1
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Ziegler SL, Johnson JM, Brooks RO, Johnston EM, Mohay JL, Ruttenberg BI, Starr RM, Waltz GT, Wendt DE, Hamilton SL. Marine protected areas, marine heatwaves, and the resilience of nearshore fish communities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1405. [PMID: 36697490 PMCID: PMC9876911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors from climate change can affect individual species, community structure, and ecosystem function. Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are intense thermal anomalies where water temperature is significantly elevated for five or more days. Climate projections suggest an increase in the frequency and severity of MHWs in the coming decades. While there is evidence that marine protected areas (MPAs) may be able to buffer individual species from climate impacts, there is not sufficient evidence to support the idea that MPAs can mitigate large-scale changes in marine communities in response to MHWs. California experienced an intense MHW and subsequent El Niño Southern Oscillation event from 2014 to 2016. We sought to examine changes in rocky reef fish communities at four MPAs and associated reference sites in relation to the MHW. We observed a decline in taxonomic diversity and a profound shift in trophic diversity inside and outside MPAs following the MHW. However, MPAs seemed to dampen the loss of trophic diversity and in the four years following the MHW, taxonomic diversity recovered 75% faster in the MPAs compared to reference sites. Our results suggest that MPAs may contribute to long-term resilience of nearshore fish communities through both resistance to change and recovery from warming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Ziegler
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA. .,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Jasmin M Johnson
- Department of Marine Science, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA
| | - Rachel O Brooks
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Erin M Johnston
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Jacklyn L Mohay
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Benjamin I Ruttenberg
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Richard M Starr
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Grant T Waltz
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Dean E Wendt
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Scott L Hamilton
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
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2
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Grorud-Colvert K, Sullivan-Stack J, Roberts C, Constant V, Horta E Costa B, Pike EP, Kingston N, Laffoley D, Sala E, Claudet J, Friedlander AM, Gill DA, Lester SE, Day JC, Gonçalves EJ, Ahmadia GN, Rand M, Villagomez A, Ban NC, Gurney GG, Spalding AK, Bennett NJ, Briggs J, Morgan LE, Moffitt R, Deguignet M, Pikitch EK, Darling ES, Jessen S, Hameed SO, Di Carlo G, Guidetti P, Harris JM, Torre J, Kizilkaya Z, Agardy T, Cury P, Shah NJ, Sack K, Cao L, Fernandez M, Lubchenco J. The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean. Science 2021; 373:eabf0861. [PMID: 34516798 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Grorud-Colvert
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Jenna Sullivan-Stack
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Callum Roberts
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Vanessa Constant
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Barbara Horta E Costa
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Pike
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Naomi Kingston
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Laffoley
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Enric Sala
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.,Pristine Seas, National Geography Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - David A Gill
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Sarah E Lester
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
| | - Jon C Day
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Emanuel J Gonçalves
- Pristine Seas, National Geography Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA.,Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.,Oceano Azul Foundation, Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I,1990-005 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabby N Ahmadia
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Matt Rand
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Angelo Villagomez
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Natalie C Ban
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Georgina G Gurney
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Ana K Spalding
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.,School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Nathan J Bennett
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France.,The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Johnny Briggs
- Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | | | - Russell Moffitt
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Marine Deguignet
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ellen K Pikitch
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Emily S Darling
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Sabine Jessen
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,National Ocean Program, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, ON K2P 0A4, Canada
| | - Sarah O Hameed
- The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Blue Parks Program, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Paolo Guidetti
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn-National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), V16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean M Harris
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gomeroy Avenue, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Jorge Torre
- Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C. Isla del Peruano 215, Col. Lomas de Miramar, Guaymas, Sonora, 85454, Mexico
