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Liu YJ, Gong S, Wang YB, Yang ZL, Hu WH, Feng B. Biogeography and community assembly of soil fungi from alpine meadows in southwestern China show the importance of climatic selection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174477. [PMID: 38964412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Soil fungi are pivotal in alpine and arctic ecosystems that are vulnerable to climate changes. Previous studies have shown broad connections between soil fungi in the arctic and alpine regions, but most of these studies are mainly from Europe and North America, with more sporadic studies from East Asia. Currently, little is known about the biogeographic relationships between soil fungi in alpine meadows of southwestern China (AMSC) and other regions of the world. In addition, the regional-scale spatial patterns of fungal communities in the AMSC, as well as their driving factors and ecological processes, are also poorly understood. In this study, we collected roots and surrounding soils of two dominant ectomycorrhizal plants, Bistorta vivipara and B. macrophylla from the AMSC, and performed bioinformatic and statistical analyses based on high-throughput sequencing of ITS2 amplicons. We found that: (1) fungi from the AMSC were closely related with those from boreal forests and tundra, and saprotrophic fungi had higher dispersal potential than ectomycorrhizal fungi; (2) community compositions exhibited clear divergences among geographic regions and between root and soil samples; (3) climate was the predominant factor driving regional-scale spatial patterns but had less explanatory power for saprotrophic and total fungi from roots than those from soils; (4) homogeneous selection and drift were the key ecological processes governing community assembly, but in communities of saprotrophic and total fungi from soil samples, drift contributed less and its role was partially replaced by dispersal limitation. This study highlights the importance of climatic selection and stochastic processes on fungal community assembly in alpine regions, and emphasizes the significance of simultaneously investigating fungi with different trophic modes and from both roots and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, China
| | - Sai Gong
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, China
| | - Yuan Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhu L Yang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Wei Hong Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, China.
| | - Bang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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Van Nuland ME, Qin C, Pellitier PT, Zhu K, Peay KG. Climate mismatches with ectomycorrhizal fungi contribute to migration lag in North American tree range shifts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308811121. [PMID: 38805274 PMCID: PMC11161776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308811121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change will likely shift plant and microbial distributions, creating geographic mismatches between plant hosts and essential microbial symbionts (e.g., ectomycorrhizal fungi, EMF). The loss of historical interactions, or the gain of novel associations, can have important consequences for biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and plant migration potential, yet few analyses exist that measure where mycorrhizal symbioses could be lost or gained across landscapes. Here, we examine climate change impacts on tree-EMF codistributions at the continent scale. We built species distribution models for 400 EMF species and 50 tree species, integrating fungal sequencing data from North American forest ecosystems with tree species occurrence records and long-term forest inventory data. Our results show the following: 1) tree and EMF climate suitability to shift toward higher latitudes; 2) climate shifts increase the size of shared tree-EMF habitat overall, but 35% of tree-EMF pairs are at risk of declining habitat overlap; 3) climate mismatches between trees and EMF are projected to be greater at northern vs. southern boundaries; and 4) tree migration lag is correlated with lower richness of climatically suitable EMF partners. This work represents a concentrated effort to quantify the spatial extent and location of tree-EMF climate envelope mismatches. Our findings also support a biotic mechanism partially explaining the failure of northward tree species migrations with climate change: reduced diversity of co-occurring and climate-compatible EMF symbionts at higher latitudes. We highlight the conservation implications for identifying areas where tree and EMF responses to climate change may be highly divergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Van Nuland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, Dover, DE19901
| | - Clara Qin
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, Dover, DE19901
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA95064
| | | | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA95064
- Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Kabir G. Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
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Čejka T, Trnka M, Büntgen U. Sustainable cultivation of the white truffle (Tuber magnatum) requires ecological understanding. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:291-302. [PMID: 37462722 PMCID: PMC10752849 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The white truffle (Tuber magnatum Picco.; WT) is the most expensive and arguably also the most delicious species within the genus Tuber. Due to its hidden belowground life cycle, complex host symbiosis, and yet unknown distribution, cultivation of the enigmatic species has only recently been achieved at some plantations in France. A sustainable production of WTs under future climate change, however, requires a better ecological understanding of the species' natural occurrence. Here, we combine information from truffle hunters with a literature review to assess the climatic, edaphic, geographic, and symbiotic characteristics of 231 reported WT sites in southeast Europe. Our meta-study shows that 75% of the WT sites are located outside the species' most famous harvest region, the Piedmont in northern Italy. Spanning a wide geographic range from ~ 37° N in Sicily to ~ 47° N in Hungary, and elevations between sea level in the north and 1000 m asl in the south, all WT sites are characterised by mean winter temperatures > 0.4 °C and summer precipitation totals of ~ 50 mm. Often formed during past flood or landslide events, current soil conditions of the WT sites exhibit pH levels between 6.4 and 8.7, high macroporosity, and a cation exchange capacity of ~ 17 meq/100 g. At least 26 potential host species from 12 genera were reported at the WT sites, with Populus alba and Quercus cerris accounting for 23.5% of all plant species. We expect our findings to contribute to a sustainable WT industry under changing environmental and economic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Čejka
