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Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Nishizono A, Kawakami M, Sato Y, Kawakami K, Irokawa M, Tamaru T, Miyazaki S, Shimada M, Ozaki H, Primadharsini PP, Nagashima S, Murata K, Okamoto H. Recent decline in hepatitis E virus prevalence among wild boars in Japan: Probably due to countermeasures implemented in response to outbreaks of classical swine fever virus infection. Virus Res 2024; 348:199438. [PMID: 39013518 PMCID: PMC11315222 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have emphasized the necessity of surveillance and control measures for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars, an important reservoir of HEV. To assess the current situation of HEV infection in wild boars in Japan, this study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of HEV among wild boars captured in 16 prefectures of Japan during 2018-2023. Serum samples from 968 wild boars were examined for anti-HEV IgG antibodies and HEV RNA. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG varied geographically from 0 % to 35.0 %. HEV RNA was detected in 3.6 % of boars, with prevalence varying by prefecture from 0 % to 22.2 %. Genotype 3 was the most prevalent genotype (91.9 %), followed by genotype 4 (5.4 %), with one strain closely related to genotype 6. The prevalence of HEV infection among wild boars decreased from 2018/2019 to 2022/2023 with significant declines in levels of anti-HEV IgG antibodies (14.5 % vs. 6.2 %, P < 0.0001) and HEV RNA (7.6 % vs. 1.5 %, P < 0.0001). Regional analysis showed varying trends, with no HEV RNA-positive boars found in several regions in recent years. A plausible factor contributing to the decline in HEV infection is the application of countermeasures, including installing fences to prevent intrusion into pig farms, implemented in response to the emergence of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection in wild boars and domestic pigs, with incidents reported annually since 2018. Further investigation is warranted to explore the association between countermeasures to CSFV infection and the decrease in HEV infection among wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Manri Kawakami
- Center for Liver Disease, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Okayama 700-8511, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kamiichi General Hospital, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0391, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawakami
- Ayagawa National Health Insurance Sue Hospital, Ayauta-gun, Kagawa 761-2103, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Tamaru
- Nishiizu Ken-ikukai Hospital, Kamo-gun, Shizuoka 410-3514, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tottori Seikyo Hospital, Tottori, Tottori 680-0833, Japan
| | - Mizuho Shimada
- Health Care Center, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0434, Japan
| | | | - Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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2
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Primadharsini PP, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Sato Y, Nagashima S, Murata K, Okamoto H. The Full-Genome Analysis and Generation of an Infectious cDNA Clone of a Genotype 6 Hepatitis E Virus Variant Obtained from a Japanese Wild Boar: In Vitro Cultivation in Human Cell Lines. Viruses 2024; 16:842. [PMID: 38932135 PMCID: PMC11209168 DOI: 10.3390/v16060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause self-limiting acute and chronic hepatitis infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. In developing countries, HEV is mainly transmitted via drinking contaminated water, whereas zoonotic transmission dominates the route of infection in developed countries, including Japan. Pigs are an important reservoir for HEV infection. Wild boars, which share the same genus and species as domestic pigs, are also an HEV reservoir. During our nationwide study of HEV infection in wild boar populations in Japan, a genotype 6 (HEV-6) strain, wbJHG_23, was isolated in Hyogo Prefecture in 2023. The genomic length was 7244 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tract. The wbJHG_23 strain exhibited the highest nucleotide identity throughout its genome with two previously reported HEV-6 strains (80.3-80.9%). Conversely, it displayed lower similarity (73.3-78.1%) with the HEV-1-5, HEV-7, and HEV-8 strains, indicating that, although closely related, the wbJHG_23 strain differs significantly from the reported HEV-6 strains and might represent a novel subtype. The wbJHG_23 strain successfully infected the human-derived cancer cell lines, PLC/PRF/5 and A549 1-1H8 cells, suggesting that HEV-6 has the potential for zoonotic infection. An infectious cDNA clone was constructed using a reverse genetics system, and a cell culture system supporting the efficient propagation of the HEV-6 strain was established, providing important tools for further studies on this genotype. Using this cell culture system, we evaluated the sensitivity of the wbJHG_23 strain to ribavirin treatment. Its good response to this treatment suggested that it could be used to treat human infections caused by HEV-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Yukihiro Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kamiichi General Hospital, Nakaniikawa-Gun, Toyama 930-0391, Japan;
