Headache education by leaflet distribution during COVID-19 vaccination and school-based on-demand e-learning: Itoigawa Geopark Headache Awareness Campaign

Association between awareness and knowledge of medication-overuse headache with medication-taking behavior among adults with migraine

Frequent use of pain relief medications among patients with migraine can result in disease worsening and medication-overuse headache (MOH), a painful and debilitating condition. We sought to conduct a cross-sectional survey among adult patients diagnosed with migraine to determine: 1) their awareness of MOH, and 2) their knowledge of the condition and its prevention, and 3) the association of these factors with actual use of pain relief medications. We recruited and interviewed 200 English-speaking adults with migraine who had a clinic visit with a neurologist or primary care provider within the past month. Patients were identified via an electronic health record query. Almost 40% of participants had never heard of the term 'medication-overuse headache.' In bivariate analyses, participants who were Black or Hispanic and those with limited health literacy were less likely to have heard of MOH. Participants scored an average of 2.1 (range: 0-3) on a MOH knowledge measure; older participants, those with limited health literacy, lower education, and little or no migraine-related disability demonstrated less knowledge. Almost a third (31.5%) of patients reported overusing pain relief medication and were at risk for MOH. Overuse was not significantly associated with MOH awareness, knowledge, or sociodemographic factors, but was related to greater migraine-related disability. Our findings suggest that patient awareness and knowledge of MOH is suboptimal, particularly among older adults, racial and ethnic minority groups, and those with limited health literacy. Interventions are needed to prevent MOH and better inform patients about risks associated with frequent use of pain relief medications.

The Nursing Role in the Management of Medication Overuse Headache: Realities and Prospects

This review aims to analyze the current literature to identify articles related to the role of nurses and, in general, the nursing management of patients suffering from medication overuse headache (MOH), a globally spread disease. We specifically argue for non-pharmacological approaches to pain management, such as multidisciplinary team approaches, holistic treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise. For this review, we investigated international scientific databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Embase, in the period between 2000 and 2024. We observed a wealth of scientific articles related to MOH, but a poverty of articles relating to the nursing management of headache. The research included the presence of academic-level training for nurses, whereas there are few institutions that train competent professionals in both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of MOH patients. Nursing assessment and assistance strategies are indicated to plan tailored treatment paths related to the specific needs of these patients.

Preliminary External Validation Results of the Artificial Intelligence-Based Headache Diagnostic Model: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study

The misdiagnosis of headache disorders is a serious issue, and AI-based headache model diagnoses with external validation are scarce. We previously developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based headache diagnosis model using a database of 4000 patients' questionnaires in a headache-specializing clinic and herein performed external validation prospectively. The validation cohort of 59 headache patients was prospectively collected from August 2023 to February 2024 at our or collaborating multicenter institutions. The ground truth was specialists' diagnoses based on the initial questionnaire and at least a one-month headache diary after the initial consultation. The diagnostic performance of the AI model was evaluated. The mean age was 42.55 ± 12.74 years, and 51/59 (86.67%) of the patients were female. No missing values were reported. Of the 59 patients, 56 (89.83%) had migraines or medication-overuse headaches, and 3 (5.08%) had tension-type headaches. No one had trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias or other headaches. The models' overall accuracy and kappa for the ground truth were 94.92% and 0.65 (95%CI 0.21-1.00), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F values for migraines were 98.21%, 66.67%, 98.21%, and 98.21%, respectively. There was disagreement between the AI diagnosis and the ground truth by headache specialists in two patients. This is the first external validation of the AI headache diagnosis model. Further data collection and external validation are required to strengthen and improve its performance in real-world settings.

Long-Term Use of Rimegepant 75 mg for the Acute Treatment of Migraine is Associated with a Reduction in the Utilization of Select Analgesics and Antiemetics

Purpose

To examine use of concomitant analgesics and antiemetics during treatment with rimegepant in adults with migraine.

Patients and Methods

This was a post hoc analysis of a long-term, open-label, safety study in adults with a history of 2-14 moderate or severe migraine attacks per month. Participants self-administered rimegepant 75 mg (1) up to once daily as needed (PRN) for 52 weeks or (2) every other day plus PRN (EOD+PRN) for 12 weeks. The PRN cohort was further divided based on baseline attack frequency, with PRN (2-8) and PRN (9-14) cohorts having a history of 2-8 or 9-14 attacks per month, respectively. Use of select analgesics and antiemetics was analyzed during a 30-day pre-treatment observation period (OP) and during rimegepant treatment.

