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Viollat L, Quéroué M, Delord K, Gimenez O, Barbraud C. Bottom-up effects drive the dynamic of an Antarctic seabird predator-prey system. Ecology 2024; 105:e4367. [PMID: 38923494 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how populations respond to variability in environmental conditions and interspecific interactions is one of the biggest challenges of population ecology, particularly in the context of global change. Although many studies have investigated population responses to climate change, very few have explicitly integrated interspecific relationships when studying these responses. In this study, we aimed to understand the combined effects of interspecific interactions and environmental conditions on the demographic parameters of a prey-predator system of three sympatric seabird populations breeding in Antarctica: the south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) and its two main preys during the breeding season, the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) and the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). We built a two-species integrated population model (IPM) with 31 years of capture-recapture and count data and provided a framework that made it possible to estimate the demographic parameters and abundance of a predator-prey system in a context where capture-recapture data were not available for one species. Our results showed that predator-prey interactions and local environmental conditions differentially affected south polar skuas depending on their breeding state of the previous year. Concerning prey-predator relationships, the number of Adélie penguin breeding pairs showed a positive effect on south polar skua survival and breeding probability, and the number of emperor penguin dead chicks showed a positive effect on the breeding success of south polar skuas. In contrast, there was no evidence for an effect of the number of south polar skuas on the demography of Adélie penguins. We also found an important impact of sea ice conditions on both the dynamics of south polar skuas and Adélie penguins. Our results suggest that this prey-predator system is mostly driven by bottom-up processes and local environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Viollat
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-EPHE-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Maud Quéroué
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-EPHE-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-EPHE-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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2
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Gu S, Qi T, Rohr JR, Liu X. Meta-analysis reveals less sensitivity of non-native animals than natives to extreme weather worldwide. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:2004-2027. [PMID: 37932385 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Extreme weather events (EWEs; for example, heatwaves, cold spells, storms, floods and droughts) and non-native species invasions are two major threats to global biodiversity and are increasing in both frequency and consequences. Here we synthesize 443 studies and apply multilevel mixed-effects metaregression analyses to compare the responses of 187 non-native and 1,852 native animal species across terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems to different types of EWE. Our results show that marine animals, regardless of whether they are non-native or native, are overall insensitive to EWEs, except for negative effects of heatwaves on native mollusks, corals and anemone. By contrast, terrestrial and freshwater non-native animals are only adversely affected by heatwaves and storms, respectively, whereas native animals negatively respond to heatwaves, cold spells and droughts in terrestrial ecosystems and are vulnerable to most EWEs except cold spells in freshwater ecosystems. On average, non-native animals displayed low abundance in terrestrial ecosystems, and decreased body condition and life history traits in freshwater ecosystems, whereas native animals displayed declines in body condition, life history traits, abundance, distribution and recovery in terrestrial ecosystems, and community structure in freshwater ecosystems. By identifying areas with high overlap between EWEs and EWE-tolerant non-native species, we also provide locations where native biodiversity might be adversely affected by their joint effects and where EWEs might facilitate the establishment and/or spread of non-native species under continuing global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Energy content of krill and amphipods in the Barents Sea from summer to winter: variation across species and size. Polar Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-023-03112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractArctic zooplankton develop large energy reserves, as an adaptation to strong seasonality, making them valuable prey items. We quantified the energy content (kJ g−1 dry weight) of abundant krill (arcto-boreal, Thysanoessa inermis and boreal, Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and amphipods (Arctic, Themisto libellula and sub-Arctic-boreal, Themisto abyssorum) in the Barents Sea in late summer (August) and early winter (December). Variation in energy content was attributed to species-specific traits and body size categories, the latter in part as a proxy for ontogeny. T. inermis had the highest energy content, (Aug: 26.8 ± 1.5 (SD) kJ g−1) and remained similar from summer to winter. Energy content increased in M. norvegica and decreased in both amphipod species, with the lowest energy content being in T. abyssorum (Dec: 17.8 ± 0.8 kJ g−1). The effect of body size varied between species, with energy content increasing with size in T. inermis and T. libellula, and no change with size in M. norvegica and T. abyssorum. The reproductive stages of T. libellula differed in energy content, being highest in gravid females. Energy content varied with species’ dependence on energy storage. Our findings highlight how phylogenetically and morphologically similar prey items cannot necessarily be considered equal from a predator´s perspective. Energetically, the northern T. inermis was higher quality compared to the more southern M. norvegica, and mostly so during summer. Ecological models and management strategies should consider such variation in prey quality, especially as Arctic borealization is expected to change species composition and the energetic landscape for predators.