| | - Zafer Kizilkaya
- Mediterranean Conservation Society, Bornova, Izmir 35100 Turkey
| | - Tundi Agardy
- Oceano Azul Foundation, Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I,1990-005 Lisbon, Portugal.,Sound Seas, Colrain, MA 01340, USA
| | - Philippe Cury
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.,MARBEC, Montpellier University, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, Sète, France
| | - Nirmal J Shah
- School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.,Nature Seychelles, Centre for Environment and Education, Sanctuary at Roche Caiman, Mahe, Seychelles
| | - Karen Sack
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Ocean Unite, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Ling Cao
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 230000, China
| | - Miriam Fernandez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas de Las Cruces and Departmento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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3
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Carlson RR, Evans LJ, Foo SA, Grady BW, Li J, Seeley M, Xu Y, Asner GP. Synergistic benefits of conserving land-sea ecosystems. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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4
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Marine protected areas do not prevent marine heatwave-induced fish community structure changes in a temperate transition zone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21081. [PMID: 33273514 PMCID: PMC7712829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute climate events like marine heatwaves have the potential to temporarily or permanently alter community structure with effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. We aimed to quantify the magnitude and consistency of climate driven community shifts inside and outside Marine Protected Areas before and after a marine heatwave using a kelp forest fish community dataset in southern California, USA. Abundance, biomass, diversity and recruitment of warm-water affinity species during the marine heatwave were significantly greater compared with prior years yet cool-water affinity species did not show commensurate declines. Fish communities inside MPAs were not buffered from these community shifts. This result is likely because the particular species most responsible for the community response to environmental drivers, were not fisheries targets. Resource managers working to preserve biodiversity in a changing climate will need to consider additional management tools and strategies in combination with protected areas to mitigate the effect of warming on marine communities.
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5
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McClanahan TR. Coral community life histories and population dynamics driven by seascape bathymetry and temperature variability. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2020; 87:291-330. [PMID: 33293014 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temperature variability, habitat, coral communities, and fishing intensity are important factors influencing coral responses to climate change. Consequently, chronic and acute sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and their interactions with habitat and fishing were studied along the East African coast (~400km) by evaluating changes over a ~25-year period in two major reef habitats-island and fringing reefs. These habitats had similar mean and standard deviation temperature measurements but differed in that islands had lower ocean heights and flatter and less right-skewed temperature distributions than fringing reefs. These patterns arise because islands are exposed to deep offshore water passing through deep channels while being protected from the open ocean storms and the strong inter-annual current temperature variability. Within these two seascapes, coral communities are shaped by population responses to the variable temperature distributions as determined by the taxa's associations with the competitive-stress-ruderal (CSR) life history groups. For example, competitive taxa were more abundant where temperature distributions were flat and lacked frequent warm water anomalies. In contrast, ruderal, weedy, and generalist taxa were more common where temperature distributions were centralized, standard deviations high, and warm water anomalies more frequent. Finally, stress-resistant taxa were more common in reefs with high temperature skew but flatter temperature distributions. The rare 1998 thermal anomaly impacted and disturbed the ruderal and stressed reef more than the competitive communities. Ruderal became more similar to stressed communities while the stressed community moved further from the mean before recovering towards the competitive community. Competitive taxa were more common on islands and the deeper fringing reef sites while ruderal were dominant in shallow fringing reef lagoons. Over time, islands were less disturbed than fringing reefs and maintained the highest coral cover, numbers of taxa, and most competitive or space-occupying taxa. However, some island reefs with a history of dynamite fishing aligned with the stress-resistant communities over the full study period. Compared to the in situ SST gauges at the study site, temperature proxies with global coverage were often good at estimating mean and standard deviations of the SSTs but much poorer at estimating the shape of the temperature distributions that reflect chronic and acute stress, as reflected by kurtosis and skewness metrics. Given that these stress variables were critical for understanding the impacts of rare climate disturbances, global climate models that use mean conditions are likely to be poor predictors of future impacts on corals, particularly their species and life history composition. Better predictions should be possible if appropriate chronic and acute stress metrics and their proxies are identified and used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R McClanahan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, Bronx, NY, United States.
