1
|
Yang P, Guo K, Yang Y, Lyu M, Liu J, Li X, Feng Y. Phylogeny and genetic variations of the three genome compartments in haptophytes shed light on the rapid evolution of coccolithophores. Gene 2023; 887:147716. [PMID: 37604324 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Haptophyte algae, including coccolithophores, play key roles in global carbon cycling and ecosystem. They exhibit exceptional morphological and functional diversity. However, their phylogeny is mostly based on short markers and genome researches are always limited to few species, hindering a better understanding about their evolution and diversification. In this study, by assembling 69 new plastid genomes, 65 new mitochondrial genomes, and 55 nuclear drafts, we systematically analyzed their genome variations and built the most comprehensive phylogenies in haptophytes and Noelaerhabdaceae, with the latter is the family of the model coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. The haptophyte genomes vary significantly in size, gene content, and structure. We detected phylogenetic incongruence of Prymnesiales between genome compartments. In Noelaerhabdaceae, by including Reticulofenestra sessilis and a proper outgroup, we found R. sessilis was not the basal taxon of this family. Noelaerhabdaceae strains have very similar genomic features and conserved sequences, but different gene content and dynamic structure. We speculate that was caused by DNA double-strand break repairs. Our results provide valuable genetic resources and new insights into the evolution of haptophytes, especially coccolithophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Yang
- Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Kangning Guo
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Mingjie Lyu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yanlei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Armstrong E, Law CS. Resilience of Emiliania huxleyi to future changes in subantarctic waters. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284415. [PMID: 37917737 PMCID: PMC10621989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower pH and elevated temperature alter phytoplankton growth and biomass in short-term incubations, but longer-term responses and adaptation potential are less well-studied. To determine the future of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, a mixed genotype culture from subantarctic water was incubated for 720 days under present-day temperature and pH, and also projected future conditions by the year 2100. The future population exhibited a higher growth rate relative to present-day cells transferred to future conditions after 309 days, indicating adaptation or genotype selection; this was reflected by an increase in optimum growth temperature of ~2.5°C by the end of the experiment. Following transfer to opposing conditions in short-term cross-over incubations, cell volume responded rapidly, within eight generations, confirming trait plasticity. The changes in growth rate and cell volume were larger than reported in previous single stressor relationships and incubations, suggesting synergistic or additive effects of combined elevated temperature and lower pH and highlighting the importance of long-term multiple stressor experiments. At the end of the incubation there were no significant differences in cellular composition (particulate organic content and chlorophyll a), or primary production between present-day and future populations. Conversely, two independent methods showed a 50% decrease in both particulate inorganic carbon and calcification rate, consistent with the decrease in cell volume, in the future population. The observed plasticity and adaptive capacity of E. huxleyi indicate resilience to future conditions in subantarctic waters, although changes in cell volume and carbonate may alter grazing loss and cell ballast, so influencing carbon export to the deep ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Armstrong
- NIWA/University of Otago Research Centre for Oceanography, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cliff S. Law
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- NIWA, Greta Point, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martiny JBH, Martiny AC, Brodie E, Chase AB, Rodríguez-Verdugo A, Treseder KK, Allison SD. Investigating the eco-evolutionary response of microbiomes to environmental change. Ecol Lett 2023; 26 Suppl 1:S81-S90. [PMID: 36965002 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are the primary engines of biogeochemical processes and foundational to the provisioning of ecosystem services to human society. Free-living microbial communities (microbiomes) and their functioning are now known to be highly sensitive to environmental change. Given microorganisms' capacity for rapid evolution, evolutionary processes could play a role in this response. Currently, however, few models of biogeochemical processes explicitly consider how microbial evolution will affect biogeochemical responses to environmental change. Here, we propose a conceptual framework for explicitly integrating evolution into microbiome-functioning relationships. We consider how microbiomes respond simultaneously to environmental change via four interrelated processes that affect overall microbiome functioning (physiological acclimation, demography, dispersal and evolution). Recent evidence in both the laboratory and the field suggests that ecological and evolutionary dynamics occur simultaneously within microbiomes; however, the implications for biogeochemistry under environmental change will depend on the timescales over which these processes contribute to a microbiome's response. Over the long term, evolution may play an increasingly important role for microbially driven biogeochemical responses to environmental change, particularly to conditions without recent historical precedent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B H Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Adam C Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Eoin Brodie