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High abundances of small copepods early developmental stages and nauplii strengthen the perception of a non-dormant Arctic winter. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe traditional view is that the Arctic polar night is a quiescent period for marine life, but recent reports of high levels of feeding and reproduction in both pelagic and benthic taxa have challenged this. We examined the zooplankton community present in Svalbard fjords, coastal waters, and the shelf break north of Svalbard, during the polar night. We focused on the population structure of abundant copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis, Metridia longa, Oithona similis, Pseudocalanus spp., Microcalanus spp., and Microsetella norvegica) sampled using 64-µm mesh nets. Numerically, copepod nauplii (≥ 50%) and the young developmental stages of small copepods (< 2 mm prosome length as adult) dominated the samples. Three main patterns were identified: (1) large Calanus spp. were predominantly older copepodids CIV–CV, while (2) the small harpacticoid M. norvegica were adults. (3) For other species, all copepodid stages were present. Older copepodids and adults dominated populations of O. similis, Pseudocalanus spp. and M. longa. In Microcalanus spp., high proportion of young copepodids CI–CIII indicated active winter recruitment. We discuss the notion of winter as a developing and reproductive period for small copepods in light of observed age structures, presence of nauplii, and previous knowledge about the species. Lower predation risks during winter may, in part, explain why this season could be beneficial as a period for development. Winter may be a key season for development of small, omnivorous copepods in the Arctic, whereas large copepods such as Calanus spp. seems to be reliant on spring and summer for reproduction and development.
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Castellani G, Veyssière G, Karcher M, Stroeve J, Banas SN, Bouman AH, Brierley SA, Connan S, Cottier F, Große F, Hobbs L, Katlein C, Light B, McKee D, Orkney A, Proud R, Schourup-Kristensen V. Shine a light: Under-ice light and its ecological implications in a changing Arctic Ocean. AMBIO 2022; 51:307-317. [PMID: 34822117 PMCID: PMC8692516 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic marine ecosystem is shaped by the seasonality of the solar cycle, spanning from 24-h light at the sea surface in summer to 24-h darkness in winter. The amount of light available for under-ice ecosystems is the result of different physical and biological processes that affect its path through atmosphere, snow, sea ice and water. In this article, we review the present state of knowledge of the abiotic (clouds, sea ice, snow, suspended matter) and biotic (sea ice algae and phytoplankton) controls on the underwater light field. We focus on how the available light affects the seasonal cycle of primary production (sympagic and pelagic) and discuss the sensitivity of ecosystems to changes in the light field based on model simulations. Lastly, we discuss predicted future changes in under-ice light as a consequence of climate change and their potential ecological implications, with the aim of providing a guide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Castellani
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Veyssière
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Michael Karcher
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Ocean Atmosphere Systems GmbH, Tewessteg 4, 20249 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julienne Stroeve
- University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- National Snow and Ice Data Center CIRES, 449 UCB University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0449 USA
| | - S. Neil Banas
- University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH UK
| | | | - S. Andrew Brierley
- Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB Scotland, UK
| | - Stacey Connan
- University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH UK
| | - Finlo Cottier
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll and Bute, PA37 1QA Scotland, UK
| | - Fabian Große
- University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH UK
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department for Microbilogy, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Laura Hobbs
- University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH UK
| | - Christian Katlein
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - David McKee
- University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH UK
| | - Andrew Orkney
- University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN UK
| | - Roland Proud
- Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB Scotland, UK
| | - Vibe Schourup-Kristensen
- Department of Applied Marine Ecology and Modeling, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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6
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Rohan SK, Beauchamp DA, Essington TE, Hansen AG. Merging empirical and mechanistic approaches to modeling aquatic visual foraging using a generalizable visual reaction distance model. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Bandara K, Varpe Ø, Wijewardene L, Tverberg V, Eiane K. Two hundred years of zooplankton vertical migration research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1547-1589. [PMID: 33942990 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vertical migration is a geographically and taxonomically widespread behaviour among zooplankton that spans across diel and seasonal timescales. The shorter-term diel vertical migration (DVM) has a periodicity of up to 1 day and was first described by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1817. In 1888, the German marine biologist Carl Chun described the longer-term seasonal vertical migration (SVM), which has a periodicity of ca. 1 year. The proximate control and adaptive significance of DVM have been extensively studied and are well understood. DVM is generally a behaviour controlled by ambient irradiance, which allows herbivorous zooplankton to feed in food-rich shallower waters during the night when light-dependent (visual) predation risk is minimal and take refuge in deeper, darker waters during daytime. However, DVMs of herbivorous zooplankton are followed by their predators, producing complex predator-prey patterns that may be traced across multiple trophic levels. In contrast to DVM, SVM research is relatively young and its causes and consequences are less well understood. During periods of seasonal environmental deterioration, SVM allows zooplankton to evacuate shallower waters seasonally and take refuge in deeper waters often in a state of dormancy. Both DVM and SVM play a significant role in the vertical transport of organic carbon to deeper waters (biological carbon sequestration), and hence in the buffering of global climate change. Although many animal migrations are expected to change under future climate scenarios, little is known about the potential implications of global climate change on zooplankton vertical migrations and its impact on the biological carbon sequestration process. Further, the combined influence of DVM and SVM in determining zooplankton fitness and maintenance of their horizontal (geographic) distributions is not well understood. The contrasting spatial (deep versus shallow) and temporal (diel versus seasonal) scales over which these two migrations occur lead to challenges in studying them at higher spatial, temporal and biological resolution and coverage. Extending the largely population-based vertical migration knowledge base to individual-based studies will be an important way forward. While tracking individual zooplankton in their natural habitats remains a major challenge, conducting trophic-scale, high-resolution, year-round studies that utilise emerging field sampling and observation techniques, molecular genetic tools and computational hardware and software will be the best solution to improve our understanding of zooplankton vertical migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Bandara
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Biosciences and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lishani Wijewardene
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vigdis Tverberg
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Ketil Eiane
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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Hobbs L, Banas NS, Cohen JH, Cottier FR, Berge J, Varpe Ø. A marine zooplankton community vertically structured by light across diel to interannual timescales. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200810. [PMID: 33622076 PMCID: PMC8086989 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The predation risk of many aquatic taxa is dominated by visually searching predators, commonly a function of ambient light. Several studies propose that changes in visual predation will become a major climate-change impact on polar marine ecosystems. The High Arctic experiences extreme seasonality in the light environment, from 24 h light to 24 h darkness, and therefore provides a natural laboratory for studying light and predation risk over diel to seasonal timescales. Here, we show that zooplankton (observed using acoustics) in an Arctic fjord position themselves vertically in relation to light. A single isolume (depth-varying line of constant light intensity, the value of which is set at the lower limit of photobehaviour reponses of Calanus spp. and krill) forms a ceiling on zooplankton distribution. The vertical distribution is structured by light across timescales, from the deepening of zooplankton populations at midday as the sun rises in spring, to the depth to which zooplankton ascend to feed during diel vertical migration. These results suggest that zooplankton might already follow a foraging strategy that will keep visual predation risk roughly constant under changing light conditions, such as those caused by the reduction of sea ice, but likely with energetic costs such as lost feeding opportunities as a result of altered habitat use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hobbs
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Neil S. Banas
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK
| | - Jonathan H. Cohen
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Finlo R. Cottier
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
- Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Department of Biology and Technology, Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 5006 Bergen, Norway
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9
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Kvile KØ, Altin D, Thommesen L, Titelman J. Predation risk alters life history strategies in an oceanic copepod. Ecology 2020; 102:e03214. [PMID: 33001438 PMCID: PMC7816270 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous oceanic copepod Calanus finmarchicus is the major link between primary producers and important fish stocks in the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Despite over a century of research on growth and development of this key species, the effect of predation risk on these processes remains elusive. We tested how food level and chemical cues from a fish predator influence growth and development of C. finmarchicus, using a predator naïve laboratory population. Copepods reached adult stage earlier both in response to high food and to predator cues in our experiment. High food also increased growth and lipid accumulation. In contrast, perceived predation risk triggered reduced size and lipid fullness, indicating a decoupling of growth and development rates. Our results demonstrate that chemical predator cues can influence life history strategies in C. finmarchicus, and suggest that present and future patterns in oceanic zooplankton size and population dynamics may also reflect differences in predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Øie Kvile
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway
| | - Dag Altin
- BioTrix, Trondheim, NO-7022, Norway.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Lotte Thommesen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Josefin Titelman