Results

Overall, 1800 rimegepant-treated participants (PRN n = 1514, EOD+PRN n = 286) were included in the analysis. Select analgesics or antiemetics were used by 80.1% of participants during the OP. Among 1441 participants using analgesics or antiemetics during the OP, the proportion who did not use any analgesics or antiemetics following initiation of rimegepant treatment increased during weeks 1-4 (36.9%), 5-8 (52.6%), and 9-12 (56.5%). The mean number of days per month using analgesics or antiemetics was also significantly reduced over time in all cohorts beginning at weeks 1-4 (P < 0.001 vs OP). This pattern of reduced analgesic or antiemetic use was consistent for all rimegepant cohorts, but was most pronounced in the EOD+PRN cohort in which 74.8% of participants reported ≥50% reduction in analgesic/antiemetic days at weeks 9-12. Reduction in use was maintained over time, with 61.3% of participants not using any analgesics or antiemetics during weeks 49-52 of PRN treatment.

Conclusion

Long-term treatment with oral rimegepant was associated with reduced analgesic and antiemetic use. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03266588.

Analysis of Acupoint Selection Rules for Guasha Treatment of Primary Headaches Based on Data Mining

Objective

We aimed to understand the commonly used acupoints and the acupoint combination rules in Guasha therapy for primary headaches using data mining technology, providing a reference for the clinical application of Guasha therapy for primary headaches.

Methods

Literature related to Guasha therapy for primary headaches in PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched, up until May 12, 2023. A database of acupoints for Guasha therapy for primary headaches was established in Excel. The frequency of the acupoints used for Guasha in therapy of primary headaches were calculated by SPSS 25.0. The association rules between the acupoints were further described using SPSS Modeler 18.0.

Results

A total of 67 papers were included, involving 51 acupoints for Guasha against primary headaches. The most commonly used acupoints were Fengchi, Baihui, Taiyang, Shuaigu, Tianzhu, and Hegu. The common acupoint combinations for Guasha therapy for primary headaches were Fengchi-Taiyang, Fengchi-Baihui, Fengchi-Taiyang-Baihui, Fengchi-Tianzhu-Baihui, and Fengchi-Shuaigu-Taiyang-Baihui.

Conclusion

Data mining can effectively analyze the commonly used acupoints and the acupoint combination rules in Guasha therapy for primary headaches, providing a reliable basis for clinical acupoint selection.

Pericranial Muscle Stiffness, Pain Thresholds, and Tenderness during a Treatment Cycle of OnabotulinumtoxinA for Chronic Migraine Prevention

BACKGROUND

Treatment with OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) is effective as a preventive treatment for chronic migraine (CM). Preclinical studies suggest that the mechanism of action of BoNT-A in migraine is based on blocking unmyelinated C fibers. We aimed to investigate whether the muscle-relaxing effect of BoNT-A is associated with the preventive mechanism in patients with chronic migraine by measuring the stiffness, pain thresholds, and tenderness of the BoNT-A-applied muscles.

METHODS

A total of 22 patients with CM who were already in BoNT-A treatment participated in this longitudinal prospective study. Pericranial muscle stiffness was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography, which measures the speed of shear waves propagating through the muscle. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were obtained via algometry, and muscle tenderness was measured via manual palpation. Measurements were made before BoNT-A injections and six weeks after the treatment. The measurements were performed while the muscles were maximally relaxed. The patients also completed daily diaries on headache and neck pain.

RESULTS

No change was observed in muscle stiffness (p = 0.737) or pericranial muscle tenderness (p = 0.400). The PPT over the trapezius muscles increased from 250 kPa before treatment to 304 kPa six weeks after treatment (p = 0.027). No change was observed on the temporalis muscles (p = 0.200) nor the non-dominant index finger (p = 0.067). BoNT-A decreased neck pain (p = 0.008) and headache (p = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that BoNT-A leads to the desensitization of cutaneous and muscle nociceptors in the head and neck regions, whereas muscle relaxation might not be an important part of the anti-migraine effect.