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
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3
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De Sabato L, Suffredini E, Di Pasquale S, La Rosa G, De Santis P, Giammarioli M, Vaccari G, Bartolo ID. Novel subtypes and unexpected heterogeneity of hepatitis E viral strains in wild boar captured in a small area in Central Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2541-e2550. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 Rome 00161 Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 Rome 00161 Italy
| | - Simona Di Pasquale
- Department of Food Safety Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 Rome 00161 Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 Rome 00161 Italy
| | - Paola De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri'' Via Appia Nuova, 1411 Rome 00178 Italy
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” Via Salvemini, 1 Perugia 06100 Italy
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 Rome 00161 Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 Rome 00161 Italy
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Mechanism of Cross-Species Transmission, Adaptive Evolution and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050909. [PMID: 34069006 PMCID: PMC8157021 DOI: 10.3390/v13050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. While the transmission in developing countries is dominated by fecal-oral route via drinking contaminated water, the zoonotic transmission is the major route of HEV infection in industrialized countries. The discovery of new HEV strains in a growing number of animal species poses a risk to zoonotic infection. However, the exact mechanism and the determinant factors of zoonotic infection are not completely understood. This review will discuss the current knowledge on the mechanism of cross-species transmission of HEV infection, including viral determinants, such as the open reading frames (ORFs), codon usage and adaptive evolution, as well as host determinants, such as host cellular factors and the host immune status, which possibly play pivotal roles during this event. The pathogenesis of hepatitis E infection will be briefly discussed, including the special forms of this disease, including extrahepatic manifestations, chronic infection, and fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women.
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Prevalence and genotype/subtype distribution of hepatitis E virus (HEV) among wild boars in Japan: Identification of a genotype 5 HEV strain. Virus Res 2020; 287:198106. [PMID: 32777387 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To further investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and characterize HEV genomes among Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax), 1880 boars captured in 17 prefectures in Japan from 2013 to 2019 were studied. Overall, anti-HEV IgG was detected in 8.9 % and HEV RNA was detected in 3.9 % of boars, which was comparable with our previous studies during 2003-2013 (10.3 % and 3.5 %, respectively). Among 74 boar HEV strains obtained from infected boars in the present study, 50 (68 %) were classified into genotype 3 (3a and 3b), 23 (31 %) were classified into genotype 4 (4i), and the remaining strain (wbJGF_19-1) was classified into genotype 5. The wbGF_19-1 strain shared 92.7 % identity over the entire genome with the prototype genotype 5 strain (JBOAR135-Shiz09). The identification of the second genotype 5 HEV strain in a place that is located only 100 km from the site at which JBOAR135-Shiz09 was identified, suggests that genotype 5 HEV circulates within a relatively close range in Japan. Genetically similar HEV strains forming a clade were identified from wild boars living in each area during the observation period of 11-13 years, although the nucleotide sequence changed gradually, accounting for up to 3.4-3.6 % within the 412-nucleotide ORF2 sequence. Eight groups of boars with a cluster of HEV infections were observed, consisting of two, three or four infected offspring, presumably born to the same mother or offspring with their mother. These results suggest that wild boars continue to be important reservoirs for HEV infection in humans in Japan.