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
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10
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Pecuchet L, Blanchet MA, Frainer A, Husson B, Jørgensen LL, Kortsch S, Primicerio R. Novel feeding interactions amplify the impact of species redistribution on an Arctic food web. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4894-4906. [PMID: 32479687 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Species are redistributing globally in response to climate warming, impacting ecosystem functions and services. In the Barents Sea, poleward expansion of boreal species and a decreased abundance of Arctic species are causing a rapid borealization of the Arctic communities. This borealization might have profound consequences on the Arctic food web by creating novel feeding interactions between previously non co-occurring species. An early identification of new feeding links is crucial to predict their ecological impact. However, detection by traditional approaches, including stomach content and isotope analyses, although fundamental, cannot cope with the speed of change observed in the region, nor with the urgency of understanding the consequences of species redistribution for the marine ecosystem. In this study, we used an extensive food web (metaweb) with nearly 2,500 documented feeding links between 239 taxa coupled with a trait data set to predict novel feeding interactions and to quantify their potential impact on Arctic food web structure. We found that feeding interactions are largely determined by the body size of interacting species, although species foraging habitat and metabolic type are also important predictors. Further, we found that all boreal species will have at least one potential resource in the Arctic region should they redistribute therein. During 2014-2017, 11 boreal species were observed in the Arctic region of the Barents Sea. These incoming species, which are all generalists, change the structural properties of the Arctic food web by increasing connectance and decreasing modularity. In addition, these boreal species are predicted to initiate novel feeding interactions with the Arctic residents, which might amplify their impact on Arctic food web structure affecting ecosystem functioning and vulnerability. Under the ongoing species redistribution caused by environmental change, we propose merging a trait-based approach with ecological network analysis to efficiently predict the impacts of range-shifting species on food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurene Pecuchet
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marie-Anne Blanchet
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - André Frainer
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Susanne Kortsch
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Raul Primicerio
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Stenseth NC, Payne MR, Bonsdorff E, Dankel DJ, Durant JM, Anderson LG, Armstrong CW, Blenckner T, Brakstad A, Dupont S, Eikeset AM, Goksøyr A, Jónsson S, Kuparinen A, Våge K, Österblom H, Paasche Ø. Attuning to a changing ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20363-20371. [PMID: 32817527 PMCID: PMC7456143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915352117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocean is a lifeline for human existence, but current practices risk severely undermining ocean sustainability. Present and future social-ecological challenges necessitate the maintenance and development of knowledge and action by stimulating collaboration among scientists and between science, policy, and practice. Here we explore not only how such collaborations have developed in the Nordic countries and adjacent seas but also how knowledge from these regions contributes to an understanding of how to obtain a sustainable ocean. Our collective experience may be summarized in three points: 1) In the absence of long-term observations, decision-making is subject to high risk arising from natural variability; 2) in the absence of established scientific organizations, advice to stakeholders often relies on a few advisors, making them prone to biased perceptions; and 3) in the absence of trust between policy makers and the science community, attuning to a changing ocean will be subject to arbitrary decision-making with unforeseen and negative ramifications. Underpinning these observations, we show that collaboration across scientific disciplines and stakeholders and between nations is a necessary condition for appropriate actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Chr Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway;
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Mark R Payne
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Erik Bonsdorff
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Dorothy J Dankel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Nordic Marine Think Tank, DK-4300 Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Joël M Durant
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif G Anderson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire W Armstrong
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thorsten Blenckner
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ailin Brakstad
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Anne M Eikeset
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Steingrímur Jónsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, University of Akureyri, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kjetil Våge
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Øyvind Paasche
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Climate, Norwegian Research Center AS (NORCE), NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
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12
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Tarroux A, Cherel Y, Fauchald P, Kato A, Love OP, Ropert‐Coudert Y, Spreen G, Varpe Ø, Weimerskirch H, Yoccoz NG, Zahn S, Descamps S. Foraging tactics in dynamic sea‐ice habitats affect individual state in a long‐ranging seabird. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tarroux