Real-world observations and impacts of Chinese herbal medicine for migraine: results of a registry-based cohort study

Background: Migraine is a prevalent, recurrent condition with substantial disease burden. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used frequently for migraine in controlled clinical settings. This study is to summarise the characteristics of patients who seek clinical care in a tertiary Chinese medicine hospital in China; to gather their preferences and values of using CHM; to explore the effect of CHM for migraine and its comorbidities in a real-world setting, and to collect first-hand expertise of clinicians' practice pattern in prescribing CHM for migraine. Methods: This registry-based cohort study was prospectively conducted at Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine from December 2020 to May 2022. Adult migraine patients seeking their initial anti-migraine clinical care at the hospital were consecutively recruited and followed up for 12 weeks. Practitioners specialised in headache management prescribed individualised treatments without research interference. Standardised case report forms were employed to gather information on patients' preferences and perspective of seeking clinical care, as well as to assess participants' migraine severity, comorbidities, and quality of life, at 4-weeks intervals. Various analytical methods were utilised based on the computed data. Results: In this study, we observed 248 participants. Of these, 73 received CHM treatment for 28 days or longer. Notably, these participants exhibited a greater disease severity, compared to those treated with CHM for less than 28 days. Of the 248 participants, 83.47% of them expected CHM would effectively reduce the severity of their migraine, around 50% expected effects for migraine-associated comorbidities, while 51.61% expressing concerns about potential side effects. CHM appeared to be effective in reducing monthly migraine days and pain intensity, improving patients' quality of life, and potentially reducing comorbid anxiety, with a minimum of 28 days CHM treatment. Herbs such as gan cao, gui zhi, chuan xiong, fu ling, bai zhu, yan hu suo, etc. were frequently prescribed for migraine, based on patients' specific symptoms. Conclusion: CHM appeared to be beneficial for migraine and comorbid anxiety in real-world clinical practice when used continuously for 28 days or more. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, identifier ChiCTR2000041003.

Treatment Patterns for and Characteristics of Headache in Children and Adolescents Aged 6-17 Years in Japan: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of Health Insurance Claims Data

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the prescription patterns for patients aged 6-17 years with headaches in the REZULT database.

METHODS

We cross-sectionally investigated (Study 1) the pattern of prescription and the proportion of triptan overprescription (≥30 tablets/90 d of triptans) among patients diagnosed with headaches in 2020. Next, we longitudinally studied patients (Study 2) for more than two years from the initial headache diagnosis (July 2010 to April 2022). The number of prescribed tablets was counted every 90 days.

RESULTS

In Study 1, headache diagnoses were assigned to 62,568 of 543,628 (11.51%) patients, and 1524 of 62,568 (2.44%) patients received acute medication. Single nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and triptans were prescribed to 620/624 (99.36%) and 5/624 (0.80%) of patients aged 6-11 years, respectively, and 827/900 (91.89%) and 91/900 (10.11%) of patients aged 12-17 years, respectively. Triptan overprescription was observed in 11/96 (11.46%) patients, and 5/11 (45.45%) of those patients received prophylactic medication. In Study 2, 80,756/845,470 (9.55%) patients aged 6-17 years were diagnosed with headaches that persisted for at least two years. Over two years, 44/80,756 (0.05%) patients were overprescribed triptans, and 3408/80,756 (4.22%) patients were prescribed prophylaxis on at least one occasion.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on real-world data, the appropriate use of prophylactic treatment is still problematic. Overprescription of triptans was observed, although the number of patients was small.

Treatment patterns and characteristics of headache in patients in Japan: A retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of health insurance claims data

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to investigate prescription patterns for patients aged over 17 years with headaches in the REZULT database.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study (Study 1) of the proportion of over-prescription of acute medications (≥30 tablets/90 days for triptans, combination non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and multiple types; ≥45 tablets/90 days for single NSAIDs) among patients with headache diagnosed in 2020. We longitudinally studied (Study 2) patients for >2 years from initial headache diagnosis (July 2010 to April 2022). The number of prescribed tablets was counted every 90 days.

RESULTS

In Study 1, headache was diagnosed in 200,055 of 3,638,125 (5.5%) patients: 13,651/200,055 (6.8%) received acute medication. Single NSAIDs were prescribed to 12,297/13,651 (90.1%) patients and triptans to 1710/13,651 (12.5%). Over-prescription was found in 2262/13,651 (16.6%) patients and 1200/13,651 (8.8%) patients received prophylactic medication. In Study 2, 408,183/6,840,618 (6.0%) patients were first diagnosed with headaches, which persisted for ≥2 years. Over time, the proportion of patients over-prescribed acute medications increased. Over 2 years, 37,617/408,183 (9.2%) patients were over-prescribed acute medications and 29,313/408,183 (7.2%) patients were prescribed prophylaxis at least once.

CONCLUSIONS

According to real-world data, prophylaxis remains poorly prescribed, and both acute and prophylactic treatment rates for headaches have increased over time.

