined how warmer winter conditions affect the timing of budburst in six common European trees and the hatching of a generalist leaf-feeding insect, the spongy moth Lymantria dispar, whose fitness depends on the synchrony between egg hatch and leaf emergence of the host tree. We applied four different temperature treatments to L. dispar eggs and twig cuttings, that mimicked warmer winters and reduced chilling temperatures that are necessary for insect diapause and bud dormancy release, using heated open-top chambers (ambient or +3.5°C), and heated greenhouses (maintained at >6°C or >10°C). In addition, we conducted preference and performance tests to determine which tree species the larvae prefer and benefit from the most. Budburst success and twig survival were highest for all tree species at ambient temperature conditions, whereas it declined under elevated winter temperature for Tilia cordata and Acer pseudoplatanus, likely due to a lack of chilling. While L. dispar egg hatch coincided with budburst in most tree species within 10 days under ambient conditions, it coincided with budburst only in Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, and, to a lesser extent, Ulmus glabra under warmer conditions. With further warming, we, therefore, expect an increasing mismatch in trees with high chilling requirements, such as Fagus sylvatica and A. pseudoplatanus, but still good synchronization with trees having low chilling requirements, such as Q. robur and C. betulus. Surprisingly, first instar larvae preferred and gained weight faster when fed with leaves of F. sylvatica, while Q. robur ranked second. Our results suggest that spongy moth outbreaks are likely to persist in oak and hornbeam forests in western and central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Nora Pohl
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesLommaSweden
| | - Manuel G. Walde
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Hannah Nadel
- United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Forest Pest Methods LaboratoryBuzzards BayMassachusettsUSA
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Frederik Baumgarten
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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6
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Lang W, Qian S, Chen X. Daylength predominates the bud growth initiation of winter deciduous forest trees in the monsoon region of China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1327509. [PMID: 38273945 PMCID: PMC10808619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1327509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming has induced significant shifts in spring phenology over both temperate and boreal forests. The timing of bud growth resuming from dormancy is crucial for predicting spring phenology. However, the mechanisms by which environmental cues, other than chilling accumulation, initiate bud growth remains unclear. By constructing a revised process-based spring phenology model incorporating photoperiod and temperature triggers of bud growth, we simulated the first leaf unfolding and first flowering dates of four deciduous forest trees during 1981-2014 at 102 stations across China's monsoon regions. Then, we revealed spatial patterns of the two triggers. Moreover, we compared fitting precision and robustness of the revised model with three mainstream models. Results show that the revised models can effectively simulate all spring phenology time series. Growth initiation of foliar and floral buds was induced by photoperiod lengthening in 80.8% and 77.7% of time series, and by temperature increasing in remaining 19.2% and 22.3% of time series, respectively. The proportions of time series with photoperiod- and temperature-initiated bud growth significantly increase and decrease from northern to southern climatic zones, respectively. Chilling exposure controls the predominant bud growth triggers in different climate zones. Specifically, in regions with long and severe winters where chilling requirement is easily fulfilled, rising temperature in spring alleviates the cold constraint and initiate bud growth. Conversely, in regions with short and mild winters, prolonged daylength in spring compensates the lack of chilling exposure to initiate bud growth. These findings suggest that photoperiod may limit spring phenology response to temperature in low-latitudes. Overall, our model slightly outperforms other models in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and robustness in modeling leaf unfolding and flowering dates. Therefore, this study deepens our understanding of the mechanisms of spring phenology, and improves the predicting capability of spring phenology models in the face of ongoing global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoqiu Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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7
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Blumstein M, Oseguera M, Caso-McHugh T, Des Marais DL. Nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics' relationship to leaf development under varying environments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:102-113. [PMID: 37882355 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-out in temperate forests is a critical transition point each spring and advancing with global change. The mechanism linking phenological variation to external cues is poorly understood. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) availability may be key. Here, we use branch cuttings from northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and measure NSCs throughout bud development in branch tissue. Given genes and environment influence phenology, we placed branches in an arrayed factorial experiment (three temperatures × two photoperiods, eight genotypes) to examine their impact on variation in leaf-out timing and corresponding NSCs. Despite significant differences in leaf-out timing between treatments, NSC patterns were much more consistent, with all treatments and genotypes displaying similar NSC concentrations across phenophases. Notably, the moderate and hot temperature treatments reached the same NSC concentrations and phenophases at the same growing degree days (GDD), but 20 calendar days apart, while the cold treatment achieved only half the GDD of the other two. Our results suggest that NSCs are coordinated with leaf-out and could act as a molecular clock, signaling to cells the passage of time and triggering leaf development to begin. This link between NSCs and budburst is critical for improving predictions of phenological timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Miranda Oseguera
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19131, USA
| | - Theresa Caso-McHugh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David L Des Marais
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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8
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Zhu D, Wang Y, Ciais P, Chevallier F, Peng S, Zhang Y, Wang X. Temperature dependence of spring carbon uptake in northern high latitudes during the past four decades. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17043. [PMID: 37988234 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
In the northern high latitudes, warmer spring temperatures generally lead to earlier leaf onsets, higher vegetation production, and enhanced spring carbon uptake. Yet, whether this positive linkage has diminished under climate change remains debated. Here, we used atmospheric CO2 measurements at Barrow (Alaska) during 1979-2020 to investigate the strength of temperature dependence of spring carbon uptake reflected by two indicators, spring zero-crossing date (SZC) and CO2 drawdown (SCC). We found a fall and rise in the interannual correlation of temperature with SZC and SCC (RSZC-T and RSCC-T ), showing a recent reversal of the previously reported weakening trend of RSZC-T and RSCC-T . We used a terrestrial biosphere model coupled with an atmospheric transport model to reproduce this fall and rise phenomenon and conducted factorial simulations to explore its potential causes. We found that a strong-weak-strong spatial synchrony of spring temperature anomalies per se has contributed to the fall and rise trend in RSZC-T and RSCC-T , despite an overall unbroken temperature control on net ecosystem CO2 fluxes at local scale. Our results provide an alternative explanation for the apparent drop of RSZC-T and RSCC-T during the late 1990s and 2000s, and suggest a continued positive linkage between spring carbon uptake and temperature during the past four decades. We thus caution the interpretation of apparent climate sensitivities of carbon cycle retrieved from spatially aggregated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, China
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9
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Malyshev AV, Blume-Werry G, Spiller O, Smiljanić M, Weigel R, Kolb A, Nze BY, Märker F, Sommer FCFJ, Kinley K, Ziegler J, Pasang P, Mahara R, Joshi S, Heinsohn V, Kreyling J. Warming nondormant tree roots advances aboveground spring phenology in temperate trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2276-2287. [PMID: 37897071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming advances the onset of tree growth in spring, but above- and belowground phenology are not always synchronized. These differences in growth responses may result from differences in root and bud dormancy dynamics, but root dormancy is largely unexplored. We measured dormancy in roots and leaf buds of Fagus sylvatica and Populus nigra by quantifying the warming sum required to initiate above- and belowground growth in October, January and February. We furthermore carried out seven experiments, manipulating only the soil and not air temperature before or during tree leaf-out to evaluate the potential of warmer roots to influence budburst timing using seedlings and adult trees of F. sylvatica and seedlings of Betula pendula. Root dormancy was virtually absent in comparison with the much deeper winter bud dormancy. Roots were able to start growing immediately as soils were warmed during the winter. Interestingly, higher soil temperature advanced budburst across all experiments, with soil temperature possibly accounting for c. 44% of the effect of air temperature in advancing aboveground spring phenology per growing degree hour. Therefore, differences in root and bud dormancy dynamics, together with their interaction, likely explain the nonsynchronized above- and belowground plant growth responses to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Malyshev
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gesche Blume-Werry
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Universitet, Umea, 90187, Sweden
| | - Ophelia Spiller
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marko Smiljanić
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Weigel
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Kolb
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Byron Ye Nze
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frederik Märker
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Kinley Kinley
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jan Ziegler
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Pasang Pasang
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Mahara
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Forest and Park Services, Thimphu, 1345, Bhutan
| | - Silviya Joshi
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vincent Heinsohn
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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10
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Anderson JT. The consequences of winter climate change for plant performance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16252. [PMID: 37882251 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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11
