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Knol MGE, Wulfmeyer VC, Müller RU, Rinschen MM. Amino acid metabolism in kidney health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024:10.1038/s41581-024-00872-8. [PMID: 39198707 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids form peptides and proteins and are therefore considered the main building blocks of life. The kidney has an important but under-appreciated role in the synthesis, degradation, filtration, reabsorption and excretion of amino acids, acting to retain useful metabolites while excreting potentially harmful and waste products from amino acid metabolism. A complex network of kidney transporters and enzymes guides these processes and moderates the competing concentrations of various metabolites and amino acid products. Kidney amino acid metabolism contributes to gluconeogenesis, nitrogen clearance, acid-base metabolism and provision of fuel for tricarboxylic acid cycle and urea cycle intermediates, and is thus a central hub for homeostasis. Conversely, kidney disease affects the levels and metabolism of a variety of amino acids. Here, we review the metabolic role of the kidney in amino acid metabolism and describe how different diseases of the kidney lead to aberrations in amino acid metabolism. Improved understanding of the metabolic and communication routes that are affected by disease could provide new mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and potentially enable targeted dietary or pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine G E Knol
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Sa Y, Ding S, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wilson G, Ma F, Zhang W, Ma X. Integrating untargeted and targeted LC-MS-based metabolomics to identify the serum metabolite biomarkers for tuberculosis. Biomed Chromatogr 2024:e5998. [PMID: 39193838 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Given the limitations of untargeted metabolomics in precise metabolite quantification, our current research employed a novel approach by integrating untargeted and targeted metabolomics utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) to analyze the metabolic profile and potential biomarkers for tuberculosis (TB). A cohort of 36 TB patients and 36 healthy controls (HC) was enlisted to obtain serum samples. Multivariate pattern recognition and univariate statistical analysis were employed to screen and elucidate the differential metabolites, whereas dot plots and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were established for the identification of potential biomarkers of TB. The results indicated a distinct differentiation between the two groups, identifying 99 metabolites associated with five primary metabolic pathways in relation to TB. Of these, 19 metabolites exhibited high levels of sensitivity and specificity, as evidenced by the area under curve values approaching 1. Following targeted quantitative analysis, three potential metabolites, namely, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, and arachidonic acid, were demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability as evidenced by the results of the ROC curve, dot plots, and random forest model. Particularly noteworthy was the enhanced diagnostic efficacy of the combination of these three metabolites compared to singular biomarkers, suggesting their potential utility as serum biomarkers for TB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Sa
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shuqin Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Weibiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Gidion Wilson
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Feng Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Weiman Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xueqin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
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3
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Shafiee S, Dastmalchi S, Gharekhani A, Shayanfar A. Analysis of indoxyl sulfate in biological fluids with emphasis on sample preparation techniques: A comprehensive analytical review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35032. [PMID: 39157307 PMCID: PMC11328088 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) has been related to the development of various medical conditions notably chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hence, quantification of this biomarker in biological fluids may be a diagnostic tool to evaluate renal system functionality. Numerous analytical methods including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques have since been used to analyze IS in different biological fluids. The current review highlights the relevant studies that assessed IS with a special focus on sample preparation, which is essential to reduce or eliminate the effect of endogenous components from the matrix in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Shafiee
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Gharekhani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shayanfar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Shafiee S, Dastmalchi S, Gharekhani A, Shayanfar A. Determination of indoxyl sulfate by spectrofluorimetric method in human plasma through extraction with deep eutectic solvent. BMC Chem 2024; 18:61. [PMID: 38555438 PMCID: PMC10981813 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A rapid and efficient analytical method was established to quantify indoxyl sulfate (IS) in plasma through extraction technique with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and spectrofluorimetric method. DES (choline chloride: urea) was mixed with plasma samples for the extraction of IS, followed by the addition of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) solution to form an aqueous two-phase system. The fluorescence intensity of IS which was first extracted to the DES-rich-phase and then back-extracted into the salt-rich-phase, was measured by spectrofluorimetric method. Some key factors such as pH, centrifugation speed and time, the volume ratio of DES/salt, and salt concentration were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the suggested method had a dynamic range between 20 and 160 µg/mL with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99. Precision (relative standard deviation) was less than 15% and accuracy (% relative recovery) was ± 15% at the nominal concentration level. In addition, results showed that IS levels in real samples were higher than 40 µg/mL which was compatible with reported IS levels in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Overall, all the results reflect the fact that the presented analytical method can potentially be used for the determination of IS in real plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Shafiee
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Mersin 10, Nicosia, POBOX: 99138, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Afshin Gharekhani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shayanfar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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Beegam S, Al-Salam S, Zaaba NE, Elzaki O, Ali BH, Nemmar A. Effects of Waterpipe Smoke Exposure on Experimentally Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:585. [PMID: 38203756 PMCID: PMC10778784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor in the onset of kidney disease. To date, there have been no reports on the influence of waterpipe smoke (WPS) in experimentally induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) models. We studied the effects and mechanisms of actions of WPS on a mouse model of adenine-induced CKD. Mice fed either a normal diet, or an adenine-added diet and were exposed to either air or WPS (30 min/day and 5 days/week) for four consecutive weeks. Plasma creatinine, urea and indoxyl sulfate increased and creatinine clearance decreased in adenine + WPS versus either WPS or adenine + saline groups. The urinary concentrations of kidney injury molecule-1 and adiponectin and the activities of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were augmented in adenine + WPS compared with either adenine + air or WPS groups. In the kidney tissue, several markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were higher in adenine + WPS than in either adenine + air or WPS groups. Compared with the controls, WPS inhalation in mice with CKD increased DNA damage, and urinary concentration of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Furthermore, the expressions of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (ERK and p38) were elevated in the kidneys of adenine + WPS group, compared with the controls. Likewise, the kidneys of adenine + WPS group revealed more marked histological tubular injury, chronic inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. In conclusion, WPS inhalation aggravates kidney injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage and fibrosis in mice with adenine-induced CKD, indicating that WPS exposure intensifies CKD. These effects were associated with a mechanism involving NF-κB, ERK and p38 activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Beegam
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.B.); (N.E.Z.); (O.E.)
| | - Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nur Elena Zaaba
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.B.); (N.E.Z.); (O.E.)
| | - Ozaz Elzaki
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.B.); (N.E.Z.); (O.E.)
| | | | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.B.); (N.E.Z.); (O.E.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Akl EM, El-Eraki JM, Elfallah AA, Mohamed NH, Maher AM, Mansour AE, Abdelsalam OH. Does Indoxyl Sulfate Have a Role in Uremic Pruritus? A Laboratory and Interventional Study. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:44-50. [PMID: 38156627 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231220935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pruritus is a common complaint in patients with end-stage renal disease. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a tryptophan end metabolite extremely renal excreted. Activated charcoal can interfere with IS intestinal absorption. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the serum level of IS and the effect of activated charcoal on uremic pruritus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 135 participants were divided into 2 main groups. In total, 45 normal and healthy individuals as a control group and 90 patients on regular hemodialysis; 45 of these patients had uremic pruritus and the other 45 were not complaining of uremic pruritus. Serum IS was measured. Activated charcoal was used by patients with uremic pruritus. The severity of pruritus and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were assessed. RESULTS The serum IS was significantly elevated in uremic patients than in control subjects (P < .001) and significantly elevated in uremic patients without pruritus (P < .001). Furthermore, there were positive significant correlations between the serum IS and both severity of pruritus (P < .001) and DLQI (P < .001). After activated charcoal usage, there was a significant decrease in IS level with the improvement of pruritus and quality of life of patients. CONCLUSIONS IS may play a role in uremic pruritus. Activated charcoal could be considered a treatment for uremic pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Mohamed Akl
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Jeylan M El-Eraki
- Specialist of Dermatology and Andrology, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Assma A Elfallah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Nelly H Mohamed
- Specialist of Clinical Pathology, Ministry of Health and Population, Benha, Egypt
| | - Amr M Maher
- Specialist of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Osama H Abdelsalam
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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7
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Amador-Martínez I, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Bernabe-Yepes B, Aranda-Rivera AK, Cruz-Gregorio A, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Tapia E. Mitochondrial Impairment: A Link for Inflammatory Responses Activation in the Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15875. [PMID: 37958859 PMCID: PMC10650149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4) occurs when chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to cardiovascular damage, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates. Mitochondria, vital organelles responsible for essential cellular functions, can become dysfunctional in CKD. This dysfunction can trigger inflammatory responses in distant organs by releasing Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs are recognized by immune receptors within cells, including Toll-like receptors (TLR) like TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway. Activation of these immune receptors leads to the increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. Excessive chemokine stimulation results in the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues, causing chronic damage. Experimental studies have demonstrated that chemokines are upregulated in the heart during CKD, contributing to CRS type 4. Conversely, chemokine inhibitors have been shown to reduce chronic inflammation and prevent cardiorenal impairment. However, the molecular connection between mitochondrial DAMPs and inflammatory pathways responsible for chemokine overactivation in CRS type 4 has not been explored. In this review, we delve into mechanistic insights and discuss how various mitochondrial DAMPs released by the kidney during CKD can activate TLRs, NLRP3, and cGAS-STING immune pathways in the heart. This activation leads to the upregulation of chemokines, ultimately culminating in the establishment of CRS type 4. Furthermore, we propose using chemokine inhibitors as potential strategies for preventing CRS type 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Amador-Martínez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.A.-M.); (A.K.A.-R.)