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6
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Brooks CM, Chown SL, Douglass LL, Raymond BP, Shaw JD, Sylvester ZT, Torrens CL. Progress towards a representative network of Southern Ocean protected areas. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231361. [PMID: 32320423 PMCID: PMC7176077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Global threats to ocean biodiversity have generated a worldwide movement to take actions to improve conservation and management. Several international initiatives have recommended the adoption of marine protected areas (MPAs) in national and international waters. National governments and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources have successfully adopted multiple MPAs in the Southern Ocean despite the challenging nature of establishing MPAs in international waters. But are these MPAs representative of Southern Ocean biodiversity? Here we answer this question for both existing and proposed Antarctic MPAs, using benthic and pelagic regionalizations as a proxy for biodiversity. Currently about 11.98% of the Southern Ocean is protected in MPAs, with 4.61% being encompassed by no-take areas. While this is a relatively large proportion of protection when compared to other international waters, current Antarctic MPAs are not representative of the full range of benthic and pelagic ecoregions. Implementing additional protected areas, including those currently under negotiation, would encompass almost 22% of the Southern Ocean. It would also substantially improve representation with 17 benthic and pelagic ecoregions (out of 23 and 19, respectively) achieving at least 10% representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Brooks
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucinda L. Douglass
- Centre for Conservation Geography, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben P. Raymond
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Justine D. Shaw
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zephyr T. Sylvester
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Christa L. Torrens
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
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7
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Davis KJ, Vianna GMS, Meeuwig JJ, Meekan MG, Pannell DJ. Estimating the economic benefits and costs of highly‐protected marine protected areas. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J. Davis
- Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Gabriel M. S. Vianna
- Australian Institute of Marine Science UWA Oceans Institute 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Jessica J. Meeuwig
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Mark G. Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science UWA Oceans Institute 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - David J. Pannell
- Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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8
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He Q, Silliman BR. Climate Change, Human Impacts, and Coastal Ecosystems in the Anthropocene. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R1021-R1035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Montero‐Serra I, Garrabou J, Doak DF, Ledoux J, Linares C. Marine protected areas enhance structural complexity but do not buffer the consequences of ocean warming for an overexploited precious coral. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Montero‐Serra
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Joaquim Garrabou
- Institut de Ciències del Mar CSIC Barcelona Spain
- Aix Marseille Université Université de Toulon CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille France
| | - Daniel F. Doak
- Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado Boulder Colorado
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Ledoux
- Institut de Ciències del Mar CSIC Barcelona Spain
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Cristina Linares
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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10
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Gilby BL, Olds AD, Connolly RM, Henderson CJ, Schlacher TA. Spatial Restoration Ecology: Placing Restoration in a Landscape Context. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben L Gilby
- Research fellows in coastal and marine ecology in the Animal Research Centre and the School of Science and Engineering at the University of the Sunshine Coast, in Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew D Olds
- Senior lecturer in animal ecology in the Animal Research Centre and the School of Science and Engineering at the University of the Sunshine Coast
| | - Rod M Connolly
- Professor of marine science at the Australian Rivers Institute and the School of Environment and Science at Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, in Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher J Henderson
- Research fellows in coastal and marine ecology in the Animal Research Centre and the School of Science and Engineering at the University of the Sunshine Coast, in Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas A Schlacher
- Professor of marine science in the Animal Research Centre and School of Science and Engineering at the University of the Sunshine Coast
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11
