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Masson W, Lobo M, Nogueira JP, Rodriguez-Granillo AM, Barbagelata LE, Siniawski D. Anti-inflammatory effect of semaglutide: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1379189. [PMID: 39055657 PMCID: PMC11270812 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1379189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-inflammatory effect could be one of the mechanisms by which semaglutide reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or obesity. Determining the anti-inflammatory effect of semaglutide was the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods This meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed to detect randomised clinical trials that have quantified the effect of semaglutide on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels compared to placebo or a control group (other glucose-lowering drugs). The primary outcome was CRP index (final CRP/basal CRP). A random-effects model was used. Results Thirteen randomised clinical trials were considered eligible (n = 26,131). Overall, semaglutide therapy was associated with lower CRP index values compared to the placebo group (SMD -0.56; 95% CI -0.69 to -0.43, I 2 92%) or the control group (SMD -0.45; 95% CI -0.68 to -0.23, I 2 82%).Such an association was similarly observed when different treatment regimens (subcutaneous vs. oral) or different populations (patients with or without T2DM) were analysed. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust. Conclusion The present meta-analysis demonstrated that the use of semaglutide was associated with a reduction in inflammation irrespective of the population evaluated or the treatment regimen used. These findings would explain one of the mechanisms by which semaglutide reduces cardiovascular events. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO [CRD42024500551].
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Masson
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Lobo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Militar Campo de Mayo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Patricio Nogueira
- Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolism Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina
- Medicine and Surgery Department, Universidad Internacional de las Américas, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Matias Rodriguez-Granillo
- Clinical Research Department, Centro de Estudios en Cardiologia Intervencionista (CECI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Sanatorio Otamendi, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Siniawski
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Qian Q, Li M, Zhang Z, Davis SW, Rahmouni K, Norris AW, Cao H, Ding WX, Hotamisligil GS, Yang L. Obesity disrupts the pituitary-hepatic UPR communication leading to NAFLD progression. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1550-1565.e9. [PMID: 38718793 PMCID: PMC11222033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Obesity alters levels of pituitary hormones that govern hepatic immune-metabolic homeostasis, dysregulation of which leads to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the impact of obesity on intra-pituitary homeostasis is largely unknown. Here, we uncovered a blunted unfolded protein response (UPR) but elevated inflammatory signatures in pituitary glands of obese mice and humans. Furthermore, we found that obesity inflames the pituitary gland, leading to impaired pituitary inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) UPR branch, which is essential for protecting against pituitary endocrine defects and NAFLD progression. Intriguingly, pituitary IRE1-deletion resulted in hypothyroidism and suppressed the thyroid hormone receptor B (THRB)-mediated activation of Xbp1 in the liver. Conversely, activation of the hepatic THRB-XBP1 axis improved NAFLD in mice with pituitary UPR defect. Our study provides the first evidence and mechanism of obesity-induced intra-pituitary cellular defects and the pathophysiological role of pituitary-liver UPR communication in NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew W Norris
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huojun Cao
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Bidooki SH, Barranquero C, Sánchez-Marco J, Martínez-Beamonte R, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Navarro MA, Fernandes SCM, Osada J. TXNDC5 Plays a Crucial Role in Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Activity through Different ER Stress Signaling Pathways in Hepatic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7128. [PMID: 39000233 PMCID: PMC11241358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is influenced by a number of variables, including endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER). Thioredoxin domain-containing 5 (TXNDC5) is a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family and acts as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone. Nevertheless, the function of TXNDC5 in hepatocytes under ER stress remains largely uncharacterized. In order to identify the role of TXNDC5 in hepatic wild-type (WT) and TXNDC5-deficient (KO) AML12 cell lines, tunicamycin, palmitic acid, and thapsigargin were employed as stressors. Cell viability, mRNA, protein levels, and mRNA splicing were then assayed. The protein expression results of prominent ER stress markers indicated that the ERN1 and EIF2AK3 proteins were downregulated, while the HSPA5 protein was upregulated. Furthermore, the ATF6 protein demonstrated no significant alterations in the absence of TXNDC5 at the protein level. The knockout of TXNDC5 has been demonstrated to increase cellular ROS production and its activity is required to maintain normal mitochondrial function during tunicamycin-induced ER stress. Tunicamycin has been observed to disrupt the protein levels of HSPA5, ERN1, and EIF2AK3 in TXNDC5-deficient cells. However, palmitic acid has been observed to disrupt the protein levels of ATF6, HSPA5, and EIF2AK3. In conclusion, TXNDC5 can selectively activate distinct ER stress pathways via HSPA5, contingent on the origin of ER stress. Conversely, the absence of TXNDC5 can disrupt the EIF2AK3 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Cristina Barranquero
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Marco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.B.); (M.J.R.-Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Bidooki SH, Navarro MA, Fernandes SCM, Osada J. Thioredoxin Domain Containing 5 (TXNDC5): Friend or Foe? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3134-3163. [PMID: 38666927 PMCID: PMC11049379 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5), also known as endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46), a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family with a dual role in multiple diseases. TXNDC5 is highly expressed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pancreatic β-cells, liver cells, and hypoxic tissues, such as cancer endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. TXNDC5 plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and antioxidative stress. Its potential significance in cancer warrants further investigation, given the altered and highly adaptable metabolism of tumor cells. It has been reported that both high and low levels of TXNDC5 expression are associated with multiple diseases, such as arthritis, cancer, diabetes, brain diseases, and infections, as well as worse prognoses. TXNDC5 has been attributed to both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive features. It has been concluded that in cancer, TXNDC5 acts as a foe and responds to metabolic and cellular stress signals to promote the survival of tumor cells against apoptosis. Conversely, in normal cells, TXNDC5 acts as a friend to safeguard cells against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Therefore, TXNDC5 could serve as a viable biomarker or even a potential pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Jesus Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Tsiampali C, Vachliotis ID, Goulas A, Polyzos SA. Animal studies on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and related polyagonists in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones (Athens) 2024:10.1007/s42000-024-00541-2. [PMID: 38472647 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-024-00541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent metabolic liver disease closely associated with the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but without licensed pharmacological treatment to date. As glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are approved anti-diabetic and anti-obesity medications, they were also considered a potential therapeutic option for NAFLD. Preclinical studies suggest that GLP-1RAs have a beneficial effect on major NAFLD histological outcomes, i.e., hepatic steatosis and inflammation, through multiple intrahepatic mechanisms, including increased fatty acid β-oxidation, activation of autophagy, suppression of inflammation, and oxidative stress. Data on hepatic fibrosis are limited or inconclusive, although some studies reported improvement in indices of fibrosis or prevention of fibrosis initiation or reduction of collagen deposition. Whether the positive impact of GLP-1RAs on hepatic histology is indirect, i.e., through their action on extrahepatic tissues, or whether their action is direct, i.e., through activating GLP-1R on the hepatocytes, is still a controversial issue. Alongside GLP-1RAs, newly emerging peptide polyagonists (i.e., synthetic molecules that combine the amino acid sequences of more than one peptide, thus having the ability to bind more than one receptor) are now being investigated in NAFLD with high expectations. This review summarizes the existing knowledge derived from animal studies on the effects of GLP-1RAs and GLP-1RA related peptide polyagonists on NAFLD in an attempt to illuminate areas of uncertainty and provide the groundwork for future animal and clinical research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Tsiampali