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alexander B Chase
- Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Steven D Allison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu D, Zheng G, Brennan G, Wang Z, Jiang T, Sun K, Fan X, Bowler C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu H, Li Y, Fu FX, Hutchins DA, Tan Z, Ye N. Plastic responses lead to increased neurotoxin production in the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia under ocean warming and acidification. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:525-536. [PMID: 36658395 PMCID: PMC10030627 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are recognized as two major climatic conditions influencing phytoplankton growth and nutritional or toxin content. However, there is limited knowledge on the responses of harmful algal bloom species that produce toxins. Here, the study provides quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the acclimation and adaptation responses of the domoic acid (DA) producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries to rising temperature and pCO2 using both a one-year in situ bulk culture experiment, and an 800-day laboratory acclimation experiment. Ocean warming showed larger selective effects on growth and DA metabolism than ocean acidification. In a bulk culture experiment, increasing temperature +4 °C above ambient seawater temperature significantly increased DA concentration by up to 11-fold. In laboratory when the long-term warming acclimated samples were assayed under low temperatures, changes in growth rates and DA concentrations indicated that P. multiseries did not adapt to elevated temperature, but could instead rapidly and reversibly acclimate to temperature shifts. However, the warming-acclimated lines showed evidence of adaptation to elevated temperatures in the transcriptome data. Here the core gene expression was not reversed when warming-acclimated lines were moved back to the low temperature environment, which suggested that P. multiseries cells might adapt to rising temperature over longer timescales. The distinct strategies of phenotypic plasticity to rising temperature and pCO2 demonstrate a strong acclimation capacity for this bloom-forming toxic diatom in the future ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Zhuonan Wang
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Youxun Li
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center), Qingdao, China
| | - Fei-Xue Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Zhijun Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Naihao Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu D, Huang S, Fan X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang W, Beardall J, Brennan G, Ye N. Elevated CO 2 reduces copper accumulation and toxicity in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1113388. [PMID: 36687610 PMCID: PMC9853397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The projected ocean acidification (OA) associated with increasing atmospheric CO2 alters seawater chemistry and hence the bio-toxicity of metal ions. However, it is still unclear how OA might affect the long-term resilience of globally important marine microalgae to anthropogenic metal stress. To explore the effect of increasing pCO2 on copper metabolism in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (CCMP 1335), we employed an integrated eco-physiological, analytical chemistry, and transcriptomic approach to clarify the effect of increasing pCO2 on copper metabolism of Thalassiosira pseudonana across different temporal (short-term vs. long-term) and spatial (indoor laboratory experiments vs. outdoor mesocosms experiments) scales. We found that increasing pCO2 (1,000 and 2,000 μatm) promoted growth and photosynthesis, but decreased copper accumulation and alleviated its bio-toxicity to T. pseudonana. Transcriptomics results indicated that T. pseudonana altered the copper detoxification strategy under OA by decreasing copper uptake and enhancing copper-thiol complexation and copper efflux. Biochemical analysis further showed that the activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and phytochelatin synthetase (PCS) were enhanced to mitigate oxidative damage of copper stress under elevated CO2. Our results provide a basis for a better understanding of the bioremediation capacity of marine primary producers, which may have profound effect on the security of seafood quality and marine ecosystem sustainability under further climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shujie Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgina Brennan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Georgina Brennan, ✉
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Naihao Ye, ✉
