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Seo H, Cho B, Joo S, Ahn IY, Kim T. Archival records of the Antarctic clam shells from Marian Cove, King George Island suggest a protective mechanism against ocean acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116052. [PMID: 38290361 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Continuous emissions of anthropogenic CO2 are changing the atmospheric and oceanic environment. Although some species may have compensatory mechanisms to acclimatize or adapt to the changing environment, most marine organisms are negatively influenced by climate change. In this study, we aimed to understand the compensatory mechanisms of the Antarctic clam, Laternula elliptica, to climate-related stressors by using archived shells from 1995 to 2018. Principal component analysis revealed that seawater pCO2 and salinity in the Antarctic Ocean, which have increased since the 2000's, are the most influential factors on the characteristics of the shell. The periostracum thickness ratio and nitrogen on the outermost surface have increased, and the dissolution area (%) has decreased. Furthermore, the calcium content and mechanical properties of the shells have not changed. The results suggest that L. elliptica retains the mechanism of protecting the shell from high pCO2 by thickening the periostracum as a phenotype plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Seo
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Boongho Cho
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Joo
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Ahn
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Kim
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Gold DA, Vermeij GJ. Deep resilience: An evolutionary perspective on calcification in an age of ocean acidification. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1092321. [PMID: 36818444 PMCID: PMC9935589 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1092321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of today's calcifying organisms in tomorrow's oceans depends, in part, on the resilience of their skeletons to ocean acidification. To the extent this statement is true there is reason to have hope. Many marine calcifiers demonstrate resilience when exposed to environments that mimic near-term ocean acidification. The fossil record similarly suggests that resilience in skeletons has increased dramatically over geologic time. This "deep resilience" is seen in the long-term stability of skeletal chemistry, as well as a decreasing correlation between skeletal mineralogy and extinction risk over time. Such resilience over geologic timescales is often attributed to genetic canalization-the hardening of genetic pathways due to the evolution of increasingly complex regulatory systems. But paradoxically, our current knowledge on biomineralization genetics suggests an opposing trend, where genes are co-opted and shuffled at an evolutionarily rapid pace. In this paper we consider two possible mechanisms driving deep resilience in skeletons that fall outside of genetic canalization: microbial co-regulation and macroevolutionary trends in skeleton structure. The mechanisms driving deep resilience should be considered when creating risk assessments for marine organisms facing ocean acidification and provide a wealth of research avenues to explore.
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3
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Telesca L, Peck LS, Backeljau T, Heinig MF, Harper EM. A century of coping with environmental and ecological changes via compensatory biomineralization in mussels. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:624-639. [PMID: 33112464 PMCID: PMC7839727 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate biological models are critical to predict biotic responses to climate change and human-caused disturbances. Current understanding of organismal responses to change stems from studies over relatively short timescales. However, most projections lack long-term observations incorporating the potential for transgenerational phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaption, the keys to resistance. Here, we describe unexpected temporal compensatory responses in biomineralization as a mechanism for resistance to altered environmental conditions and predation impacts in a calcifying foundation species. We evaluated exceptional archival specimens of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis collected regularly between 1904 and 2016 along 15 km of Belgian coastline, along with records of key environmental descriptors and predators. Contrary to global-scale predictions, shell production increased over the last century, highlighting a protective capacity of mussels for qualitative and quantitative trade-offs in biomineralization as compensatory responses to altered environments. We also demonstrated the role of changes in predator communities in stimulating unanticipated biological trends that run contrary to experimental predictive models under future climate scenarios. Analysis of archival records has a key role for anticipating emergent impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Telesca
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- British Antarctic SurveyCambridgeUK
| | | | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Mario F. Heinig
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanolabNational Centre for Nano Fabrication and CharacterizationKongens LyngbyDenmark
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4