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias D Vachliotis
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Goulas
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Adeghate EA. GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of diabetic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:223-232. [PMID: 38458647 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2328796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disease affecting almost 30% of the world population. Approximately 25% of people with NAFLD develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the fulminant version of the disease. Diabetes mellitus is present in 22.5% of people with NAFLD and 44.60% of individuals with NASH. This review was undertaken to examine the current contribution of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists to the pharmacotherapy of diabetic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. AREAS COVERED The author analyzed the current status of GLP-1 receptor agonists for pharmacotherapy of diabetic NASH. Research data and literature reports were taken from the database and or websites of Diabetes UK, American Diabetes Association, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and Scopus. The keywords utilized included type 2 diabetes, GLP-1, NASH, NAFLD, and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Since diabetic NASH is associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation, drugs capable of mitigating all of these conditions simultaneously, are most ideal for the treatment of diabetic NASH. These drugs include (in order of relevance), GLP-1 receptor agonists, GLP-1 and GIP dual receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and pioglitazone. The future, FDA-approved drug for diabetic NASH treatment will likely be GLP-1 agonist, which could be used as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Jiang H, Zang L. GLP-1/GLP-1RAs: New Options for the Drug Treatment of NAFLD. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:100-114. [PMID: 38532322 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128283153231226103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently emerged as a global public health concern. Currently, the cornerstone of NAFLD treatment is lifestyle modification and, if necessary, weight loss. However, compliance is a challenge, and this approach alone may not be sufficient to halt and treat the more serious disease development, so medication is urgently needed. Nevertheless, no medicines are approved to treat NAFLD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enteropeptide hormone that inhibits glucagon synthesis, promotes insulin secretion, and delays gastric emptying. GLP-1 has been found in recent studies to be beneficial for the management of NAFLD, and the marketed GLP-1 agonist drugs have different degrees of effectiveness for NAFLD while lowering blood glucose. In this article, we review GLP-1 and its physiological roles, the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the correlation between NAFLD and GLP-1 signaling, and potential strategies for GLP-1 treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Linquan Zang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zhan K, Yang X, Li S, Bai Y. Correlation of endoplasmic reticulum stress patterns with the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: a prognostic signature analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270774. [PMID: 38143739 PMCID: PMC10748430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The extended duration of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) can impact the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the efficacy of immunotherapies by interacting with immune cells that have infiltrated the tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods and results The study utilized a training cohort of 364 HCC patients with complete information from The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database, and a validation cohort of 231 HCC patients from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database. The genes related to ERS exhibiting a strong correlation with overall survival (OS) were identified using univariate Cox regression analysis. A 13-gene predictive signature was then produced through the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression approach. The data revealed that the ERS-associated gene signature effectively stratified patients into high- or low-risk groups regarding OS in both the training and validation cohorts (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.00029, respectively). Using the multivariate method, it is still an independent prognostic factor in both the training and validation cohorts (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). Moreover, several metabolic pathways were identified to be enriched among the 13 genes in the predictive signature. When the ERS-associated gene signature was combined with the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, the ERS nomogram performed better than either the gene signature or the TNM stage alone (C-index values: 0.731, 0.729, and 0.573, respectively). Further analysis revealed that patients in the high-risk group exhibited increased infiltration of immune cells. Additionally, GP6 was downregulated in HCC tissues among these signature genes (P < 0.05), which was related to poor OS. Conclusions The data suggest that this novel ERS-associated gene signature could contribute to personalized cancer management for HCC. Moreover, targeting GP6 inhibition might be a potential method for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Bidooki SH, Sánchez-Marco J, Martínez-Beamonte R, Herrero-Continente T, Navarro MA, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Osada J. Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein TXNDC5 Interacts with PRDX6 and HSPA9 to Regulate Glutathione Metabolism and Lipid Peroxidation in the Hepatic AML12 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17131. [PMID: 38138960 PMCID: PMC10743020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or steatosis is an accumulation of fat in the liver. Increased amounts of non-esterified fatty acids, calcium deficiency, or insulin resistance may disturb endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, which leads to the abnormal accumulation of misfolded proteins, activating the unfolded protein response. The ER is the primary location site for chaperones like thioredoxin domain-containing 5 (TXNDC5). Glutathione participates in cellular oxidative stress, and its interaction with TXNDC5 in the ER may decrease the disulfide bonds of this protein. In addition, glutathione is utilized by glutathione peroxidases to inactivate oxidized lipids. To characterize proteins interacting with TXNDC5, immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used. Lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, inducible phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) and hepatic transcriptome were assessed in the AML12 and TXNDC5-deficient AML12 cell lines. The results showed that HSPA9 and PRDX6 interact with TXNDC5 in AML12 cells. In addition, TXNDC5 deficiency reduced the protein levels of PRDX6 and HSPA9 in AML12. Moreover, lipid peroxidation, glutathione and iPLA2 activities were significantly decreased in TXNDC5-deficient cells, and to find the cause of the PRDX6 protein reduction, proteasome suppression revealed no considerable effect on it. Finally, hepatic transcripts connected to PRDX6 and HSPA9 indicated an increase in the Dnaja3, Mfn2 and Prdx5 and a decrease in Npm1, Oplah, Gstp3, Gstm6, Gstt1, Serpina1a, Serpina1b, Serpina3m, Hsp90aa1 and Rps14 mRNA levels in AML12 KO cells. In conclusion, the lipid peroxidation system and glutathione mechanism in AML12 cells may be disrupted by the absence of TXNDC5, a novel protein-protein interacting partner of PRDX6 and HSPA9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (T.H.-C.); (M.A.N.)
- CNRS, IPREM, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Javier Sánchez-Marco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (T.H.-C.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (T.H.-C.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Herrero-Continente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (T.H.-C.); (M.A.N.)