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.E.A.-T.); (L.G.S.-L.)
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.E.A.-T.); (L.G.S.-L.)
| | - Bismarck Bernabe-Yepes
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.A.-M.); (A.K.A.-R.)
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Laura Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.E.A.-T.); (L.G.S.-L.)
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.E.A.-T.); (L.G.S.-L.)
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8
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Tews HC, Elger T, Gunawan S, Fererberger T, Sommersberger S, Loibl J, Huss M, Liebisch G, Müller M, Kandulski A, Buechler C. Fecal short chain fatty acids and urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate do not discriminate between patients with Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis and are not of diagnostic utility for predicting disease severity. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:164. [PMID: 37789460 PMCID: PMC10546683 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate levels as well as fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations are surrogate markers for gut microbiota diversity. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a disease closely associated with IBD, have decreased microbiome diversity. In this paper, the fecal SCFAs propionate, acetate, butyrate and isobutyrate of patients with IBD and patients with PSC-IBD and urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate of IBD patients were determined to study associations with disease etiology and severity. METHODS SCFA levels in feces of 64 IBD patients and 20 PSC-IBD patients were quantified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate levels of 45 of these IBD patients were analysed by means of reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Feces of 17 healthy controls and urine of 13 of these controls were analyzed in parallel. These cohorts had comparable sex distribution and age. RESULTS Urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate concentrations (normalized to urinary creatinine levels) was increased (P = 0.030) and fecal isobutyrate levels (normalized to dry weight of the stool sample) of IBD patients were decreased (P = 0.035) in comparison to healthy controls. None of the analyzed metabolites differed between patients with Crohn´s disease (CD) and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Fecal acetate and butyrate positively correlated with fecal calprotectin (P = 0.040 and P = 0.005, respectively) and serum C-reactive protein (P = 0.024 and P = 0.025, respectively) in UC but not CD patients. UC patients with fecal calprotectin levels above 150 µg/g, indicating intestinal inflammatory activity, had higher fecal acetate (P = 0.016), butyrate (P = 0.007) and propionate (P = 0.046) in comparison to patients with fecal calprotectin levels < 50 µg/g. Fecal SCFA levels of PSC-IBD and IBD patients were comparable. CONCLUSIONS Current findings suggest that analysis of urinary 3-indoxyl-sulfate as well as fecal SCFAs has no diagnostic value for IBD and PSC-IBD diagnosis or monitoring of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Christian Tews
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Elger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gunawan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Fererberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sommersberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Loibl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Muriel Huss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arne Kandulski
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Amini Khiabani S, Asgharzadeh M, Samadi Kafil H. Chronic kidney disease and gut microbiota. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18991. [PMID: 37609403 PMCID: PMC10440536 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to a range of various pathophysiological processes correlated with abnormal renal function and a progressive loss in GFR. Just as dysbiosis and altered pathology of the gut are accompanied with hypertension, which is a significant CKD risk factor. Gut dysbiosis in CKD patients is associated with an elevated levels of uremic toxins, which in turn increases the CKD progression. According to research results, the gut-kidney axis has a role in the formation of kidney stones, also in IgAN. A number of researchers have categorized the gut microbiota as enterotypes, and others, skeptical of theory of enterotypes, have suggested biomarkers to describe taxa that related to lifestyle, nutrition, and disease status. Metabolome-microbiome studies have been used to investigate the interactions of host-gut microbiota in terms of the involvement of metabolites in these interactions and are yielded promising results. The correlation between gut microbiota and CKD requires further multi-omic researches. Also, with regard to systems biology, studies on the communication network of proteins and transporters such as SLC and ABC, can help us achieve a deeper understanding of the gut-liver-kidney axis communication and can thus provide promising new horizons in the treatment of CKD patients. Probiotic-based treatment is an approach to reduce uremic poisoning, which is accomplished by swallowing microbes those can catalyze URS in the gut. If further comprehensive studies are carried out, we will know about the probiotics impact in slowing the renal failure progression and reducing inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Amini Khiabani
- Research center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Yen NTH, Oh JH, Van Anh NT, Le QV, Park SM, Park YJ, Cho YS, Moon KS, Nguyen HT, Shin JG, Long NP, Kim DH. Systems-level multi-omics characterization provides novel molecular insights into indomethacin toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 375:110430. [PMID: 36868495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of indomethacin toxicity at the systemic level is largely unknown. In this study, multi-specimen molecular characterization was conducted in rats treated with three doses of indomethacin (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for 1 week. Kidney, liver, urine, and serum samples were collected and analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. The kidney and liver transcriptomics data (10 mg indomethacin/kg and control) were subjected to a comprehensive omics-based analysis. Indomethacin exposure at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg doses did not cause significant metabolome changes, whereas considerable alterations in the metabolic profile compared to the control were induced by a dose of 10 mg/kg. Decreased levels of metabolites and an increased creatine level in the urine metabolome indicated injury to the kidney. The integrated omics analysis in both liver and kidney revealed an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance due to an excess of reactive oxygen species, likely originating from dysfunctional mitochondria. Specifically, indomethacin exposure induced changes in metabolites related to the citrate cycle, cell membrane composition, and DNA synthesis in the kidney. The dysregulation of genes related to ferroptosis and suppression of amino acid and fatty acid metabolism were evidence of indomethacin-induced nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, a multi-specimen omics investigation provided important insights into the mechanism of indomethacin toxicity. The identification of targets that ameliorate indomethacin toxicity will enhance the therapeutic utility of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Hai Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thi Van Anh
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Quoc-Viet Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Se-Myo Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Park
- Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Humphries TLR, Vesey DA, Galloway GJ, Gobe GC, Francis RS. Identifying disease progression in chronic kidney disease using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 134-135:52-64. [PMID: 37321758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10% of the world population, higher still in some developing countries, and can cause irreversible kidney damage eventually leading to kidney failure requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, not all patients with CKD will progress to this stage, and it is difficult to distinguish between progressors and non-progressors at the time of diagnosis. Current clinical practice involves monitoring estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria to assess CKD trajectory over time; however, there remains a need for novel, validated methods that differentiate CKD progressors and non-progressors. Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, including magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging, have the potential to improve our understanding of CKD progression. Herein, we review the application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy both in preclinical and clinical settings to improve the diagnosis and surveillance of patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone L R Humphries
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - David A Vesey
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Graham J Galloway
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ross S Francis
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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12
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Matsui A, Yoshifuji A, Irie J, Tajima T, Uchiyama K, Itoh T, Wakino S, Itoh H. Canagliflozin protects the cardiovascular system through effects on the gut environment in non-diabetic nephrectomized rats. Clin Exp Nephrol 2023; 27:295-308. [PMID: 36611128 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut produces toxins that contribute to the cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease. Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor that is used as an anti-diabetic drug, has a weak inhibitory effect against SGLT1 and may affect the gut glucose concentration and environment. METHODS Here, we determined the effect of canagliflozin on the gut microbiota and the serum gut-derived uremic toxin concentrations in 5/6th nephrectomized (Nx) rats. RESULTS Canagliflozin increased the colonic glucose concentration and restored the number of Lactobacillus bacteria, which was low in Nx rats. In addition, the expression of tight junction proteins in the ascending colon was low in Nx rats, and this was partially restored by canagliflozin. Furthermore, the serum concentrations of gut-derived uremic toxins were significantly increased by Nx and reduced by canagliflozin. Finally, the wall of the thoracic aorta was thicker and there was more cardiac interstitial fibrosis in Nx rats, and these defects were ameliorated by canagliflozin. CONCLUSIONS The increases in colonic glucose concentration, Lactobacillus numbers and tight junction protein expression, and the decreases in serum uremic toxin concentrations and cardiac interstitial fibrosis may have been caused by the inhibition of SGLT1 by canagliflozin because similar effects were not identified in tofogliflozin-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsui
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8584, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshifuji
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8584, Japan
| | - Junichiro Irie
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8584, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Tajima
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8584, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Uchiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8584, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8584, Japan
| | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8584, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8584, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Caggiano G, Amodio L, Stasi A, Colabufo NA, Colangiulo S, Pesce F, Gesualdo L. Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins in CKD: An Improved Approach for the Evaluation of Serum Indoxyl Sulfate in Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5142. [PMID: 36982216 PMCID: PMC10049313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past years, indoxyl sulfate has been strongly implicated in kidney disease progression and contributed to cardiovascular morbidity. Moreover, as a result of its elevated albumin affinity rate, indoxyl sulfate is not adequately cleared by extracorporeal therapies. Within this scenario, although LC-MS/MS represents the conventional approach for IS quantification, it requires dedicated equipment and expert skills and does not allow real-time analysis. In this pilot study, we implemented a fast and simple technology designed to determine serum indoxyl sulfate levels that can be integrated into clinical practice. Indoxyl sulfate was detected at the time of enrollment by Tandem MS from 25 HD patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Next, we used a derivatization reaction to transform the serum indoxyl sulfate into Indigo blue. Thanks to the spectral shift to blue, its quantity was measured by the colorimetric assay at a wavelength of 420-450 nm. The spectrophotometric analysis was able to discriminate the levels of IS between healthy subjects and HD patients corresponding to the LC-MS/MS. In addition, we found a strong linear relationship between indoxyl sulfate levels and Indigo levels between the two methods (Tandem MS and spectrophotometry). This innovative method in the assessment of gut-derived indoxyl sulfate could represent a valid tool for clinicians to monitor CKD progression and dialysis efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Caggiano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Amodio
- Biofordrug S.R.L., University of Bari Spin-Off, 70019 Triggiano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Biofordrug S.R.L., University of Bari Spin-Off, 70019 Triggiano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Pesce
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
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14
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Salminen A. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in Alzheimer's disease: role of tryptophan metabolites generated by gut host-microbiota. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:201-222. [PMID: 36757399 PMCID: PMC10036442 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota in interaction with intestinal host tissues influences many brain functions and microbial dysbiosis has been linked with brain disorders, such as neuropsychiatric conditions and Alzheimer's disease (AD). L-tryptophan metabolites and short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) are major messengers in the microbiota-brain axis. Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) are main targets of tryptophan metabolites in brain microvessels which possess an enriched expression of AhR protein. The Ah receptor is an evolutionarily conserved, ligand-activated transcription factor which is not only a sensor of xenobiotic toxins but also a pleiotropic regulator of both developmental processes and age-related tissue degeneration. Major microbiota-produced tryptophan metabolites involve indole derivatives, e.g., indole 3-pyruvic acid, indole 3-acetaldehyde, and indoxyl sulfate, whereas indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO/TDO) of intestine host cells activate the kynurenine (KYN) pathway generating KYN metabolites, many of which are activators of AhR signaling. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the serum level of indoxyl sulfate which promotes AD pathogenesis, e.g., it disrupts integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and impairs cognitive functions. Activation of AhR signaling disturbs vascular homeostasis in brain; (i) it controls blood flow via the renin-angiotensin system, (ii) it inactivates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), thus impairing NO production and vasodilatation, and (iii) it induces oxidative stress, stimulates inflammation, promotes cellular senescence, and enhances calcification of vascular walls. All these alterations are evident in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in AD pathology. Moreover, AhR signaling can disturb circadian regulation and probably affect glymphatic flow. It seems plausible that dysbiosis of gut microbiota impairs the integrity of BBB via the activation of AhR signaling and thus aggravates AD pathology. KEY MESSAGES: Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Tryptophan metabolites are major messengers from the gut host-microbiota to brain. Tryptophan metabolites activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling in brain. The expression of AhR protein is enriched in brain microvessels and blood-brain barrier. Tryptophan metabolites disturb brain vascular integrity via AhR signaling. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota promotes inflammation and AD pathology via AhR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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15
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The Effects of Indoxyl Sulfate and Oxidative Stress on the Severity of Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122350. [PMID: 36552558 PMCID: PMC9774783 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pieces of evidence support the view that the accumulation of uremic toxins enhances oxidative stress and downstream regulation of signaling pathways, contributing to both endothelial microangiography and cell dysfunction. This study is to address the impact of protein-binding uremic toxins on the severity of peripheral nerve function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fifty-four patients with CKD were included in the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (TCNS), nerve conduction study (NCS), and laboratory studies including protein-binding uremic toxin (indoxyl sulfate [IS] and p-cresyl sulfate [PCS]), oxidative stress (Thiol and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances [TBARS]), and endothelial dysfunction (serum intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [sICAM-1] and serum vascular adhesion molecule 1 [sVCAM-1]) at enrollment. We used composite amplitude scores (CAS) to analyze the severity of nerve conductions on peripheral nerve function. TCNS and CAS were higher in the diabetic CKD group (p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). The NCS revealed the compound muscle action potential of ulnar and peroneal nerves and the sensory nerve action potential of ulnar and sural nerves (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, p = 0.004, and p = 0.001, respectively), which was found to be significantly low in the diabetic group. CAS was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.27, p = 0.04), urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) (r = 0.29, p = 0.046), free-form IS (r = 0.39, p = 0.009), sICAM-1 (r = 0.31, p = 0.02), sVCAM-1 (r = 0.44, p < 0.0001), TBARS (r = 0.35, p = 0.002), and thiols (r = −0.28, p = 0.045). Linear regression revealed that only TBARS and free-form IS were strongly associated with CAS. The mediation analysis shows that the sVCAM-1 level serves as the mediator between higher IS and higher CAS. IS and oxidative stress contribute to the severity of peripheral nerve dysfunction in patients with CKD, and chronic glycemic impairment can worsen the conditions.
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16
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Chen Y, Lu S, Zhang Y, Chen B, Zhou H, Jiang H. Examination of the emerging role of transporters in the assessment of nephrotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:787-804. [PMID: 36420583 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2151892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The kidney is vulnerable to various injuries based on its function in the elimination of many xenobiotics, endogenous substances and metabolites. Since transporters are critical for the renal elimination of those substances, it is urgent to understand the emerging role of transporters in nephrotoxicity. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the contribution of major renal transporters to nephrotoxicity induced by some drugs or toxins; addresses the role of transporter-mediated endogenous metabolic disturbances in nephrotoxicity; and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of in vitro models based on transporter expression and function. EXPERT OPINION Due to the crucial role of transporters in the renal disposition of xenobiotics and endogenous substances, it is necessary to further elucidate their renal transport mechanisms and pay more attention to the underlying relationship between the transport of endogenous substances and nephrotoxicity. Considering the species differences in the expression and function of transporters, and the low expression of transporters in general cell models, in vitro humanized models, such as humanized 3D organoids, shows significant promise in nephrotoxicity prediction and mechanism study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shuanghui Lu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yingqiong Zhang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Binxin Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, P.R. China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, P.R. China
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17
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Chasapi SA, Karagkouni E, Kalavrizioti D, Vamvakas S, Zompra A, Takis PG, Goumenos DS, Spyroulias GA. NMR-Based Metabolomics in Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Subtypes. Metabolites 2022; 12:490. [PMID: 35736423 PMCID: PMC9230636 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is considered as a major public health problem as it can lead to end-stage kidney failure, which requires replacement therapy. A prompt and accurate diagnosis, along with the appropriate treatment, can delay CKD's progression, significantly. Herein, we sought to determine whether CKD etiology can be reflected in urine metabolomics during its early stage. This is achieved through the analysis of the urine metabolic fingerprint from 108 CKD patients by means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy metabolomic analysis. We report the first NMR-metabolomics data regarding the three most common etiologies of CKD: Chronic Glomerulonephritis (IgA and Membranous Nephropathy), Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis (HN). Analysis aided a moderate glomerulonephritis clustering, providing characterization of the metabolic fluctuations between the CKD subtypes and control disease. The urine metabolome of IgA Nephropathy reveals a specific metabolism, reflecting its different etiology or origin and is useful for determining the origin of the disease. In contrast, urine metabolomes from DN and HN patients did not reveal any indicative metabolic pattern, which is consistent with their fused clinical phenotype. These findings may contribute to improving diagnostics and prognostic approaches for CKD, as well as improving our understanding of its pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani A. Chasapi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.A.C.); (E.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Evdokia Karagkouni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.A.C.); (E.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Dimitra Kalavrizioti
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (S.V.)