- Department of Arctic Ecology ‐ Tromsø Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Tromsø Norway
- Biodiversity Section Norwegian Polar Institute Tromsø Norway
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR 7372 du CNRS‐La Rochelle Université Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - Per Fauchald
- Department of Arctic Ecology ‐ Tromsø Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Tromsø Norway
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR 7372 du CNRS‐La Rochelle Université Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - Oliver P. Love
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor ON Canada
| | - Yan Ropert‐Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR 7372 du CNRS‐La Rochelle Université Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - Gunnar Spreen
- Biodiversity Section Norwegian Polar Institute Tromsø Norway
- Institute of Environmental Physics University of Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen & Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Bergen Norway
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR 7372 du CNRS‐La Rochelle Université Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - Nigel G. Yoccoz
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology University of Tromsø ‐ The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Sandrine Zahn
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien Université de StrasbourgUMR7178 CNRS Strasbourg France
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13
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Drivers of concentrated predation in an Antarctic marginal-ice-zone food web. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7282. [PMID: 32350362 PMCID: PMC7190673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Predators impact preyscapes (3-D distribution of forage species) by consuming prey according to their abilities or by altering prey behavior as they avoid being consumed. We elucidate prey (Antarctic silverfish[Pleuragramma antarctica] and crystal krill[Euphausia chrystallorophias]) responses to predation associated with the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, polynya. Prey abundance and habitat was sampled across a 30 × 15 km area by remotely-operated vehicle, and included locations that were accessible (ice edge) or inaccessible (solid fast ice) to air-breathing predators. Prey and habitat sampling coincided with bio-logging of Adélie penguins and observations of other air-breathing predators (penguins, seals, and whales), all of which were competing for the same prey. Adélie penguins dived deeper, and more frequently, near the ice edge. Lowered abundance of krill at the ice edge indicated they were depleted or were responding to increased predation and/or higher light levels along the ice edge. Penguin diet shifted increasingly to silverfish from krill during sampling, and was correlated with the arrival of krill-eating whales. Behaviorally-mediated, high trophic transfer characterizes the McMurdo Sound MIZ, and likely other MIZs, warranting more specific consideration in food web models and conservation efforts.
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14
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Descamps S, Ramírez F, Benjaminsen S, Anker-Nilssen T, Barrett RT, Burr Z, Christensen-Dalsgaard S, Erikstad KE, Irons DB, Lorentsen SH, Mallory ML, Robertson GJ, Reiertsen TK, Strøm H, Varpe Ø, Lavergne S. Diverging phenological responses of Arctic seabirds to an earlier spring. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:4081-4091. [PMID: 31368188 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The timing of annual events such as reproduction is a critical component of how free-living organisms respond to ongoing climate change. This may be especially true in the Arctic, which is disproportionally impacted by climate warming. Here, we show that Arctic seabirds responded to climate change by moving the start of their reproduction earlier, coincident with an advancing onset of spring and that their response is phylogenetically and spatially structured. The phylogenetic signal is likely driven by seabird foraging behavior. Surface-feeding species advanced their reproduction in the last 35 years while diving species showed remarkably stable breeding timing. The earlier reproduction for Arctic surface-feeding birds was significant in the Pacific only, where spring advancement was most pronounced. In both the Atlantic and Pacific, seabirds with a long breeding season showed a greater response to the advancement of spring than seabirds with a short breeding season. Our results emphasize that spatial variation, phylogeny, and life history are important considerations in seabird phenological response to climate change and highlight the key role played by the species' foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Ramírez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Robert T Barrett
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tromsø University Museum, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Zofia Burr
- The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | | | - Kjell-Einar Erikstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - David B Irons
- Migratory Bird Management, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Mark L Mallory
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Øystein Varpe
- The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Akvaplan-niva, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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15
