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"A LEAP 2 conclusions? Targeting the ghrelin system to treat obesity and diabetes". Mol Metab 2020; 46:101128. [PMID: 33246141 PMCID: PMC8085568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormone ghrelin stimulates food intake, promotes adiposity, increases body weight, and elevates blood glucose. Consequently, alterations in plasma ghrelin levels and the functioning of other components of the broader ghrelin system have been proposed as potential contributors to obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, targeting the ghrelin system has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the potential for targeting ghrelin and other proteins comprising the ghrelin system as a treatment for obesity and diabetes. The main components of the ghrelin system are introduced. Data supporting a role for the endogenous ghrelin system in the development of obesity and diabetes along with data that seemingly refute such a role are outlined. An argument for further research into the development of ghrelin system-targeted therapeutic agents is delineated. Also, an evidence-based discussion of potential factors and contexts that might influence the efficacy of this class of therapeutics is provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It would not be a "leap to" conclusions to suggest that agents which target the ghrelin system - including those that lower acyl-ghrelin levels, raise LEAP2 levels, block GHSR activity, and/or raise desacyl-ghrelin signaling - could represent efficacious novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.
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Song X, Jiao H, Zhao J, Wang X, Lin H. Ghrelin serves as a signal of energy utilization and is involved in maintaining energy homeostasis in broilers. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 272:76-82. [PMID: 30508509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, one of the most important appetite regulating peptides, is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The anorexia effect of ghrelin in chickens is contrary to that of ghrelin in mammals. In the present study, the effects of feeding status and dietary energy level on plasma total ghrelin levels and expression were studied in broilers. The gene expression of ghrelin and its receptor GHS-R1a were measured in the hypothalamus, proventriculus, duodenum, liver, and abdominal fat pad. The results showed that ghrelin mRNA and GHS-R1a mRNA are moderately expressed in liver and abdominal fat. Ghrelin secretion was increased by fasting and refeeding. The gene expression of ghrelin and GHS-R1a in the hypothalamus, proventriculus, liver, and abdominal fat pad were changed by feeding status and dietary energy level. The results suggest that ghrelin is a signal of energy utilization in chickens. The abundant expression of ghrelin and GHS-R1a in liver and abdominal fat pad may be associated with energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Hai Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, PR China.
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Shi M, O'Keefe L, Simcocks AC, Su XQ, McAinch AJ. The effect of cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside and peptides extracted from yoghurt on glucose uptake and gene expression in human primary skeletal muscle myotubes from obese and obese diabetic participants. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Altered Feeding Behaviors and Adiposity Precede Observable Weight Gain in Young Rats Submitted to a Short-Term High-Fat Diet. J Nutr Metab 2018; 2018:1498150. [PMID: 29805802 PMCID: PMC5901484 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1498150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the early effects of obesogenic diets on feeding patterns and behaviors is limited. To improve knowledge regarding the etiology of obesity, young male Wistar rats were submitted to high-fat (HFD) or regular chow diets (RCDs) for 14 days. Various metabolic parameters were continuously measured using metabolic chambers. Total weight gain was similar between groups, but heavier visceral fat depots and reduced weight of livers were found in HFD rats. Total calorie intake was increased while individual feeding bouts were shorter and of higher calorie intake in response to HFD. Ambulatory activity and sleep duration were decreased in HFD rats during passive and active phase, respectively. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin levels were unaltered by the increased calorie intake and the early changes in body composition. This indicates that at this early stage, the orexigenic signal did not adapt to the high-calorie content of HFD. We hereby demonstrate that, although total weight gain is not affected, a short-term obesogenic diet alters body composition, feeding patterns, satiation, ambulatory activity profiles, and behaviours in a young rat model. Moreover, this effect precedes changes in weight gain, obesity, and ensuing metabolic disorders.