| | - Sotirios Vamvakas
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (S.V.)
| | - Aikaterini Zompra
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.A.C.); (E.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Panteleimon G. Takis
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, IRDB Building, London W120NN, UK
| | - Dimitrios S. Goumenos
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (S.V.)
| | - Georgios A. Spyroulias
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.A.C.); (E.K.); (A.Z.)
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18
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Production of Indole and Indole-Related Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Consequences for the Host: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050930. [PMID: 35630374 PMCID: PMC9145683 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota metabolic activity towards the available substrates generates myriad bacterial metabolites that may accumulate in the luminal fluid. Among them, indole and indole-related compounds are produced by specific bacterial species from tryptophan. Although indole-related compounds are, first, involved in intestinal microbial community communication, these molecules are also active on the intestinal mucosa, exerting generally beneficial effects in different experimental situations. After absorption, indole is partly metabolized in the liver into the co-metabolite indoxyl sulfate. Although some anti-inflammatory actions of indole on liver cells have been shown, indoxyl sulfate is a well-known uremic toxin that aggravates chronic kidney disease, through deleterious effects on kidney cells. Indoxyl sulfate is also known to provoke endothelial dysfunction. Regarding the central nervous system, emerging research indicates that indole at excessive concentrations displays a negative impact on emotional behavior. The indole-derived co-metabolite isatin appears, in pre-clinical studies, to accumulate in the brain, modulating brain function either positively or negatively, depending on the doses used. Oxindole, a bacterial metabolite that enters the brain, has shown deleterious effects on the central nervous system in experimental studies. Lastly, recent studies performed with indoxyl sulfate report either beneficial or deleterious effects depending once again on the dose used, with missing information on the physiological concentrations that are reaching the central nervous system. Any intervention aiming at modulating indole and indole-related compound concentrations in the biological fluids should crucially take into account the dual effects of these compounds according to the host tissues considered.
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p-Cresyl Sulfate Predicts Ischemic Stroke among Patients on Hemodialysis: A Prospective Cohort Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1358419. [PMID: 35140818 PMCID: PMC8820900 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1358419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose. Hemodialysis patients face a higher risk of ischemic stroke. p-Cresyl sulfate is a typical protein-bound uremic toxin that contributes to chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease progression, as well as mortality in hemodialysis patients. The present study was aimed at elucidating the association between p-cresyl sulfate and the risk of ischemic stroke in hemodialysis patients. Method. Patients on hemodialysis over 6 months were enrolled in this prospective cohort study and were divided into 2 groups based on plasma p-cresyl sulfate level. The primary end point was the first episode of ischemic stroke during follow-up. The association between p-cresyl sulfate and ischemic stroke incidence was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model. Results. 220 patients were enrolled in this study. 44 patients experienced episodes of first ischemic stroke during follow-up for 87.8 (47.6-119.5) months. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the incidence of ischemic stroke in the high p-cresyl sulfate group was significantly higher than that in the low p-cresyl sulfate group (Log-Rank
). Cox regression analysis as well proved that p-cresyl sulfate level was significantly associated with the first incidence of ischemic stroke (HR (hazard ratio) 2.332, 95% CI (95% confidence interval) 1.236-4.399,
). After being adjusted for other confounding risk factors, the results persisted significant (model 11: HR 2.061, 95% CI 1.030-4.125,
). Conclusion. Plasma p-cresyl sulfate predicts the first incidence of ischemic stroke in hemodialysis patients.
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Indoxyl Sulfate Elevated Lnc-SLC15A1-1 Upregulating CXCL10/CXCL8 Expression in High-Glucose Endothelial Cells by Sponging MicroRNAs. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120873. [PMID: 34941711 PMCID: PMC8709190 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in diabetes mellitus (DM). Immunomodulatory dysfunction is a primary feature of DM, and the emergence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in DM abruptly increases CVD mortality compared with DM alone. Endothelial injury and the accumulation of uremic toxins in the blood of DM/CKD patients are known mechanisms for the pathogenesis of CVD. However, the molecular factors that cause this disproportional increase in CVD in the DM/CKD population are still unknown. Since long non-protein-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating multiple cellular functions, we used human endothelial cells treated with high glucose to mimic DM and with the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) to mimic the endothelial injury associated with CKD. Differentially expressed lncRNAs in these conditions were analyzed by RNA sequencing. We discovered that lnc-SLC15A1-1 expression was significantly increased upon IS treatment in comparison with high glucose alone, and then cascaded the signal of chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL8 via sponging miR-27b, miR-297, and miR-150b. This novel pathway might be responsible for the endothelial inflammation implicated in augmenting CVD in DM/CKD and could be a therapeutic target with future clinical applications.
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21
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Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Deora H, Umana GE. Chronic Kidney disease and stroke: A Bi-directional risk cascade and therapeutic update. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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22
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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Flores-Ramírez R, López-Mendoza CM, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Metha G, Zúñiga-Martínez L, Ornelas-Rebolledo O, Alcántara-Quintana LE. Identification of volatile organic compounds in the urine of patients with cervical cancer. Test concept for timely screening. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:132-140. [PMID: 34418363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to identify a global chemical pattern of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine capable of discriminating between women with cervical cancer (CC) and control women using an electronic nose and to elucidate potential biomarkers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A cross-sectional study was performed, with 12 control women, 5 women with CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia) and 12 women with CC. Global VOCs in urine were assessed using an electronic nose and specific by GC-MS. Multivariate analysis was performed: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Principal Coordinate Analysis (CAP) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and the test's diagnostic power was evaluated through ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves. Results from the PCA between the control group compared to the CC present variability of 98.4% (PC1 = 93.9%, PC2 = 2.3% and PC3 = 2.1%). CAP model shows a separation between the overall VOCs profile of the control and CC group with a correct classification of 94.7%. PLS-DA indicated that 8 sensors have a higher contribution in the CC group. The sensitivity, specificity, value reached 91.6% (61.5%-99.7%) and 100% (73.5%-100%) respectively, according to the ROC curve. GC-MS analysis indicated that 33 compounds occur only in the CC group and some of them have been found in other types of cancer. In all, this study provides the basis for the development of an accessible, non-invasive, sensitive and specific screening platform for cervical cancer through the application of electronic nose and chemometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
| | - Carlos Miguel López-Mendoza
- Unidad de Innovación en Diagnóstico Celular y Molecular. Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a sección, 78120 San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Garima Metha
- CEO of Altus Lifescience, San José, CA, United States
| | - Lourdes Zúñiga-Martínez
- Unidad de Innovación en Diagnóstico Celular y Molecular. Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a sección, 78120 San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Omar Ornelas-Rebolledo
- Labinnova Center of Research in Breath for early diseases detection, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana
- Unidad de Innovación en Diagnóstico Celular y Molecular. Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a sección, 78120 San Luis Potosí, México.