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (T.H.-C.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (T.H.-C.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Ahmad E, Arsenyadis F, Almaqhawi A, Barker M, Jobanputra R, Sargeant JA, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ. Impact of novel glucose-lowering therapies on physical function in people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Diabet Med 2023; 40:e15083. [PMID: 36905324 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated evidence from randomised, placebo-controlled trials of novel glucose-lowering therapies; sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), on physical function in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane library were searched from 1 April 2005 to 20 January 2022. The primary outcome was change in physical function in groups receiving a novel glucose-lowering therapy versus placebo at the trial end-point. RESULTS Eleven studies met our criteria including nine for GLP-1RA and one each for SGLT2i and DPP4i. Eight studies included a self-reported measure of physical function, seven with GLP-1RA. Pooled meta-analysis showed an improvement of 0.12 (0.07, 017) points in favour of novel glucose-lowering therapies, mainly GLP-1RA. These findings were consistent when assessed individually for commonly used subjective assessments of physical function; namely the Short-Form 36 item-questionnaire (SF-36; all investigating GLP-1RA) and the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite (IWQOL-LITE; all, except one, exploring GLP-1RA) with estimated treatment differences (ETDs) of 0.86 (0.28, 1.45) and 3.72 (2.30, 5.15) respectively in favour of novel GLTs. For objective measures of physical function (VO2max and 6-minute walk test (6MWT)) no significant between-group differences between the intervention and the placebo were found. CONCLUSIONS GLP-1RAs showed improvements in self-reported outcomes of physical function. However, there is limited evidence to draw definitive conclusions especially because of lack of studies exploring the impact of SGLT2i and DPP4i on physical function. There is a need for dedicated trials to establish the association between novel agents and physical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtasham Ahmad
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Franciskos Arsenyadis
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Abdullah Almaqhawi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary Barker
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Rishi Jobanputra
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Jack A Sargeant
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - David R Webb
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
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11
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Eugenol alleviated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rat via a gut-brain-liver axis involving glucagon-like Peptide-1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 725:109269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Flessa C, Kyrou I, Nasiri‐Ansari N, Kaltsas G, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in nonalcoholic (metabolic associated) fatty liver disease (NAFLD/MAFLD). J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1585-1606. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina‐Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM) University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust Coventry UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM) University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust Coventry UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing Coventry University Coventry UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences Aston University Birmingham UK
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Narjes Nasiri‐Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM) University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust Coventry UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry UK
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13
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Chen Y, Xu YN, Ye CY, Feng WB, Zhou QT, Yang DH, Wang MW. GLP-1 mimetics as a potential therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1156-1166. [PMID: 34934197 PMCID: PMC9061743 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury and different degrees of fibrosis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and multifactorial, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been implicated as major risk factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is one of the most successful drug targets of T2DM and obesity, and its peptidic ligands have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents for NASH. In this article we provide an overview of the pathophysiology and management of NASH, with a special focus on the pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms of GLP-1 mimetics in treating NAFLD/NASH, including dual and triple agonists at GLP-1R, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor or glucagon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying-Na Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen-Yu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Bo Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing-Tong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - De-Hua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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14
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Thioredoxin Domain Containing 5 Suppression Elicits Serum Amyloid A-Containing High-Density Lipoproteins. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030709. [PMID: 35327511 PMCID: PMC8945230 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5) is a protein disulfide isomerase involved in several diseases related to oxidative stress, energy metabolism and cellular inflammation. In a previous manuscript, a negative association between fatty liver development and hepatic Txndc5 expression was observed. To study the role of TXNDC5 in the liver, we generated Txndc5-deficient mice. The absence of the protein caused an increased metabolic need to gain weight along with a bigger and fatter liver. RNAseq was performed to elucidate the putative mechanisms, showing a substantial liver overexpression of serum amyloid genes (Saa1, Saa2) with no changes in hepatic protein, but discrete plasma augmentation by the gene inactivation. Higher levels of malonyldialdehyde, apolipoprotein A1 and platelet activating factor-aryl esterase activity were also found in serum from Txndc5-deficient mice. However, no difference in the distribution of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-mayor components and SAA was found between groups, and even the reactive oxygen species decreased in HDL coming from Txndc5-deficient mice. These results confirm the relation of this gene with hepatic steatosis and with a fasting metabolic derive remedying an acute phase response. Likewise, they pose a new role in modulating the nature of HDL particles, and SAA-containing HDL particles are not particularly oxidized.
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15
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Liu J, Qin J. Therapeutic effects and mechanism of liraglutide on rats with type 2 diabetes and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:963-969. [PMID: 35081898 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220126151141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
• Background SREBP-1c/Insig/SCAP acts as a lipid de novo synthesis pathway, and its factors are highly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum[4]. At present, this pathway has become a research hotspot in the development of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. However, there are few studies on how various factors in this pathway change after endoplasmic reticulum stress; in particular, the role of the insulin-inducing gene-1 (Insig-1) has not been elucidated in detail. • Objective To investigate whether liraglutide has a therapeutic effect on rats with T2DM and MAFLD and to further study its possible mechanism. • Method rats in the control group and modeling group were fed with normal diet and high-sugar and high-fat diet, respectively . After one month, the mice in the modeling group were injected with 35mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally to establish the model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. T2DM and MAFLD rats were randomly divided into three groups: model group, low dose liraglutide group, and high dose liraglutide group. Fasting blood glucose ,fasting insulin, blood lipid profile, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were measured at the end of the 8th week. Paraffin sections were obtained from the same part of the liver of rats in each group and observed by electron microscope after HE staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress index (GRP78) and negative feedback index of lipid synthesis (Insig-1) in each group. • Results of Liver tissue from the drug intervention groups caused a decrease in lipid droplet vacuoles, and the hepatocytes were arranged neatly again. While the expression of GRP78 rose, Insig-1 declined. There were differences with different doses of liraglutide; the higher the dose was, the more obvious the effect. No such changes were observed in T2DM and MAFLD rats after injection of saline. • Conclusion, we show that liraglutide may have a therapeutic effect on rats with T2DM and MAFLD by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver and increasing the expression of Insig-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanye Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People\'s Hospital, No. 29 Shuangtasi Street, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yaoji Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People\\\'s Hospital, No. 29 Shuangtasi Street, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jingjin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People\'s Hospital, No. 29 Shuangtasi Street, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People\'s Hospital, No. 29 Shuangtasi Street, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