Headache Education by E-Learning Through Social Networking Services (Social Media)

Introduction

Headache is a common public health problem, but its burden could be avoided by raising headache awareness and the appropriate use of acute medication and prophylactic medication. Few reports on raising headache awareness in the general public have been reported, and there are no reports on headache awareness campaigns through social networking services (SNS), or social media, in Japan. We prospectively performed a headache awareness campaign from March 2022 through 2 SNS, targeting nurse and wind instrumental musicians, because they are with high headache prevalence.

Methods

Through the 2 SNS, the article and video were distributed, respectively. The article and video described the 6 important topics for the general public about headaches, which were described in the Clinical Practice Guideline for Headache Disorders 2021. Just after reading or watching them as e-learning, we performed online questionnaire sheets to investigate the awareness of the 6 topics through the 2 SNS. The awareness of the 6 topics before and after the campaign was evaluated.

Results

In the SNS nurse-senka, we obtained 1191 responses. Women comprised 94.4%, and the median (range) age was 45 (20 to 71) years old. Headache sufferers were 63.8%, but only 35.1% had consulted doctors. In the SNS Creatone, we got the response from 134 professional musicians, with 77.3% of women. The largest number of respondents were in their 20s (range 18-60 years old). Headache sufferers were 87.9%. Of them, 36.4% had consulted doctors, 24.2% were medication-overuse headache. The ratios of individuals who were aware of the 6 topics significantly increased from 15.2%-47.0% to 80.4-98.7% after the online questionnaire in both SNS (p < 0.001, all).

Conclusion

E-learning and online survey via SNS can improve headache awareness.

Persistent post-COVID headache is associated with suppression of scale-free functional brain dynamics in non-hospitalized individuals

INTRODUCTION

Post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome (PACS) is a growing concern, with headache being a particularly debilitating symptom with high prevalence. The long-term effects of COVID-19 and post-COVID headache on brain function remain poorly understood, particularly among non-hospitalized individuals. This study focused on the power-law scaling behavior of functional brain dynamics, indexed by the Hurst exponent (H). This measure is suppressed during physiological and psychological distress and was thus hypothesized to be reduced in individuals with post-COVID syndrome, with greatest reductions among those with persistent headache.

METHODS

Resting-state blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected for 57 individuals who had COVID-19 (32 with no headache, 14 with ongoing headache, 11 recovered) and 17 controls who had cold and flu-like symptoms but  tested negative for COVID-19. Individuals were assessed an average of 4-5 months after COVID testing, in a cross-sectional, observational study design.

RESULTS

No significant differences in H values were found between non-headache COVID-19 and control groups., while those with ongoing headache had significantly reduced H values, and those who had recovered from headache had elevated H values, relative to non-headache groups. Effects were greatest in temporal, sensorimotor, and insular brain regions. Reduced H in these regions was also associated with decreased BOLD activity and local functional connectivity.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings provide new insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie persistent post-COVID headache, with reduced BOLD scaling as a potential biomarker that is specific to this debilitating condition.

Headache and NOTCH3 Gene Variants in Patients with CADASIL

Autosomal dominant cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited vascular disease characterized by recurrent strokes, cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, apathy, and migraine. Approximately 40% of patients with CADASIL experience migraine with aura (MA). In addition to MA, CADASIL patients are described in the literature as having migraine without aura (MO) and other types of headaches. Mutations in the NOTCH3 gene cause CADASIL. This study investigated NOTCH3 genetic variants in CADASIL patients and their potential association with headache types. Genetic tests were performed on 30 patients with CADASIL (20 women aged 43.6 ± 11.5 and 10 men aged 39.6 ± 15.8). PCR-HRM and sequencing methods were used in the genetic study. We described three variants as pathogenic/likely pathogenic (p.Tyr189Cys, p.Arg153Cys, p.Cys144Arg) and two benign variants (p.Ala202=, p.Thr101=) in the NOTCH3 gene and also presented the NOTCH3 gene variant (chr19:15192258 G>T), which has not been previously described in the literature. Patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants had similar headache courses. People with benign variants showed a more diverse clinical picture. It seems that different NOTCH3 variants may contribute to the differential presentation of a CADASIL headache, highlighting the diagnostic and prognostic value of headache characteristics in this disease.