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma D, Biswas H, Silori S, Bandyopadhyay D, Shaik AUR. Phytoplankton growth and community shift over a short-term high-CO 2 simulation experiment from the southwestern shelf of India, Eastern Arabian Sea (summer monsoon). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:581. [PMID: 35821440 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The southwestern shelf water of India (eastern Arabian Sea) experiences high seasonality. This area is one of the understudied regions in terms of phytoplankton response to the projected ocean acidification, particularly, during the summer monsoon when phytoplankton abundance is high. Here we present the results of a short-term simulated ocean acidification experiment (ambient CO2 424 µatm; high CO2, 843, 1138 µatm) on the natural phytoplankton assemblages conducted onboard (R. V. Sindhu Sadhana) during the summer monsoon (Aug 2017). Among the dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved silicate (DSi) and nitrate + nitrite levels were quite low (< 2 µM). Phytoplankton biomass did not show any net enhancement after the incubation in any treatment. Both marker pigment analysis and microscopy revealed the dominance of diatoms in the phytoplankton community, and a significant restructuring was noticed over the experimental period. Divinyl chlorophylla (DVChla) containing picocyanobacteria and 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (19'HF) containing prymnesiophytes did not show any noticeable change in response to CO2 enrichment. A CO2-induced positive growth response was noticed in some diatoms (Guinardia flaccida, Cylindrotheca closterium, and Pseudo-nitzschia sp.) and dinoflagellates (Protoperidinium sp. and Peridinium sp.) indicating their efficiency to quickly acclimatize at elevated CO2 levels. This is important to note that the positive growth response of toxigenic pennate diatoms like Pseudo-nitzschia as well as a few dinoflagellates at elevated CO2 levels can be expected in the future-ocean scenario. The proliferation of such non-palatable phytoplankton may impact grazing, the food chain, and carbon cycling in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sharma
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
- Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Haimanti Biswas
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Saumya Silori
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | | | - Aziz Ur Rahman Shaik
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reduced H + channel activity disrupts pH homeostasis and calcification in coccolithophores at low ocean pH. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118009119. [PMID: 35522711 PMCID: PMC9171652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118009119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccolithophore calcification is a major ocean biogeochemical process. While this process is likely to be sensitive to acidification-driven changes in ocean carbonate chemistry, incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms and constraints is a major bottleneck in predicting ocean acidification effects on calcification. We report severe disruption of pH homeostasis linked to a loss of H+ channel function in the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii acclimated to seawater pH values that are likely to be encountered currently in localized regions and more widely in future oceans. This disruption leads to specific defects in coccolith morphology. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how calcification in different coccolithophores is affected by changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. Coccolithophores are major producers of ocean biogenic calcite, but this process is predicted to be negatively affected by future ocean acidification scenarios. Since coccolithophores calcify intracellularly, the mechanisms through which changes in seawater carbonate chemistry affect calcification remain unclear. Here we show that voltage-gated H+ channels in the plasma membrane of Coccolithus braarudii serve to regulate pH and maintain calcification under normal conditions but have greatly reduced activity in cells acclimated to low pH. This disrupts intracellular pH homeostasis and impairs the ability of C. braarudii to remove H+ generated by the calcification process, leading to specific coccolith malformations. These coccolith malformations can be reproduced by pharmacological inhibition of H+ channels. Heavily calcified coccolithophore species such as C. braarudii, which make the major contribution to carbonate export to the deep ocean, have a large intracellular H+ load and are likely to be most vulnerable to future decreases in ocean pH.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng LM, Zhang SF, Xie ZX, Li DX, Lin L, Wang MH, Wang DZ. Metabolic Adaptation of a Globally Important Diatom following 700 Generations of Selection under a Warmer Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5247-5255. [PMID: 35352563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms, accounting for 40% of the marine primary production and 20% of global carbon dioxide fixation, are threatened by the ongoing ocean warming (OW). However, whether and how these ecologically important phytoplankton adapt to OW remains poorly unknown. Here, we experimentally examined the metabolic adaptation of a globally important diatom species Skeletonema dohrnii (S. dohrnii) to OW at two elevated temperatures (24 and 28 °C compared with 20 °C) under short-term (∼300 generations) and long-term (∼700 generations) selection. Both warming levels significantly increased the cell growth rate but decreased the chlorophyll a content. The contents of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) decreased significantly initially (i.e., until 300 generations) at two temperature treatments but completely recovered after 700 generations of selection, suggesting that S. dohrnii ultimately developed thermal adaptation. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that elevated temperatures upregulated energy metabolism via glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid oxidation as well as nitrogen acquisition and utilization, which in turn reduced substance storage because of trade-off in the 300th generation, thus decreasing POC and PON. Interestingly, populations at both elevated temperatures exhibited significant proteome plasticity in the 700th generation, as primarily demonstrated by the increased lipid catabolism and glucose accumulation, accounting for the recovery of POC and PON. Changes occurring in cells at the 300th and 700th generations demonstrate that S. dohrnii can adapt to the projected OW, and readjusting the energy metabolism is an important adaptive strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Man Cheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhang-Xian Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dong-Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ming-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu D, Tong S, Wang B, Zhang X, Wang W, Zhang X, Fan X, Wang Y, Sun K, Ye N. Ocean acidification stimulation of phytoplankton growth depends on the extent of departure from the optimal growth temperature. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 177:113510. [PMID: 35299145 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming are two major environmental stressors; however, the generality of how warming will alter growth responses of phytoplankton to ocean acidification is less known. Here, enhancement of growth by high CO2 (HC) in Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira weissflogii was most prominent at optimum temperature. The extent to which growth rates in HC cultures were raised compared to low CO2 (LC) cultures tended to decrease with increasing or decreasing temperature, compared to the optimum. Further mechanistic studies in P. tricornutum revealed that cellular carbon and nitrogen content, superoxide dismutase activity, and respiration were generally higher in HC than those in LC at high and low temperatures, whereas PSII photochemical parameters were generally lower in HC than in LC at high and low temperatures. These results indicate that HC-grown cells needed to invest more energy and materials to maintain intracellular homeostasis and repair damage induced by the unsuitable temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanying Tong
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Bingkun Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evolution of Phytoplankton as Estimated from Genetic Diversity. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton are photosynthetic, single-celled organisms producing almost half of all oxygen on Earth and play a central role as prey for higher organisms, making them irreplaceable in the marine food web. As Global Change proceeds, imposing rapidly intensifying selection pressures, phytoplankton are forced to undergo evolution, local extinction, or redistribution, with potentially cascading effects throughout the marine ecosystem. Recent results from the field of population genetics display high levels of standing genetic diversity in natural phytoplankton populations, providing ample ‘evolutionary options’ and implying high adaptive potential to changing conditions. This potential for adaptive evolution is realized in several studies of experimental evolution, even though most of these studies investigate the evolution of only single strains. This, however, shows that phytoplankton not only evolve from standing genetic diversity, but also rely on de novo mutations. Recent global sampling campaigns show that the immense intraspecific diversity of phytoplankton in the marine ecosystem has been significantly underestimated, meaning we are only studying a minor portion of the relevant variability in the context of Global Change and evolution. An increased understanding of genomic diversity is primarily hampered by the low number of ecologically representative reference genomes of eukaryotic phytoplankton and the functional annotation of these. However, emerging technologies relying on metagenome and transcriptome data may offer a more realistic understanding of phytoplankton diversity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jin P, Ji Y, Huang Q, Li P, Pan J, Lu H, Liang Z, Guo Y, Zhong J, Beardall J, Xia J. A reduction in metabolism explains the tradeoffs associated with the long-term adaptation of phytoplankton to high CO 2 concentrations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2155-2167. [PMID: 34907539 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton are responsible for nearly half of global primary productivity and play crucial roles in the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. However, the long-term adaptive responses of phytoplankton to rising CO2 remains unknown. Here we examine the physiological and proteomics responses of a marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, following long-term (c. 900 generations) selection to high CO2 conditions. Our results show that this diatom responds to long-term high CO2 selection by downregulating proteins involved in energy production (Calvin cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway), with a subsequent decrease in photosynthesis and respiration. Nearly similar extents of downregulation of photosynthesis and respiration allow the high CO2 -adapted populations to allocate the same fraction of carbon to growth, thereby maintaining their fitness during the long-term high CO2 selection. These results indicate an important role of metabolism reduction under high CO2 and shed new light on the adaptive mechanisms of phytoplankton in response to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Ji