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Uphus L, Uhler J, Tobisch C, Rojas-Botero S, Lüpke M, Benjamin C, Englmeier J, Fricke U, Ganuza C, Haensel M, Redlich S, Zhang J, Müller J, Menzel A. Earlier and more uniform spring green-up linked to lower insect richness and biomass in temperate forests. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1052. [PMID: 37935790 PMCID: PMC10630471 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization and agricultural intensification are considered the main causes of recent insect decline in temperate Europe, while direct climate warming effects are still ambiguous. Nonetheless, higher temperatures advance spring leaf emergence, which in turn may directly or indirectly affect insects. We therefore investigated how Sentinel-2-derived start of season (SOS) and its spatial variability (SV-SOS) are affected by spring temperature and whether these green-up variables can explain insect biomass and richness across a climate and land-use gradient in southern Germany. We found that the effects of both spring green-up variables on insect biomass and richness differed between land-use types, but were strongest in forests. Here, insect richness and biomass were higher with later green-up (SOS) and higher SV-SOS. In turn, higher spring temperatures advanced SOS, while SV-SOS was lower at warmer sites. We conclude that with a warming climate, insect biomass and richness in forests may be affected negatively due to earlier and more uniform green-up. Promising adaptation strategies should therefore focus on spatial variability in green-up in forests, thus plant species and structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Uphus
- Ecoclimatology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Johannes Uhler
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Cynthia Tobisch
- Restoration Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Landscape, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Sandra Rojas-Botero
- Restoration Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marvin Lüpke
- Ecoclimatology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Caryl Benjamin
- Ecoclimatology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jana Englmeier
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Ute Fricke
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Ganuza
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Haensel
- Professorship of Ecological Services, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sarah Redlich
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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12
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Wu Z, Fu YH, Crowther TW, Wang S, Gong Y, Zhang J, Zhao YP, Janssens I, Penuelas J, Zohner CM. Poleward shifts in the maximum of spring phenological responsiveness of Ginkgo biloba to temperature in China. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1421-1432. [PMID: 37632265 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is advancing the timing of spring leaf-out in temperate and boreal plants, affecting biological interactions and global biogeochemical cycles. However, spatial variation in spring phenological responsiveness to climate change within species remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated variation in the responsiveness of spring phenology to temperature (RSP; days to leaf-out at a given temperature) in 2754 Ginkgo biloba twigs of trees distributed across subtropical and temperate regions in China from 24°N to 44°N. We found a nonlinear effect of mean annual temperature on spatial variation in RSP, with the highest response rate at c. 12°C and lower response rates at warmer or colder temperatures due to declines in winter chilling accumulation. We then predicted the spatial maxima in RSP under current and future climate scenarios, and found that trees are currently most responsive in central China, which corresponds to the species' main distribution area. Under a high-emission scenario, we predict a 4-degree latitude shift in the responsiveness maximum toward higher latitudes over the rest of the century. The identification of the nonlinear responsiveness of spring phenology to climate gradients and the spatial shifts in phenological responsiveness expected under climate change represent new mechanistic insights that can inform models of spring phenology and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Wu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yongshuo H Fu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Shuxin Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ivan Janssens
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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13
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Ingty T, Erb A, Zhang X, Schaaf C, Bawa KS. Climate change is leading to rapid shifts in seasonality in the himalaya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:913-925. [PMID: 37010574 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has significantly impacted vegetation phenology across the globe with vegetation experiencing an advance in the spring green-up phases and a delay in fall senescence. However, some studies from high latitudes and high elevations have instead shown delayed spring phenology, owing to a lack of chilling fulfillment and altered snow cover and photoperiods. Here we use the MODIS satellite-derived view-angle corrected surface reflectance data (MCD43A4) to document the four phenological phases in the high elevations of the Sikkim Himalaya and compared the phenological trends between below-treeline zones and above-treeline zones. This analysis of remotely sensed data for the study period (2001-2017) reveals considerable shifts in the phenology of the Sikkim Himalaya. Advances in the spring start of the season phase (SOS) were more pronounced than delays in the dates for maturity (MAT), senescence (EOS), and advanced dormancy (DOR). The SOS significantly advanced by 21.3 days while the MAT and EOS were delayed by 15.7 days and 6.5 days respectively over the 17-year study period. The DOR showed an advance of 8.2 days over the study period. The region below the treeline showed more pronounced shifts in phenology with respect to an advanced SOS and a delayed EOS and DOR that above treeline. The MAT, however, showed a greater delay in the zone above the treeline than below. Lastly, unlike other studies from high elevations, there is no indication that winter chilling requirements are driving the spring phenology in this region. We discuss four possible explanations for why vegetation phenology in the high elevations of the Eastern Himalaya may exhibit trends independent of chilling requirements and soil moisture due to mediation by snow cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzing Ingty
- Department of Biology, Jacksonville State University, 700 Pelham Rd N, Jacksonville, AL, 36265, USA.
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Angela Erb
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Geospatial Science Center of Excellence, Box 0506B, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Crystal Schaaf
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Kamaljit S Bawa
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India
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14
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Beiter CM, Crimmins TM. How consistently do species leaf-out or flower in the same order? Understanding the factors that shape this characteristic of plant communities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00484-023-02477-5. [PMID: 37186257 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant species are frequently reported to undergo leaf-out and flowering in a consistent order from 1 year to the next; however, only a limited number of these findings arise from studies encompassing many species or sites. Here, we evaluate the consistency in the order species leafed out in the northeastern United States using observations contributed to the USA National Phenology Network's Nature's Notebook platform. We repeated this analysis for flowering, evaluating a total of 132 species across 84 sites. We documented a relatively high degree of consistency in the order of both events among individual plants, with higher consistency in flowering. A small number of species pairs exhibited very high consistency in phenological order across several sites. The majority of species pairs exhibited variability in how consistently they underwent either leaf-out or flowering from site to site, which could be the result of either plastic or locally adaptive responses. Our investigation revealed that neither functional type nor seasonal position played a major role in shaping how consistently species leafed out or flowered in the same order. Instead, we found the number of days separating the events and interannual variability in timing to be the most influential factors driving the consistency in ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn M Beiter
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 501 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
| | - Theresa M Crimmins
- USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona, 1311 E. 4Th. St., Suite 325, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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15
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Bogdziewicz M, Journé V, Hacket-Pain A, Szymkowiak J. Mechanisms driving interspecific variation in regional synchrony of trees reproduction. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:754-764. [PMID: 36888560 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Seed production in many plants is characterized by large interannual variation, which is synchronized at subcontinental scales in some species but local in others. The reproductive synchrony affects animal migrations, trophic responses to resource pulses and the planning of management and conservation. Spatial synchrony of reproduction is typically attributed to the Moran effect, but this alone is unable to explain interspecific differences in synchrony. We show that interspecific differences in the conservation of seed production-weather relationships combine with the Moran effect to explain variation in reproductive synchrony. Conservative timing of weather cues that trigger masting allows populations to be synchronized at distances >1000 km. Conversely, if populations respond to variable weather signals, synchrony cannot be achieved. Our study shows that species vary in the extent to which their weather cueing is spatiotemporally conserved, with important consequences, including an interspecific variation of masting vulnerability to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Forest Biology Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (IN-RAE), Université Grenoble Alpes, St. Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Valentin Journé
- Faculty of Biology, Forest Biology Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jakub Szymkowiak
- Faculty of Biology, Forest Biology Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Population Ecology Research Unit, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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16
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Yu P, Meng P, Tong X, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang J, Liu P. Temperature sensitivity of leaf flushing in 12 common woody species in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160337. [PMID: 36574556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf phenology is one of the most reliable indicators of global warming in temperate regions because it is highly sensitive to temperatures. Temperature sensitivity (ST) is defined as the values of changed days of leaf flushing date (LUD) per degree increase in temperatures. Climate warming substantially advanced LUD in the temperate region, but its effect on ST of LUD is still not clear. We used spring phenological records of 12 woody plants in eastern China in the years of 1983-2014 to explore temporal and spatial changes of LUD and ST. Furthermore, we compared the difference of ST and preseason temperatures in two periods (1983-1997 and 2000-2014), and explored the main factors regulating ST. The results showed that the average LUD significantly advanced (-2.7 days per decade). The mean LUD over the period 1983-2014 was in day of the year (DOY) 87 ± 7 across sites and species for the early leaf flushing species (EFS), and mean DOY 102 ± 5 for the late leaf flushing species (LFS). LUD was earlier in low latitude than that in high latitude. ST of Armeniaca vulgaris was the most sensitive to temperature across all sites (-3.66 d °C-1), while Firmiana simplex was the most insensitive (-2.37 d °C-1). LUD of EFS was more sensitive to temperature warming than that of LFS. At the same site, LUD of EFS would advance more obviously than that of LFS under global warming. For all species, ST decreased significantly with shorter preseason length and warmer temperatures at the preseason end. Our results had demonstrated a strong relationship between ST and the preseason length (mean temperature at the preseason end).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Yu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaojuan Tong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peirong Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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17