Oxybutynin for Primary Palmer Hyperhidrosis Attenuates Migraine Attacks and Burdens

Migraine is a neurological disorder with recurrent headaches accompanied by burdens in social life. Primary palmar hyperhidrosis is a chronic condition with excessive sweating of the palms that can significantly impair quality of life. Primary hyperhidrosis can cause anxiety, and stress, including anxiety, is the most common inducer of migraine headaches. Recently, oxybutynin has been used for primary palmar hyperhidrosis. We herein describe a 26-year-old female migraine patient with primary palmar hyperhidrosis whose migraine attacks and burdens were attenuated after the prescription of an oxybutynin lotion formula. The patient's monthly headache days (MHD) and monthly acute medication intake days (AMD) at the first visit were 10 and 9. Headache Impact Score 6 (HIT-6) at the initial visit was 63. After the prescription of Japanese herbal kampo medicine Goreisan (TJ-17), Goshuyuto (TJ-31), and 200 mg of valproic acid, MHD, AMD, and HIT-6 decreased gradually. However, these parameters could not improve sufficiently at nine months: MHD 4, AMD 4, and HIT-6 52. We first prescribed a lotion formulation of 20% oxybutynin hydrochloride at nine months. After this, migraine was further attenuated, and stress related to primary palmar hyperhidrosis was reduced; at 12 months, the patient had achieved MHD 2, AMD 2, and HIT-6 48. She will continue receiving primary palmar hyperhidrosis treatment while tapering off migraine prophylaxis. While the exact mechanisms connecting migraine and primary hyperhidrosis remain uncertain, this case raises important questions about the potential interplay between stress, sweating, and migraine triggers.

The Influence of Patent Foramen Ovale on the Clinical Features of Migraine without Aura: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective

To investigate the influence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) on the clinical features of migraine without aura (MoA).

Methods

We consecutively enrolled 390 MoA patients and compared the frequency of headache, episode duration, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Headache Impact Test 6 (HIT-6), and European Health Interview Survey-Quality of Life 8-item index (EUROHIS-QOL8) scores of patients with and without PFO, those with the mild right-to-left shunt (RLS) and moderate to large RLS, and those with permanent RLS and latent RLS using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. In addition, we analyzed the clinical features of migraine in 39 MoA patients before and after PFO closure treatment using the paired Wilcoxon test.

Results

The prevalence of PFO in the 390 MoA patients was 44.4%. Patients with PFO had significantly higher frequency of headaches, VAS scores, HIT-6 scores, and incidence of white matter lesions than those without PFO (all p< 0.05). Patients with moderate to large RLS had significantly higher VAS scores than those with mild RLS (p = 0.002). Additionally, 39 MoA patients underwent PFO closure, which remarkably decreased their frequency of headache, episode duration, VAS scores, and HIT-6 scores, and increased their EUROHIS-QOL8 scores.

Conclusion

The migraine features in MoA patients could be influenced by PFO, especially in patients with moderate to large shunt, in whom PFO closure improved the symptoms.

Migraine as a Disease Associated with Dysbiosis and Possible Therapy with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

Migraine is a painful neurological condition characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head. It may be linked to changes in the gut microbiota, which are influenced by antibiotic use and other factors. Dysbiosis, which develops and persists as a result of earlier antibiotic therapy, changes the composition of the intestinal flora, and can lead to the development of various diseases such as metabolic disorders, obesity, hematological malignancies, neurological or behavioral disorders, and migraine. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiome have been shown to influence the gut-brain axis. The use of probiotics as a dietary supplement may reduce the number and severity of migraine episodes. Dietary strategies can affect the course of migraines and are a valuable tool for improving migraine management. With fecal microbiota transplantation, gut microbial restoration is more effective and more durable. Changes after fecal microbiota transplantation were studied in detail, and many data help us to interpret the successful interventions. The microbiological alteration of the gut microflora can lead to normalization of the inflammatory mediators, the serotonin pathway, and influence the frequency and intensity of migraine pain.

Developing an Artificial Intelligence-Based Pediatric and Adolescent Migraine Diagnostic Model

Introduction Misdiagnosis of pediatric and adolescent migraine is a significant problem. The first artificial intelligence (AI)-based pediatric migraine diagnosis model was made utilizing a database of questionnaires obtained from a previous epidemiological study, the Itoigawa Benizuwaigani Study. Methods The AI-based headache diagnosis model was created based on the internal validation based on a retrospective investigation of 909 patients (636 training dataset for model development and 273 test dataset for internal validation) aged six to 17 years diagnosed based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition. The diagnostic performance of the AI model was evaluated. Results The dataset included 234/909 (25.7%) pediatric or adolescent patients with migraine. The mean age was 11.3 (standard deviation 3.17) years. The model's accuracy, sensitivity (recall), specificity, precision, and F-values for the test dataset were 94.5%, 88.7%, 96.5%, 90.0%, and 89.4%, respectively. Conclusions The AI model exhibited high diagnostic performance for pediatric and adolescent migraine. It holds great potential as a powerful tool for diagnosing these conditions, especially when secondary headaches are ruled out. Nonetheless, further data collection and external validation are necessary to enhance the model's performance and ensure its applicability in real-world settings.