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16
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Muzurović EM, Volčanšek Š, Tomšić KZ, Janež A, Mikhailidis DP, Rizzo M, Mantzoros CS. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide/Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome, Prediabetes/Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Current Evidence. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2022; 27:10742484221146371. [PMID: 36546652 DOI: 10.1177/10742484221146371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic is accompanied by increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related conditions: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Lifestyle, as well as an imbalance of energy intake/expenditure, genetic predisposition, and epigenetics could lead to a dysmetabolic milieu, which is the cornerstone for the development of cardiometabolic complications. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RAs promote positive effects on most components of the "cardiometabolic continuum" and consequently help reduce the need for polypharmacy. In this review, we highlight the main pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors (RFs), that could be controlled by GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 RAs independently or through synergism or differences in their mode of action. We also address the evidence on the use of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 RAs in the treatment of obesity, MetS and its related conditions (prediabetes, T2DM and NAFLD/NASH). In conclusion, GLP-1 RAs have already been established for the treatment of T2DM, obesity and cardioprotection in T2DM patients, while dual GIP/GLP-1 RAs appear to have the potential to possibly surpass them for the same indications. However, their use in the prevention of T2DM and the treatment of complex cardiometabolic metabolic diseases, such as NAFLD/NASH or other metabolic disorders, would benefit from more evidence and a thorough clinical patient-centered approach. There is a need to identify those patients in whom the metabolic component predominates, and whether the benefits outweigh any potential harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir M Muzurović
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Špela Volčanšek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Medical Faculty Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karin Zibar Tomšić
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrej Janež
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Medical Faculty Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.,Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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He Y, Ao N, Yang J, Wang X, Jin S, Du J. The preventive effect of liraglutide on the lipotoxic liver injury via increasing autophagy. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:44-52. [PMID: 31787541 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. Previous studies indicated that Liraglutide, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, could regulate glucose homeostasis as a valuable treatment for Type 2 Diabetes. However, the precise effect of Liraglutide on NAFLD model in rats and the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which Liraglutide ameliorates hepatic steatosis in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model of NAFLD in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS NALFD rat models and hepatocyte steatosis in HepG2 cells were induced by HFD and palmitate fatty acid treatment, respectively. AMPK inhibitor, Compound C was added in HepG2 cells. Autophagy-related proteins LC3, Beclin1 and Atg7, and AMPK pathway-associated proteins were evaluated by Western blot and RT-PCR. RESULTS Liraglutide enhanced autophagy as showed by the increased expression of the autophagy markers LC3, Beclin1 and Atg7 in HFD rats and HepG2 cells treated with palmitate fatty acid. In vitro, The AMPK inhibitor exhibited an inhibitory effect on Liraglutide-induced autophagy enhancement with the deceased expression of LC3, Beclin1 and Atg7. Additionally, Liraglutide treatment elevated AMPK levels and TSC1, decreased p-mTOR expression. CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide could upregulate autophagy to decrease lipid over-accumulation via the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini He
- Department of General Practice, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Ao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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18
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The GLP-1R agonist liraglutide limits hepatic lipotoxicity and inflammatory response in mice fed a methionine-choline deficient diet. Transl Res 2021; 227:75-88. [PMID: 32711187 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disorder related to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The disease can evolve toward nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a state of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. There is presently no drug that effectively improves and/or prevents NAFLD/NASH/fibrosis. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1Ra) are effective in treating T2D. As with the endogenous gut incretins, GLP-1Ra potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion. In addition, GLP-1Ra limit food intake and weight gain, additional beneficial properties in the context of obesity/insulin-resistance. Nevertheless, these pleiotropic effects of GLP-1Ra complicate the elucidation of their direct action on the liver. In the present study, we used the classical methionine-choline deficient (MCD) dietary model to investigate the potential direct hepatic actions of the GLP-1Ra liraglutide. A 4-week infusion of liraglutide (570 µg/kg/day) did not impact body weight, fat accretion or glycemic control in MCD-diet fed mice, confirming the suitability of this model for avoiding confounding factors. Liraglutide treatment did not prevent lipid deposition in the liver of MCD-fed mice but limited the accumulation of C16 and C24-ceramide/sphingomyelin species. In addition, liraglutide treatment alleviated hepatic inflammation (in particular accumulation of M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages) and initiation of fibrosis. Liraglutide also influenced the composition of gut microbiota induced by the MCD-diet. This included recovery of a normal Bacteroides proportion and, among the Erysipelotrichaceae family, a shift between Allobaculum and Turicibacter genera. In conclusion, liraglutide prevents accumulation of C16 and C24-ceramides/sphingomyelins species, inflammation and initiation of fibrosis in MCD-diet-fed mice liver, suggesting beneficial hepatic actions independent of weight loss and global hepatic steatosis.
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19
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Shao Q, Wu Y, Ji J, Xu T, Yu Q, Ma C, Liao X, Cheng F, Wang X. Interaction Mechanisms Between Major Depressive Disorder and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711835. [PMID: 34966296 PMCID: PMC8710489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), which is highly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has complex pathogenic mechanisms. However, a limited number of studies have evaluated the mutual pathomechanisms involved in MDD and NAFLD development. Chronic stress-mediated elevations in glucocorticoid (GC) levels play an important role in the development of MDD-related NAFLD. Elevated GC levels can induce the release of inflammatory factors and changes in gut permeability. Elevated levels of inflammatory factors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which further increases the release of GC. At the same time, changes in gut permeability promote the release of inflammatory factors, which results in a vicious circle among the three, causing disease outbreaks. Even though the specific role of the thyroid hormone (TH) in this pathogenesis has not been fully established, it is highly correlated with MDD and NAFLD. Therefore, changing lifestyles and reducing psychological stress levels are necessary measures for preventing MDD-related NAFLD. Among them, GC inhibitors and receptor antagonists may be key in the alleviation of early and mid-term disease progression. However, combination medications may be important in late-stage diseases, but they are associated with various side effects. Traditional Chinese medicines have been shown to be potential therapeutic alternatives for such complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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20
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Ao N, Ma Z, Yang J, Jin S, Zhang K, Luo E, Du J. Liraglutide ameliorates lipotoxicity-induced inflammation through the mTORC1 signalling pathway. Peptides 2020; 133:170375. [PMID: 32771373 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity has been implicated in many disease processes, and prolonged exposure to high lipid levels often leads to the activation of a variety of abnormal signals, which in turn leads to the induction of inflammation. The aim of our study was to explore the correlation between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and inflammation by studying high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats and palmitate (PA)-induced inflammation (lipotoxicity) in HepG2 cells. In addition, we investigated whether the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue liraglutide can protect rats and HepG2 cells from lipotoxicity. Our results showed that an HFD and PA significantly increased inflammation by activating the mTORC1 pathway in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) inhibited some effects of PA on inflammation. Furthermore, we observed that liraglutide inhibited PA-induced inflammation by inactivating mTORC1 signalling molecules. Overall, our findings demonstrated that mTORC1 signalling pathways were involved primarily in high lipid level-induced inflammation. Importantly, liraglutide may protect against lipotoxicity-induced inflammation by regulating mTORC1-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuoqi Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fifth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Enjie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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21