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Chen Y, Collins SL, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Yang X, An H, Hu G, Xin C, Zhou J, Sheng X, He M, Zhang P, Guo Z, Zhang H, Li L, Ma M. Warming reduced flowering synchrony and extended community flowering season in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecology 2023; 104:e3862. [PMID: 36062319 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The timing of phenological events is highly sensitive to climate change, and may influence ecosystem structure and function. Although changes in flowering phenology among species under climate change have been reported widely, how species-specific shifts will affect phenological synchrony and community-level phenology patterns remains unclear. We conducted a manipulative experiment of warming and precipitation addition and reduction to explore how climate change affected flowering phenology at the species and community levels in an alpine meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that warming advanced the first and last flowering times differently and with no consistent shifts in flowering duration among species, resulting in the entire flowering period of species emerging earlier in the growing season. Early-flowering species were more sensitive to warming than mid- and late-flowering species, thereby reducing flowering synchrony among species and extending the community-level flowering season. However, precipitation and its interactions with warming had no significant effects on flowering phenology. Our results suggest that temperature regulates flowering phenology from the species to community levels in this alpine meadow community, yet how species shifted their flowering timing and duration in response to warming varied. This species-level divergence may reshape flowering phenology in this alpine plant community. Decreasing flowering synchrony among species and the extension of community-level flowering seasons under warming may alter future trophic interactions, with cascading consequences to community and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hang An
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guorui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunming Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingrui He
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Miaojun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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18
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Sugimoto S, Ishida K. Interpopulation variation in leaf out phenology of
Fagus crenata
along topographic variation associated with the late frost regime in the Hakkoda Mountains, northern Japan. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Sugimoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science Iwate University Morioka Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ishida
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science Hirosaki University Hirosaki Japan
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19
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Desai AR, Murphy BA, Wiesner S, Thom J, Butterworth BJ, Koupaei‐Abyazani N, Muttaqin A, Paleri S, Talib A, Turner J, Mineau J, Merrelli A, Stoy P, Davis K. Drivers of Decadal Carbon Fluxes Across Temperate Ecosystems. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2022; 127:e2022JG007014. [PMID: 37502709 PMCID: PMC10369927 DOI: 10.1029/2022jg007014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Long-running eddy covariance flux towers provide insights into how the terrestrial carbon cycle operates over multiple timescales. Here, we evaluated variation in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) across the Chequamegon Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study AmeriFlux core site cluster in the upper Great Lakes region of the USA from 1997 to 2020. The tower network included two mature hardwood forests with differing management regimes (US-WCr and US-Syv), two fen wetlands with varying levels of canopy sheltering and vegetation (US-Los and US-ALQ), and a very tall (400 m) landscape-level tower (US-PFa). Together, they provided over 70 site-years of observations. The 19-tower Chequamegon Heterogenous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 campaign centered around US-PFa provided additional information on the spatial variation of NEE. Decadal variability was present in all long-term sites, but cross-site coherence in interannual NEE in the earlier part of the record became weaker with time as non-climatic factors such as local disturbances likely dominated flux time series. Average decadal NEE at the tall tower transitioned from carbon source to sink to near neutral over 24 years. Respiration had a greater effect than photosynthesis on driving variations in NEE at all sites. Declining snowfall offset potential increases in assimilation from warmer springs, as less-insulated soils delayed start of spring green-up. Higher CO2 increased maximum net assimilation parameters but not total gross primary productivity. Stand-scale sites were larger net sinks than the landscape tower. Clustered, long-term carbon flux observations provide value for understanding the diverse links between carbon and climate and the challenges of upscaling these responses across space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur R. Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Bailey A. Murphy
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Susanne Wiesner
- Department of Plant and Earth ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin–River FallsRiver FallsWIUSA
| | - Jonathan Thom
- Space Science and Engineering CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Brian J. Butterworth
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesCU BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Physical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - Andi Muttaqin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Sreenath Paleri
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Ammara Talib
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Jess Turner
- Freshwater & Marine SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - James Mineau
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Aronne Merrelli
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Paul Stoy
- Department of Plant and Earth ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin–River FallsRiver FallsWIUSA
| | - Ken Davis
- Department of MeteorologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
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20
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Wang H, Lin S, Dai J, Ge Q. Modeling the effect of adaptation to future climate change on spring phenological trend of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157540. [PMID: 35878847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperate trees could cope with climate change through phenotypic plasticity of phenological key events or adaptation in situ via selection on genetic variation. However, the relative contribution of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to phenological change is unclear for many ecologically important tree species. Here, we analyzed the leaf-out data of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from 50 provenances planted in 7 trial sites. We first constructed a function between chilling accumulation (CA) and photoperiod-associated heat requirement (PHR) of leaf-out date for each provenance and quantified the relationship between parameters of the CA-PHR function and climatic variables at provenance origins by using the random forest model. Furthermore, we used the provenance-specific CA-PHR function to simulate future leaf-out dates under two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and two assumptions (no adaptation and adaptation). The results showed that both CA, provenance, and their interactions affected the PHR of leaf-out. The provenances from southeastern Europe exhibited a stronger response of PHR to CA and thus flushed earlier than northwestern provenances. The parameters of the CA-PHR function were connected with climatic variables (e.g., mean diurnal temperature range, temperature seasonality) at the originating sites of each provenance. If only considering the phenotypic plasticity, the leaf-out date of European beech in 2070-2099 will advance by 6.8 and 9.0 days on average relative to 1951-2020 under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. However, if F. sylvatica adapts to future climate change by adopting the current strategy, the advance of the leaf-out date will weaken by 1.4 and 3.4 days under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. Our results suggest that the European beech could slow down its spring phenological advances and reduce its spring frost risk if it adopts the current strategy to adapt to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shaozhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quansheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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21
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Heskel M, Pengra J, Kruper A, Anderson MD, Dosch JJ, Goldstein L, Hahn S, Hoffman S. Age and phenology control photosynthesis and leaf traits in the understory woody species, Rhamnus cathartica and Prunus serotina. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac044. [PMID: 36380818 PMCID: PMC9639396 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understory plants are often inadequately represented or neglected within analyses of forest ecosystem productivity. Further, the potential impacts of the biological factors of age class and growth form on carbon cycling physiology, and how it may vary across the growing season and amongst species of different native/non-native status, have not been thoroughly considered. Our study examines photosynthesis and associated physical leaf traits in two understory woody species, Rhamnus cathartica, introduced and invasive in North America, and Prunus serotina, a common subcanopy species native to North America. We estimated leaf-level photosynthesis as measured through light and carbon dioxide response curves, dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf traits (leaf mass per area and stomatal density) for each combination of species and age class at plots in the understory of a temperate deciduous research forest in the US Upper Midwest at two time points during the growing season, late spring (late May) and mid-summer (mid-July). Carbon assimilation rates from light response curves (A sat, A 400) and fluorescence capacity estimate F v/F m all increased between the two measurement points in both species and age class. Estimates of carbon reaction capacity (V cmax and J max) exhibited a different directional response to seasonal development, declining in seedlings of both species and P. serotina trees (~8-37 % reduction in V cmax, ~9-34 % reduction in J max), though increased in trees of R. cathartica (+24 % in V cmax, +9 % in J max). Divergent responses in photosynthetic parameters amongst these factors may be explained by species differences in leaf mass per area and stomatal density, which together are likely influenced by both growth form, canopy position and ontogeny. Overall, we believe our findings suggest complex, varied influences on photosynthesis that indicate environmental and biological plasticity which may contribute to the historic and continued expansion of R. cathartica in the US Upper Midwest region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Pengra