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Trnka
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
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Ren Y, Gao G, Ding G, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Wang J. Temporal approach to identifying ectomycorrhizal community associated with Mongolian pine in a desert environment, northern China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0202623. [PMID: 37707453 PMCID: PMC10580992 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02026-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi community has been widely investigated with aging plantations affected by the pedologic factors. However, knowledge on the effects of phenology induced by climatic factors across the age range remains poorly understood on an intra-annual scale. Here, we sampled the fine roots of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantations at different stages of the growing season (from April to September) across three stand ages (27, 34, and 44 yr) in the Mu Us Desert, Northwest China. We aim to disentangle the community composition and structure of EM fungi, as well as the impact of climate on EM fungi. We observed that the 173 distinct EM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. Geopora, Inocybe, Tomentella, and Tuber were the most frequent, and their dominance was maintained as stand aging. The richness and community composition were not significantly different with stand aging (P > 0.05). Host phenology and stand age are two important factors that have shaped the EM fungal community. The growing stage affected the beta diversity of the EM fungal community more than stand age, and this variation of the EM fungal community was closely related to seasonal climate, particularly precipitation. This improved information will provide a theoretical basis for the reforestation and rehabilitation of the Mongolian pine plantations using mycorrhizal techniques. IMPORTANCE Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are particularly important for host plants in a desert ecosystem. With a high degree of plasticity, EM fungi are largely influenced by host plant and environmental variables and fundamentally contribute to the ability of individuals to adapt to environmental changes. Therefore, the EM fungi are important for Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantation in a desert ecosystem. Although previous studies have concluded that multiple endogenous and exogenous processes ultimately lead to species-specific temporal patterns in EM fungal populations. We still neglect the effect of host phenology on EM fungal activity. The significance of our study is the interplay between climate-driven EM fungi and plant phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ren
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglei Gao
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Ding
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Peishan Zhao
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Ishikawa A, Nara K. Primary succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Alnus sieboldiana on Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. MYCORRHIZA 2023:10.1007/s00572-023-01112-w. [PMID: 37233830 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary succession of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi has been well described for Pinus and Salix, but the succession for other pioneer hosts is almost unknown. Here, we investigated ECM fungal communities of Alnus sieboldiana at different host growth stages in a primary successional volcanic site on Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. ECM root tips were collected from 120 host individuals, encompassing seedling, sapling, and mature tree stages. The taxonomic identity of the ECM fungi was determined based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences. Nine molecular taxonomic units were detected from a total of 807 root tips. The initial ECM fungal community on the pioneer seedlings was composed of only three species, where an undescribed Alpova species (Alpova sp.) was exclusively frequent. With host growth, other ECM fungal species were added to the communities, while the initial colonizers remained even at mature tree stages. Thus, the ECM fungal composition significantly changed along host growth stages and showed the nested community structure. Although most of the ECM fungi confirmed in this study had a broad Holarctic geographical distribution, the Alpova sp. had no previous records in other regions. These results suggest that a locally evolved Alpova sp. plays an essential role in the initial seedling establishment of A. sieboldiana at early successional volcanic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
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Han YX, Liang ZQ, Zeng NK. Notes on four species of Russula subgenus Heterophyllidiae (Russulaceae, Russulales) from southern China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140127. [PMID: 37025637 PMCID: PMC10072125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterophyllidiae, one of the main subgenus of Russula (Russulaceae, Russulales), is both ecologically and economically important. Although many studies have focused on subgenus Heterophyllidiae in China, the diversity, taxonomy, and molecular phylogeny still remained incompletely understood. In the present study, two new species, R. discoidea and R. niveopicta, and two known taxa, R. xanthovirens and R. subatropurpurea, were described based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S DNA sequences with new collections of subgenus Heterophyllidiae from southern China. Both morphological and phylogenetic analyses consistently confirmed that R. niveopicta and R. xanthovirens belong to the subsect. Virescentinae, R. discoidea and R. subatropurpurea come under subsect. Heterophyllae, and R. prasina is synonymized with R. xanthovirens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhi-Qun Liang