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Bullard EM, Torres I, Ren T, Graeve OA, Roy K. Shell mineralogy of a foundational marine species, Mytilus californianus, over half a century in a changing ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2004769118. [PMID: 33431664 PMCID: PMC7826377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004769118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic warming and ocean acidification are predicted to negatively affect marine calcifiers. While negative effects of these stressors on physiology and shell calcification have been documented in many species, their effects on shell mineralogical composition remains poorly known, especially over longer time periods. Here, we quantify changes in the shell mineralogy of a foundation species, Mytilus californianus, under 60 y of ocean warming and acidification. Using historical data as a baseline and a resampling of present-day populations, we document a substantial increase in shell calcite and decrease in aragonite. These results indicate that ocean pH and saturation state, not temperature or salinity, play a strong role in mediating the shell mineralogy of this species and reveal long-term changes in this trait under ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Bullard
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116;
| | - Ivan Torres
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | - Tianqi Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | - Olivia A Graeve
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
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5
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Piazza V, Ullmann CV, Aberhan M. Ocean warming affected faunal dynamics of benthic invertebrate assemblages across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the Iberian Basin (Spain). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242331. [PMID: 33296368 PMCID: PMC7725388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE; Early Jurassic, ca. 182 Ma ago) represents one of the major environmental disturbances of the Mesozoic and is associated with global warming, widespread anoxia, and a severe perturbation of the global carbon cycle. Warming-related dysoxia-anoxia has long been considered the main cause of elevated marine extinction rates, although extinctions have been recorded also in environments without evidence for deoxygenation. We addressed the role of warming and disturbance of the carbon cycle in an oxygenated habitat in the Iberian Basin, Spain, by correlating high resolution quantitative faunal occurrences of early Toarcian benthic marine invertebrates with geochemical proxy data (δ18O and δ13C). We find that temperature, as derived from the δ18O record of shells, is significantly correlated with taxonomic and functional diversity and ecological composition, whereas we find no evidence to link carbon cycle variations to the faunal patterns. The local faunal assemblages before and after the TOAE are taxonomically and ecologically distinct. Most ecological change occurred at the onset of the TOAE, synchronous with an increase in water temperatures, and involved declines in multiple diversity metrics, abundance, and biomass. The TOAE interval experienced a complete turnover of brachiopods and a predominance of opportunistic species, which underscores the generality of this pattern recorded elsewhere in the western Tethys Ocean. Ecological instability during the TOAE is indicated by distinct fluctuations in diversity and in the relative abundance of individual modes of life. Local recovery to ecologically stable and diverse post-TOAE faunal assemblages occurred rapidly at the end of the TOAE, synchronous with decreasing water temperatures. Because oxygen-depleted conditions prevailed in many other regions during the TOAE, this study demonstrates that multiple mechanisms can be operating simultaneously with different relative contributions in different parts of the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens V. Ullmann
- University of Exeter, Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Aberhan
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Clark MS, Peck LS, Arivalagan J, Backeljau T, Berland S, Cardoso JCR, Caurcel C, Chapelle G, De Noia M, Dupont S, Gharbi K, Hoffman JI, Last KS, Marie A, Melzner F, Michalek K, Morris J, Power DM, Ramesh K, Sanders T, Sillanpää K, Sleight VA, Stewart-Sinclair PJ, Sundell K, Telesca L, Vendrami DLJ, Ventura A, Wilding TA, Yarra T, Harper EM. Deciphering mollusc shell production: the roles of genetic mechanisms through to ecology, aquaculture and biomimetics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1812-1837. [PMID: 32737956 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most molluscs possess shells, constructed from a vast array of microstructures and architectures. The fully formed shell is composed of calcite or aragonite. These CaCO3 crystals form complex biocomposites with proteins, which although typically less than 5% of total shell mass, play significant roles in determining shell microstructure. Despite much research effort, large knowledge gaps remain in how molluscs construct and maintain their shells, and how they produce such a great diversity of forms. Here we synthesize results on how shell shape, microstructure, composition and organic content vary among, and within, species in response to numerous biotic and abiotic factors. At the local level, temperature, food supply and predation cues significantly affect shell morphology, whilst salinity has a much stronger influence across latitudes. Moreover, we emphasize how advances in genomic technologies [e.g. restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) and epigenetics] allow detailed examinations of whether morphological changes result from phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation, or a combination of these. RAD-Seq has already identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with temperature and aquaculture practices, whilst epigenetic processes have been shown significantly to modify shell construction to local conditions in, for example, Antarctica and New Zealand. We also synthesize results on the costs of shell construction and explore how these affect energetic trade-offs in animal metabolism. The cellular costs are still debated, with CaCO3 precipitation estimates ranging from 1-2 J/mg to 17-55 J/mg depending on experimental and environmental conditions. However, organic components are more expensive (~29 J/mg) and recent data indicate transmembrane calcium ion transporters can involve considerable costs. This review emphasizes the role that molecular analyses have played in demonstrating multiple evolutionary origins