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Ally Kruper
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | | | - Jerald J Dosch
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Lianna Goldstein
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Shannon Hahn
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Sarah Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
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22
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Kim S, Kim TK, Yoon S, Jang K, Chun JH, Won M, Lim JH, Kim HS. Quantifying the importance of day length in process-based models for the prediction of temperate spring flowering phenology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156780. [PMID: 35724787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Owing to climate change and frequent extreme weather events, changes in spring flowering phenology have been observed in temperate forests. The flowering time response to climate change is divergent among species and is difficult to predict due to the complexity of flowering mechanisms. To compare the effects of spring warming, winter chilling, and day length on spring flowering time, we evaluated eight process-based models (two types of forcing models, two types of chilling-forcing models, and four models with the effect of day length added to the aforementioned four models). We used flowering data of seven temperate species (Cornus officinalis, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Forsythia koreana, Prunus yedoensis, Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, and Robinia pseudoacacia) observed in nine different arboretums in South Korea over 9 years. Generally, the forcing model performed better than the sequential chilling-forcing model, regardless of the species. The performance gap between the models was reduced when day length term was included in model, but the chilling-forcing model did not outperform the forcing model. The effect of day length on flowering time differed depending on the species. Prunus yedoensis, which had a particularly low warming sensitivity compared to other species, was more dependent on day length than other species. On the other hand, day length had little effect on the flowering time of Robinia pseudoacacia and Cornus officinalis, mostly found in the early successional stage. These findings imply that the effect of chilling on flowering time would be minor for the seven species inhabiting the warm-temperate forest, and the effect of day length on flowering time was species-specific and dependent on species' temperature (warming) sensitivity and life strategy. In the future warm climate, the flowering time of day length sensitive species would not advance significantly, which may result in a phenological mismatch and endanger their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhee Yoon
- Korea Association of Forest Enviro-conservation Technology, Cheongju 28165, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunchang Jang
- Forest ICT Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Chun
- Forest ICT Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungsoo Won
- Forest ICT Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lim
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; National Center for Agrometeorology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Wang H, Dai J, Peñuelas J, Ge Q, Fu YH, Wu C. Winter warming offsets one half of the spring warming effects on leaf unfolding. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6033-6049. [PMID: 35899626 PMCID: PMC9546158 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Winter temperature-related chilling and spring temperature-related forcing are two major environmental cues shaping the leaf-out date of temperate species. To what degree insufficient chilling caused by winter warming would slow phenological responses to spring warming remains unclear. Using 27,071 time series of leaf-out dates for 16 tree species in Europe, we constructed a phenological model based on the linear or exponential function between the chilling accumulation (CA) and forcing requirements (FR) of leaf-out. We further used the phenological model to quantify the relative contributions of chilling and forcing on past and future spring phenological change. The results showed that the delaying effect of decreased chilling on the leaf-out date was prevalent in natural conditions, as more than 99% of time series exhibited a negative relationship between CA and FR. The reduction in chilling linked to winter warming from 1951 to 2014 could offset about one half of the spring phenological advance caused by the increase in forcing. In future warming scenarios, if the same model is used and a linear, stable correlation between CA and FR is assumed, declining chilling will continuously offset the advance of leaf-out to a similar degree. Our study stresses the importance of assessing the antagonistic effects of winter and spring warming on leaf-out phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- China–Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences‐Higher Education Commission of PakistanIslamabadPakistan
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSICGlobal Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UABBellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- CREAFCerdanyola del VallesBarcelonaSpain
| | - Quansheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongshuo H. Fu
- College of Water SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chaoyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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24
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Hassan T, Ahmad R, Wani SA, Gulzar R, Waza SA, Khuroo AA. Climate warming-driven phenological shifts are species-specific in woody plants: evidence from twig experiment in Kashmir Himalaya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:1771-1785. [PMID: 35759146 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidences in support of climate warming-driven phenological shifts are still scarce, particularly from the developing world. Here, we investigated the effect of experimental warming on flowering phenology of selected woody plants in Kashmir Himalaya. We selected the twigs of four congeneric pairs of temperate woody species (Prunus, Populus, Ulmus, Viburnum)-typical spring-flowering plants in the region. Using randomised block design, we monitored these winter dormant twigs in controlled growth chambers to study the effect of different temperature regimes (9, 17, 20 and 23 °C) and species identity on the patterns of phenological shifts. We observed a significant phenological shift in all the species showing preponement in the first flower out and senescence phases ranging from 0.56 to 3.0 and 0.77 to 4.04 days per degree increase in temperature, respectively. The duration of flowering phase in all the species showed a corresponding decrease along the gradient of increasing temperature, which was more driven by preponement of the flower senescence than the start of flowering. The patterns of phenological shifts were highly species-specific, and the magnitude of these shifts significantly varied in all the four pairs of congeneric species despite their phylogenetic similarity. Our study provides experimental support to the previous long-term observation and herbarium-based studies showing that the patterns of phenological shifts in response to global climate warming are likely to vary between species, even those belonging to same evolutionary stock. Our findings highlight that a one-size-fits-all strategy to manage the likely impacts of climate warming-induced phenological shifts will seldom succeed, and should instead be designed for the specific phenological responses of species and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabasum Hassan
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Rameez Ahmad
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Sajad A Wani
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Ruquia Gulzar
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Showkat A Waza
- Mountain Crop Research Station (MCRS) Sagam, SKUAST Kashmir, Anantnag, 192124, J&K, India
| | - Anzar Ahmad Khuroo
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India.
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25
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Haughan AE, Pettorelli N, Potts SG, Senapathi D. Determining the role of climate change in India's past forest loss. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3883-3901. [PMID: 35274416 PMCID: PMC9314953 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests in India have declined at an alarming rate over the past century, with extensive literature focusing on the high contributions of agricultural expansions to deforestation, while the effects of climate change have largely been overlooked. Climate change effects, such as increasing temperatures, drought and flooding, have already occurred, and are projected to worsen. Climate velocity, a metric that accounts for spatial heterogeneity in climate, can help identify contiguous areas under greater climate stress and potential climate refuges in addition to traditional temporal trends. Here, we examined the relative contribution of climate changes to forest loss in India during the period 2001-2018, at two spatial (regional and national) and two temporal (seasonal and annual) scales. This includes, for the first time, a characterization of climate velocity in the country. Our findings show that annual forest loss increased substantially over the 17-year period examined (2001-2018), with the majority of forest loss occurring in the Northeast region. Decreases in temporal trends of temperature and precipitation were most associated with forest losses, but there was large spatial and seasonal variation in the relationship. In every region except the Northeast, forest losses were correlated with faster velocities of at least one climate variable but overlapping areas of high velocities were rare. Our findings indicate that climate changes have played an important role in India's past forest loss, but likely remain secondary to other factors at present. We stress concern for climates velocities recorded in the country, reaching 97 km year-1 , and highlight that understanding the different regional and seasonal relationships between climatic conditions and forest distributions will be key to effective protection of the country's remaining forests as climate change accelerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Haughan
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentCentre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Simon G. Potts
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentCentre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Deepa Senapathi
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentCentre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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26