- College of Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Qun Liang,
| | - Nian-Kai Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Nian-Kai Zeng,
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Baldrian P, López-Mondéjar R, Kohout P. Forest microbiome and global change. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41579-023-00876-4. [PMID: 36941408 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Forests influence climate and mitigate global change through the storage of carbon in soils. In turn, these complex ecosystems face important challenges, including increases in carbon dioxide, warming, drought and fire, pest outbreaks and nitrogen deposition. The response of forests to these changes is largely mediated by microorganisms, especially fungi and bacteria. The effects of global change differ among boreal, temperate and tropical forests. The future of forests depends mostly on the performance and balance of fungal symbiotic guilds, saprotrophic fungi and bacteria, and fungal plant pathogens. Drought severely weakens forest resilience, as it triggers adverse processes such as pathogen outbreaks and fires that impact the microbial and forest performance for carbon storage and nutrient turnover. Nitrogen deposition also substantially affects forest microbial processes, with a pronounced effect in the temperate zone. Considering plant-microorganism interactions would help predict the future of forests and identify management strategies to increase ecosystem stability and alleviate climate change effects. In this Review, we describe the impact of global change on the forest ecosystem and its microbiome across different climatic zones. We propose potential approaches to control the adverse effects of global change on forest stability, and present future research directions to understand the changes ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Rubén López-Mondéjar
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Artificial Cultivation Changes Foliar Endophytic Fungal Community of the Ornamental Plant Lirianthe delavayi. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030775. [PMID: 36985348 PMCID: PMC10059682 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many wild ornamental plant species have been introduced to improve the landscape of cities; however, until now, no study has been performed to explore the composition and function of foliar endophytes associated with cultivated rare plants in cities after their introduction. In this study, we collected the leaves of the healthy ornamental plant Lirianthe delavayi from wild and artificially cultivated habitats in Yunnan and compared their diversity, species composition, and functional predictions of their foliar endophytic fungal community based on high-throughput sequencing technology. In total, 3125 ASVs of fungi were obtained. The alpha diversity indices of wild L. delavayi populations are similar to those of cultivated samples; however, the species compositions of endophytic fungal ASVs were significantly varied in the two habitats. The dominant phylum is Ascomycota, accounting for more than 90% of foliar endophytes in both populations; relatively, artificial cultivation trends to increase the frequency of common phytopathogens of L. delavayi, such as Alternaria, Erysiphe. The relative abundance of 55 functional predictions is different between wild and cultivated L. delavayi leaves (p < 0.05); in particular, chromosome, purine metabolism, and peptidases are significantly increased in wild samples, while flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, and fatty acid metabolism are significantly enhanced in cultivated samples. Our results indicated that artificial cultivation can greatly change the foliar endophytic fungal community of L. delavayi, which is valuable for understanding the influence of the domestication process on the foliar fungal community associated with rare ornamental plants in urban environments.
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Structure and Function Analysis of Cultivated Meconopsis integrifolia Soil Microbial Community Based on High-Throughput Sequencing and Culturability. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020160. [PMID: 36829439 PMCID: PMC9952792 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The structure, function, and community interactions of soil microbial communities of cultivated Meconopsis integrifolia were characterized by studying this alpine flower and traditional endangered Tibetan medicine. (2) Methods: Soil bacteria and fungi were studied based on high-throughput sequencing technology. Bacteria were isolated using culturomics and functionally identified as IAA-producing, organic phosphorus-dissolving, inorganic phosphorus-dissolving, and iron-producing carriers. (3) Results: The dominant bacterial phyla were found to be Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, and unclassified_Rhizobiales was the most abundant genus. Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota were the dominant fungal phyla. The bacteria were mainly carbon and nitrogen metabolizers, and the fungi were predominantly Saprotroph-Symbiotroph. The identified network was completely dominated by positive correlations, but the fungi were more complex than the bacteria, and the bacterial keystones were unclassified_Caulobacteraceae and Pedobacter. Most of the keystones of fungi belonged to the phyla Ascomycetes and Basidiomycota. The highest number of different species of culturable bacteria belonged to the genus Streptomyces, with three strains producing IAA, 12 strains solubilizing organic phosphorus, one strain solubilizing inorganic phosphorus, and nine strains producing iron carriers. (4) Conclusions: At the cost of reduced ecological stability, microbial communities increase cooperation toward promoting overall metabolic efficiency and enabling their survival in the extreme environment of the Tibetan Plateau. These pioneering results have value for the protection of endangered Meconopsis integrifolia under global warming and the sustainable utilization of its medicinal value.