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6
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Nitta S, Takahashi K, Kawai-Kitahata F, Tsuchiya J, Sato A, Miyoshi M, Murakawa M, Itsui Y, Nakagawa M, Azuma S, Kakinuma S, Watanabe M, Asahina Y. Time course alterations of virus sequences and immunoglobulin titers in a chronic hepatitis E patient. Hepatol Res 2020; 50:524-531. [PMID: 31883166 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause chronic infection in immunocompromised hosts. However, the dynamics of HEV during persistent infection is not well understood. To elucidate time course alterations in virus sequences and anti-HEV antibodies during persistent infection, we analyzed the HEV sequences and titers of anti-HEV antibodies from a chronic hepatitis E patient. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from a chronic hepatitis E patient under corticosteroid therapy for neurological disease. The titers of anti-HEV antibodies (immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin G) in serum samples were detected by enzyme immunoassay. The full or near-full nucleotide sequences of HEV isolated from consecutive serum samples were identified and compared. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed. RESULTS Alterations of anti-HEV antibodies from a chronic hepatitis E patient were different from those previously reported in acute hepatitis E patients. The virus sequence was unchanged in the period without treatment, but nucleotide mutations were observed after ribavirin treatment was started. In addition, the sequence of this strain had extremely high identity to that isolated from swine liver in Japan. CONCLUSIONS Virus mutations in HEV emerged after ribavirin treatment was started. Sequence analysis may useful for deciding the treatment strategy for chronic hepatitis E patients who did not eliminate the virus with 3 months of RBV treatment and inferring the origin of the infection. This report provides insights into the chronicity of hepatitis E, and the impact of persistent infection and ribavirin treatment on the emergence of virus mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Tokyo-Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kawai-Kitahata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishin Azuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Nakano T, Okano H, Takahashi M, Nagashima S, Shiraki K, Oya Y, Inoue H, Ohmori S, Tsukimoto M, Ishida S, Fujimoto S, Kobayashi M, Yamawaki M, Kumagai M, Ninomiya J, Maegawa T, Kojima Y, Araki J, Hamaoka S, Horiike S, Yoshimura H, Takeuchi K, Itoh K, Akachi S, Uraki S, Yamamoto N, Ogura S, Sugimoto K, Yoshikawa K, Hasegawa H, Iwasa M, Takei Y, Okamoto H. Changing clinical and molecular characteristics of hepatitis E virus infection in Mie Prefecture, Japan: Disappearance of indigenous subtype 3e strains. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1003-1014. [PMID: 31026368 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the clinical and molecular characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Mie Prefecture, Japan, from 2004 through 2018. METHODS The clinical information of hepatitis E cases was collected from 21 medical institutions in Mie Prefecture. The nucleotide sequences of infecting HEV strains were determined for cases with available serum samples. The origins or transmission routes were inferred from phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences. RESULTS Fifty-three patients were diagnosed with HEV infection. The number of cases increased each year through 2012 and then decreased. Analyses of the clinical characteristics of the cases indicated that even mild cases were detected in the latter 10 years of the study. Nucleotide sequence analyses were undertaken on 38 of the 53 cases. The HEV subtype 3e (HEV-3e) strains identified for 13 cases were closely related to a swine HEV-3e strain that was isolated from the liver of a pig bred in Mie Prefecture. The number of cases infected with the indigenous Mie HEV-3e strains increased until 2012 but have not been reported since 2014. In the latter half of the study, cases involving various HEV strains of different genotypes and subtypes emerged. CONCLUSIONS The disappearance of indigenous Mie HEV-3e strains appeared to be the primary cause for the decrease in hepatitis E cases in Mie Prefecture. The disappearance might have been associated with improved hygienic conditions on pig farms or the closure of contaminated farms. The results suggest that indigenous HEV strains can be eradicated by appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Nakano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University Nanakuri Memorial Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzuka General Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Katsuya Shiraki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie Prefectural General Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Yumi Oya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie Prefectural General Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie Prefectural General Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohmori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kuwana City Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Mone Tsukimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kuwana City Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kuwana City Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Shino Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kuwana City Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamawaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Masanari Kumagai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Jun Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Tadashi Maegawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuji Kojima
- Department of Hepatology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Jun Araki
- Department of Hepatology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Shima Hamaoka
- Department of Hepatology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Horiike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Suzuka Kaisei Hospital, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Takeuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie Chuo Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Keiichi Itoh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie Prefectural Shima Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Akachi
- Mie Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Mie, Japan
| | - Satoko Uraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakakibara Onsen Hospital, Mie, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Department of Hepatology, Tohyama Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Suguru Ogura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazushi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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Geng Y, Zhao C, Guo T, Xu Y, Wang X, Huang W, Liu H, Wang Y. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Raw Pork and Pig Viscera As Food in Hebei Province of China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:325-330. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Geng
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyu Guo
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xuanpu Wang
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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9
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernandez Escamez PS, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Di Bartolo I, Johne R, Pavio N, Rutjes S, van der Poel W, Vasickova P, Hempen M, Messens W, Rizzi V, Latronico F, Girones R. Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04886. [PMID: 32625551 PMCID: PMC7010180 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with pre-existing liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.