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Wu Z, Wang S, Fu YH, Gong Y, Lin CF, Zhao YP, Prevéy JS, Zohner C. Spatial Difference of Interactive Effect Between Temperature and Daylength on Ginkgo Budburst. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:887226. [PMID: 35620689 PMCID: PMC9127872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.887226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming-induced shifts in spring phenology have substantially affected the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles. Spring phenology is primarily triggered by spring temperature and is also affected by daylength and winter chilling, yet the relative importance of these cues across spatial gradients remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a manipulative experiment with two daylength and three temperature treatments to investigate spatial differences in the response of ginkgo budburst to temperature and daylength, using twigs collected at three sites across a spatial gradient: a control site at a low latitude and low elevation on Tianmu Mountain (TMlow), a low latitude and high elevation site on Tianmu Mountain (TMhigh), and a high latitude site on Jiufeng mountain (JF). The mechanisms were also tested using in situ phenological observations of ginkgo along latitudes in China. We found that, compared to TMlow individuals, budburst dates occurred 12.6 (JF) and 7.7 (TMhigh) days earlier in high-latitude and high-elevation individuals when exposed to the same temperature and daylength treatments. Importantly, daylength only affected budburst at low latitudes, with long days (16 h) advancing budburst in low-latitude individuals by, on average, 8.1 days relative to short-day (8 h) conditions. This advance was most pronounced in low-elevation/latitude individuals (TMlow = 9.6 days; TMhigh = 6.7 days; JF = 1.6 days). In addition, we found that the temperature sensitivity of budburst decreased from 3.4 to 2.4 days °C-1 along latitude and from 3.4 to 2.5 days °C-1 along elevation, respectively. The field phenological observations verified the experimental results. Our findings provide empirical evidence of spatial differences in the relative effects of spring temperature and daylength on ginkgo budburst, which improved our understanding of spatial difference in phenological changes and the responses of terrestrial ecosystem to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Wu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongshuo H. Fu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Feng Lin
- Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Janet S. Prevéy
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Constantin Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Wang J, Liu D. Vegetation green-up date is more sensitive to permafrost degradation than climate change in spring across the northern permafrost region. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1569-1582. [PMID: 34854170 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change substantially influences vegetation spring phenology, that is, green-up date (GUD), in the northern permafrost region. Changes in GUD regulate ecosystem carbon uptake, further feeding back to local and regional climate systems. Extant studies mainly focused on the direct effects of climate factors, such as temperature, precipitation, and insolation; however, the responses of GUD to permafrost degradation caused by warming (i.e., indirect effects) remain elusive yet. In this study, we examined the impacts of permafrost degradation on GUD by analyzing the long-term trend of satellite-based GUD in relation to permafrost degradation measured by the start of thaw (SOT) and active layer thickness (ALT). We found significant trends of advancing GUD, SOT, and thickening ALT (p < 0.05), with a spatially averaged slope of -2.1 days decade-1 , -4.1 days decade-1 , and +1.1 cm decade-1 , respectively. Using partial correlation analyses, we found more than half of the regions with significantly negative correlations between spring temperature and GUD became nonsignificant after considering permafrost degradation. GUD exhibits dominant-positive (37.6% vs. 0.6%) and dominant-negative (1.8% vs. 35.1%) responses to SOT and ALT, respectively. Earlier SOT and thicker ALT would enhance soil water availability, thus alleviating water stress for vegetation green-up. Based on sensitivity analyses, permafrost degradation was the dominant factor controlling GUD variations in 41.7% of the regions, whereas only 19.6% of the regions were dominated by other climatic factors (i.e., temperature, precipitation, and insolation). Our results indicate that GUDs were more sensitive to permafrost degradation than direct climate change in spring among different vegetation types, especially in high latitudes. This study reveals the significant impacts of permafrost degradation on vegetation GUD and highlights the importance of permafrost status in better understanding spring phenological responses to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Desheng Liu
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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28
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Perry A, Wachowiak W, Beaton J, Iason G, Cottrell J, Cavers S. Identifying and testing marker‐trait associations for growth and phenology in three pine species: implications for genomic prediction. Evol Appl 2022; 15:330-348. [PMID: 35233251 PMCID: PMC8867712 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In tree species, genomic prediction offers the potential to forecast mature trait values in early growth stages, if robust marker–trait associations can be identified. Here we apply a novel multispecies approach using genotypes from a new genotyping array, based on 20,795 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from three closely related pine species (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus uncinata and Pinus mugo), to test for associations with growth and phenology data from a common garden study. Predictive models constructed using significantly associated SNPs were then tested and applied to an independent multisite field trial of P. sylvestris and the capability to predict trait values was evaluated. One hundred and eighteen SNPs showed significant associations with the traits in the pine species. Common SNPs (MAF > 0.05) associated with bud set were only found in genes putatively involved in growth and development, whereas those associated with growth and budburst were also located in genes putatively involved in response to environment and, to a lesser extent, reproduction. At one of the two independent sites, the model we developed produced highly significant correlations between predicted values and observed height data (YA, height 2020: r = 0.376, p < 0.001). Predicted values estimated with our budburst model were weakly but positively correlated with duration of budburst at one of the sites (GS, 2015: r = 0.204, p = 0.034; 2018: r = 0.205, p = 0.034–0.037) and negatively associated with budburst timing at the other (YA: r = −0.202, p = 0.046). Genomic prediction resulted in the selection of sets of trees whose mean height was taller than the average for each site. Our results provide tentative support for the capability of prediction models to forecast trait values in trees, while highlighting the need for caution in applying them to trees grown in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Perry
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
| | - Witold Wachowiak
- Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Joan Beaton
- James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH UK
| | - Glenn Iason
- James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH UK
| | - Joan Cottrell
- Northern Research Station, Forest Research Roslin EH25 9SY UK
| | - Stephen Cavers
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
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29
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Ohno M, Yamawo A. Night interruption provides evidence for photoperiodic regulation of bud burst in Japanese beech, Fagus crenata. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1982562. [PMID: 34632946 PMCID: PMC9208796 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1982562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Some of trees in cool and temperate regions regulate bud burst by perceiving photoperiod. However, it is not clear whether the difference in bud burst timing between the two photoperiod conditions is due to differences in perception of day length or the daily light integral (DLI) because majority of studies concerning the photoperiodic regulation of bud burst make use of an experimental design that compares the differential timing of bud burst between long and shortday length. We conducted night and day interrupt experiments using twig cuttings of Japanese beech, Fagus crenata, to investigate the effect of photoperiod on bud burst. Twigs with leaf buds were collected in winter (February 2020) and maintained in four conditions: 1) long day length (16L8D; LD), 2) short day length (8L16D; SD), 3) day interruption for 2-h in the middle of the 16-h light period and a 6-h dark period (DI; total time of light period is the same as LD), and 4) night interruption with 2-h of light in the middle of the dark period and a 6-h light period (NI; total time of light period is the same as SD) for a duration of 40 d. We then measured the number of days until burst for each bud. Timing of bud burst was delayed in the SD treatment compared to the LD, DI, and NI treatments. These results demonstrate that the difference in bud burst phenology observed between SD and LD conditions is mainly due to day length perception rather than DLI, and an uninterrupted night period plays a major role in the perception of photoperiod. Our results provide the experimental evidence of perception of photoperiod regulating bud burst in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Ohno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akira Yamawo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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30
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Chu X, Man R, Zhang H, Yuan W, Tao J, Dang QL. Does Climate Warming Favour Early Season Species? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765351. [PMID: 34868164 PMCID: PMC8639222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant species that start early in spring are generally more responsive to rising temperatures, raising concerns that climate warming may favour early season species and result in altered interspecific interactions and community structure and composition. This hypothesis is based on changes in spring phenology and therefore active growing season length, which would not be indicative of possible changes in growth as would changes in cumulative forcing temperatures (growing degree days/hours) in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study we analysed the effects of a moderate climate warming (2°C warmer than the 1981-2010 baseline) on the leaf-out of hypothetical species without chilling restriction and actual plant species with different chilling and forcing requirements in different parts of the globe. In both cases, early season species had larger phenological shifts due to low leaf-out temperatures, but accumulated fewer forcing gains (changes in cumulative forcing temperatures by warming) from those shifts because of their early spring phenology. Leaf-out time was closely associated with leaf-out temperatures and therefore plant phenological responses to climate warming. All plant species would be equally affected by climate warming in terms of total forcing gains added from higher temperatures when forcing gains occurring between early and late season species are included. Our findings will improve the understanding of possible mechanisms and consequences of differential responses in plant phenology to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Chu
- Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongzhou Man
- Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Haicheng Zhang
- Department Geoscience, Environment and Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wenping Yuan
- School of Atmospheric Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Lai Dang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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31
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Iler AM, CaraDonna PJ, Forrest JR, Post E. Demographic Consequences of Phenological Shifts in Response to Climate Change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011921-032939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
When a phenological shift affects a demographic vital rate such as survival or reproduction, the altered vital rate may or may not have population-level consequences. We review the evidence that climate change affects populations by shifting species’ phenologies, emphasizing the importance of demographic life-history theory. We find many examples of phenological shifts having both positive and negative consequences for vital rates. Yet, few studies link phenological shifts to changes in vital rates known to drive population dynamics, especially in plants. When this link is made, results are largely consistent with life-history theory: Phenological shifts have population-level consequences when they affect survival in longer-lived organisms and reproduction in shorter-lived organisms. However, there are just as many cases in which demographic mechanisms buffer population growth from phenologically induced changes in vital rates. We provide recommendations for future research aiming to understand the complex relationships among climate, phenology, and demography, which will help to elucidate the extent to which phenological shifts actually alter population persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Iler