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Xu Y, Babalola BJ, Xiang S, Ma J, Su Y, Fan Y. Stochastic processes dominate community assembly of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Picea crassifolia in the Helan Mountains, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1061819. [PMID: 36713171 PMCID: PMC9878330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1061819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the underlying mechanisms of microbial community assembly is a fundamental topic in microbial ecology. As an integral part of soil organisms, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi play vital roles in ecosystems. Picea crassifolia is an important pine species in the Helan Mountains in Inner Mongolia, China, with high ecological and economic values. However, studies of EM fungal diversity and mechanisms underlying community assembly on this pine species are limited. Methods In this study, we investigated EM fungal communities associated with P. crassifolia from 45 root samples across three sites in the Helan Mountains using Illumina Miseq sequencing of the fungal rDNA ITS2 region. Results A total of 166 EM fungal OTUs belonging to 24 lineages were identified, of which Sebacina and Tomentella-Thelephora were the most dominant lineages. Ordination analysis revealed that EM fungal communities were significantly different among the three sites. Site/fungus preference analysis showed that some abundant EM fungal OTUs preferred specific sites. Ecological process analysis implied that dispersal limitation and ecological drift in stochastic processes dominantly determined the community assembly of EM fungi. Discussion Our study indicates that P. crassifolia harbors a high EM fungal diversity and highlights the important role of the stochastic process in driving community assembly of mutualistic fungi associated with a single plant species in a semi-arid forest in northwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Yonglong Wang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China,*Correspondence: Yonglong Wang, ✉
| | - Ying Xu
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Busayo Joshua Babalola
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simin Xiang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, Hebei, China
| | - Yun Su
- Helan Mountains National Nature Reserve Administration of Inner Mongolia, Alxa League, China
| | - Yongjun Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China,Yongjun Fan, ✉
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Maitra P, Babalola BJ, Zhao Y. Temporal variations in root-associated fungal communities of Potaninia mongolica, an endangered relict shrub species in the semi-arid desert of Northwest China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975369. [PMID: 36311128 PMCID: PMC9597089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The semi-arid region of the Western Ordos plateau in Inner Mongolia, China, is home to a critically endangered shrub species, Potaninia mongolica, which originates from ancient Mediterranean regions. Root-associated microbiomes play important roles in plant nutrition, productivity, and resistance to environmental stress particularly in the harsh desert environment; however, the succession of root-associated fungi during the growth stages of P. mongolica is still unclear. This study aimed to examine root-associated fungal communities of this relict plant species across three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) using root sampling and Illumina Miseq sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) region to target fungi. The analysis detected 698 fungal OTUs in association with P. mongolica roots, and the fungal richness increased significantly from spring to summer and autumn. Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Chaetothyriales, Pleosporales, Helotiales, Agaricales and Xylariales were the dominant fungal orders. Fungal community composition was significantly different between the three seasons, and the fungal taxa at various levels showed biased distribution and preferences. Stochastic processes predominantly drove community assembly of fungi in spring while deterministic processes acted more in the later seasons. The findings revealed the temporal dynamics of root-associated fungal communities of P. mongolica, which may enhance our understanding of biodiversity and changes along with seasonal alteration in the desert, and predict the response of fungal community to future global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Wang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher’s College, Baotou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher’s College, Baotou, China
| | - Pulak Maitra
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Busayo Joshua Babalola
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher’s College, Baotou, China
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Guo Y, Ji L, Wang M, Shan C, Shen F, Yang Y, He G, Purahong W, Yang L. View from the Top: Insights into the Diversity and Community Assembly of Ectomycorrhizal and Saprotrophic Fungi along an Altitudinal Gradient in Chinese Boreal Larix gmelinii-Dominated Forests. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101997. [PMID: 36296273 PMCID: PMC9607379 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The altitudinal patterns of soil fungi have attracted considerable attention; however, few studies have investigated the diversity and community assembly of fungal functional guilds along an altitudinal gradient. Here, we explored ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and saprotrophic (SAP) fungal diversity and community assembly along a 470 m vertical gradient (ranging from 830 to 1300 m) on Oakley Mountain, sampling bulk soils in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers of Larix gmelinii-dominated forests. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS genes was employed to explore the fungal community composition and diversity. The relative abundance of EcM and SAP fungi showed a divergent pattern along an altitudinal gradient, while we observed a consistent altitudinal tendency for EcM and SAP fungal diversity and community assembly. The diversity of both fungal guilds increased with increasing altitude. Altitude and soil moisture were the key factors affecting the community composition of both fungal guilds. In addition, the plant community composition significantly affected the EcM fungal community composition, whereas the dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents were the driving factors of SAP fungal community. Despite the effects of vegetation and soil factors, EcM and SAP fungal communities were mainly governed by stochastic processes (especially drift) at different altitudes and soil depths. These results shed new light on the ecology of different fungal functional guilds along an altitudinal gradient, which will provide a deeper understanding of the biogeography of soil fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- School of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Li Ji
- School of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengfeng Shan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fangyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuchun Yang
- Jilin Academy of Forestry, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Gongxiu He
- School of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Correspondence: (G.H.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-137-9661-1896 (L.Y.)
| | - Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lixue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (G.H.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-137-9661-1896 (L.Y.)