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Cusa M, Berge J, Varpe Ø. Seasonal shifts in feeding patterns: Individual and population realized specialization in a high Arctic fish. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11112-11121. [PMID: 31641459 PMCID: PMC6802042 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Species with a broad and flexible diet may be at an advantage in a rapidly changing environment such as in today's Arctic ecosystems. Polar cod (Boreogadus saida), an abundant and ecologically important circumpolar Arctic fish, is often described as a zooplankton generalist feeder, which suggests that it may cope successfully with changes in prey composition. This description is justified based on the relatively broad diet of polar cod across sites and seasons. In this case study, we used polar cod dietary data from fall and winter and from two distinct environments, dominated either by Arctic or Atlantic water masses in Svalbard. Our results point to the importance of time and space when drawing conclusions on dietary plasticity and degree of specialization. Polar cod diet differed significantly between fall and the winter and between Arctic and Atlantic domains. Polar cod from Arctic domains displayed a strong realized population specialization on Themisto libellula in fall, and the larger dietary niche width observed in the winter was the product of realized individual specialization, with increased feeding on fish prey. Overall, we did not observe a generalized feeding behavior. If dietary niche width is to inform conservation management, we argue it must be recognized that populations from a single species may adopt seasonally contrasting degrees of dietary specialization and that these populations may differ in their vulnerability to climate-induced changes in prey community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Cusa
- Department of Arctic BiologyThe University Centre in SvalbardLongyearbyenNorway
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT ‐ The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- Department of Arctic BiologyThe University Centre in SvalbardLongyearbyenNorway
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT ‐ The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Arctic BiologyThe University Centre in SvalbardLongyearbyenNorway
- Akvaplan‐nivaFram CentreTromsøNorway
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16
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Kvile KØ, Ashjian C, Ji R. Pan-Arctic Depth Distribution of Diapausing Calanus Copepods. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019; 237:76-89. [PMID: 31714854 DOI: 10.1086/704694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diapause at depth is considered an integral part of the life cycle of Calanus copepods, but few studies have focused on the Arctic species Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus. By analyzing a large set of pan-arctic observational data compiled from multiple sources, we show that Arctic Calanus has a broad depth distribution in winter, indicating that diapause at depth is a facultative strategy. Both species' vertical distributions tend to deepen in winter and to be deeper and broader with increasing bottom depth, while individuals are aggregated closer to the sea floor in shallow areas. These results indicate that Arctic Calanus species pursue a relatively deep diapause habitat but are topographically blocked on the shelves. Interspecific differences in depth distribution during diapause suggest the importance of predation. The larger C. hyperboreus has a deeper diapause depth than C. glacialis, potentially to alleviate predation pressure or as a result of predation loss near the surface. Moreover, the mean depth of C. hyperboreus in winter is negatively associated with latitude, indicating a shoaling of the diapause population in the central Arctic Ocean where predation pressure is lower. Our results suggest a complex diapause behavior by Arctic Calanus, with implications for our view of the species' roles in Arctic ecosystems.
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17
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Kvile KØ, Ashjian C, Feng Z, Zhang J, Ji R. Pushing the limit: Resilience of an Arctic copepod to environmental fluctuations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5426-5439. [PMID: 30099832 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Life history strategies such as multiyear life cycles, resting stages, and capital breeding allow species to inhabit regions with extreme and fluctuating environmental conditions. One example is the zooplankton species Calanus hyperboreus, whose life history is considered an adaptation to the short and unpredictable growth season in the central Arctic Ocean. This copepod is commonly described as a true Arctic endemic; however, by statistically analyzing compiled observational data, we show that abundances are relatively low and later stages and adults dominate in the central Arctic Ocean basins, indicating expatriation. Combining data analyses with individual-based modeling and energy requirement estimation, we further demonstrate that while C. hyperboreus can reach higher abundances in areas with greater food availability outside the central Arctic basins, the species' resilience to environmental fluctuations enables the life cycle to be completed in the central Arctic basins. Specifically, the energy level required to reach the first overwintering stage-a prerequisite for successful local production-is likely met in some-but not all-years. This fine balance between success and failure indicates that C. hyperboreus functions as a peripheral population in the central Arctic basins and its abundance will likely increase in areas with improved growth conditions in response to climate change. By illustrating a key Arctic species' resilience to extreme and fluctuating environmental conditions, the results of this study have implications for projections of future biogeography and food web dynamics in the Arctic Ocean, a region experiencing rapid warming and sea ice loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Øie Kvile
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Carin Ashjian
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Zhixuan Feng
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Jinlun Zhang
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rubao Ji
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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18