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Science Conservation and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA
| | - Paul J. CaraDonna
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Science Conservation and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA
| | | | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Beil I, Kreyling J, Meyer C, Lemcke N, Malyshev AV. Late to bed, late to rise-Warmer autumn temperatures delay spring phenology by delaying dormancy. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5806-5817. [PMID: 34431180 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spring phenology of temperate forest trees has advanced substantially over the last decades due to climate warming, but this advancement is slowing down despite continuous temperature rise. The decline in spring advancement is often attributed to winter warming, which could reduce chilling and thus delay dormancy release. However, mechanistic evidence of a phenological response to warmer winter temperatures is missing. We aimed to understand the contrasting effects of warming on plants leaf phenology and to disentangle temperature effects during different seasons. With a series of monthly experimental warming by ca. 2.4°C from late summer until spring, we quantified phenological responses of forest tree to warming for each month separately, using seedlings of four common European tree species. To reveal the underlying mechanism, we tracked the development of dormancy depth under ambient conditions as well as directly after each experimental warming. In addition, we quantified the temperature response of leaf senescence. As expected, warmer spring temperatures led to earlier leaf-out. The advancing effect of warming started already in January and increased towards the time of flushing, reaching 2.5 days/°C. Most interestingly, however, warming in October had the opposite effect and delayed spring phenology by 2.4 days/°C on average; despite six months between the warming and the flushing. The switch between the delaying and advancing effect occurred already in December. We conclude that not warmer winters but rather the shortening of winter, i.e., warming in autumn, is a major reason for the decline in spring phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Beil
- Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Meyer
- Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Lemcke
- Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrey V Malyshev
- Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Jung S, Zhao F, Menzel A. Establishing the twig method for investigations on pollen characteristics of allergenic tree species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1983-1993. [PMID: 34043087 PMCID: PMC8536639 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The twig method in climate chambers has been shown to successfully work as a proxy for outdoor manipulations in various experimental setups. This study was conducted to further establish this method for the investigation of allergenic pollen from tree species (hazel, alder, and birch). Direct comparison under outdoor conditions revealed that the cut twigs compared to donor trees were similar in the timing of flowering and the amount of pollen produced. Cut twigs were able to flower in climate chambers and produced a sufficient amount of pollen for subsequent laboratory analysis. The addition of different plant or tissue fertilizers in the irrigation of the twigs did not have any influence; rather, the regular exchange of water and the usage of fungicide were sufficient for reaching the stage of flowering. In the experimental setup, the twigs were cut in different intervals before the actual flowering and were put under warming conditions in the climate chamber. An impact of warming on the timing of flowering/pollen characteristics could be seen for the investigated species. Therefore, the twig method is well applicable for experimental settings in pollen research simulating, e.g., accelerated warming under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Jung
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Feng Zhao
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Wang J, Xi Z, He X, Chen S, Rossi S, Smith NG, Liu J, Chen L. Contrasting temporal variations in responses of leaf unfolding to daytime and nighttime warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5084-5093. [PMID: 34263513 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Earlier spring phenological events have been widely reported in plants under global warming. Recent studies reported a slowdown in the warming-induced advanced spring phenology in temperate regions. However, previous research mainly focused on daily mean temperature, thus neglecting the asymmetric phenological responses to daytime and nighttime temperature. Using long-term records of leaf unfolding in eight deciduous species at 1300 sites across central Europe, we assessed and compared the effects of daytime temperature, nighttime temperature, and photoperiod on leaf unfolding during 1951-1980 and 1981-2013. Although leaf unfolding was advanced by daytime warming during 1951-2013, the advancing responses of leaf unfolding significantly decreased from 1951-1980 to 1981-2013 due to a lower accumulation of chilling units by daytime warming. Nighttime warming delayed leaf unfolding during 1951-1980 but advanced it during 1981-2013 due to a higher accumulation of chilling units by nighttime warming. In contrast, critical daylength and plasticity of leaf unfolding dates remained unchanged between 1951 and 2013. Our study provided evidence that daytime warming instead of nighttime warming accounts for the slowdown in the advancing spring phenology and implied that nighttime warming-induced earlier spring phenology may be buffering the slowdown of the advanced spring phenology by daytime warming. The response of spring phenology to nighttime temperature may override that to daytime temperature under the actual trends in global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xujian He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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35
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Wolkovich EM, Auerbach J, Chamberlain CJ, Buonaiuto DM, Ettinger AK, Morales-Castilla I, Gelman A. A simple explanation for declining temperature sensitivity with warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4947-4949. [PMID: 34355482 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, multiple studies have reported declining phenological sensitivities (∆ days per ℃) with higher temperatures. Such observations have been used to suggest climate change is reshaping biological processes, with major implications for forecasts of future change. Here, we show that these results may simply be the outcome of using linear models to estimate nonlinear temperature responses, specifically for events that occur after a cumulative thermal threshold is met-a common model for many biological events. Corrections for the nonlinearity of temperature responses consistently remove the apparent decline. Our results show that rising temperatures combined with linear estimates based on calendar time produce the observations of declining sensitivity-without any shift in the underlying biology. Current methods may thus undermine efforts to identify when and how warming will reshape biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wolkovich
- Forest & Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Auerbach
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C J Chamberlain
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D M Buonaiuto
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A K Ettinger
- The Nature Conservancy in Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - I Morales-Castilla
- Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group-GloCEE, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gelman
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Primack RB, Ellwood ER, Gallinat AS, Miller-Rushing AJ. The growing and vital role of botanical gardens in climate change research. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:917-932. [PMID: 33890323 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Botanical gardens make unique contributions to climate change research, conservation, and public engagement. They host unique resources, including diverse collections of plant species growing in natural conditions, historical records, and expert staff, and attract large numbers of visitors and volunteers. Networks of botanical gardens spanning biomes and continents can expand the value of these resources. Over the past decade, research at botanical gardens has advanced our understanding of climate change impacts on plant phenology, physiology, anatomy, and conservation. For example, researchers have utilized botanical garden networks to assess anatomical and functional traits associated with phenological responses to climate change. New methods have enhanced the pace and impact of this research, including phylogenetic and comparative methods, and online databases of herbarium specimens and photographs that allow studies to expand geographically, temporally, and taxonomically in scope. Botanical gardens have grown their community and citizen science programs, informing the public about climate change and monitoring plants more intensively than is possible with garden staff alone. Despite these advances, botanical gardens are still underutilized in climate change research. To address this, we review recent progress and describe promising future directions for research and public engagement at botanical gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 33430, USA
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
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Chamberlain CJ, Wolkovich EM. Late spring freezes coupled with warming winters alter temperate tree phenology and growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:987-995. [PMID: 33932291 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spring phenology is advancing with warming but late spring freezes may not advance at the same rate, potentially leading to an increase in freezes after trees initiate budburst. Research suggests warming winters may delay budburst through reduced chilling, which may cause plants to leafout more slowly, thus decreasing spring freeze tolerance. Here, we assessed the effects of late spring freezes and reduced over-winter chilling on sapling phenology, growth and tissue traits, across eight temperate tree and shrub species in a laboratory experiment. We found that spring freezes delayed leafout - extending the period of greatest risk for freeze damage - increased damage to the shoot apical meristem, and decreased leaf toughness and leaf thickness. Longer chilling accelerated budburst and leafout, even under spring freeze conditions. Thus, chilling compensated for the adverse effects of late spring freezes on phenology. Despite the effects of spring freezes and chilling on phenology, we did not see any major reordering in the sequence of species leafout. Our results suggest climate change may impact forest communities not through temporal reassembly, but rather through impacts on phenology and growth from the coupled effects of late spring freezes and decreased over-winter chilling under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Chamberlain
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
- Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - E M Wolkovich
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
- Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Forest & Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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38