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13
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Host phylogeny is the primary determinant of ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition in the permafrost ecosystem of eastern Siberia at a regional scale. FUNGAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Phosphorus Limitation of Trees Influences Forest Soil Fungal Diversity in China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fungal-biogeography studies have shown global patterns of biotic interactions on microbial biogeography. However, the mechanisms underlying these patterns remain relatively unexplored. To determine the dominant factors affecting forest soil fungal diversity in China, soil and leaves from 33 mountain forest reserves were sampled, and their properties were measured. We tested three hypotheses and established the most realistic one for China. The results showed that the soil fungal diversity (Shannon index) varied unimodally with latitude. The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizae was significantly positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen/phosphorus. The effects of soil available phosphorus and pH on fungal diversity depended on the ectomycorrhizal fungi, and the fungal diversity shifted by 93% due to available phosphorus, potassium, and pH. Therefore, we concluded that latitudinal changes in temperature and the variations in interactions between different fungal guilds (ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, and plant pathogenic fungi) did not have a major influence. Forest soil fungal diversity was affected by soil pH, available phosphorus, and potassium, which are driven by the phosphorus limitation of trees.
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15
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Baird A, Pope F. ‘Can't see the forest for the trees’: The importance of fungi in the context of UK tree planting. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Baird
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences Birmingham UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research Birmingham UK
| | - Francis Pope
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences Birmingham UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research Birmingham UK
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16
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Elevation Matters More than Season in Shaping the Heterogeneity of Soil and Root Associated Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0195021. [PMID: 35019700 PMCID: PMC8754124 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01950-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi play important roles in forest ecosystems, and their richness and composition can change along with elevation and season changes. However, no study has estimated the relative importance of altitudinal and seasonal heterogeneity in predicting the distribution of EcM fungal communities by simultaneously considering different sample types (root versus soil). In this study, we collected root and soil samples along a > 1,500-m elevation gradient during wet and dry seasons from Baima Snow Mountain, located in “the Mountains of Southwest China,” one of the 34 biodiversity hot spots, and we analyzed them using next-generation sequencing. Regardless of the sample type, similar EcM fungal richness pattern with increasing elevation (decline in the forest zone, and an increase at the alpine meadow zone) and strong community turnovers among different elevational zones and between two seasons were detected, and changes of EcM fungal community similarity on 400-m altitude gradient were equivalent to the community turnover between dry and wet seasons. Elevation and edaphic factors were shown to have the largest effects on EcM fungal community. The heterogeneity of richness and community composition was stronger among different elevational zones than across different seasons, mainly because the elevation variations in the EcM fungal community were shaped by the combined effects of different environmental factors, while seasonal changes were mainly controlled by temperature and fast-changing soil nutrients. IMPORTANCE Altitude and season represent two important environmental gradients that shape the structure of biome, including the heterogeneity of EcM fungi. Previous studies have separately considered the influences of altitude and season on EcM fungal communities, but the relative importance of altitude and season is still unknown. The present study revealed that elevation influences the heterogeneity of EcM fungal community more than season; this may be because the variability of environmental factors is higher across different elevations than that across seasons.
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17
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Janowski D, Nara K. Unique host effect of Tilia japonica on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities independent of the tree’s dominance: A rare example of a generalist host? Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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18
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Zhu W, Shi X, Qi Y, Wang X, Chang L, Zhao C, Zhu L, Jiang J. Commensal microbiota and host metabolic divergence are associated with the adaptation of Diploderma vela to spatially heterogeneous environments. Integr Zool 2021; 17:346-365. [PMID: 34520122 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous environment adaptation is critical to understand the species evolution and response to climate change. However, how narrow-range species adapt to micro-geographic heterogeneity has been overlooked, and there is a lack of insights from metabolism and commensal microbiota. Here, we studied the environmental adaptation for 3 geographic populations (>40 km apart) of Diploderma vela, a lizard endemic to dry-hot valleys of the Hengduan Mountain Region. The climatic boundary caused a cooler, droughtier, and barren environment for northernmost population (RM) than the middle (QZK) and southernmost populations (FS). Correspondingly, significant divergences in liver and muscle metabolism and commensal microbiota were detected between RM and QZK or FS individuals, but not between QZK and FS individuals. Phospholipid composition, coenzyme level (i.e. pyridoxal and NAD+ ), and cholesterol metabolism (e.g. androgen and estriol synthesis) constituted the major metabolic difference between RM and QZK/FS groups. FS and QZK individuals kept abundant Proteobacteria and antifungal strains, while RM individuals maintained more Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. Strong associations existed between varied host metabolite and gut microbes. How were these interpopulation variations associated to the environment adaptation were discussed. These results provided some novel insights into the environmental adaptation and implicated the consequence of climate change on narrow-range species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiudong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,Mangkang Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,Mangkang Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Chengdu, China