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Alonso Aller E, Jiddawi NS, Eklöf JS. Marine protected areas increase temporal stability of community structure, but not density or diversity, of tropical seagrass fish communities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183999. [PMID: 28854231 PMCID: PMC5576671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been shown to increase long-term temporal stability of fish communities and enhance ecosystem resilience to anthropogenic disturbance. Yet, the potential ability of MPAs to buffer effects of environmental variability at shorter time scales remains widely unknown. In the tropics, the yearly monsoon cycle is a major natural force affecting marine organisms in tropical regions, and its timing and severity are predicted to change over the coming century, with potentially severe effects on marine organisms, ecosystems and ecosystem services. Here, we assessed the ability of MPAs to buffer effects of monsoon seasonality on seagrass-associated fish communities, using a field survey in two MPAs (no-take zones) and two unprotected (open-access) sites around Zanzibar (Tanzania). We assessed the temporal stability of fish density and community structure within and outside MPAs during three monsoon seasons in 2014–2015, and investigated several possible mechanisms that could regulate temporal stability. Our results show that MPAs did not affect fish density and diversity, but that juvenile fish densities were temporally more stable within MPAs. Second, fish community structure was more stable within MPAs for juvenile and adult fish, but not for subadult fish or the total fish community. Third, the observed effects may be due to a combination of direct and indirect (seagrass-mediated) effects of seasonality and, potentially, fluctuating fishing pressure outside MPAs. In summary, these MPAs may not have the ability to enhance fish density and diversity and to buffer effects of monsoon seasonality on the whole fish community. However, they may increase the temporal stability of certain groups, such as juvenile fish. Consequently, our results question whether MPAs play a general role in the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning under changing environmental conditions in tropical seagrass fish communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Alonso Aller
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Narriman S Jiddawi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Dar es Salaam University, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Johan S Eklöf
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Abstract
Strong decreases in greenhouse gas emissions are required to meet the reduction trajectory resolved within the 2015 Paris Agreement. However, even these decreases will not avert serious stress and damage to life on Earth, and additional steps are needed to boost the resilience of ecosystems, safeguard their wildlife, and protect their capacity to supply vital goods and services. We discuss how well-managed marine reserves may help marine ecosystems and people adapt to five prominent impacts of climate change: acidification, sea-level rise, intensification of storms, shifts in species distribution, and decreased productivity and oxygen availability, as well as their cumulative effects. We explore the role of managed ecosystems in mitigating climate change by promoting carbon sequestration and storage and by buffering against uncertainty in management, environmental fluctuations, directional change, and extreme events. We highlight both strengths and limitations and conclude that marine reserves are a viable low-tech, cost-effective adaptation strategy that would yield multiple cobenefits from local to global scales, improving the outlook for the environment and people into the future.
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13
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Santangeli A, Rajasärkkä A, Lehikoinen A. Effects of high latitude protected areas on bird communities under rapid climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2241-2249. [PMID: 27685981 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is rapidly becoming one of the main threats to biodiversity, along with other threats triggered by human-driven land-use change. Species are already responding to climate change by shifting their distributions polewards. This shift may create a spatial mismatch between dynamic species distributions and static protected areas (PAs). As protected areas represent one of the main pillars for preserving biodiversity today and in the future, it is important to assess their contribution in sheltering the biodiversity communities, they were designated to protect. A recent development to investigate climate-driven impacts on biological communities is represented by the community temperature index (CTI). CTI provides a measure of the relative temperature average of a community in a specific assemblage. CTI value will be higher for assemblages dominated by warm species compared with those dominated by cold-dwelling species. We here model changes in the CTI of Finnish bird assemblages, as well as changes in species densities, within and outside of PAs during the past four decades in a large boreal landscape under rapid change. We show that CTI has markedly increased over time across Finland, with this change being similar within and outside PAs and five to seven times slower than the temperature increase. Moreover, CTI has been constantly lower within than outside of PAs, and PAs still support communities, which show colder thermal index than those outside of PAs in the 1970s and 1980s. This result can be explained by the higher relative density of northern species within PAs than outside. Overall, our results provide some, albeit inconclusive, evidence that PAs may play a role in supporting the community of northern species. Results also suggest that communities are, however, shifting rapidly, both inside and outside of PAs, highlighting the need for adjusting conservation measures before it is too late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santangeli
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Rajasärkkä
- Metsähallitus Parks & Wildlife Finland, P.O. Box 81, FI-90101, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aleksi Lehikoinen