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Savage JA, Chuine I. Coordination of spring vascular and organ phenology in deciduous angiosperms growing in seasonally cold climates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1700-1715. [PMID: 33608961 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In seasonally cold climates, many woody plants tolerate chilling and freezing temperatures by ceasing growth, shedding leaves and entering dormancy. At the same time, transport within these plants often decreases as the vascular system exhibits reduced functionality. As spring growth requires water and nutrients, we ask the question: how much does bud, leaf and flower development depend on the vasculature in spring? In this review, we present what is known about leaf, flower and vascular phenology to sort out this question. In early stages of bud development, buds rely on internal resources and do not appear to require vascular support. The situation changes during organ expansion, after leaves and flowers reconnect to the stem vascular system. However, there are major gaps in our understanding of the timing of vascular development, especially regarding the phloem, as well as the synchronization among leaves, flowers, stem and root vasculature. We believe these gaps are mainly the outcome of research completed in silo and urge future work to take a more integrative approach. We highlight current challenges and propose future directions to make rapid progress on this important topic in upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Savage
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55811, USA
| | - Isabelle Chuine
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, FR-34293, Cedex 5, France
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Meng L, Zhou Y, Gu L, Richardson AD, Peñuelas J, Fu Y, Wang Y, Asrar GR, De Boeck HJ, Mao J, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Photoperiod decelerates the advance of spring phenology of six deciduous tree species under climate warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2914-2927. [PMID: 33651464 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation phenology in spring has substantially advanced under climate warming, consequently shifting the seasonality of ecosystem process and altering biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks. However, whether and to what extent photoperiod (i.e., daylength) affects the phenological advancement is unclear, leading to large uncertainties in projecting future phenological changes. Here we examined the photoperiod effect on spring phenology at a regional scale using in situ observation of six deciduous tree species from the Pan European Phenological Network during 1980-2016. We disentangled the photoperiod effect from the temperature effect (i.e., forcing and chilling) by utilizing the unique topography of the northern Alps of Europe (i.e., varying daylength but uniform temperature distribution across latitudes) and examining phenological changes across latitudes. We found prominent photoperiod-induced shifts in spring leaf-out across latitudes (up to 1.7 days per latitudinal degree). Photoperiod regulates spring phenology by delaying early leaf-out and advancing late leaf-out caused by temperature variations. Based on these findings, we proposed two phenological models that consider the photoperiod effect through different mechanisms and compared them with a chilling model. We found that photoperiod regulation would slow down the advance in spring leaf-out under projected climate warming and thus mitigate the increasing frost risk in spring that deciduous forests will face in the future. Our findings identify photoperiod as a critical but understudied factor influencing spring phenology, suggesting that the responses of terrestrial ecosystem processes to climate warming are likely to be overestimated without adequately considering the photoperiod effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Meng
- Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yuyu Zhou
- Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Yongshuo Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yeqiao Wang
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | | | - Hans J De Boeck
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuosen Wang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Gehrig R, Clot B. 50 Years of Pollen Monitoring in Basel (Switzerland) Demonstrate the Influence of Climate Change on Airborne Pollen. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:677159. [PMID: 35387022 PMCID: PMC8974697 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.677159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and human impact on vegetation modify the timing and the intensity of the pollen season. The 50 years of pollen monitoring in Basel, Switzerland provide a unique opportunity to study long-term changes in pollen data. Since 1969, pollen monitoring has been carried out in Basel with a Hirst-type pollen trap. Pollen season parameters for start dates, end dates and duration were calculated with different pollen season definitions, which are commonly used in aerobiology. Intensity was analyzed by the annual pollen integral (APIn), peak value and the number of days above specific thresholds. Linear trends were calculated with the non-parametric Mann Kendall method with a Theil-Sen linear trend slope. During the last 50 years, linear increase of the monthly mean temperatures in Basel was 0.95–1.95°C in the 3 winter months, 2–3.7°C in spring months and 2.75–3.85°C in summer months. Due to this temperature increase, the start dates of the pollen season for most of the spring pollen species have advanced, from 7 days for Poaceae to 29 days for Taxus/Cupressaceae. End dates of the pollen season depend on the chosen pollen season definition. Negative trends predominate, i.e., the pollen season mostly ends earlier. Trends in the length of the pollen season depend even more on the season definitions and results are contradictory and often not significant. The intensity of the pollen season of almost all tree pollen taxa increased significantly, while the Poaceae pollen season did not change and the pollen season of herbs decreased, except for Urticaceae pollen. Climate change has a particular impact on the pollen season, but the definitions used for the pollen season parameters are crucial for the calculation of the trends. The most stable results were achieved with threshold definitions that indicate regular occurrence above certain concentrations. Percentage definitions are not recommended for trend studies when the annual pollen integral changed significantly.
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Schinko HAE, Lamprecht B, Schmidt R. Welche Veränderungen kann der Klimawandel für Pollenflug und Pollenbelastung allergener Pflanzen bringen? ALLERGO JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-021-4797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Baumgarten F, Zohner CM, Gessler A, Vitasse Y. Chilled to be forced: the best dose to wake up buds from winter dormancy. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1366-1377. [PMID: 33577087 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, spring leaf-out of temperate and boreal trees has substantially advanced in response to global warming, affecting terrestrial biogeochemical fluxes and the Earth's climate system. However, it remains unclear whether leaf-out will continue to advance with further warming because species' effective chilling temperatures, as well as the amount of chilling time required to break dormancy, are still largely unknown for most forest tree species. Here, we assessed the progress of winter dormancy and quantified the efficiency of different chilling temperatures in six dominant temperate European tree species by exposing 1170 twig cuttings to a range of temperatures from -2°C to 10°C for 1, 3, 6 or 12 wk. We found that freezing temperatures were most effective for half of the species or as effective as chilling temperatures up to 10°C, that is, leading to minimum thermal time to and maximum success of budburst. Interestingly, chilling duration had a much larger effect on dormancy release than absolute chilling temperature. Our experimental results challenge the common assumption that optimal chilling temperatures range c. 4-6°C, instead revealing strong sensitivity to a large range of temperatures. These findings are valuable for improving phenological models and predicting future spring phenology in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Baumgarten
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Universitätsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Universitätsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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Ettinger AK, Buonaiuto DM, Chamberlain CJ, Morales-Castilla I, Wolkovich EM. Spatial and temporal shifts in photoperiod with climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:462-474. [PMID: 33421152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change causes both temporal (e.g. advancing spring phenology) and geographic (e.g. range expansion poleward) species shifts, which affect the photoperiod experienced at critical developmental stages ('experienced photoperiod'). As photoperiod is a common trigger of seasonal biological responses - affecting woody plant spring phenology in 87% of reviewed studies that manipulated photoperiod - shifts in experienced photoperiod may have important implications for future plant distributions and fitness. However, photoperiod has not been a focus of climate change forecasting to date, especially for early-season ('spring') events, often assumed to be driven by temperature. Synthesizing published studies, we find that impacts on experienced photoperiod from temporal shifts could be orders of magnitude larger than from spatial shifts (1.6 h of change for expected temporal vs 1 min for latitudinal shifts). Incorporating these effects into forecasts is possible by leveraging existing experimental data; we show that results from growth chamber experiments on woody plants often have data relevant for climate change impacts, and suggest that shifts in experienced photoperiod may increasingly constrain responses to additional warming. Further, combining modeling approaches and empirical work on when, where and how much photoperiod affects phenology could rapidly advance our understanding and predictions of future spatio-temporal shifts from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ettinger
- The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - D M Buonaiuto
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - C J Chamberlain
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - I Morales-Castilla
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Global Change Ecology and Evolution (GloCEE) Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, MA, 28805, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - E M Wolkovich
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Forest & Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Donnelly A, Yu R. Temperate deciduous shrub phenology: the overlooked forest layer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:343-355. [PMID: 31209600 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperate deciduous shrub phenology plays a pivotal role in forest ecology by regulating the timing of suitable habitat and food of a range of organisms as well as influencing the timing and duration of the carbon uptake period especially in early spring and late autumn when trees are leafless. However, given the overwhelming influence of canopy trees on forest ecosystem functioning, shrubs are often ignored in ecosystem modeling. Isolating the shrub contribution to C flux or satellite-derived forest phenology is challenging. In addition, since shrubs are more likely to be invasive than trees, future changes to shrub species composition are likely, with consequent implications for both over- and understory species composition and ecosystem functioning. Surprisingly, given their multifaceted role, our review revealed that studies on temperate deciduous shrub phenology are limited with the majority focusing on managing invasive shrubs in USA forests. In addition, results of some studies using a large number of species from a range of geographical locations suggested that, in general, invasive shrubs leafed out earlier and retained leaves longer than native species. However, this may not be directly applicable to local conditions with a smaller range of locally adapted species. Therefore, in order to fully understand the role of shrub phenology in temperate deciduous forests, in terms of invasive species, response to climate change and subsequent influence on C balance it will be necessary to establish phenological monitoring sites in which both tree and shrub phenology are recorded concurrently across a range of geographical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Donnelly