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Ma J, Babalola BJ, Fan Y. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Larix gemelinii Rupr. in the Great Khingan Mountains, China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11230. [PMID: 33959418 PMCID: PMC8053382 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Larix gemelinii is an important tree species in the Great Khingan Mountains in Northeast China with a high economic and ecological value for its role in carbon sequestration and as a source of lumber and nuts. However, the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal diversity and community composition of this tree remain largely undefined. We examined EM fungal communities associated with L. gemelinii from three sites in the Great Khingan Mountains using Illumina Miseq to sequence the rDNA ITS2 region and evaluated the impact of spatial, soil, and climatic variables on the EM fungal community. A total of 122 EM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from 21 pooled-root samples, and the dominant EM fungal lineages were /tricholoma, /tomentella-thelephora, /suillus-rhizopogon, and /piloderma. A high proportion of unique EM fungal OTUs were present; some abundant OTUs largely restricted to specific sites. EM fungal richness and community assembly were significantly correlated with spatial distance and climatic and soil variables, with mean annual temperature being the most important predictor for fungal richness and geographic distance as the largest determinant for community turnover. Our findings indicate that L. gemelinii has a rich and distinctive EM fungal community contributing to our understanding of the montane EM fungal community structure from the perspective of a single host plant that has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Wang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher’s College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher’s College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher’s College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, Hebei, China
| | - Busayo Joshua Babalola
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Fan
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher’s College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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20
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Saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibit contrasting richness patterns along elevational gradients in cool-temperate montane forests. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Wang YL, Zhang X, Xu Y, Babalola BJ, Xiang SM, Zhao YL, Fan YJ. Fungal Diversity and Community Assembly of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated With Five Pine Species in Inner Mongolia, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646821. [PMID: 33796093 PMCID: PMC8008119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi play vital roles in ensuring host plants’ health, plant diversity, and the functionality of the ecosystem. However, EM fungal diversity, community composition, and underlying assembly processes in Inner Mongolia, China, where forests are typically semiarid and cold-temperate zones, attract less attention. In this study, we investigated EM fungal communities from 63 root samples of five common pine plants in Inner Mongolia across 1,900 km using Illumina Miseq sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 region. We evaluated the impact of host plant phylogeny, soil, climatic, and spatial variables on EM fungal diversity and community turnover. Deterministic vs. stochastic processes for EM fungal community assembly were quantified using β-nearest taxon index scores. In total, we identified 288 EM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 31 lineages, of which the most abundant lineages were Tomentella–Thelephora, Wilcoxina, Tricholoma, and Suillus–Rhizopogon. Variations in EM fungal OTU richness and community composition were significantly predicted by host phylogeny, soil (total nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen–phosphorus ratio, and magnesium), climate, and spatial distance, with the host plant being the most important factor. β-nearest taxon index demonstrated that both deterministic and stochastic processes jointly determined the community assembly of EM fungi, with the predominance of stochastic processes. At the Saihanwula site selected for preference analysis, all plant species (100%) presented significant preferences for EM fungi, 54% of abundant EM fungal OTUs showed significant preferences for host plants, and 26% of pairs of plant species and abundant fungal OTUs exhibited remarkably strong preferences. Overall, we inferred that the high diversity and distinctive community composition of EM fungi associated with natural pine species in Inner Mongolia and the stochastic processes prevailed in determining the community assembly of EM fungi. Our study shed light on the diversity and community assembly of EM fungi associated with common pine species in semiarid and cold temperate forests in Inner Mongolia, China, for the first time and provided a better understanding of the ecological processes underlying the community assembly of mutualistic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Long Wang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Busayo Joshua Babalola
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Min Xiang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Fan
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
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22
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Lyons KG, Mann M, Lenihan M, Roybal O, Carroll K, Reynoso K, Kivlin SN, Taylor DL, Rudgers JA. Culturable root endophyte communities are shaped by both warming and plant host identity in the Rocky Mountains, USA. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Gehring C, Sevanto S, Patterson A, Ulrich DEM, Kuske CR. Ectomycorrhizal and Dark Septate Fungal Associations of Pinyon Pine Are Differentially Affected by Experimental Drought and Warming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:582574. [PMID: 33193530 PMCID: PMC7606852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.582574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changing climates can cause shifts in temperature and precipitation, resulting in warming and drought in some regions. Although each of these factors has been shown to detrimentally affect forest ecosystems worldwide, information on the impacts of the combined effects of warming and drought is lacking. Forest trees rely on mutualistic root-associated fungi that contribute significantly to plant health and protection against climate stresses. We used a six-year, ecosystem-scale temperature and precipitation manipulation experiment targeted to simulate the climate in 2100 in the Southwestern United States to quantify the effects of drought, warming and combined drought and warming on the root colonization (abundance), species composition and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), and