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Dietary and lifestyle disease indices and caecal microbiota in high fat diet, dietary fibre free diet, or DSS induced IBD models in ICR mice. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Słupecka M, Romanowicz K, Woliński J. Maternal High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Influences Obestatin and Ghrelin Concentrations in Milk and Plasma of Wistar Rat Dams and Their Offspring. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:5739763. [PMID: 27127509 PMCID: PMC4830745 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5739763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to establish the effect of a maternal high-fat diet on obestatin concentration, total ghrelin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio during pregnancy and lactation of Wistar rats and their offspring in the first 21 days of life. On the mating day, females were randomly allocated and fed either a high-fat diet (30% of fat; HF) or breeding diet (5% fat; BD) till the 21st day of lactation. Hormones were analyzed in the blood plasma and milk of rat dams as well as in the blood plasma of their offspring. HF resulted in a significant decrease in obestatin level on the 14th day of lactation and elevation on the 21st day. Plasma obestatin in HFD offspring was significantly higher than in BD ones. HF diet did not significantly affect dam plasma ghrelin until the 21st day of lactation. The ghrelin concentrations in milk after both diets were significantly lower than in blood plasma. Milk ghrelin in HF dams was significantly higher than in the BD ones. Plasma ghrelin from HF offspring was significantly higher than that from BD dams. Our results demonstrate that a maternal HF diet during pregnancy and lactation influences ghrelin and obestatin level in both dams and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Słupecka
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- *Monika Słupecka:
| | - Katarzyna Romanowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
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Mifune H, Tajiri Y, Nishi Y, Hara K, Iwata S, Tokubuchi I, Mitsuzono R, Yamada K, Kojima M. Voluntary exercise contributed to an amelioration of abnormal feeding behavior, locomotor activity and ghrelin production concomitantly with a weight reduction in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Peptides 2015; 71:49-55. [PMID: 26122892 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, effects of voluntary exercise in an obese animal model were investigated in relation to the rhythm of daily activity and ghrelin production. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a high fat diet (HFD) or a chow diet (CD) from four to 16 weeks old. They were further subdivided into either an exercise group (HFD-Ex, CD-Ex) with a running wheel for three days of every other week or sedentary group (HFD-Se, CD-Se). At 16 weeks old, marked increases in body weight and visceral fat were observed in the HFD-Se group, together with disrupted rhythms of feeding and locomotor activity. The induction of voluntary exercise brought about an effective reduction of weight and fat, and ameliorated abnormal rhythms of activity and feeding in the HFD-Ex rats. Wheel counts as voluntary exercise was greater in HFD-Ex rats than those in CD-Ex rats. The HFD-obese had exhibited a deterioration of ghrelin production, which was restored by the induction of voluntary exercise. These findings demonstrated that abnormal rhythms of feeding and locomotor activity in HFD-obese rats were restored by infrequent voluntary exercise with a concomitant amelioration of the ghrelin production and weight reduction. Because ghrelin is related to food anticipatory activity, it is plausible that ghrelin participates in the circadian rhythm of daily activity including eating behavior. A beneficial effect of voluntary exercise has now been confirmed in terms of the amelioration of the daily rhythms in eating behavior and physical activity in an animal model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroharu Mifune
- Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuji Tajiri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kento Hara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shimpei Iwata
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tokubuchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Mitsuzono
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Health and Sports Science, Kurume University, Kurume 839-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume 839-0864, Japan
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Astaxanthin supplementation effects on adipocyte size and lipid profile in OLETF rats with hyperphagia and visceral fat accumulation. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Takaki Y, Saito Y, Takasugi A, Toshimitsu K, Yamada S, Muramatsu T, Kimura M, Sugiyama K, Suzuki H, Arai E, Ojima H, Kanai Y, Saito H. Silencing of microRNA-122 is an early event during hepatocarcinogenesis from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1254-60. [PMID: 25117675 PMCID: PMC4462359 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has emerged as a common cause of chronic liver disease and virus-independent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying hepatocarcinogenesis from NASH, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles were analyzed in STAM mice, a NASH-HCC animal model. MicroRNA expression was also examined in 42 clinical samples of HCC tissue. Histopathological images of the liver of STAM mice at the ages of 6, 8, 12, and 18 weeks showed findings compatible with fatty liver, NASH, liver cirrhosis (LC), and HCC, respectively. Expression of miR-122 in non-tumor LC at the age of 18 weeks was significantly lower than that in LC at the age of 12 weeks. Expression of miR-122 was further decreased in HCCs relative to non-tumor LC at the age of 18 weeks. Expression of miR-122 was also decreased in clinical samples of liver tissue showing macrovesicular steatosis and HCC, being consistent with the findings in the NASH model mice. DNA methylation analysis revealed that silencing of miR-122 was not mediated by DNA hypermethylation of the promoter region. These results suggest that silencing of miR-122 is an early event during hepatocarcinogenesis from NASH, and that miR-122 could be a novel molecular marker for evaluating the risk of HCC in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Takaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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Duca FA, Sakar Y, Covasa M. The modulatory role of high fat feeding on gastrointestinal signals in obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:1663-77. [PMID: 24041374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a specialized sensory system that detects and responds to constant changes in nutrient- and bacterial-derived intestinal signals, thus contributing to controls of food intake. Chronic exposure to dietary fat causes morphological, physiological and metabolic changes leading to disruptions in the regulatory feeding pathways promoting more efficient fat absorption and utilization, blunted satiation signals and excess adiposity. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that impaired gastrointestinal signals following long-term high fat consumption are, at least partially, responsible for increased caloric intake. This review focuses on the role of dietary fat in modulating oral and post-oral chemosensory signaling elements responsible for lipid detection and responses, including changes in sensitivity to satiation signals, such as GLP-1, PYY and CCK and their impact on food intake and weight gain. Furthermore, the influence of the gut microbiota on mechanisms controlling energy regulation in the face of excessive fat exposure will be explored. The profound influence of dietary fats on altering complex regulatory feeding pathways can result in dysregulation of body weight and development of obesity, while restoration or manipulation of satiation signaling may prove an effective tool in prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParis Tech, UMR 1319, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
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