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10
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Okano H, Oya Y, Shiraki K, Takase K, Nakano T, Takahashi M, Okamoto H. An autochthonous case of acute hepatitis E in Mie, Japan who was infected with a rare hepatitis E virus strain of subgenotype 3f. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2957/kanzo.58.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzuka General Hospital
| | - Yumi Oya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie Prefectural General Medical Center
| | - Katsuya Shiraki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie Prefectural General Medical Center
| | - Koujiro Takase
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mie Prefectural General Medical Center
| | - Tatsunori Nakano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University Nanakuri Memorial Hospital
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
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11
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Okano H, Maekawa T, Kobayashi M, Yamawaki M, Ninomiya J, Nakano T, Uraki S, Tanaka H, Shiraki K, Takei Y, Takahashi M, Okamoto H. Two cases of sporadic acute hepatitis E in Mie, Japan who were infected with subgenotype 1a hepatitis E virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2957/kanzo.57.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzuka General Hospital
| | - Tadashi Maekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital
| | | | - Makoto Yamawaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital
| | - Jun Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital
| | - Tatsunori Nakano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University Nanakuri Memorial Hospital
| | - Satoko Uraki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine
| | - Katsuya Shiraki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
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Alkali BR, Bello MB, Hussaini S, Onwuliri CO. Serological evidence and public health implication of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs found in Zaria, Kaduna State. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Thiry D, Mauroy A, Saegerman C, Licoppe A, Fett T, Thomas I, Brochier B, Thiry E, Linden A. Belgian Wildlife as Potential Zoonotic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:764-773. [PMID: 26518619 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an acute human liver disease in healthy individuals but may become chronic in immunocompromised patients. It is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and can have a zoonotic origin, particularly in high-income countries. In this study, 383 sera from wild boars were selected for serology; for virological analyses, 69 sera and 61 livers from young wild boars were used. A total of 189 and 235 sera of, respectively, red deer and roe deer were collected for serological analysis. For virological analyses, 84 and 68 sera and 29 and 27 livers from, respectively, red and roe deer were sampled. An apparent seroprevalence of 34% (95% CI 29.71-39.46) was found in wild boars, of 1% (95% CI 0-2.4) in red deer and 3% (95% CI 0.8-4.2) in roe deer. To assess the ELISA screening prevalence, Western blot (WB) analyses were carried out, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed and different scenarios with varying ELISA specificities relative to WB were analysed. Seroprevalence remained high whatever the scenario in the wild boar population. In wild boar, 4 of 69 sera and 4 of 61 livers were detected as positive for HEV RNA. All sequences obtained from sera belonged to genotype HEV-3. HEV RNA, belonging to genotype HEV-3, was detected in one of 29 red deer livers. Wild boar can be considered as a host reservoir of the virus in Belgium. However, in contrast to the epidemiological role played by them in other countries, the low prevalence in deer makes these species an unlikely reservoir. This evidence needs further investigation to determine in which situation deer can serve as reservoir. These results also raise the question of the dynamics of HEV infection between wild fauna, domestic pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Mauroy
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Licoppe
- Natural and Agricultural Environmental Studies Department, DEMNA, Service Public de Wallonie, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - T Fett
- Wildlife Health and Pathology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - I Thomas
- Virology, Operational Directorate Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Brochier
- Virology, Operational Directorate Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Linden
- Wildlife Health and Pathology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Sridhar S, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Hepatitis E: A disease of reemerging importance. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 114:681-90. [PMID: 25773541 PMCID: PMC7126687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Originally considered to be restricted to humans, it is now clear that HEV and HEV-like viruses have several animal reservoirs with complex ecology and genetic diversity, as exemplified by the recent discovery of HEV in dromedaries, a previously underestimated reservoir of zoonotic viruses prior to the emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. Zoonotic foodborne transmission from pigs and feral animals such as wild boar is of increasing importance in the rapidly industrializing countries of the Asia Pacific region. Such zoonotic hepatitis E infection has particular relevance to the increasing population living with immunosuppression, due to the risk of chronic hepatitis E in these patients. Fortunately, major strides have been made recently in the management of chronic hepatitis E patients. Furthermore, an effective vaccine is also available that promises better control of hepatitis E burden in the near future. This review highlights these major recent developments in the epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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