dark septate fungal endophytes in a widespread woodland tree, pinyon pine (Pinus edulis E.). Our results show that pinyon shoot growth after 6 years of these treatments was reduced more by drought than warming. The combined drought and warming treatment reduced the abundance and diversity of EMF more than either treatment alone. Individual ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa, including the drought tolerant Cenococcum geophilum, were present in all treatments but the combined drought and warming treatment. The combined drought and warming treatment also reduced the abundance of dark septate endophytes (DSE), but did not affect their diversity or species composition. The current year shoot growth of the trees correlated positively with ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity, highlighting the importance of diversity in mutualistic relationships to plant growth. Our results suggest that EMF may be more important than DSE to aboveground growth in P. edulis, but also more susceptible to the negative effects of combined climate stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Adair Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | | | - Cheryl R. Kuske
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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24
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Tedersoo L, Anslan S, Bahram M, Drenkhan R, Pritsch K, Buegger F, Padari A, Hagh-Doust N, Mikryukov V, Gohar D, Amiri R, Hiiesalu I, Lutter R, Rosenvald R, Rähn E, Adamson K, Drenkhan T, Tullus H, Jürimaa K, Sibul I, Otsing E, Põlme S, Metslaid M, Loit K, Agan A, Puusepp R, Varik I, Kõljalg U, Abarenkov K. Regional-Scale In-Depth Analysis of Soil Fungal Diversity Reveals Strong pH and Plant Species Effects in Northern Europe. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1953. [PMID: 33013735 PMCID: PMC7510051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbiome has a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning, yet little is known about its build-up from local to regional scales. In a multi-year regional-scale survey involving 1251 plots and long-read third-generation sequencing, we found that soil pH has the strongest effect on the diversity of fungi and its multiple taxonomic and functional groups. The pH effects were typically unimodal, usually both direct and indirect through tree species, soil nutrients or mold abundance. Individual tree species, particularly Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, and Populus x wettsteinii, and overall ectomycorrhizal plant proportion had relatively stronger effects on the diversity of biotrophic fungi than saprotrophic fungi. We found strong temporal sampling and investigator biases for the abundance of molds, but generally all spatial, temporal and microclimatic effects were weak. Richness of fungi and several functional groups was highest in woodlands and around ruins of buildings but lowest in bogs, with marked group-specific trends. In contrast to our expectations, diversity of soil fungi tended to be higher in forest island habitats potentially due to the edge effect, but fungal richness declined with island distance and in response to forest fragmentation. Virgin forests supported somewhat higher fungal diversity than old non-pristine forests, but there were no differences in richness between natural and anthropogenic habitats such as parks and coppiced gardens. Diversity of most fungal groups suffered from management of seminatural woodlands and parks and thinning of forests, but especially for forests the results depended on fungal group and time since partial harvesting. We conclude that the positive effects of tree diversity on overall fungal richness represent a combined niche effect of soil properties and intimate associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Anslan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Allar Padari
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Niloufar Hagh-Doust
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vladimir Mikryukov
- Chair of Forest Management Planning and Wood Processing Technologies, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Daniyal Gohar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rasekh Amiri
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Hiiesalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reimo Lutter
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raul Rosenvald
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisabeth Rähn
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalev Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiia Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.,Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hardi Tullus
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Jürimaa
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivar Sibul
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eveli Otsing
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergei Põlme
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marek Metslaid
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaire Loit
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ahto Agan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rasmus Puusepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inge Varik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Kõljalg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kessy Abarenkov
- Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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25
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Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Participation in Nutrient Turnover and Community Assembly Pattern in Forest Ecosystems. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) are involved in soil nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. These fungi can promote the uptake of nutrients (e.g., nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)) and water by host plants, as well as facilitate host plant growth and resistance to stresses and diseases, thereby maintaining the aboveground primary productivity of forest ecosystems. Moreover, EcMF can acquire the carbon (C) sources needed for their growth from the host plants. The nutrient regulation mechanisms of EcMF mainly include the decay of soil organic matter via enzymatic degradation, nonenzymatic mechanism (Fenton chemistry), and priming effects, which in turn promote C and N cycling. At the same time, EcMF can secrete organic acids and phosphatases to improve the availability of soil P, or increase mycelium inputs to facilitate plant acquisition of P. The spatiotemporal distribution of EcMF is influenced by a combination of historical factors and contemporary environmental factors. The community of EcMF is associated with various factors, such as climate change, soil conditions, and host distribution. Under global climate change, investigating the relationships between the nutrient cycling functions of EcMF communities and their distribution patterns under various spatiotemporal scales is conducive to more accurate assessments of the ecological effects of EcMF on the sustainable development of forest.
