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Novozhilova N, Babina K, Polyakova M, Sokhova I, Sherstneva V, Zaytsev A, Makeeva I, Mikheikina A. The Effect of Different Compositions and Concentrations of Etidronate-Containing Irrigants on the Antibacterial Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:46. [PMID: 38534270 DOI: 10.3390/dj12030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effect of different compositions and concentrations of two etidronate-containing irrigants on the antibacterial activity of sodium hypochlorite (SH) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in vitro. Pure cultures of C. albicans and E. faecalis were isolated from root canal samples. The disc diffusion method was used to compare the antibacterial effect of pure SH and SH mixed with 9%, 15%, and 18% etidronate of two manufactures (dual rinse (DR); IsraDent (ID)) and EDTA. The pH and temperature of the solutions were measured immediately after mixing and within 40 min. The ANOVA revealed a significant influence of the type of irrigating solution on the C. albicans and E. faecalis inhibition zone diameters that ranged from 6.6 to 51.6 mm and from 6.4 to 12.4 mm, respectively. SH with DR 9% exhibited the highest effect against C. albicans. The antifungal activity of the other irrigants was SH = SH + DR15% = SH + DR18% = SH + ID9% > SH + EDTA > SH + ID15% > SH + ID18%. No significant differences in the anti-E. faecalis effect were revealed between the tested solutions except for the mixtures of SH and 15% and 18% ID, which exhibited no antiseptic effect. There was a strong positive correlation between antiseptic activity against both microorganisms and the pH values of the tested solutions. In conclusion, most etidronate formulations did not significantly hamper sodium hypochlorite activity against C. albicans and E. faecalis. The effect was concentration- and manufacturer-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Novozhilova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Babina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Polyakova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna Sokhova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Sherstneva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Zaytsev
- Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Makeeva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Mikheikina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Nassar R, Nassar M, Senok A, Williams D. Phytic Acid Demonstrates Rapid Antibiofilm Activity and Inhibits Biofilm Formation When Used as a Surface Conditioning Agent. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0026723. [PMID: 37191582 PMCID: PMC10269681 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00267-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Root canal infections are associated with biofilms and are treated with chemical irrigants with a high success rate. However, treatment failure does arise, which is attributed primarily to resistance exhibited by biofilms. Currently used irrigants in root canal treatment have disadvantages, and there is therefore a need for more biocompatible alternatives with antibiofilm properties to reduce root canal treatment failure and complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibiofilm properties of phytic acid (IP6), which is a potential alternative treatment agent. Single- and dual-species biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were developed on the well surfaces of 12-well plates and on hydroxyapatite (HA) coupons, and then exposed to IP6. In addition, selected HA coupons were preconditioned with IP6 before biofilm development. IP6 demonstrated bactericidal effects and altered the metabolic activity of biofilm cells. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy showed that IP6 caused significant and rapid reduction in live biofilm cells. At sublethal concentrations, IP6 did not alter the expression of tested virulence genes except for C. albicans hwp1, the expression of which was upregulated but not reflected by a change in hyphal transformation. IP6-preconditioned HA coupons led to extensive inhibition of dual-species biofilm formation. The results of this study highlight for the first time the antibiofilm inhibitory properties of IP6 and the potential for its exploitation in several clinical applications. IMPORTANCE Root canal infections are biofilm associated, and despite mechanical and chemical treatment procedures, infection recurrence occurs, and this is likely due to the high tolerance of associated biofilms to antimicrobials. The currently used treatment agents have several disadvantages, which necessitates the search for new improved agents. In this study, the natural chemical phytic acid was found to exhibit antibiofilm activity against established mono and dual mature biofilms over a short contact time. Most importantly, phytic acid was found to cause significant inhibition of dual-species biofilm formation when used as a surface preconditioning agent. The findings of this study identified a novel use of phytic acid as a potential antibiofilm agent that can be used in several clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nassar
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Williams
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Yasini Z, Roghanizad N, Fazlyab M, Pourhajibagher M. Ex vivo efficacy of sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103113. [PMID: 36096436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the ex vivo efficacy of sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (SACT) also known as antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy for inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted on 80 extracted single-canal maxillary anterior teeth. After instrumentation, the root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis and C. albicans suspensions, and the teeth were assigned to 5 groups of control (no antimicrobial therapy), nano-curcumin, ultrasound waves, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and SACT (nano-curcumin plus ultrasound waves). The mean biofilm thickness and number of colonies were then counted. RESULTS The E. faecalis colony count in nano-curcumin, ultrasound waves, and SACT groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The C. albicans colony count in SACT group was significantly lower than that in the control and ultrasound waves groups (P<0.05). The mean biofilm thickness in NaOCl and SACT groups was significantly thinner than other groups (P<0.05). The mean biofilm thickness in SACT group was significantly thinner than that in ultrasound waves group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION In summary, SACT using nano-curcumin had an almost comparable efficacy to NaOCl, but was more effective than ultrasound waves and nano-curcumin for reduction of C. albicans and E. faecalis biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yasini