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Fang T, Huang S, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chen J, Hu W. Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Alters Pancreatic and Hepatic Histology and Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in High-fat Diet Mouse Model. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:625-633. [PMID: 32961563 DOI: 10.1055/a-1240-4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major health problem worldwide, and non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are obesity-associated complications. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, has been approved for treatment of obesity. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of liraglutide on the complications through its regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. METHODS A high-fat diet mouse model was established in C57BL/6J mice. Two groups of mice were fed a high-fat diet with 60% fat for 16 weeks and control mice were fed standard chow. A four-week 0.6 mg/kg/day liraglutide treatment was started in one high-fat diet group after 12 weeks of the high-fat diet. After sacrificing the mice, pancreatic and hepatic tissues were prepared for western blot and immunohistochemistry for ER stress proteins, including activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), caspase 12, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α), glucose regulated protein (GRP) 78 and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). RESULTS Liraglutide significantly decreased body weight gained by mice consuming a high-fat diet (27.6 g vs. 34.5 g, P<0.001), and levels of all ER proteins increased significantly in both the pancreas and liver (all P<0.05). Expression of most ER stress proteins in pancreatic tissue correlated with disease scores of NAFLD (all P<0.05). However, no significant differences were found in pancreatic ATF 4 expression between mice without NAFLD, and those with early non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrotic NASH (P=0.122). CONCLUSION Liraglutide reduces the severity of NAFPD and NAFLD may through regulating the ER stress pathway and downstream apoptosis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyong Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Siying Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yongpeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zongchi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiangmu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Weitao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
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22
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Sasi USS, Ganapathy S, Palayyan SR, Gopal RK. Mitochondria Associated Membranes (MAMs): Emerging Drug Targets for Diabetes. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3362-3385. [PMID: 30747057 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190212121248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MAMs, the physical association between the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are, functional domains performing a significant role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. It is evolving as an important signaling center that coordinates nutrient and hormonal signaling for the proper regulation of hepatic insulin action and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, MAMs can be considered as hot spots for the transmission of stress signals from ER to mitochondria. The altered interaction between ER and mitochondria results in the amendment of several insulin-sensitive tissues, revealing the role of MAMs in glucose homeostasis. The development of mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, altered lipid and Ca2+ homeostasis are typically co-related with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. But little facts are known about the role played by these stresses in the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms involved in maintaining the contact site with new avenues of investigations for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic targets for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- U S Swapna Sasi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIRNational Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sindhu Ganapathy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIRNational Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Salin Raj Palayyan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIRNational Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Raghu K Gopal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIRNational Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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23
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Ding HR, Tang ZT, Tang N, Zhu ZY, Liu HY, Pan CY, Hu AY, Lin YZ, Gou P, Yuan XW, Cai JH, Dong CL, Wang JL, Ren HZ. Protective Properties of FOXO1 Inhibition in a Murine Model of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Are Associated With Attenuation of ER Stress and Necroptosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:177. [PMID: 32218743 PMCID: PMC7078343 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is currently unclear, however, lipid accumulation leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress appears to be pivotal in the process. At present, FOXO1 is known to be involved in NAFLD progression. The relationship between necroptosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has been of great research interest more recently. However, whether FOXO1 regulates ER stress and necroptosis in mice fed with a high fat diet is not clear. Therefore, in this study we analyzed the relationship between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, ER stress, and necroptosis. Main Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with an HFD for 14 weeks to induce non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. ER stress and activation of necroptosis in AML12 cells were evaluated after inhibition of FOXO1 in AML12 cells. In addition, mice were fed with AS1842856 for 14 weeks. Liver function and lipid accumulation were measured, and further, ER stress and necroptosis were evaluated by Western Blot and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Key Findings Mice fed with a high fat diet showed high levels of FOXO1, accompanying activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and necroptosis. Further, sustained PA stimulation caused ER stress and necroptosis in AML12 cells. At the same time, protein levels of FOXO1 increased significantly. Inhibition of FOXO1 with AS1842856 alleviated ER stress and necroptosis. Additionally, treatment of mice with a FOXO1 inhibitor ameliorated liver function after they were fed with a high fat diet, displaying better liver condition and lighter necroptosis. Significance Inhibition of FOXO1 attenuates ER stress and necroptosis in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Ting Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Han-Yi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Yan Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - An-Yin Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Zhen Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Gou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian-Wen Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Hui Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Long Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Zhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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24
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Obeticholic acid for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Expectations and concerns. Metabolism 2020; 104:154144. [PMID: 31930974 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Hypolipidemic Activities of Two Pentapeptides (VIAPW and IRWWW) from Miiuy Croaker (Miichthys miiuy) Muscle on Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells through Regulation of AMPK Pathway. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the hypolipidemic activities of two pentapeptides (VIAPW and IRWWW) from miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) muscle on oleic acid (OA)-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells were investigated. VIAPW and IRWWW could significantly inhibit lipid accumulation induced by OA and decreased intracellular levels of intracellular triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in a dose-effect dependence manner. At the concentration of 100 μm, the TG levels of VIAPW (0.201 ± 0.006 mm) and IRWWW (0.186 ± 0.005 mm) were very (p < 0.01) and extremely (p < 0.001) significantly lower than those (0.247 ± 0.004 mm) of the OA model group; the levels of TC of VIAPW (45.88 ± 0.74 μg/mg protein) and IRWWW (41.02 ± 0.14 μg/mg protein) were very (p < 0.01) and extremely (p < 0.001) significantly lower than that (53.45 ± 0.10μg/mg protein) of the OA model group (p < 0.01). The hypolipidemic mechanisms of VIAPW and IRWWW were to down-regulate the expression levels of genes of SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, FAS, ACC, and HMGR in lipid synthesis and to up-regulate the expression levels of genes of PPARα, ACOX-1, and CPT-1 in lipid oxidation. These results suggested that VIAPW and IRWWW could play their hypolipidemic activities in HepG2 cells through regulation of AMPK pathway and act as hypolipidemic nutrient ingredients applied in public healthy and functional foods.