of biomineralization genes. Although these are characterized by lineage-specific proteins and unique combinations of co-opted genes, a small set of protein domains have been identified as a conserved biomineralization tool box. We further highlight the use of sequence data sets in providing candidate genes for in situ localization and protein function studies. The former has elucidated gene expression modularity in mantle tissue, improving understanding of the diversity of shell morphology synthesis. RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats - CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) experiments have provided proof of concept for use in the functional investigation of mollusc gene sequences, showing for example that Pif (aragonite-binding) protein plays a significant role in structured nacre crystal growth and that the Lsdia1 gene sets shell chirality in Lymnaea stagnalis. Much research has focused on the impacts of ocean acidification on molluscs. Initial studies were predominantly pessimistic for future molluscan biodiversity. However, more sophisticated experiments incorporating selective breeding and multiple generations are identifying subtle effects and that variability within mollusc genomes has potential for adaption to future conditions. Furthermore, we highlight recent historical studies based on museum collections that demonstrate a greater resilience of molluscs to climate change compared with experimental data. The future of mollusc research lies not solely with ecological investigations into biodiversity, and this review synthesizes knowledge across disciplines to understand biomineralization. It spans research ranging from evolution and development, through predictions of biodiversity prospects and future-proofing of aquaculture to identifying new biomimetic opportunities and societal benefits from recycling shell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K
| | - Jaison Arivalagan
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.,Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, 710 N Fairbanks Ct, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium.,Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Sophie Berland
- UMR 7208 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/IRD Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Joao C R Cardoso
- Centro de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Carlos Caurcel
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, U.K
| | - Gauthier Chapelle
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium
| | - Michele De Noia
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Göteburg, Box 463, Göteburg, SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Karim Gharbi
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, U.K
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Kim S Last
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Frank Melzner
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Kati Michalek
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - James Morris
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centro de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Kirti Ramesh
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Trystan Sanders
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Kirsikka Sillanpää
- Swemarc, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, Gothenburg, SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Victoria A Sleight
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | | | - Kristina Sundell
- Swemarc, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, Gothenburg, SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Luca Telesca
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, U.K
| | - David L J Vendrami
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Alexander Ventura
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Göteburg, Box 463, Göteburg, SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Thomas A Wilding
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Tejaswi Yarra
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K.,Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, U.K
| | - Elizabeth M Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, U.K
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7
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Abstract
Much recent marine research has been directed towards understanding the effects of anthropogenic-induced environmental change on marine biodiversity, particularly for those animals with heavily calcified exoskeletons, such as corals, molluscs and urchins. This is because life in our oceans is becoming more challenging for these animals with changes in temperature, pH and salinity. In the future, it will be more energetically expensive to make marine skeletons and the increasingly corrosive conditions in seawater are expected to result in the dissolution of these external skeletons. However, initial predictions of wide-scale sensitivity are changing as we understand more about the mechanisms underpinning skeletal production (biomineralization). These studies demonstrate the complexity of calcification pathways and the cellular responses of animals to these altered conditions. Factors including parental conditioning, phenotypic plasticity and epigenetics can significantly impact the production of skeletons and thus future population success. This understanding is paralleled by an increase in our knowledge of the genes and proteins involved in biomineralization, particularly in some phyla, such as urchins, molluscs and corals. This Review will provide a broad overview of our current understanding of the factors affecting skeletal production in marine invertebrates. It will focus on the molecular mechanisms underpinning biomineralization and how knowledge of these processes affects experimental design and our ability to predict responses to climate change. Understanding marine biomineralization has many tangible benefits in our changing world, including improvements in conservation and aquaculture and exploitation of natural calcified structure design using biomimicry approaches that are aimed at producing novel biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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8