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Tickler DM, Letessier TB, Koldewey HJ, Meeuwig JJ. Drivers of abundance and spatial distribution of reef-associated sharks in an isolated atoll reef system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177374. [PMID: 28562602 PMCID: PMC5451018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated drivers of reef shark demography across a large and isolated marine protected area, the British Indian Ocean Territory Marine Reserve, using stereo baited remote underwater video systems. We modelled shark abundance against biotic and abiotic variables at 35 sites across the reserve and found that the biomass of low trophic order fish (specifically planktivores) had the greatest effect on shark abundance, although models also included habitat variables (depth, coral cover and site type). There was significant variation in the composition of the shark assemblage at different atolls within the reserve. In particular, the deepest habitat sampled (a seamount at 70-80m visited for the first time in this study) recorded large numbers of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) not observed elsewhere. Size structure of the most abundant and common species, grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), varied with location. Individuals at an isolated bank were 30% smaller than those at the main atolls, with size structure significantly biased towards the size range for young of year (YOY). The 18 individuals judged to be YOY represented the offspring of between four and six females, so, whilst inconclusive, these data suggest the possible use of a common pupping site by grey reef sharks. The importance of low trophic order fish biomass (i.e. potential prey) in predicting spatial variation in shark abundance is consistent with other studies both in marine and terrestrial systems which suggest that prey availability may be a more important predictor of predator distribution than habitat suitability. This result supports the need for ecosystem level rather than species-specific conservation measures to support shark recovery. The observed spatial partitioning amongst sites for species and life-stages also implies the need to include a diversity of habitats and reef types within a protected area for adequate protection of reef-associated shark assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Tickler
- Oceans Institute: Centre for Marine Futures, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tom B. Letessier
- Oceans Institute: Centre for Marine Futures, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
- Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J. Koldewey
- Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica J. Meeuwig
- Oceans Institute: Centre for Marine Futures, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
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15
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Stamoulis KA, Friedlander AM, Meyer CG, Fernandez-Silva I, Toonen RJ. Coral reef grazer-benthos dynamics complicated by invasive algae in a small marine reserve. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43819. [PMID: 28276458 PMCID: PMC5343440 DOI: 10.1038/srep43819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of alien invasive marine algae have become common, greatly altering the health and stability of nearshore marine ecosystems. Concurrently, herbivorous fishes have been severely overfished in many locations worldwide, contributing to increases in macroalgal cover. We used a multi-pronged, interdisciplinary approach to test if higher biomass of herbivorous fishes inside a no-take marine reserve makes this area more resistant to invasive algal overgrowth. Over a two year time period, we (1) compared fish biomass and algal cover between two fished and one unfished patch reef in Hawai'i, (2) used acoustic telemetry to determine fidelity of herbivorous fishes to the unfished reef, and (3) used metabarcoding and next-generation sequencing to determine diet composition of herbivorous fishes. Herbivore fish biomass was significantly higher in the marine reserve compared to adjacent fished reefs, whereas invasive algal cover differed by species. Herbivorous fish movements were largely confined to the unfished patch reef where they were captured. Diet analysis indicated that the consumption of invasive algae varied among fish species, with a high prevalence of comparatively rare native algal species. Together these findings demonstrate that the contribution of herbivores to coral reef resilience, via resistance to invasive algae invasion, is complex and species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostantinos A Stamoulis
- Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carl G Meyer
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA
| | - Iria Fernandez-Silva
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA.,California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Toonen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA
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16
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Gilby BL, Olds AD, Connolly RM, Stevens T, Henderson CJ, Maxwell PS, Tibbetts IR, Schoeman DS, Rissik D, Schlacher TA. Optimising Land-Sea Management for Inshore Coral Reefs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164934. [PMID: 27764164 PMCID: PMC5072624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Management authorities seldom have the capacity to comprehensively address the full suite of anthropogenic stressors, particularly in the coastal zone where numerous threats can act simultaneously to impact reefs and other ecosystems. This situation requires tools to prioritise management interventions that result in optimum ecological outcomes under a set of constraints. Here we develop one such tool, introducing a Bayesian Belief Network to model the ecological condition of inshore coral reefs in Moreton Bay (Australia) under a range of management actions. Empirical field data was used to model a suite of possible ecological responses of coral reef assemblages to five key management actions both in the sea (e.g. expansion of reserves, mangrove & seagrass restoration, fishing restrictions) and on land (e.g. lower inputs of sediment and sewage from treatment plants). Models show that expanding marine reserves (a ‘marine action’) and reducing sediment inputs from the catchments (a ‘land action’) were the most effective investments to achieve a better status of reefs in the Bay, with both having been included in >58% of scenarios with positive outcomes, and >98% of the most effective (5th percentile) scenarios. Heightened fishing restrictions, restoring habitats, and reducing nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants have additional, albeit smaller effects. There was no evidence that combining individual management actions would consistently produce sizeable synergistic until after maximum investment on both marine reserves (i.e. increasing reserve extent from 31 to 62% of reefs) and sediments (i.e. rehabilitating 6350 km of waterways within catchments to reduce sediment loads by 50%) were implemented. The method presented here provides a useful tool to prioritize environmental actions in situations where multiple competing management interventions exist for coral reefs and in other systems subjected to multiple stressor from the land and the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben L. Gilby