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26
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Chen L, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zheng D. Effect of Saxagliptin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor, on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3507-3518. [PMID: 33116702 PMCID: PMC7547785 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s262284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a broad spectrum of chronic liver disease characterized by aberrant accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in hepatocytes without excessive alcohol consumption. Hepatic lipotoxicity derived from overaccumulation of free fatty acids is considered as one of the typical hallmarks of NAFLD. Insulin resistance (IR) and chronic inflammation are widely recognized as the key etiological factors associated with NAFLD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP4i) is a novel pharmacological agent extensively applied in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) for decades which also have a liver protective effect. METHODS In order to invest the therapeutic efficiency and underlying mechanism of DPP4i saxagliptin, we used high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin-induced NAFLD treated with saxagliptin. Biochemical, histomorphological, genetic and protein expression of related pathways were investigated. RESULTS Fasting blood glucose (FBG), TG, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterin significantly increased in NAFLD group, which also exhibited severe steatosis. Other remarkable findings were hyperinsulinemia, increased DPP4, PTP-1B and TNF-α level and decreased GLP-1, ACOX-1, CPT-1A expression, concomitant with liver DPP4 expression enhancement and serum DPP4 elevation. These undesirable consequences were alleviated by saxagliptin to a certain degree. CONCLUSION DPP4i saxagliptin improves NAFLD by ameliorating IR, inflammation, downregulation of hepatic DPP4 and sDPP4, as well as subsequent steatosis. The elevation of hepatic DPP4 and sDPP4 and succedent post-treatment decrease suggested that DPP4 may involve in the development of NAFLD. The anti-lipotoxic effect of DPP4i may involve the activation of CPT1A and ACOX1 related β-oxidation signaling pathway suppression of TNF-α mediated inflammatory and PTP-1B. The results covered in this article showed that saxagliptin affects many aspects of the pathological characteristics of NAFLD, suggesting that DPP4i saxagliptin may offer a novel therapeutic option for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dongmei Zheng Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province250021, People’s Republic of ChinaTel + 86 531 68776375 Email
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27
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Gastaldelli A, Cusi K. From NASH to diabetes and from diabetes to NASH: Mechanisms and treatment options. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:312-328. [PMID: 32039382 PMCID: PMC7001557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to have reached 25% or more in adults. NAFLD is prevalent in obese individuals, but may also affect non-obese insulin-resistant individuals. NAFLD is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), which may be higher in patients with more severe liver disease - fibrosis increases this risk. In NAFLD, not only the close association with obesity, but also the impairment of many metabolic pathways, including decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, increase the risk of developing T2D and related comorbidities. Conversely, patients with diabetes have a higher prevalence of steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and end-stage liver disease. Genetics and mechanisms involving dysfunctional adipose tissue, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity appear to play a role. In this review, we discuss the altered pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the development of T2D in NAFLD and vice versa. Although there is no approved therapy for the treatment of NASH, we discuss pharmacological agents currently available to treat T2D that could potentially be useful for the management of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Florida, and Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
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28
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Gu X, Luo X, Wang Y, He Z, Li X, Wu K, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Ji J, Luo X. Ascorbic acid attenuates cell stress by activating the fibroblast growth factor 21/fibroblast growth factor receptor 2/adiponectin pathway in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2450-2458. [PMID: 31322211 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of obesity‑induced non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been reported. Ascorbic acid (AA), also known as vitamin C, an excellent antioxidant, has been shown to exert beneficial effects on NAFLD; however, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the role of AA on cell stress in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)‑treated HepG2 cells was investigated. Our findings revealed that exposure to AA effectively ameliorated TNFα‑induced cell stresses, including hypoxia, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by reducing the expression of Hif1α and its target genes (glucose transporter 1), pro‑inflammatory genes (monocyte chemoattractant 1) and ER stress‑related genes (glucose‑regulated protein, 78 kDa). AA also decreased the protein level of HIF1α. Additionally, AA significantly increased the secretion of total adiponectin and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin. Mechanistically, AA was determined to increase the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Knockdown of FGFR2 not only decreased the levels of total adiponectin and HMW adiponectin, but almost abolished the beneficial effects of AA in ameliorating cell stress. Collectively, the findings of our study demonstrated that AA may attenuate hepatocyte stress induced by TNFα via activation of the FGF21/FGFR2/adiponectin pathway. This could a novel mechanism of action of AA, and its potential for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqian Gu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhangya He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kunjin Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yafeng Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xian Yang Central Hospital, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Obstetrics, Northwest Women and Children Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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29
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Liraglutide alters hepatic metabolism in high-fat fed obese mice: A bioinformatic prediction and functional analysis. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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30
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Gut peptide and neuroendocrine regulation of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:326-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Yu P, Xu X, Zhang J, Xia X, Xu F, Weng J, Lai X, Shen Y. Liraglutide Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through Adjusting Lipid Metabolism via SHP1/AMPK Signaling Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:1567095. [PMID: 31236111 PMCID: PMC6545813 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1567095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist liraglutide (LR) had been experimentally and clinically shown to ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of LR on NAFLD in vivo and in vitro and its underlying molecular mechanism. The effects of LR were examined on the high-fat diet-induced in vivo model in mice and in vitro model of NAFLD in human HepG2 cells. Liver tissues and HepG2 cells were procured for measuring lipid metabolism, histological examination, and western blot analysis. LR administration significantly lowered the serum lipid profile and lipid disposition in vitro and in vivo because of the altered expression of enzymes on hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. Moreover, LR significantly decreased Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP1) and then increased the expression of phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). However, the overexpression of SHP1 mediated by lentivirus vector reversed LR-induced improvement in lipid deposition. Moreover, SHP1 silencing could further increase the expression of p-AMPK to ameliorate lipid metabolism and relative lipogenic gene induced by LR. In addition, abrogation of AMPK by Compound C eliminated the protective effects of LR on lipid metabolism without changing the expression of SHP1. LR markedly prevented NAFLD through adjusting lipid metabolism via SHP1/AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jiangxi Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jiangxi Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunfeng Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jiangxi Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Zhou D, Chen YW, Zhao ZH, Yang RX, Xin FZ, Liu XL, Pan Q, Zhou H, Fan JG. Sodium butyrate reduces high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through upregulation of hepatic GLP-1R expression. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-12. [PMID: 30510243 PMCID: PMC6277380 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has a broad spectrum of biological activity by regulating metabolic processes via both the direct activation of the class B family of G protein-coupled receptors and indirect nonreceptor-mediated pathways. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have significant therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) in animal models. However, clinical studies indicated that GLP-1 treatment had little effect on hepatic steatosis in some NAFLD patients, suggesting that GLP-1 resistance may occur in these patients. It is well-known that the gut metabolite sodium butyrate (NaB) could promote GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells. However, it is unclear whether NaB improves hepatic GLP-1 responsiveness in NAFLD. In the current study, we showed that the serum GLP-1 levels of NAFLD patients were similar to those of normal controls, but hepatic GLP-1R expression was significantly downregulated in NAFLD patients. Similarly, in the NAFLD mouse model, mice fed with a high-fat diet showed reduced hepatic GLP-1R expression, which was reversed by NaB treatment and accompanied by markedly alleviated liver steatosis. In addition, NaB treatment also upregulated the hepatic p-AMPK/p-ACC and insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1 expression levels. Furthermore, NaB-enhanced GLP-1R expression in HepG2 cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase-2 independent of GPR43/GPR109a. These results indicate that NaB is able to prevent the progression of NAFL to NASH via promoting hepatic GLP-1R expression. NaB is a GLP-1 sensitizer and represents a potential therapeutic adjuvant to prevent NAFL progression to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhou
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Hua Zhao
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Xu Yang
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Zhi Xin
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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33
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Ipsen DH, Rolin B, Rakipovski G, Skovsted GF, Madsen A, Kolstrup S, Schou-Pedersen AM, Skat-Rørdam J, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Liraglutide Decreases Hepatic Inflammation and Injury in Advanced Lean Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:704-713. [PMID: 29953740 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although commonly associated with obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also present in the lean population representing a unique disease phenotype. Affecting 25% of the world's population, NAFLD is associated with increased mortality especially when progressed to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, no approved pharmacological treatments exist. Current research focuses mainly on NASH associated with obesity, leaving the effectiveness of promising treatments in lean NASH virtually unknown. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of liraglutide (glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue) and dietary intervention, alone and in combination, in guinea pigs with non-obese NASH. After 20 weeks of high-fat feeding (20% fat, 15% sucrose, 0.35% cholesterol), 40 female guinea pigs were block-randomized based on weight into four groups receiving one of four treatments for 4 weeks: continued high-fat diet (HF, control), high-fat diet and liraglutide treatment (HFL), chow diet (4% fat, 0% sucrose, 0% cholesterol; HFC) or chow diet and liraglutide treatment (HFCL). High-fat feeding induced NASH with severe fibrosis. Liraglutide decreased inflammation (p < 0.05) and hepatocyte ballooning (p < 0.05), while increasing hepatic α-tocopherol (p = 0.0154). Dietary intervention did not improve liver histopathology significantly, but decreased liver weight (p = 0.004), plasma total cholesterol (p = 0.0175), LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0063), VLDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0034), hepatic cholesterol (p < 0.0001) and increased hepatic vitamin C (p = 0.0099). Combined liraglutide and dietary intervention induced a rapid weight loss, necessitating periodical liraglutide dose adjustment/discontinuation, limiting the strength of the findings from this group. Collectively, this pre-clinical study supports the beneficial effect of liraglutide on NASH and extends this notion to lean NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bidda Rolin
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Günaj Rakipovski
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Gry F Skovsted
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Madsen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kolstrup
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Schou-Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Josephine Skat-Rørdam
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Kanda T, Matsuoka S, Yamazaki M, Shibata T, Nirei K, Takahashi H, Kaneko T, Fujisawa M, Higuchi T, Nakamura H, Matsumoto N, Yamagami H, Ogawa M, Imazu H, Kuroda K, Moriyama M. Apoptosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2661-2672. [PMID: 29991872 PMCID: PMC6034146 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has been increasing. NASH causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is one of the most serious health problems in the world. The mechanism through which NASH progresses is still largely unknown. Activation of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-induced hepatocyte apoptosis plays a role in the activation of NAFLD/NASH. Apoptotic hepatocytes stimulate immune cells and hepatic stellate cells toward the progression of fibrosis in the liver through the production of inflammasomes and cytokines. Abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism as well as microbiota accelerate these processes. The production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress is also involved. Cell death, including apoptosis, seems very important in the progression of NAFLD and NASH. Recently, inhibitors of apoptosis have been developed as drugs for the treatment of NASH and may prevent cirrhosis and HCC. Increased hepatocyte apoptosis may distinguish NASH from NAFLD, and the improvement of apoptosis could play a role in controlling the development of NASH. In this review, the association between apoptosis and NAFLD/NASH are discussed. This review could provide their knowledge, which plays a role in seeing the patients with NAFLD/NASH in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Motomi Yamazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Shibata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nirei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaneko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mariko Fujisawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamagami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imazu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Kuroda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Yang SH, Xu RX, Cui CJ, Wang Y, Du Y, Chen ZG, Yao YH, Ma CY, Zhu CG, Guo YL, Wu NQ, Sun J, Chen BX, Li JJ. Liraglutide downregulates hepatic LDL receptor and PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells and db/db mice through a HNF-1a dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:48. [PMID: 29618348 PMCID: PMC5885408 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a major regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, is associated with glucose metabolism. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, can increase insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and lower blood glucose. We aimed to investigate the relationship between liraglutide and PCSK9. Methods At the cellular level, the expressions of PCSK9 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α) protein in HepG2 cells stimulated by liraglutide was examined using Western blot. Seven-week old db/db mice and wild type (WT) mice were administered either liraglutide (200 μg/kg) or equivoluminal saline subcutaneously, twice daily for 7 weeks. Fasting glucose level, food intake and body weight were measured every week. After the 7-week treatment, the blood was collected for lipid and PCSK9 levels detection and the liver was removed from the mice for oil red O staining, immunohistochemical analysis, immunofluorescence test and Western bolt. Results Firstly, liraglutide suppressed both PCSK9 and HNF1α expression in HepG2 cells in a time and concentration dependent manner. Secondly, liraglutide induced weight loss in WT and db/db mice, decreased serum PCSK9, glucose and lipid levels and improved hepatic accumulation in db/db but not WT mice. Thirdly, liraglutide reduced both hepatic PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression with a decrease in HNF1α in db/db mice but not in WT mice. Conclusions Liraglutide suppressed PCSK9 expression through HNF1α-dependent mechanism in HepG2 cells and db/db mice, and decreased LDLR possibly via PCSK9-independent pathways in db/db mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-018-0689-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Yang
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China.,Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rui-Xia Xu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chuan-Jue Cui
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ying Du
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Chen
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu-Hong Yao
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chun-Yan Ma
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zhu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Guo
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Na-Qiong Wu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Bu-Xing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China.