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Hoey JA, Fodrie FJ, Walker QA, Hilton EJ, Kellison GT, Targett TE, Taylor JC, Able KW, Pinsky ML. Using multiple natural tags provides evidence for extensive larval dispersal across space and through time in summer flounder. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1421-1435. [PMID: 32176403 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal sets the fundamental scales of ecological and evolutionary dynamics and has important implications for population persistence. Patterns of marine dispersal remain poorly understood, partly because dispersal may vary through time and often homogenizes allele frequencies. However, combining multiple types of natural tags can provide more precise dispersal estimates, and biological collections can help to reconstruct dispersal patterns through time. We used single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes and otolith core microchemistry from archived collections of larval summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus, n = 411) captured between 1989 and 2012 at five locations along the US East coast to reconstruct dispersal patterns through time. Neither genotypes nor otolith microchemistry alone were sufficient to identify the source of larval fish. However, microchemistry identified clusters of larvae (n = 3-33 larvae per cluster) that originated in the same location, and genetic assignment of clusters could be made with substantially more confidence. We found that most larvae probably originated near a biogeographical break (Cape Hatteras) and that larvae were transported in both directions across this break. Larval sources did not shift north through time, despite the northward shift of adult populations in recent decades. Our novel approach demonstrates that summer flounder dispersal is widespread throughout their range, on both intra- and intergenerational timescales, and may be a particularly important process for synchronizing population dynamics and maintaining genetic diversity during an era of rapid environmental change. Broadly, our results reveal the value of archived collections and of combining multiple natural tags to understand the magnitude and directionality of dispersal in species with extensive gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Hoey
- Ecology, Evolution, & Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - F Joel Fodrie
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Quentin A Walker
- NOAA, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, USA.,CSS-Inc., Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Eric J Hilton
- Department of Fisheries Science, College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - G Todd Kellison
- NOAA, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Timothy E Targett
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, & Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA
| | - J Christopher Taylor
- NOAA, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth W Able
- Marine Field Station, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Tuckerton, NJ, USA
| | - Malin L Pinsky
- Ecology, Evolution, & Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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9
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Piazza V, Ullmann CV, Aberhan M. Temperature-related body size change of marine benthic macroinvertebrates across the Early Toarcian Anoxic Event. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4675. [PMID: 32170120 PMCID: PMC7069967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE, Early Jurassic, ~182 Ma ago) was characterised by severe environmental perturbations which led to habitat degradation and extinction of marine species. Warming-induced anoxia is usually identified as main driver, but because marine life was also affected in oxygenated environments the role of raised temperature and its effects on marine life need to be addressed. Body size is a fundamental characteristic of organisms and is expected to decrease as a response to heat stress. We present quantitative size data of bivalves and brachiopods across the TOAE from oxygenated habitats in the Iberian Basin, integrated with geochemical proxy data (δ13C and δ18O), to investigate the relationship between changes in temperature and body size. We find a strong negative correlation between the mean shell size of bivalve communities and isotope-derived temperature estimates, suggesting heat stress as a main cause of body size reduction. While within-species size changes were minor, we identify changes in the abundance of differently sized species as the dominant mechanism of reduced community shell size during the TOAE. Brachiopods experienced a wholesale turnover across the early warming phase and were replaced by a virtually monotypic assemblage of a smaller-sized, opportunistic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Clemens V Ullmann
- University of Exeter, Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Martin Aberhan
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Chadwick M, Harper EM, Lemasson A, Spicer JI, Peck LS. Quantifying susceptibility of marine invertebrate biocomposites to dissolution in reduced pH. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190252. [PMID: 31312491 PMCID: PMC6599774 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification threatens many ecologically and economically important marine calcifiers. The increase in shell dissolution under the resulting reduced pH is an important and increasingly recognized threat. The biocomposites that make up calcified hardparts have a range of taxon-specific compositions and microstructures, and it is evident that these may influence susceptibilities to dissolution. Here, we show how dissolution (thickness loss), under both ambient and predicted end-century pH (approx. 7.6), varies between seven different bivalve molluscs and one crustacean biocomposite and investigate how this relates to details of their microstructure and composition. Over 100 days, the dissolution of all microstructures was greater under the lower pH in the end-century conditions. Dissolution of lobster cuticle was greater than that of any bivalve microstructure, despite its calcite mineralogy, showing the importance of other microstructural characteristics besides carbonate polymorph. Organic content had the strongest positive correlation with dissolution when all microstructures were considered, and together with Mg/Ca ratio, explained 80-90% of the variance in dissolution. Organic content, Mg/Ca ratio, crystal density and mineralogy were all required to explain the maximum variance in dissolution within only bivalve microstructures, but still only explained 50-60% of the variation in dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chadwick