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Za’abi MA, Ali BH, Al Suleimani Y, Adham SA, Ali H, Manoj P, Ashique M, Nemmar A. The Effect of Metformin in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Rats with Experimentally-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060814. [PMID: 34070807 PMCID: PMC8227500 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate whether treatment with the antidiabetic drug metformin would affect adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in non-diabetic rats and rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Rats were randomly divided into eight groups, and given either normal feed, or feed mixed with adenine (0.25% w/w, for five weeks) to induce CKD. Some of these groups were also simultaneously treated orally with metformin (200 mg/kg/day). Rats given adenine showed the typical signs of CKD that included detrimental changes in several physiological and traditional and novel biochemical biomarkers in plasma urine and kidney homogenates such as albumin/creatinine ratio, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, 8-isoprostane, adiponectin, cystatin C, as well as plasma urea, creatinine, uric acid, indoxyl sulfate, calcium, and phosphorus. Several indices of inflammation and oxidative stress, and renal nuclear factor-κB and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 levels were also measured. Histopathologically, adenine caused renal tubular necrosis and fibrosis. The activation of the intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was inhibited in the groups that received metformin and STZ together, with or without adenine induced-CKD. Induction of diabetes worsened most of the actions induced by adenine. Metformin significantly ameliorated the renal actions induced by adenine and STZ when these were given singly, and more so when given together. The results suggest that metformin can be a useful drug in attenuating the progression of CKD in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Za’abi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Khoud 123, Oman; (M.A.Z.); (B.H.A.); (Y.A.S.); (P.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Badreldin H. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Khoud 123, Oman; (M.A.Z.); (B.H.A.); (Y.A.S.); (P.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Yousuf Al Suleimani
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Khoud 123, Oman; (M.A.Z.); (B.H.A.); (Y.A.S.); (P.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Sirin A. Adham
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Priyadarsini Manoj
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Khoud 123, Oman; (M.A.Z.); (B.H.A.); (Y.A.S.); (P.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Ashique
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Khoud 123, Oman; (M.A.Z.); (B.H.A.); (Y.A.S.); (P.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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24
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Mosterd CM, Kanbay M, van den Born BJH, van Raalte DH, Rampanelli E. Intestinal microbiota and diabetic kidney diseases: the Role of microbiota and derived metabolites inmodulation of renal inflammation and disease progression. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101484. [PMID: 33546983 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) represents a growing public health burden and is the leading cause of end-stage kidney diseases. In recent years, host-gut microbiota interactions have emerged as an integral part for host homeostasis. In the context of nephropathies, mounting evidence supports a bidirectional microbiota-kidney crosstalk, which becomes particularly manifest during progressive kidney dysfunction. Indeed, in chronic kidney disease (CKD), the "healthy" microbiota structure is disrupted and intestinal microbes produce large quantities of uremic solutes responsible for renal damage; on the other hand, the uremic state, fueled by reduced renal clearance, causes shifts in microbial metabolism and composition, hence creating a vicious cycle in which dysbiosis and renal dysfunction are progressively worsened. In this review, we will summarize the evidence from clinical/experimental studies concerning the occurrence of gut dysbiosis in diabetic and non-diabetic CKD, discuss the functional consequences of dysbiosis for CKD progression and debate putative therapeutic interventions targeting the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Mosterd
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B J H van den Born
- Department of Nephrology and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, the Netherlands
| | - D H van Raalte
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Rampanelli
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Ruiz-Gonzalez A, Clancy AJ, Choy KL. Rapid detection of free and bound toxins using molecularly imprinted silica/graphene oxide hybrids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4043-4046. [PMID: 33885678 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, selective detection of biological analytes is necessary for early diagnosis, but is often complicated by the analytes being bound to proteins and the lack of fast and reliable systems available for their direct assessment. Here, a cheap, easily-assembled molecularly imprinted silica/graphene oxide hybrid is developed, which can selectively detect toxins linked to early-stage chronic kidney disease, down to femtomolar concentrations within 5 minutes. The hybrid material is capable of simultaneously and separately measuring free and bound analytes using with an ultra-low limit of detection in the femtomolar range, and uses processes intrinsically adaptable to any charged molecular analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J Clancy
- UCL Institute for Materials Discovery, UCL, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H0AJ, UK. and Department of Chemistry, UCL, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Kwang-Leong Choy
- UCL Institute for Materials Discovery, UCL, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H0AJ, UK.
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26
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Herič T, Vivoda T, Bogataj Š, Pajek J. Medium Cut-Off Dialysis Membrane and Dietary Fiber Effects on Inflammation and Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins: A Systematic Review and Protocol for an Interventional Study. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:244. [PMID: 33805509 PMCID: PMC8066258 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effects of the use of a medium cut-off membrane (MCO) and dietary fiber on the concentration of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Of 11,397 papers originally found, eight met the criteria of randomized controlled trial design. No study examined the effects of MCO membranes on PBUTs. Three studies examined the reduction in inflammatory markers with MCO membranes compared to high-flux HD membranes and showed no significant differences. Five studies of dietary fiber supplementation showed an inconclusive positive effect on PBUT levels and a significant positive effect on the reduction in inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 reduction: standardized difference in means -1.18; 95% confidence interval -1.45 to -0.9 for dietary fiber supplementation vs. control; p < 0.001). To date, no study has combined the use of an MCO membrane and fiber supplementation to reduce PBUT levels and inflammation with online hemodiafiltration as a comparator. A rationale and protocol for an interventional trial using a combination of MCO membrane dialysis and fiber supplementation to lower inflammatory markers and PBUT concentrations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Herič
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.H.); (T.V.); (Š.B.)
| | - Tjaša Vivoda
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.H.); (T.V.); (Š.B.)
| | - Špela Bogataj
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.H.); (T.V.); (Š.B.)
| | - Jernej Pajek
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.H.); (T.V.); (Š.B.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Harzandi A, Lee S, Bidkhori G, Saha S, Hendry BM, Mardinoglu A, Shoaie S, Sharpe CC. Acute kidney injury leading to CKD is associated with a persistence of metabolic dysfunction and hypertriglyceridemia. iScience 2021; 24:102046. [PMID: 33554059 PMCID: PMC7843454 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the pathophysiological hallmark of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). The kidney is a highly metabolically active organ, and it has been suggested that disruption in its metabolism leads to renal fibrosis. We developed a longitudinal mouse model of acute kidney injury leading to CKD and an in vitro model of epithelial to mesenchymal transition to study changes in metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Using transcriptomics, metabolic modeling, and serum metabolomics, we observed sustained fatty acid metabolic dysfunction in the mouse model from early to late stages of CKD. Increased fatty acid biosynthesis and downregulation of catabolic pathways for triglycerides and diacylglycerides were associated with a marked increase in these lipids in the serum. We therefore suggest that the kidney may be the source of the abnormal lipid profile seen in patients with CKD, which may provide insights into the association between CKD and cardiovascular disease. Following AKI, markers of fibrosis and inflammation go up simultaneously AKI is associated with reduced fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation Changes in metabolism persist as chronic kidney disease develops Changes in metabolism are associated with increased serum levels of triglycerides
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Harzandi
- Renal Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005
- Centre for Host–Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Centre for Host–Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Sujit Saha
- Renal Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Bruce M. Hendry
- Renal Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host–Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Solna, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
- Corresponding author
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host–Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Solna, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
- Corresponding author
| | - Claire C. Sharpe
- Renal Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, SE5 9NU London, UK
- Corresponding author
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28
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Microbiota-Mediated Immune Regulation in Atherosclerosis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010179. [PMID: 33401401 PMCID: PMC7795654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high level of interest in identifying metabolites of endogenously produced or dietary compounds generated by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiota, and determining the functions of these metabolites in health and disease. There is a wealth of compelling evidence that the microbiota is linked with many complex chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. Macrophages are key target immune cells in atherosclerosis. A hallmark of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages in coronary arteries that respond to pro-atherogenic stimuli and failure of digesting lipids that contribute to foam cell formation in atherosclerotic plaques. This review illustrates the role of tryptophan-derived microbiota metabolites as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand that has immunomodulatory properties. Also, microbiota-dependent trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) metabolite production is associated with a deleterious effect that promotes atherosclerosis, and metabolite indoxyl sulfate has been shown to exacerbate atherosclerosis. Our objective in this review is to discuss the role of microbiota-derived metabolites in atherosclerosis, specifically the consequences of microbiota-induced effects of innate immunity in response to atherogenic stimuli, and how specific beneficial/detrimental metabolites impact the development of atherosclerosis by regulating chronic endotoxemic and lipotoxic inflammation.