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Quanting Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinmei Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhe Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingyan Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiahui Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - Jianrong Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sharma D, Biswas H, Bandyopadhyay D. Simulated ocean acidification altered community composition and growth of a coastal phytoplankton assemblage (South West coast of India, eastern Arabian Sea). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:19244-19261. [PMID: 34714479 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton can be highly sensitive to ocean acidification; however, their responses are diverse and therefore, phytoplankton response study on the regional scale is of high research priority. The present study documented the community shift and growth responses of a natural phytoplankton assemblage from the South West coastal water of India (South Eastern Arabian Sea) under ambient CO2 (A-CO2 ≈ 400 µatm) and high CO2 (H-CO2 ≈ 830 µatm) levels in microcosms during the winter monsoon. A doubling of pCO2 resulted in increased cell density, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC, PON) contents, and C:N ratios. The depleted values of δ13CPOC in the H-CO2-incubated cells indicated a higher diffusive CO2 influx. HPLC marker pigment analysis revealed that the community was microphytoplankton dominated (mostly diatoms); nanoplanktonic prymnesiophytic algae and picoplanktonic cyanobacteria showed insignificant response to the simulated ocean acidification. A high CO2-induced increased growth rate was noticed in 6 diatoms (Leptocylindrus danicus; Rhizosolenia setigera; Navicula sp., Asterionella glacialis, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, and Thalassiosira sp.). The cell volumes of Thalassionema frauenfeldii, Asterionella glacialis, and Cylindrotheca closterium increased significantly, whereas Rhizosolenia setigera and Thalassiosira sp. showed decreased cell volume at the elevated CO2 levels. These changes in growth rate, cell volume, and elemental stoichiometry could be related to CO2 acquisition and the nutritional status of the cells. Some phytoplankton genera from this region are probably acclimatized to pCO2 fluctuations and are likely to benefit from the future increase in CO2 levels. Higher POC production and increased C:N ratio along with variable cell volume may impact the trophic transfer and cycling of organic carbon in this coastal water. However, a multi-stressor approach in a longer experimental exposure should be considered in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sharma
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Haimanti Biswas
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu J, Tian JY, Gao G, Xu R, Lai JG, Yang GP. Growth, DMS and DMSP production in Emiliania huxleyi under elevated CO 2 and UV radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118643. [PMID: 34875264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ocean acidification and solar radiation on marine organisms have received increasing attention. Coccolithophores are a major producer of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), which is a precursor of dimethylsulfide (DMS), a volatile biogenic active gas related to climate. Here, we investigated the individual and combined effects of elevated CO2 and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on growth, DMS, and DMSP production of Emiliania huxleyi. Elevated CO2 (1000 μatm, HC) decreased the cell concentration, DMS, and particulate DMSP (DMSPp) concentrations by 17%, 20%, and 13%, respectively, compared with ambient CO2 (400 μatm, LC) in the semi-continuous culture. The addition of UVA to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased cell concentration of E. huxleyi by 16% on day 4, which may be due to the photorepair effects induced by UVA, and the effect was time-dependent. PAR + UVA and PAR + UVA + UVB exposure decreased cellular DMS by 25%-56%, and increased cellular DMSPp by 60%-130% compared with PAR on days 3-4. Cellular DMSPp followed the order: PAR + UVA > PAR + UVA + UVB > PAR, and HC had no significant effects on cellular DMSPp compared with LC in the combined experiment. These results aid our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification and UV radiation on the production of methyl sulfur compounds in the ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Guang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jing-Guang Lai
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kelly MW, Griffiths JS. Selection Experiments in the Sea: What Can Experimental Evolution Tell Us About How Marine Life Will Respond to Climate Change? THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:30-42. [PMID: 34436966 DOI: 10.1086/715109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRapid evolution may provide a buffer against extinction risk for some species threatened by climate change; however, the capacity to evolve rapidly enough to keep pace with changing environments is unknown for most taxa. The ecosystem-level consequences of climate adaptation are likely to be the largest in marine ecosystems, where short-lived phytoplankton with large effective population sizes make up the bulk of primary production. However, there are substantial challenges to predicting climate-driven evolution in marine systems, including multiple simultaneous axes of change and considerable heterogeneity in rates of change, as well as the biphasic life cycles of many marine metazoans, which expose different life stages to disparate sources of selection. A critical tool for addressing these challenges is experimental evolution, where populations of organisms are directly exposed to controlled sources of selection to test evolutionary responses. We review the use of experimental evolution to test the capacity to adapt to climate change stressors in marine species. The application of experimental evolution in this context has grown dramatically in the past decade, shedding light on the capacity for evolution, associated trade-offs, and the genetic architecture of stress-tolerance traits. Our goal is to highlight the utility of this approach for investigating potential responses to climate change and point a way forward for future studies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tong