School-Based Stroke Education Through On-Demand E-learning During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Itoigawa Stroke Awareness Campaign

Introduction Raising stroke awareness is important to shorten the interval from onset to consultation. We performed a school-based stroke education by on-demand e-learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods We performed on-demand e-learning and distributed the online- and paper-based manga about stroke for students and parental guardians in August 2021. We carried out this in a manner similar to the prior effective online stroke awareness initiatives in Japan. An online post-educational survey in October 2021 was conducted to evaluate the awareness effects by asking participants about their knowledge. We also investigated the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at the discharge of stroke patients who were treated in our hospital during the before- and after-campaign periods, respectively. Results We distributed the paper-based manga and asked to work on this campaign to all 2,429 students (1,545 elementary school and 884 junior high school students) who lived in Itoigawa. We acquired 261 (10.7%) online responses from the students and 211 (8.7%) responses from their parental guardians. The number of students who chose all correct answers in the survey significantly increased after the campaign (205/261, 78.5%) compared to that before the campaign (135/261, 51.7%) and those of parental guardians showed similar trends (before campaign 93/211, 44.1%; after campaign 198/211, 93.8%). We investigated 282 stroke patients (90 patients before and 192 patients after-campaign period), and their mRS at discharge after-campaign seemed to be improved. Conclusion Only 10.7% of students and 8.7% of the parental guardians worked on the online survey. However, the number of those who chose correct answers about stroke increased after the campaign. After this campaign, the mRS of stroke patients at discharge improved although it was unclear if this is a direct result of this activity.

Erenumab in the Treatment of Comorbid Trigeminal Neuralgia in Patients With Migraine

Background Surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) sometimes becomes difficult. Erenumab, an anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-receptor monoclonal antibody, is used for migraine and potentially has efficacy for TN. Method We retrospectively investigated six migraine patients with comorbidity treated with 70 mg of erenumab. Monthly headache days and a numerical rating scale (NRS) of TN were evaluated before, one, and three months after erenumab administration. Results Before being treated with 70 mg of erenumab, the six migraine patients with comorbid TN had taken at least one sort of preventative medication, but it had been ineffective. During the three-month erenumab use, previous medications were continued. The median age was 71 years (range 59-87). The six patients (five females and one male) had episodic migraine. Three had TN due to vessels, one had TN due to a tumor, one had TN without neurovascular compression, and one had an undetermined etiology. Five (83%) of the six patients reported improved NRS of TN. The median NRS of TN before, one, and three months after treatment were 8 (7-10), 3.5 (0-10), and 2 (0-5, n=4). Monthly headache days were 4 (4-10), 2.5 (0-4), and 1 (1-2, n=4). There were no side effects of erenumab. Conclusion Surgical treatment sometimes cannot be performed for those with TN. Our findings were preliminary and a bigger sample size is required for this study to draw firmer conclusions. However, it is possible, although rare, that there are migraine patients for whom the NRS of comorbid TN improves with the use of erenumab, an anti-CGRP receptor monoclonal antibody.

Fremanezumab and Non-High-Dose Galcanezumab for Comorbid Cluster Headache in Patients with Migraine: Three Cases

A new treatment option for cluster headache (CH) prevention is needed. Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ligands are used as a preventative treatment for migraine. Considering the CGRP’s role in the CH attack’s ignition and upkeep, fremanezumab and galcanezumab have been evaluated for CH preventative treatment. However, only high-dose (300 mg) galcanezumab has been approved for episodic CH prevention. We herein report three cases of migraine and comorbid CH with previous failures of preventive treatments. Two cases were treated with fremanezumab and one with non-high-dose galcanezumab. All three cases showed good results, not only for migraine, but also for CH attacks. This report suggests the efficacy of CGRP-mABs for CH prevention. Our cases differed from cases in the phase 3 trials of CGRP-mABs for CH prevention in two ways: first, our patients had both migraine and comorbid CH, and second, we used a combination of CGRP-mABs with preventative drugs, such as verapamil and/or prednisolone, to treat CH. Future accumulation of real-world data may prove the efficacy of CGRP-mABs for CH prevention.