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Stanford J, Charlton K, Stefoska-Needham A, Zheng H, Bird L, Borst A, Fuller A, Lambert K. Associations Among Plant-Based Diet Quality, Uremic Toxins, and Gut Microbiota Profile in Adults Undergoing Hemodialysis Therapy. J Ren Nutr 2020; 31:177-188. [PMID: 32981834 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate associations among diet quality, serum uremic toxin concentrations, and the gut microbiota profile in adults undergoing hemodialysis therapy. DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a clinical trial involving adults receiving hemodialysis therapy. Usual dietary intake was determined using a diet history method administered by Accredited Practising Dietitians. Two approaches were used for diet quality assessment: (1) using three a priori defined plant-based diet indices-an overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthy PDI, and an unhealthy PDI and (2) classification of food group intake. Serum uremic toxins (p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate (IS); free and total) were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Gut microbiota composition was established through sequencing the 16S rRNA gene in stool samples. RESULTS Twenty-two adults (median age 70.5 [interquartile range: 59-76], 64% male) were included in the final analysis. Higher adherence to the PDI was associated with lower total IS levels (P = .028), independent of dialysis adequacy, urinary output, and blood albumin levels. In contrast, higher adherence to the unhealthy PDI was associated with increases in both free and total IS. Several other direct and inverse associations between diet quality with uremic toxins, microbial relative abundances, and diversity metrics were also highlighted. Diet-associated taxa showed significantly different trends of association with serum uremic toxin concentrations (P < .05). Higher adherence to the PDI was negatively associated with relative abundances of Haemophilus and Haemophilus parainfluenzae that were related to elevated total IS levels. In contrast, increased intake of food items considered unhealthy, such as animal fats, sweets and desserts, were associated with bacteria linked to higher IS and p-cresyl sulfate (total and free) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The quality of diet and food selections may influence uremic toxin production by the gut microbiota in adults receiving hemodialysis. Well-designed dietary intervention trials that adopt multi-omic technologies appropriate for the functional annotation of the gut microbiome are needed to validate our findings and establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Stanford
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Karen Charlton
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anita Stefoska-Needham
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Huimin Zheng
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Luke Bird
- Wollongong Hospital, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Addison Borst
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Fuller
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelly Lambert
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Beaumont M, Blachier F. Amino Acids in Intestinal Physiology and Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:1-20. [PMID: 32761567 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary protein digestion is an efficient process resulting in the absorption of amino acids by epithelial cells, mainly in the jejunum. Some amino acids are extensively metabolized in enterocytes supporting their high energy demand and/or production of bioactive metabolites such as glutathione or nitric oxide. In contrast, other amino acids are mainly used as building blocks for the intense protein synthesis associated with the rapid epithelium renewal and mucin production. Several amino acids have been shown to support the intestinal barrier function and the intestinal endocrine function. In addition, amino acids are metabolized by the gut microbiota that use them for their own protein synthesis and in catabolic pathways releasing in the intestinal lumen numerous metabolites such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, branched-chain amino acids, polyamines, phenolic and indolic compounds. Some of them (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) disrupts epithelial energy metabolism and may participate in mucosal inflammation when present in excess, while others (e.g. indole derivatives) prevent gut barrier dysfunction or regulate enteroendocrine functions. Lastly, some recent data suggest that dietary amino acids might regulate the composition of the gut microbiota, but the relevance for the intestinal health remains to be determined. In summary, amino acid utilization by epithelial cells or by intestinal bacteria appears to play a pivotal regulator role for intestinal homeostasis. Thus, adequate dietary supply of amino acids represents a key determinant of gut health and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - François Blachier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France.
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31
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Stanciu GD, Ababei DC, Bild V, Bild W, Paduraru L, Gutu MM, Tamba BI. Renal Contributions in the Pathophysiology and Neuropathological Substrates Shared by Chronic Kidney Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E563. [PMID: 32824404 PMCID: PMC7464898 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease and Alzheimer's disease are chronic conditions highly prevalent in elderly communities and societies, and a diagnosis of them is devastating and life changing. Demanding therapies and changes, such as non-compliance, cognitive impairment, and non-cognitive anomalies, may lead to supplementary symptoms and subsequent worsening of well-being and quality of life, impacting the socio-economic status of both patient and family. In recent decades, additional hypotheses have attempted to clarify the connection between these two diseases, multifactorial in their nature, but even so, the mechanisms behind this link are still elusive. In this paper, we sought to highlight the current understanding of the mechanisms for cognitive decline in patients with these concurrent pathologies and provide insight into the relationship between markers related to these disease entities and whether the potential biomarkers for renal function may be used for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Exploring detailed knowledge of etiologies, heterogeneity of risk factors, and neuropathological processes associated with these conditions opens opportunities for the development of new therapies and biomarkers to delay or slow their progression and validation of whether the setting of chronic kidney disease could be a potential determinant for cognitive damage in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
| | - Daniela Carmen Ababei
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Veronica Bild
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Walther Bild
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Luminita Paduraru
- Department Mother & Child Care, Division Neonatology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Marius Gutu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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32
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Xiang F, Cao X, Shen B, Chen X, Guo M, Ding X, Zou J. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Indoxyl Sulfate Should Be Culpable of Impaired T Cell Function in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:178. [PMID: 32435647 PMCID: PMC7218060 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic inflammation and immune system dysfunction have been evaluated as major factors in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to the high mortality rates observed in these populations. Uremic toxins seem to be the potential “missing link.” Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is one of the protein-bound renal toxins. It participates in multiple pathologies of CKD complications, yet its effect on immune cell has not been studied. This study aimed to explore the genome-wide expression profile in human peripheral blood T cells under stimulation by IS. Methods: In this study, we employed RNA-sequencing transcriptome profiling to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responding to IS stimulation in human peripheral T cells in vitro. Flow cytometry and western blot were used to verify the discovery in RNA-sequencing analysis. Results: Our results yielded a total of 5129 DEGs that were at least twofold up-regulated or down-regulated significantly by IS stimulation and half of them were concentration-specific. Analysis of T cell functional markers revealed a quite different transcription profile under various IS concentration. Transcription factors analysis showed the similar pattern. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) target genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, NQO1, and AhRR were up-regulated by IS stimulation. Pro-inflammatory genes TNF-α and IFN-γ were up-regulated as verified by flow cytometry analysis. DNA damage was induced by IS stimulation as confirmed by elevated protein level of p-ATM, p-ATR, p-BRCA1, and p-p53 in T cells. Conclusion: The toxicity of IS to T cells could be an important source of chronic inflammation in CKD patients. As an endogenous ligand of AhR, IS may influence multiple biological functions of T cells including inflammatory response and cell cycle regulation. Further researches are required to promulgate the underling mechanism and explore effective method of reserving T cell function in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesen Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Medical Center for Kidney, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhou Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Medical Center for Kidney, Shanghai, China
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Female AhR Knockout Mice Develop a Minor Renal Insufficiency in an Adenine-Diet Model of Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072483. [PMID: 32260098 PMCID: PMC7177716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation by tryptophan-derived uremic toxins-mainly indoxyl sulfate (IS). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor originally characterized as a receptor of xenobiotics involved in detoxification. The aim of this study was to determine the role of AhR in a CKD mouse model based on an adenine diet. Wild-type (WT) and AhR-/- mice were fed by alternating an adenine-enriched diet and a regular diet for 6 weeks. Our results showed an increased mortality rate of AhR-/- males. AhR-/- females survived and developed a less severe renal insufficiency that WT mice, reflected by urea, creatinine, and IS measurement in serum. The protective effect was related to a decrease of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene expression, an attenuation of tubular injury, and a decrease of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine crystal deposition in the kidneys of AhR-/- mice. These mice expressed low levels of xanthine dehydrogenase, which oxidizes adenine into 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, and low levels of the IS metabolism enzymes. In conclusion, the CKD model of adenine diet is not suitable for AhR knockout mice when studying the role of this transcription factor in cardiovascular complications, as observed in human CKD.