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Kabirifar R, Ghoreshi ZAS, Rezaifar A, Binesh F, Bamdad K, Moradi A. Curcumin, quercetin and atorvastatin protected against the hepatic fibrosis by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Xiao Y, Han J, Wang Q, Mao Y, Wei M, Jia W, Wei L. A Novel Interacting Protein SERP1 Regulates the N‐Linked Glycosylation and Function of GLP‐1 Receptor in the Liver. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3616-3626. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic DiseaseShanghai 200233China
| | - Junfeng Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic DiseaseShanghai 200233China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic DiseaseShanghai 200233China
| | - Yueqin Mao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic DiseaseShanghai 200233China
| | - Meilin Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic DiseaseShanghai 200233China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic DiseaseShanghai 200233China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic DiseaseShanghai 200233China
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Cernea S, Cahn A, Raz I. Pharmacological management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:535-547. [PMID: 28276774 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1300059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is high and it is associated with poor prognosis. Hepatic steatosis results as a consequence of excessive hepatic lipid accumulation which correlates with insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, with subsequent oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis. Areas covered: This article presents the main pathophysiologic mechanisms and currently available drugs evaluated for their therapeutic effects on NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and drugs under development that target relevant pathogenetic pathways. However, to date there is no particular drug approved for treatment of NAFLD in patients with T2D. Expert commentary: Early recognition and intervention are essential to ameliorate disease progression. Specific recommendations are still needed for NAFLD/NASH screening and diagnosis and therapeutic algorithm in patients with T2D. Lifestyle optimization with significant weight loss is a key intervention in patients with NAFLD and T2D. Pioglitazone, liraglutide, vitamin E, OCA and pentoxifylline have proven some histological improvements in NASH and omega 3-PUFAs were shown to decrease liver fat, but no specific recommendation can be made for treatment of NASH. Perhaps a combination of agents that target different pathogenic pathways are needed to better control disease progression, but more robust evidence for these agents is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cernea
- a Department M3/Internal Medicine IV , University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Târgu Mureş , Romania.,b Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Unit , Emergency County Clinical Hospital , Târgu Mureş , Romania
| | - Avivit Cahn
- c Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital , Jerusalem , Israel.,d Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , Hadassah University Hospital , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Itamar Raz
- c Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital , Jerusalem , Israel
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Rahman K, Liu Y, Kumar P, Smith T, Thorn NE, Farris AB, Anania FA. C/EBP homologous protein modulates liraglutide-mediated attenuation of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Transl Med 2016; 96:895-908. [PMID: 27239734 PMCID: PMC4965279 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), a major transcriptional regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis, is implicated in lipotoxicity-induced ER stress and hepatocyte apoptosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We have previously demonstrated that the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, liraglutide, protects steatotic hepatocytes from lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis by improved handling of free fatty acid (FFA)-induced ER stress. In the present study, we investigated whether CHOP is critical for GLP-1-mediated restoration of ER homeostasis and mitigation of hepatocyte apoptosis in a murine model of NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). Our data show that despite similar caloric intake, CHOP KO (CHOP(-/-)) mice fed a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol (HFCD) for 16 weeks developed more severe histological features of NASH compared with wild-type (WT) controls. Severity of NASH in HFCD-fed CHOP(-/-) mice correlated with significant decrease in peroxisomal β-oxidation, and increased de novo lipogenesis and ER stress-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis. Four weeks of liraglutide treatment markedly attenuated steatohepatitis in HFCD-fed WT mice by improving insulin sensitivity, and suppressing de novo lipogenesis and ER stress-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis. However, in the absence of CHOP, liraglutide did not improve insulin sensitivity, nor suppress peroxisomal β-oxidation or ER stress-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis. Taken together, these data indicate that CHOP protects hepatocytes from HFCD-induced ER stress, and has a significant role in the mechanism of liraglutide-mediated protection against NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalidur Rahman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA,Corresponding Author: Khalidur Rahman, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 201, Atlanta, GA 30322, Phone: 404-712-2867 or 404-727-5638, Fax: 404-727-5767
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tekla Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | | | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA
| | - Frank A. Anania
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
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Han J, Kaufman RJ. The role of ER stress in lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1329-38. [PMID: 27146479 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r067595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle important for regulating calcium homeostasis, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and posttranslational modification and trafficking. Numerous environmental, physiological, and pathological insults disturb ER homeostasis, referred to as ER stress, in which a collection of conserved intracellular signaling pathways, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), are activated to maintain ER function for cell survival. However, excessive and/or prolonged UPR activation leads to initiation of self-destruction through apoptosis. Excessive accumulation of lipids and their intermediate products causes metabolic abnormalities and cell death, called lipotoxicity, in peripheral organs, including the pancreatic islets, liver, muscle, and heart. Because accumulating evidence links chronic ER stress and defects in UPR signaling to lipotoxicity in peripheral tissues, understanding the role of ER stress in cell physiology is a topic under intense investigation. In this review, we highlight recent findings that link ER stress and UPR signaling to the pathogenesis of peripheral organs due to lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Choongchungnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1-Based Therapies beyond Glucose Control. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3094642. [PMID: 27110066 PMCID: PMC4823510 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3094642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone mainly secreted from intestinal L cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GLP-1 has beneficial effects for glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells, delaying gastric emptying, decreasing plasma glucagon, reducing food intake, and stimulating glucose disposal. Therefore, GLP-1-based therapies such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, which is a GLP-1 inactivating enzyme, have been developed for treatment of type 2 diabetes. In addition to glucose-lowering effects, emerging data suggests that GLP-1-based therapies also show anti-inflammatory effects in chronic inflammatory diseases including type 1 and 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, diabetic nephropathy, asthma, and psoriasis. This review outlines the anti-inflammatory actions of GLP-1-based therapies on diseases associated with chronic inflammation in vivo and in vitro, and their molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action.
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Smits MM, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MHA, Kramer MHH, Cahen DL, van Raalte DH. Gastrointestinal actions of glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies: glycaemic control beyond the pancreas. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:224-35. [PMID: 26500045 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) lowers postprandial glucose concentrations by regulating pancreatic islet-cell function, with stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin and suppression of glucagon secretion. In addition to endocrine pancreatic effects, mounting evidence suggests that several gastrointestinal actions of GLP-1 are at least as important for glucose-lowering. GLP-1 reduces gastric emptying rate and small bowel motility, thereby delaying glucose absorption and decreasing postprandial glucose excursions. Furthermore, it has been suggested that GLP-1 directly stimulates hepatic glucose uptake, and suppresses hepatic glucose production, thereby adding to reduction of fasting and postprandial glucose levels. GLP-1 receptor agonists, which mimic the effects of GLP-1, have been developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Based on their pharmacokinetic profile, GLP-1 receptor agonists can be broadly categorized as short- or long-acting, with each having unique islet-cell and gastrointestinal effects that lower glucose levels. Short-acting agonists predominantly lower postprandial glucose excursions, by inhibiting gastric emptying and intestinal glucose uptake, with little effect on insulin secretion. By contrast, long-acting agonists mainly reduce fasting glucose levels, predominantly by increased insulin and reduced glucagon secretion, with potential additional direct inhibitory effects on hepatic glucose production. Understanding these pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences may allow personalized antihyperglycaemic therapy in type 2 diabetes. In addition, it may provide the rationale to explore treatment in patients with no or little residual β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Smits
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Tonneijck
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M H A Muskiet
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M H H Kramer
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D L Cahen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D H van Raalte
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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