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
| | - Rong Yu
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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Zhao H, Fu YH, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Janssens IA. Diverging models introduce large uncertainty in future climate warming impact on spring phenology of temperate deciduous trees. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143903. [PMID: 33316528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spring phenology influences terrestrial ecosystem carbon, water and energy exchanges between the biosphere and atmosphere. Accurate prediction of spring phenology is therefore a prerequisite to foresee the impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ecosystems. In the present study, we studied the model performance of four widely used process-based models of spring leaf unfolding, including both a one-phase model (not considering a chilling phase: the Thermal Time model) and three two-phase models (all accounting for a required chilling period: the Parallel model, the Sequential model, the Unified model). Models were tested on five deciduous tree species occurring across Europe. We specifically investigated the divergence of their phenology predictions under future climate warming scenarios and studied the differences in the chilling periods. We found that, in general, the two-phase models performed slightly better than the one-phase model when fitting to the observed data, with all two-phase models performing similarly. However, leaf unfolding projections diverged substantially among the two-phase models over the period 2070-2100. Furthermore, we found that the modeled end dates of the chilling periods in these models also diverged, with advances for both the Sequential and Parallel models during the period 2070-2100 (compared to the period 1980-2010), and delays in the Unified model. These findings thus highlight large uncertainty in the two-phase phenology models and confirm that the mechanism underlying the leaf unfolding process is not yet understood. We therefore urgently need an improved understanding of the leaf unfolding process in order to improve the representation of phenology in terrestrial ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Zhao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yongshuo H Fu
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongwen Liu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Kimura K, Yasutake D, Oki T, Yoshida K, Kitano M. Dynamic modelling of cold-hardiness in tea buds by imitating past temperature memory. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:317-326. [PMID: 33247901 PMCID: PMC7872117 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most perennial plants memorize cold stress for a certain period and retrieve the memories for cold acclimation and deacclimation, which leads to seasonal changes in cold-hardiness. Therefore, a model for evaluating cold stress memories is required for predicting cold-hardiness and for future frost risk assessments under warming climates. In this study we develop a new dynamic model of cold-hardiness by introducing a function imitating past temperature memory in the processes of cold acclimation and deacclimation. METHODS We formulated the past temperature memory for plants using thermal time weighted by a forgetting function, and thereby proposed a dynamic model of cold-hardiness. We used the buds of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) from two cultivars, 'Yabukita' and 'Yutakamidori', to calibrate and validate this model based on 10 years of observed cold-hardiness data. KEY RESULTS The model captured more than 90 % of the observed variation in cold-hardiness and predicted accurate values for both cultivars, with root mean square errors of ~1.0 °C. The optimized forgetting function indicated that the tea buds memorized both short-term (recent days) and long-term (previous months) temperatures. The memories can drive short-term processes such as increasing/decreasing the content of carbohydrates, proteins and antioxidants in the buds, as well as long-term processes such as determining the bud phenological stage, both of which vary with cold-hardiness. CONCLUSIONS The use of a forgetting function is an effective means of understanding temperature memories in plants and will aid in developing reliable predictions of cold-hardiness for various plant species under global climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kimura
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Oki
- Kyushu University, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Yoshida
- Kyushu University, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kitano
- Kyushu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Fukuoka, Japan
- Kochi University, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi, Japan
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Wang J, Jiu S, Xu Y, Sabir IA, Wang L, Ma C, Xu W, Wang S, Zhang C. SVP-like gene PavSVP potentially suppressing flowering with PavSEP, PavAP1, and PavJONITLESS in sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:277-284. [PMID: 33412415 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The MADS-box transcription factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) gene have important functions in flowering and dormancy regulation. However, the molecular mechanism of PavSVP regulating flowering and dormancy in sweet cherry remains unknown. We identified a MADS-box gene SVP-like named PavSVP from sweet cherry, which was closely to PmSVP and PpSVP from Prunus mume and Prunus persica by using phylogenetic tree analysis, suggesting a conserved function with these evolutionarily closer SVP homologs. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that, PavSVP was localized in the nucleus and cytomembrane. PavSVP expression in sweet cherries were observed in vegetative and floral tissues, but much higher level in flower buds. The seasonal expression level of PavSVP was higher during the stage of summer growth in flower buds, and declined gradually toward dormancy and flower initiation. Ectopic expression of PavSVP induced a delayed flowering and the occurrence of abnormal flowers, including curly sepals and plicated siliques in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, protein interaction analysis showed that PavSVP interacted with PavSEP, PavAP1 and PavJONITLESS. Unlike PavSVP, over-expression of PavSEP in Arabidopsis caused early flowering phenotype. In addition, the expression of PavSEP in flower buds was low in summer. These results will help reveal the molecular mechanisms of PavSVP in maintaining the suppression phase of flowering in sweet cherry during summer and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Irfan Ali Sabir
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wenping Xu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Caixi Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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48
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Artificial Light at Night Advances Spring Phenology in the United States. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant phenology is closely related to light availability as diurnal and seasonal cycles are essential environmental cues for organizing bio-ecological processes. The natural cycles of light, however, have been dramatically disrupted by artificial light at night (ALAN) due to recent urbanization. The influence on plant phenology of ALAN and its spatial variation remain largely unknown. By analyzing satellite data on ALAN intensity across the United States, here, we showed that ALAN tended to advance the start date of the growing season (SOS), although the overall response of SOS to ALAN was relatively weak compared with other potential factors (e.g., preseason temperature). The phenological impact of ALAN showed a spatially divergent pattern, whereby ALAN mainly advanced SOS at climatically moderate regions within the United States (e.g., Virginia), while its effect was insignificant or even reversed at very cold (e.g., Minnesota) and hot regions (e.g., Florida). Such a divergent pattern was mainly attributable to its high sensitivity to chilling insufficiency, where the advancing effect on SOS was only triggered on the premise that chilling days exceeded a certain threshold. Other mechanisms may also play a part, such as the interplay among chilling, forcing and photoperiod and the difference in species life strategies. Besides, urban areas and natural ecosystems were found to suffer from similar magnitudes of influence from ALAN, albeit with a much higher baseline ALAN intensity in urban areas. Our findings shed new light on the phenological impact of ALAN and its relation to space and other environmental cues, which is beneficial to a better understanding and projection of phenology changes under a warming and urbanizing future.
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Descals A, Verger A, Filella I, Baldocchi D, Janssens IA, Fu YH, Piao S, Peaucelle M, Ciais P, Peñuelas J. Soil thawing regulates the spring growth onset in tundra and alpine biomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140637. [PMID: 32721746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil temperature remains isothermal at 0 °C and water shifts to a liquid phase during soil thawing. Vegetation may receive this process as a signal and a key to restore physiological activity. We aimed to show the relationship between the timing of soil thawing and the spring growth onset. We estimated the delay between the soil thawing and the spring growth onset in 78 sites of the FLUXNET network. We built a soil thawing map derived from modeling for the northern hemisphere and related it to the greenness onset estimated with satellite imagery. Spring onset estimated with GPP time series occurred shortly after soil surface thawing in tundra (1.1 ± 3.5 days) and alpine grasslands (16.6 ± 5.8 days). The association was weaker for deciduous forests (40.3 ± 4.2 days), especially where soils freeze infrequently. Needleleaved forests tended to start the growing season before the end of thawing (-17.4 ± 3.6 days), although observations from remote sensing (MODIS Land Cover Dynamics) indicated that the onset of greenness started after the thawing period (26.8 ± 3.2 days). This study highlights the role of soil temperature at the spring growth onset at high latitudes. Soil thawing becomes less relevant in temperate forests, where soil is occasionally frozen and other climate factors become more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Descals
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola de Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Aleixandre Verger
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola de Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola de Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.
| | - Yongshuo H Fu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | | | - Marc Peaucelle
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola de Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Laboratory - CAVElab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 1572 CEA-CNRS UVSQ, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola de Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
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Maynard-Bean E, Kaye M, Wagner T, Burkhart EP. Citizen scientists record novel leaf phenology of invasive shrubs in eastern U.S. forests. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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