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Suga H, Ichimura Y, Oda M, Saitoh H. Different Correlation between Serum Levels of Indoxyl Sulfate and Estimated GFR in the Elderly with or without Dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1248/bpbreports.3.3_102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Suga
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokusei Hospital
| | - Yuichi Ichimura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Masako Oda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Hiroshi Saitoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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Pei J, Juni R, Harakalova M, Duncker DJ, Asselbergs FW, Koolwijk P, Hinsbergh VV, Verhaar MC, Mokry M, Cheng C. Indoxyl Sulfate Stimulates Angiogenesis by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Production via CYP1B1. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E454. [PMID: 31382511 PMCID: PMC6723868 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is an accumulative protein-bound uremic toxin found in patients with kidney disease. It is reported that IS impairs the vascular endothelium, but a comprehensive overview of all mechanisms active in IS-injury currently remains lacking. Here we performed RNA sequencing in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) after IS or control medium treatment and identified 1293 genes that were affected in a IS-induced response. Gene enrichment analysis highlighted pathways involved in altered vascular formation and cell metabolism. We confirmed these transcriptome profiles at the functional level by demonstrating decreased viability and increased cell senescence in response to IS treatment. In line with the additional pathways highlighted by the transcriptome analysis, we further could demonstrate that IS exposure of HUVECs promoted tubule formation as shown by the increase in total tubule length in a 3D HUVECs/pericytes co-culture assay. Notably, the pro-angiogenic response of IS and increased ROS production were abolished when CYP1B1, one of the main target genes that was highly upregulated by IS, was silenced. This observation indicates IS-induced ROS in endothelial cells is CYP1B1-dependent. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that IS promotes angiogenesis and CYP1B1 is an important factor in IS-activated angiogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Pei
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rio Juni
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Harakalova
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, NW1 2DA, UK
- Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Pieter Koolwijk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Heamatology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Paediatrics, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Roberts J, Zinchenko A, Mahbubani K, Johnstone J, Smith L, Merzbach V, Blacutt M, Banderas O, Villasenor L, Vårvik FT, Henselmans M. Satiating Effect of High Protein Diets on Resistance-Trained Subjects in Energy Deficit. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010056. [PMID: 30597865 PMCID: PMC6356668 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term energy deficit strategies are practiced by weight class and physique athletes, often involving high protein intakes to maximize satiety and maintain lean mass despite a paucity of research. This study compared the satiating effect of two protein diets on resistance-trained individuals during short-term energy deficit. Following ethical approval, 16 participants (age: 28 ± 2 years; height: 1.72 ± 0.03 m; body-mass: 88.83 ± 5.54 kg; body-fat: 21.85 ± 1.82%) were randomly assigned to 7-days moderate (PROMOD: 1.8 g·kg-1·d-1) or high protein (PROHIGH: 2.9 g·kg-1·d-1) matched calorie-deficit diets in a cross-over design. Daily satiety responses were recorded throughout interventions. Pre-post diet, plasma ghrelin and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), and satiety ratings were assessed in response to a protein-rich meal. Only perceived satisfaction was significantly greater following PROHIGH (67.29 ± 4.28 v 58.96 ± 4.51 mm, p = 0.04). Perceived cravings increased following PROMOD only (46.25 ± 4.96 to 57.60 ± 4.41 mm, p = 0.01). Absolute ghrelin concentration significantly reduced post-meal following PROMOD (972.8 ± 130.4 to 613.6 ± 114.3 pg·mL-1; p = 0.003), remaining lower than PROHIGH at 2 h (-0.40 ± 0.06 v -0.26 ± 0.06 pg·mL-1 normalized relative change; p = 0.015). Absolute PYY concentration increased to a similar extent post-meal (PROMOD: 84.9 ± 8.9 to 147.1 ± 11.9 pg·mL-1, PROHIGH: 100.6 ± 9.5 to 143.3 ± 12.0 pg·mL-1; p < 0.001), but expressed as relative change difference was significantly greater for PROMOD at 2 h (+0.39 ± 0.20 pg·mL-1 v -0.28 ± 0.12 pg·mL-1; p = 0.001). Perceived hunger, fullness and satisfaction post-meal were comparable between diets (p > 0.05). However, desire to eat remained significantly blunted for PROMOD (p = 0.048). PROHIGH does not confer additional satiating benefits in resistance-trained individuals during short-term energy deficit. Ghrelin and PYY responses to a test-meal support the contention that satiety was maintained following PROMOD, although athletes experiencing negative symptoms (i.e., cravings) may benefit from protein-rich meals as opposed to over-consumption of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Roberts
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Anastasia Zinchenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Kings College, University of Cambridge, Kings Parade, Cambridge CB2 1ST, UK.
- International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - James Johnstone
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Lee Smith
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Viviane Merzbach
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Miguel Blacutt
- International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Oscar Banderas
- International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luis Villasenor
- International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fredrik T Vårvik
- International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Menno Henselmans
- International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, 1073 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yamada Y, Harada M, Hashimoto K, Guo R, Nakajima T, Kashihara T, Yamada M, Aoyama T, Kamijo Y. Impact of chronic kidney dysfunction on serum Sulfatides and its metabolic pathway in mice. Glycoconj J 2018; 36:1-11. [PMID: 30536036 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum sulfatides are critical glycosphingolipids that are present in lipoproteins and exert anticoagulant effects. A previous study reported decreased levels of serum sulfatides in hemodialysis patients and suggested an association with cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanism of changes in serum sulfatides in chronic kidney dysfunction has not been well investigated. The current study examined whether a chronic kidney disease (CKD) state could decrease serum sulfatide levels using 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NCKD) mice, an established CKD murine model, and studied the mechanisms contributing to diminished sulfatides. 5/6NCKD mice and sham operation control mice were sacrificed at the 4th or 12th postoperative week (POW) for measurement of serum sulfatide levels. Hepatic sulfatide content, which is the origin of serum sulfatides, and the expression of sulfatide metabolic enzymes in liver tissue were assessed as well. The 5/6NCKD mice developed CKD and showed increased serum creatinine and indoxyl sulfate. The serum levels and hepatic amounts of sulfatides were significantly decreased in 5/6NCKD mice at both 4 and 12 POW, while the degradative enzymes of sulfatides arylsulfatase A and galactosylceramidase were significantly increased. In a Hepa1-6 murine liver cell line, indoxyl sulfate addition caused intracellular levels of sulfatides to decrease and degradative enzymes of sulfatides to increase in a manner comparable to the changes in 5/6NCKD mice liver tissue. In conclusion, chronic kidney dysfunction causes degradation of sulfatides in the liver to decrease serum sulfatide levels. One explanation of these results is that indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, accelerates the degradation of sulfatides in liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Makoto Harada
- Department of Nephrology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Koji Hashimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takero Nakajima
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Agricultural Food Industry, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kashihara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Aoyama
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamijo
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
- Department of Nephrology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
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Blachier F, Beaumont M, Portune KJ, Steuer N, Lan A, Audebert M, Khodorova N, Andriamihaja M, Airinei G, Benamouzig R, Davila AM, Armand L, Rampelli S, Brigidi P, Tomé D, Claus SP, Sanz Y. High-protein diets for weight management: Interactions with the intestinal microbiota and consequences for gut health. A position paper by the my new gut study group. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1012-1022. [PMID: 30274898 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This review examines to what extent high-protein diets (HPD), which may favor body weight loss and improve metabolic outcomes in overweight and obese individuals, may also impact the gut environment, shaping the microbiota and the host-microbe (co)metabolic pathways and products, possibly affecting large intestine mucosa homeostasis. METHODS PubMed-referenced publications were analyzed with an emphasis on dietary intervention studies involving human volunteers in order to clarify the beneficial vs. deleterious effects of HPD in terms of both metabolic and gut-related health parameters; taking into account the interactions with the gut microbiota. RESULTS HPD generally decrease body weight and improve blood metabolic parameters, but also modify the fecal and urinary contents in various bacterial metabolites and co-metabolites. The effects of HPD on the intestinal microbiota composition appear rather heterogeneous depending on the type of dietary intervention. Recently, HPD consumption was shown to modify the expression of genes playing key roles in homeostatic processes in the rectal mucosa, without evidence of intestinal inflammation. Importantly, the effects of HPD on the gut were dependent on the protein source (i.e. from plant or animal sources), a result which should be considered for further investigations. CONCLUSION Although HPD appear to be efficient for weight loss, the effects of HPD on microbiota-derived metabolites and gene expression in the gut raise new questions on the impact of HPD on the large intestine mucosa homeostasis leading the authors to recommend some caution regarding the utilization of HPD, notably in a recurrent and/or long-term ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - Martin Beaumont
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Joseph Portune
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agronomy and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nils Steuer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Toulouse, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Gheorghe Airinei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Robert Benamouzig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Armand