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew D. Olds
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rod M. Connolly
- Australian Rivers Institute—Coasts and Estuaries, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tim Stevens
- Australian Rivers Institute—Coasts and Estuaries, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Henderson
- Australian Rivers Institute—Coasts and Estuaries, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul S. Maxwell
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
- Healthy Waterways, Level 4, 200 Creek Street, Spring Hill, 4004, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian R. Tibbetts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4003, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David S. Schoeman
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Rissik
- National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Schlacher
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Davies HN, Beckley LE, Kobryn HT, Lombard AT, Radford B, Heyward A. Integrating Climate Change Resilience Features into the Incremental Refinement of an Existing Marine Park. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161094. [PMID: 27529820 PMCID: PMC4986976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine protected area (MPA) designs are likely to require iterative refinement as new knowledge is gained. In particular, there is an increasing need to consider the effects of climate change, especially the ability of ecosystems to resist and/or recover from climate-related disturbances, within the MPA planning process. However, there has been limited research addressing the incorporation of climate change resilience into MPA design. This study used Marxan conservation planning software with fine-scale shallow water (<20 m) bathymetry and habitat maps, models of major benthic communities for deeper water, and comprehensive human use information from Ningaloo Marine Park in Western Australia to identify climate change resilience features to integrate into the incremental refinement of the marine park. The study assessed the representation of benthic habitats within the current marine park zones, identified priority areas of high resilience for inclusion within no-take zones and examined if any iterative refinements to the current no-take zones are necessary. Of the 65 habitat classes, 16 did not meet representation targets within the current no-take zones, most of which were in deeper offshore waters. These deeper areas also demonstrated the highest resilience values and, as such, Marxan outputs suggested minor increases to the current no-take zones in the deeper offshore areas. This work demonstrates that inclusion of fine-scale climate change resilience features within the design process for MPAs is feasible, and can be applied to future marine spatial planning practices globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet N. Davies
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynnath E. Beckley
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Halina T. Kobryn
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda T. Lombard
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Ben Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Heyward
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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18
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Santos RO, Rehage JS, Boucek R, Osborne J. Shift in recreational fishing catches as a function of an extreme cold event. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. O. Santos
- Earth & Environment DepartmentFlorida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
- Southeast Environmental Research CenterFlorida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
| | - J. S. Rehage
- Earth & Environment DepartmentFlorida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
- Southeast Environmental Research CenterFlorida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
| | - R. Boucek
- Department of BiologyFlorida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
| | - J. Osborne
- Everglades National ParkUSNPS/SFNRC Homestead Florida 33034 USA
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19
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Wenger AS, Williamson DH, da Silva ET, Ceccarelli DM, Browne NK, Petus C, Devlin MJ. Effects of reduced water quality on coral reefs in and out of no-take marine reserves. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:142-53. [PMID: 26132810 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Near-shore marine environments are increasingly subjected to reduced water quality, and their ability to withstand it is critical to their persistence. The potential role marine reserves may play in mitigating the effects of reduced water quality has received little attention. We investigated the spatial and temporal variability in live coral and macro-algal cover and water quality during moderate and major flooding events of the Fitzroy River within the Keppel Bay region of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park from 2007 to 2013. We used 7 years of remote sensing data on water quality and data from long-term monitoring of coral reefs to quantify exposure of coral reefs to flood plumes. We used a distance linear model to partition the contribution of abiotic and biotic factors, including zoning, as drivers of the observed changes in coral and macro-algae cover. Moderate flood plumes from 2007 to 2009 did not affect coral cover on reefs in the Keppel Islands, suggesting the reef has intrinsic resistance against short-term exposure to reduced water quality. However, from 