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Distinct Assembly Processes and Microbial Communities Constrain Soil Organic Carbon Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Wang YL, Gao C, Chen L, Ji NN, Wu BW, Lü PP, Li XC, Qian X, Maitra P, Babalola BJ, Zheng Y, Guo LD. Community Assembly of Endophytic Fungi in Ectomycorrhizae of Betulaceae Plants at a Regional Scale. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3105. [PMID: 32038548 PMCID: PMC6986194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between aboveground and belowground biotic communities drives community assembly of plants and soil microbiota. As an important component of belowground microorganisms, root-associated fungi play pivotal roles in biodiversity maintenance and community assembly of host plants. The Betulaceae plants form ectomycorrhizae with soil fungi and widely distribute in various ecosystems. However, the community assembly of endophytic fungi in ectomycorrhizae is less investigated at a large spatial scale. Here, we examined the endophytic fungal communities in ectomycorrhizae of 22 species in four genera belonging to Betulaceae in Chinese forest ecosystems, using Illumina Miseq sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 2 amplicons. The relative contribution of host phylogeny, climate and soil (environmental filtering) and geographic distance (dispersal limitation) on endophytic fungal community was disentangled. In total, 2,106 endophytic fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained at a 97% sequence similarity level, dominated by Leotiomycetes, Agaricomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. The endophytic fungal OTU richness was significantly related with host phylogeny, geographic distance, soil and climate. The endophytic fungal community composition was significantly affected by host phylogeny (19.5% of variation explained in fungal community), geographic distance (11.2%), soil (6.1%), and climate (1.4%). This finding suggests that environmental filtering by plant and abiotic variables coupled with dispersal limitation linked to geographic distance determines endophytic fungal community assembly in ectomycorrhizae of Betulaceae plants, with host phylogeny being a stronger determinant than other predictor variables at the regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Niu-Niu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Peng Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Qian
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pulak Maitra
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Busayo Joshua Babalola
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Koizumi T, Nara K. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in ice-age relict forests of Pinus pumila on nine mountains correspond to summer temperature. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:189-201. [PMID: 31611652 PMCID: PMC6908592 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are critical symbionts of major forest trees, and their communities are affected by various environmental factors including temperature. However, previous knowledge concerning temperature effects does not exclude the effects of host species and coexisting plants, which usually change with temperature, and should be rigorously tested under the same vegetation type. Herein we examined ECM fungal communities in ice-age relict forests dominated by a single host species (Pinus pumila) distributed on nine mountains across >1000 km in Japan. Direct sequencing of rDNA ITS regions identified 154 ECM fungal species from 4134 ECM root-tip samples. Gradient analyses revealed a large contribution of temperature, especially summer temperature, to ECM fungal communities. Additionally, we explored global sequence records of each fungal species to infer its potential temperature niche, and used it to estimate the temperature of the observed communities. The estimated temperature was significantly correlated with the actual temperature of the research sites, especially in summer seasons, indicating inherent temperature niches of the fungal components could determine their distribution among the sites. These results indicate that temperature is still a significant determinant in structuring ECM fungal communities after excluding the effects of host species and coexisting plants. The results also imply that the rising temperature under global warming may have been affecting soil microbes unnoticeably, while such microbial community change may have been contributing to the resilience of the same vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Koizumi
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
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29
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Větrovský T, Kohout P, Kopecký M, Machac A, Man M, Bahnmann BD, Brabcová V, Choi J, Meszárošová L, Human ZR, Lepinay C, Lladó S, López-Mondéjar R, Martinović T, Mašínová T, Morais D, Navrátilová D, Odriozola I, Štursová M, Švec K, Tláskal V, Urbanová M, Wan J, Žifčáková L, Howe A, Ladau J, Peay KG, Storch D, Wild J, Baldrian P. A meta-analysis of global fungal distribution reveals climate-driven patterns. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5142. [PMID: 31723140 PMCID: PMC6853883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary and environmental factors that shape fungal biogeography are incompletely understood. Here, we assemble a large dataset consisting of previously generated mycobiome data linked to specific geographical locations across the world. We use this dataset to describe the distribution of fungal taxa and to look for correlations with different environmental factors such as climate, soil and vegetation variables. Our meta-study identifies climate as an important driver of different aspects of fungal biogeography, including the global distribution of common fungi as well as the composition and diversity of fungal communities. In our analysis, fungal diversity is concentrated at high latitudes, in contrast with the opposite pattern previously shown for plants and other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi appear to have narrower climatic tolerances than pathogenic fungi. We speculate that climate change could affect ecosystem functioning because of the narrow climatic tolerances of key fungal taxa. The authors assemble and analyse previously generated mycobiome data linked to geographical locations across the world. They describe the distribution of fungal taxa and show that climate is an important driver of fungal biogeography and that fungal diversity appears to be concentrated at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12844, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kopecký
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Machac
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12844, Praha 2, Czech Republic.,Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and the Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 11000, Praha 1, Czech Republic.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matěj Man
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Doreen Bahnmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Brabcová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jinlyung Choi
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 1201 Sukup Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lenka Meszárošová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zander Rainier Human
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Clémentine Lepinay
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Salvador Lladó
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Rubén López-Mondéjar
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tijana Martinović
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Mašínová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Morais
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Navrátilová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Štursová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Švec
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Tláskal
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Urbanová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Joe Wan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lucia Žifčáková
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Adina Howe
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 1201 Sukup Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Joshua Ladau
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - David Storch
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and the Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 11000, Praha 1, Czech Republic.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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