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth M. Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Anaëlle Lemasson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - John I. Spicer
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
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11
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Cross EL, Harper EM, Peck LS. Thicker Shells Compensate Extensive Dissolution in Brachiopods under Future Ocean Acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5016-5026. [PMID: 30925214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organisms with long generation times require phenotypic plasticity to survive in changing environments until genetic adaptation can be achieved. Marine calcifiers are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to dissolution and a reduction in shell-building carbonate ions. Long-term experiments assess organisms' abilities to acclimatize or even adapt to environmental change. Here we present an unexpected compensatory response to extensive shell dissolution in a highly calcium-carbonate-dependent organism after long-term culture in predicted end-century acidification and warming conditions. Substantial shell dissolution with decreasing pH posed a threat to both a polar ( Liothyrella uva) and a temperate ( Calloria inconspicua) brachiopod after 7 months and 3 months exposure, respectively, with more extensive dissolution in the polar species. This impact was reflected in decreased outer primary layer thickness in the polar brachiopod. A compensatory response of increasing inner secondary layer thickness, and thereby producing a thicker shell, was exhibited by the polar species. Less extensive dissolution in the temperate brachiopod did not affect shell thickness. Increased temperature did not impact shell dissolution or thickness. Brachiopod ability to produce a thicker shell when extensive shell dissolution occurs suggests this marine calcifier has great plasticity in calcification providing insights into how similar species might cope under future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Cross
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge , CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge , CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
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Simonet Roda M, Ziegler A, Griesshaber E, Yin X, Rupp U, Greiner M, Henkel D, Häussermann V, Eisenhauer A, Laudien J, Schmahl WW. Terebratulide brachiopod shell biomineralization by mantle epithelial cells. J Struct Biol 2019; 207:136-157. [PMID: 31071428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To understand mineral transport pathways for shell secretion and to assess differences in cellular activity during mineralization, we imaged with TEM and FE-SEM ultrastructural characteristics of outer mantle epithelium (OME) cells. Imaging was carried out on Magellania venosa shells embedded/etched, chemically fixed/decalcified and high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted samples from the commissure, central shell portions and from puncta. Imaging results are complemented with morphometric evaluations of volume fractions of membrane-bound organelles. At the commissure the OME consists of several layers of cells. These cells form oblique extensions that, in cross-section, are round below the primary layer and flat underneath fibres. At the commissure the OME is multi-cell layered, in central shell regions it is single-cell layered. When actively secreting shell carbonate extrapallial space is lacking, because OME cells are in direct contact with the calcite of the forming fibres. Upon termination of secretion, OME cells attach via apical hemidesmosomes to extracellular matrix membranes that line the proximal surface of fibres. At the commissure volume fractions for vesicles, mitochondria and lysosomes are higher relative to single-cell layered regions, whereas for endoplasmic-reticulum and Golgi apparatus there is no difference. FE-SEM, TEM imaging reveals the lack of extrapallial space between OME cells and developing fibres. In addition, there is no indication for an amorphous precursor within fibres when these are in active secretion mode. Accordingly, our results do not support transport of minerals by vesicles from cells to sites of mineralization, rather by transfer of carbonate ions via transport mechanisms associated with OME cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simonet Roda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany.
| | - A Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - X Yin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - U Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Greiner
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - D Henkel
- Marine Biogeochemistry/Marine Systems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - V Häussermann
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Avda. Brasil, 2950 Valparaíso, Chile; Huinay Scientific Field Station, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Eisenhauer
- Marine Biogeochemistry/Marine Systems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Laudien
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - W W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
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