2009 to 2013, live coral cover declined by ∼ 50% following several weeks of exposure to turbid, low salinity water from major flood plume events in 2011 and subsequent moderate events in 2012 and 2013. Although the flooding events in 2012 and 2013 were smaller than the flooding events between 2007 to 2009, the ability of the reefs to withstand these moderate floods was lost, as evidenced by a ∼ 20% decline in coral cover between 2011 to 2013. Although zoning (no-take reserve or fished) was identified a significant driver of coral cover, we recorded consistently lower coral cover on reserve reefs than on fished reefs throughout the study period and significantly lower cover in 2011. Our findings suggest that even reefs with an inherent resistance to reduced water quality are not able to withstand repeated disturbance events. The limitations of reserves in mitigating the effects of reduced water quality on near-shore coral reefs underscores the importance of integrated management approaches that combine effective land-based management with networks of no-take reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia S Wenger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - David H Williamson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | | | - Daniela M Ceccarelli
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Nicola K Browne
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bentley Campus, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Caroline Petus
- TropWater, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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20
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Baskett ML, Barnett LA. The Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Marine Reserves. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the population, community, and evolutionary consequences of marine reserves. Responses at each level depend on the tendency of fisheries to target larger body sizes and the tendency for greater reserve protection with less movement within and across populations. The primary population response to reserves is survival to greater ages and sizes plus increases in the population size for harvested species, with greater response to reserves that are large relative to species' movement rates. The primary community response to reserves is an increase in total biomass and diversity, with the potential for trophic cascades and altered spatial patterning of metacommunities. The primary evolutionary response to reserves is increased genetic diversity, with the theoretical potential for protection against fisheries-induced evolution and selection for reduced movement. The potential for the combined outcome of these responses to buffer marine populations and communities against temporal environmental heterogeneity has preliminary theoretical and empirical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270
| | - Lewis A.K. Barnett
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, under contract to Fisheries Resource Assessment and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington 98110
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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21
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Yabsley NA, Olds AD, Connolly RM, Martin TSH, Gilby BL, Maxwell PS, Huijbers CM, Schoeman DS, Schlacher TA. Resource type influences the effects of reserves and connectivity on ecological functions. J Anim Ecol 2015; 85:437-44. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Yabsley
- School of Science and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore Qld 4558 Australia
| | - Andrew D. Olds
- School of Science and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore Qld 4558 Australia
| | - Rod M. Connolly
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coast and Estuaries, and School of Environment; Griffith University; Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
| | - Tyson S. H. Martin
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coast and Estuaries, and School of Environment; Griffith University; Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
| | - Ben L. Gilby
- School of Science and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore Qld 4558 Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coast and Estuaries, and School of Environment; Griffith University; Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
| | - Paul S. Maxwell
- Healthy Waterways; Brisbane Qld 4004 Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Queensland; St. Lucia Qld 4067 Australia
| | - Chantal M. Huijbers
- School of Science and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore Qld 4558 Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coast and Estuaries, and School of Environment; Griffith University; Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
| | - David S. Schoeman
- School of Science and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore Qld 4558 Australia
| | - Thomas A. Schlacher
- School of Science and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore Qld 4558 Australia
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22
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Lubchenco J, Grorud-Colvert K. OCEAN. Making waves: The science and politics of ocean protection. Science 2015; 350:382-3. [PMID: 26472764 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Lubchenco
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. The authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kirsten Grorud-Colvert
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. The authors contributed equally to this work.
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23
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Thomas CD, Gillingham PK. The performance of protected areas for biodiversity under climate change. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Thomas
- Department of Biology; University of York; Wentworth Way York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Phillipa K. Gillingham
- Faculty of Science and Technology; Christchurch House; Bournemouth University; Talbot Campus Fern Barrow Poole BH12 5BB UK
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