S, Xu D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Wu H, Ye N. Influence of ocean acidification on thermal reaction norms of carbon metabolism in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 164:105233. [PMID: 33310685 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Under the present CO2 condition, the efficiency of biological pump mediating carbon sequestration is predicted to decline in the future because respiration tends to be more sensitive to rising temperature than is photosynthesis. However, it remains unknown whether the impacts of global warming on metabolic rates of phytoplankton can be modulated by elevated CO2 induced ocean acidification. Here we show that in the model diatom species Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Ea (activation energy) of photosynthesis (~0.5 eV) was significantly lower than that of respiration (1.8 eV), while CO2 concentration had no effect on the Ea value. Eh (deactivation energy) of respiration was increased to 2.5 eV, that was equivalent to Eh of photosynthesis in high CO2-grown cells and 28.4% higher than that in low CO2-grown ones. The respiration to photosynthesis ratio (R/P) was consistently higher in high CO2 condition, which increased with temperature at the beginning and subsequently decreased in both CO2 conditions. The ratio of R/P in high CO2 to R/P in low CO2 gradually increased with temperature above the optimal temperature. Our results imply that ocean acidification will aggravate the negative impacts or offset the alleviating effects of warming on the R/P ratio depending on the temperature range in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanying Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ji Y, Gao K. Effects of climate change factors on marine macroalgae: A review. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2020; 88:91-136. [PMID: 34119047 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae, the main primary producers in coastal waters, play important roles in the fishery industry and global carbon cycles. With progressive ocean global changes, however, they are increasingly exposed to enhanced levels of multiple environmental drivers, such as ocean acidification, warming, heatwaves, UV radiation and deoxygenation. While most macroalgae have developed physiological strategies against variations of these drivers, their eco-physiological responses to each or combinations of the drivers differ spatiotemporally and species-specifically. Many freshwater macroalgae are tolerant of pH drop and its diel fluctuations and capable of acclimating to changes in carbonate chemistry. However, calcifying species, such as coralline algae, are very sensitive to acidification of seawater, which reduces their calcification, and additionally, temperature rise and UV further decrease their physiological performance. Except for these calcifying species, both economically important and harmful macroalgae can benefit from elevated CO2 concentrations and moderate temperature rise, which might be responsible for increasing events of harmful macroalgal blooms including green macroalgal blooms caused by Ulva spp. and golden tides caused by Sargassum spp. Upper intertidal macroalgae, especially those tolerant of dehydration during low tide, increase their photosynthesis under elevated CO2 concentrations during the initial dehydration period, however, these species might be endangered by heatwaves, which can expose them to high temperature levels above their thermal windows' upper limit. On the other hand, since macroalgae are distributed in shallow waters, they are inevitably exposed to solar UV radiation. The effects of UV radiation, depending on weather conditions and species, can be harmful as well as beneficial to many species. Moderate levels of UV-A (315-400nm) can enhance photosynthesis of green, brown and red algae, while UV-B (280-315nm) mainly show inhibitory impacts. Although little has been documented on the combined effects of elevated CO2, temperature or heatwaves with UV radiation, exposures to heatwaves during midday under high levels of UV radiation can be detrimental to most species, especially to their microscopic stages which are less tolerant of climate change induced stress. In parallel, reduced availability of dissolved O2 in coastal water along with eutrophication might favour the macroalgae's carboxylation process by suppressing their oxygenation or photorespiration. In this review, we analyse effects of climate change-relevant drivers individually and/or jointly on different macroalgal groups and different life cycle stages based on the literatures surveyed, and provide perspectives for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, China; School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Niu C, Du G, Li R, Wang C. Interactive effects of increased temperature, elevated pCO2 and different nitrogen sources on the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsaoceanica. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235755. [PMID: 32649709 PMCID: PMC7351219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a widespread phytoplankton species, the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsaoceanica has a significant impact on the global biogeochemical cycle through calcium carbonate precipitation and photosynthesis. As global change continues, marine phytoplankton will experience alterations in multiple parameters, including temperature, pH, CO2, and nitrogen sources, and the interactive effects of these variables should be examined to understand how marine organisms will respond to global change. Here, we show that the specific growth rate of G. oceanica is reduced by elevated CO2 (1000 μatm) in NO3−-grown cells, while it is increased by high CO2 in NH4+-grown ones. This difference was related to intracellular metabolic regulation, with decreased cellular particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) content in the NO3− and high CO2 condition compared to the low CO2 condition. In contrast, no significant difference was found between the high and low CO2 levels in NH4+ cultures (p > 0.05). The temperature increase from 20°C to 25°C increased the PON production rate, and the enhancement was more prominent in NH4+ cultures. Enhanced or inhibited particulate inorganic carbon production rate in cells supplied with NH4+ relative to NO3− was observed, depending on the temperature and CO2 condition. These results suggest that a greater disruption of the organic carbon pump can be expected in response to the combined effects of increased NH4+/ NO3− ratio, temperature, and CO2 level in the oceans of the future. Additional experiments conducted under nutrient limitation conditions are needed before we can extrapolate our findings to the global oceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Citong Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Guicai Du
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ronggui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Farmer CG. Parental Care, Destabilizing Selection, and the Evolution of Tetrapod Endothermy. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:160-176. [PMID: 32293231 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00058.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental care has evolved convergently an extraordinary number of times among tetrapods that reproduce terrestrially, suggesting strong positive selection for this behavior in the terrestrial environment. This review speculates that destabilizing selection on parental care, and especially embryo incubation, drove the convergent evolution of many tetrapod traits, including endothermy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Farmer
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li W, Ding J, Li F, Wang T, Yang Y, Li Y, Campbell DA, Gao K. Functional responses of smaller and larger diatoms to gradual CO 2 rise. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 680:79-90. [PMID: 31102831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms and other phytoplankton groups are exposed to abrupt changes in pCO2, in waters in upwelling areas, near CO2 seeps, or during their blooms; or to more gradual pCO2 rise through anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Gradual CO2 rises have, however, rarely been included in ocean acidification (OA) studies. We therefore compared how small (Thalassiosira pseudonana) and larger (Thalassiosira weissflogii) diatom cell isolates respond to gradual pCO2 rises from 180 to 1000 μatm in steps of ~40 μatm with 5-10 generations at each step, and whether their responses to gradual pCO2 rise differ when compared to an abrupt pCO2 rise imposed from ambient 400 directly to 1000 μatm. Cell volume increased in T. pseudonana but decreased in T. weissflogii with an increase from low to moderate CO2 levels, and then remained steady under yet higher CO2 levels. Growth rates were stimulated, but Chl a, particulate organic carbon (POC) and cellular biogenic silica (BSi) decreased from low to moderate CO2 levels, and then remained steady with further CO2 rise in both species. Decreased saturation light intensity (Ik) and light use efficiency (α) with CO2 rise in T. pseudonana indicate that the smaller diatom becomes more susceptible to photoinhibition. Decreased BSi/POC (Si/C) in T. weissflogii indicates the biogeochemical cycles of both silicon and carbon may be more affected by elevated pCO2 in the larger diatom. The different CO2 modulation methods resulted in different responses of some key physiological parameters. Increasing pCO2 from 180 to 400 μatm decreased cellular POC and BSi contents, implying that ocean acidification to date has already altered diatom contributions to carbon and silicon biogeochemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Jiancheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Futian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Yahe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beckmann A, Schaum CE, Hense I. Phytoplankton adaptation in ecosystem models. J Theor Biol 2019; 468:60-71. [PMID: 30796940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We compare two different approaches to model adaptation of phytoplankton through trait value changes. Both consider mutation and selection (MuSe) but differ with respect to the underlying conceptual framework. The first one (MuSe-IBM) explicitly considers a population of individuals that are subject to random mutation during cell division. The second is a deterministic multi-compartment model (MuSe-MCM) that considers numerous genotypes of the population and where mutations are treated as a transfer of biomass between neighboring genotypes (i.e., a diffusion of characteristics in trait space). Focusing on the adaptation of optimal temperature, we show model results for different scenarios: a sudden change in environmental temperature, a seasonal variation and high frequency fluctuations. In addition, we investigate the effect of different shapes of thermal reaction norms as well as the role of alternating growth and resting phases on the adaptation process. For all cases, the differences between MuSe-IBM and MuSe-MCM are found to be negligible. Both models produce a number of well-known and plausible features. While the IBM has the advantage of including more mechanistic (i.e., probabilistic) processes, the MCM is much less computationally demanding and therefore suitable for implementation in three-dimensional ecosystem models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inga Hense
- IMF, CEN, Universität Hamburg, Grosse Elbstrasse 133, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|