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Paule Claus
- Department of Food Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agronomy and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain
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Tan X, Cao XS, Zhang P, Xiang FF, Teng J, Zou JZ, Ding XQ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress associated apoptosis as a novel mechanism in indoxyl sulfate‑induced cardiomyocyte toxicity. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5117-5122. [PMID: 30272270 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a typical uremic toxin, is of great importance in the development of chronic kidney disease. In addition to its nephrotoxicity, previous studies have provided increasing evidence for its cardiovascular toxicity. The mechanism underlying IS‑induced cardiovascular toxicity has been elusive to date. The present study aimed to evaluate whether IS treatment could induce apoptosis of H9C2 cells, and used the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‑modulator 4‑phenylbutyric acid (4‑PBA) to evaluate whether IS‑induced apoptosis is indeed associated with ERS. To evaluate whether IS induces apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes, cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of IS (500, 1,000, and 2,000 µM) for 24 h, and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. To determine whether IS‑induced apoptosis is associated with ERS, cells were divided into 4 groups: control group, PBA group, IS group and PBA+IS group. IS dose‑dependently induced apoptosis, and increased the expression of ER chaperones in H9C2 cells. Additionally, 4‑PBA treatment decreased IS‑induced apoptosis, and reduced ERS‑associated protein expression induced by IS. Therefore, the mechanism may be associated with the CCAAT‑enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Sen Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Teng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhou Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Ali BH, Al Za'abi M, Adham SA, Al Suleimani Y, Karaca T, Manoj P, Al Kalbani J, Yasin J, Nemmar A. The effect of sildenafil on rats with adenine-Induced chronic kidney disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:391-402. [PMID: 30236848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The erectile dysfunction drug sildenafil has cardiopulmonary protective actions, and a nephroprotective action in cisplatin and ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Here, we assessed its possible ameliorative action in a model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using adenine feeding. Eight groups of rats were treated with saline (controls), adenine (0.25% w/w in feed daily for 5 weeks), and oral sildenafil (0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg), either alone, or concomitantly with adenine. Urine was collected 24 h after the end of the treatments from all rats and blood pressure measured, followed by collection of blood and kidneys for the measurement of several functional, biochemical and histopathological parameters. Adenine treatment reduced body weight, creatinine renal clearance, and increased water intake and urine output, as well as the plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity, and albumin in urine. Adenine also increased the concentrations of the uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate, uric acid and phosphate, and a number of proteins and inflammatory cytokines, and decreased that of several anti - oxidant indices. Renal histopathological markers of damage (inflammation and fibrosis) were significantly increased by adenine. Sildenafil, given simultaneously with adenine, induced a dose - dependent improvements in most of the above parameters, suggesting its possible use as adjunct treatment for CKD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreldin H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al Za'abi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Sirin A Adham
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yousuf Al Suleimani
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Turan Karaca
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Trakya, Balkan Campus, 22030, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Priyadarsini Manoj
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Jamila Al Kalbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Javid Yasin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Pieniazek A, Gwozdzinski L, Hikisz P, Gwozdzinski K. Indoxyl Sulfate Generates Free Radicals, Decreases Antioxidant Defense, and Leads to Damage to Mononuclear Blood Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:869-875. [PMID: 30110159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a uremic toxin that has been associated with inflammation and oxidative stress as well as with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). IS is a protein metabolite that is concentrated in the serum of CKD patients. IS is a well-known uremic toxin, but there are very few reports on the effect of IS on cells including mononuclear cells (MNCs). We hypothesized that a high concentration of IS in CKD patients may induce changes in redox balance in the in vitro cells exposed. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IS on free radical production, antioxidant capacity, and protein damage in the mononuclear blood cells. As already determined, the concentrations (0.2 or 1 mM) of IS used in this study do not affect the survival rate of MNCs. For both the concentrations of IS, there was an increase in superoxide and nitric oxide and a release of other reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cells, as measured using fluorescent probes. However, an increase in other ROS as indicated by H2DCF-DA was found only for 1 mM of IS. Moreover, a decrease in the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and an increase in the superoxide dismutase activity after incubation of the cells with IS were observed. Furthermore, we found an increase in the levels of carbonyl compounds and peroxides in the cells treated with both the concentrations of IS. The obtained results show that IS induces oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant defense in cells leading to lipid and protein damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pieniazek
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz 90-236 , Poland
| | - Lukasz Gwozdzinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz 90-752 , Poland
| | - Paweł Hikisz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz 90-236 , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gwozdzinski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz 90-236 , Poland
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Dietary Leucine Supplement Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Diabetic Nephropathy in db/db Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071921. [PMID: 29966331 PMCID: PMC6073714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary leucine supplementation has been explored for the therapeutic intervention of obesity and obesity-induced metabolic dysfunctions. In this study, we aim to examine the effects of dietary leucine supplementation in db/db mice. Mice were treated with or without leucine (1.5% w/v) in drinking water for 12 weeks. The leucine supplement was found to reduce insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in db/db mice. Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based lipidomics, we found that the reduction of hepatic triglyceride synthesis was correlated with attenuated development of fatty liver. In addition, diabetic nephropathy (DN) was also ameliorated by leucine. Using liquid chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF MS)-based urine metabolomics analysis, we found that the disturbance of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was reversed by leucine. The beneficial effects of leucine were probably due to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in the liver and kidneys of db/db mice. Thus, dietary leucine supplementation may potentially be a nutritional intervention to attenuate hepatic steatosis and early DN in type II diabetes.
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Ellis RJ, Small DM, Ng KL, Vesey DA, Vitetta L, Francis RS, Gobe GC, Morais C. Indoxyl Sulfate Induces Apoptosis and Hypertrophy in Human Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:449-459. [PMID: 29683083 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318768171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a protein-bound uremic toxin that accumulates in patients with declining kidney function. Although generally thought of as a consequence of declining kidney function, emerging evidence demonstrates direct cytotoxic role of IS on endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes, largely through the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors. The direct toxicity of IS on human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) remains a matter of debate. The current study explored the effect of IS on primary cultures of human PTECs and HK-2, an immortalized human PTEC line. Pathologically relevant concentrations of IS induced apoptosis and increased the expression of the proapoptotic molecule Bax in both cell types. IS impaired mitochondrial metabolic activity and induced cellular hypertrophy. Furthermore, statistically significant upregulation of pro-fibrotic (transforming growth factor-β, fibronectin) and pro-inflammatory molecules (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α) in response to IS was observed. Albumin had no influence on the toxicity of IS. The results of this study suggest that IS directly induced a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic phenotype in proximal tubular cells. In light of the associated apoptosis, hypertrophy, and metabolic dysfunction, this study demonstrates that IS may play a role in the progression of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ellis
- 1 Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,2 Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David M Small
- 1 Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Keng Lim Ng
- 1 Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,2 Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- 1 Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,4 Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- 5 Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,6 Medlab Clinical, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ross S Francis
- 1 Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,4 Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- 1 Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- 1 Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Chen W, Wu Y, Bi R, Liu S, Liu Z, Liu Z, Song F, Shi Y. Therapeutic Effects of Selaginella tamariscina
on the Model of Acute Gout with Hyperuricemia in Rats Based on Metabolomics Analysis. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130021 China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130021 China
| | - Rongbing Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130021 China
| | - Shu Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130021 China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130021 China
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