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Le Guen C, Kato A, Raymond B, Barbraud C, Beaulieu M, Bost CA, Delord K, MacIntosh AJJ, Meyer X, Raclot T, Sumner M, Takahashi A, Thiebot JB, Ropert-Coudert Y. Reproductive performance and diving behaviour share a common sea-ice concentration optimum in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5304-5317. [PMID: 29957836 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Southern Ocean is currently experiencing major environmental changes, including in sea-ice cover. Such changes strongly influence ecosystem structure and functioning and affect the survival and reproduction of predators such as seabirds. These effects are likely mediated by reduced availability of food resources. As such, seabirds are reliable eco-indicators of environmental conditions in the Antarctic region. Here, based on 9 years of sea-ice data, we found that the breeding success of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) reaches a peak at intermediate sea-ice cover (ca. 20%). We further examined the effects of sea-ice conditions on the foraging activity of penguins, measured at multiple scales from individual dives to foraging trips. Analysis of temporal organisation of dives, including fractal and bout analyses, revealed an increasingly consistent behaviour during years with extensive sea-ice cover. The relationship between several dive parameters and sea-ice cover in the foraging area appears to be quadratic. In years of low and high sea-ice cover, individuals adjusted their diving effort by generally diving deeper, more frequently and by resting at the surface between dives for shorter periods of time than in years with intermediate sea-ice cover. Our study therefore suggests that sea-ice cover is likely to affect the reproductive performance of Adélie penguins through its effects on foraging behaviour, as breeding success and most diving parameters share a common optimum. Some years, however, deviated from this general trend, suggesting that other factors (e.g. precipitation during the breeding season) might sometimes become preponderant over the sea-ice effects on breeding and foraging performance. Our study highlights the value of monitoring fitness parameters and individual behaviour concomitantly over the long-term to better characterize optimal environmental conditions and potential resilience of wildlife. Such an approach is crucial if we want to anticipate the effects of environmental change on Antarctic penguin populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Guen
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Ben Raymond
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Australian Government, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Michaël Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Oceanographic Museum, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | | | - Xavier Meyer
- CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Raclot
- CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Sumner
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Australian Government, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Polar Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
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19
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Ejsmond MJ, McNamara JM, Søreide J, Varpe Ø. Gradients of season length and mortality risk cause shifts in body size, reserves and reproductive strategies of determinate growers. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej J. Ejsmond
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian University Kraków Poland
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway
| | | | - Janne Søreide
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway
- Akvaplan‐nivaFram Centre Tromsø Norway
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20
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Bandara K, Varpe Ø, Ji R, Eiane K. A high-resolution modeling study on diel and seasonal vertical migrations of high-latitude copepods. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Feng Z, Ji R, Ashjian C, Campbell R, Zhang J. Biogeographic responses of the copepod Calanus glacialis to a changing Arctic marine environment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e159-e170. [PMID: 28869698 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dramatic changes have occurred in the Arctic Ocean over the past few decades, especially in terms of sea ice loss and ocean warming. Those environmental changes may modify the planktonic ecosystem with changes from lower to upper trophic levels. This study aimed to understand how the biogeographic distribution of a crucial endemic copepod species, Calanus glacialis, may respond to both abiotic (ocean temperature) and biotic (phytoplankton prey) drivers. A copepod individual-based model coupled to an ice-ocean-biogeochemical model was utilized to simulate temperature- and food-dependent life cycle development of C. glacialis annually from 1980 to 2014. Over the 35-year study period, the northern boundaries of modeled diapausing C. glacialis expanded poleward and the annual success rates of C. glacialis individuals attaining diapause in a circumpolar transition zone increased substantially. Those patterns could be explained by a lengthening growth season (during which time food is ample) and shortening critical development time (the period from the first feeding stage N3 to the diapausing stage C4). The biogeographic changes were further linked to large-scale oceanic processes, particularly diminishing sea ice cover, upper ocean warming, and increasing and prolonging food availability, which could have potential consequences to the entire Arctic shelf/slope marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Feng
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Rubao Ji
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Carin Ashjian
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Robert Campbell
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Jinlun Zhang
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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