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Roghanizad
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Fazlyab
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911623. [PMID: 36406433 PMCID: PMC9668886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a symbiotic fungus that commonly colonizes on oral mucosal surfaces and mainly affects immuno-compromised individuals. Polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and oral microbes influence the cellular and biochemical composition of the biofilm, contributing to change clinically relevant outcomes of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as pathogenesis, virulence, and drug-resistance. Notably, the symbiotic relationships between C. albicans and oral bacteria have been well-documented in dental caries, oral mucositis, endodontic and periodontal diseases, implant-related infections, and oral cancer. C. albicans interacts with co-existing oral bacteria through physical attachment, extracellular signals, and metabolic cross-feeding. This review discusses the bacterial-fungal interactions between C. albicans and different oral bacteria, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanism and its relevance to the development and clinical management of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rai D, Shukla D, Bhola ND. Aspergillosis of Maxillary Sinus's Diagnosis, Management, and Association With COVID-19: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e30191. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Koca-Ünsal RB, Şehirli AÖ, Sayıner S, Aksoy U. Relationship of NLRP3 inflammasome with periodontal, endodontic and related systemic diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11123-11132. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fiallos NDM, Aguiar ALR, Nascimento da Silva B, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC, Castelo Branco de Souza Collares Maia D, Cordeiro RDA. Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans dual-species biofilm: establishment of an in vitro protocol and characterization. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:401-413. [PMID: 35655421 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2084612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the most important agent of persistent apical periodontitis, and recently, Candida albicans has also been implicated in periapical infections. This study aimed to optimize an in vitro E. faecalis and C. albicans dual-species biofilm protocol for endodontic research. Different physicochemical conditions for biofilm formation were tested. Susceptibility assays to antimicrobials, biochemical composition and an ultra-morphological structure analyses were performed. Reproducible dual-species biofilms were established in BHI medium at 35 °C, for 48 h and in a microaerophilic atmosphere. An increase in biomass and chitin content was detected after vancomycin treatment. Structural analysis revealed that the dual-species biofilm was formed by both microorganisms adhered to the substrate. The proposed protocol could be useful for the study of interkingdom relationships and help to find new strategies against periapical infections.
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Jakovljevic A, Ivanovic KB. ENDODONTIC PERIAPICAL LESIONS ARE CHARACTERIZED WITH THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF VIABLE AND ACTIVEMICROORGANISMS. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2021; 21:101636. [PMID: 34922722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Bronzato JD, Bomfim RA, Hayasida GZP, Cúri M, Estrela C, Paster BJ, Gomes BPFA. Analysis of microorganisms in periapical lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol. 2021;124:105055. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105055. Epub 2021 Feb 12. SOURCE OF FUNDING Supported by the Brazilian agencies São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) under grant no. 2015/23,479-5; National Scientific and Technological Development Council (CNPq) under grants no 308,162/2014-5 and 303,852/2019-4; and Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Finance Code 001; grants no 88,887.369163/2019-00 and 88,887.342794/2019-00.. TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.
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Du Q, Yuan S, Zhao S, Fu D, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Cao Y, Gao Y, Xu X, Zhou X, He J. Coexistence of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis increases biofilm virulence and periapical lesions in rats. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:964-974. [PMID: 34839774 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1993836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study utilized an in vitro dual-species biofilm model and an in vivo rat post-treatment endodontic disease (PTED) model to investigate whether co-infection of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis would aggravate periapical lesions. The results showed that co-culturing yielded a thicker and denser biofilm more tolerant to detrimental stresses compared with the mono-species biofilm, such as a starvation-alkalinity environment, mechanical shear force and bactericidal chemicals. Consistently, co-inoculation of E. faecalis and C. albicans significantly increased the extent of in vivo periapical lesions compared with mono-species infection. Specifically, coexistence of both microorganisms increased osteoclastic bone resorption and suppressed osteoblastic bone formation. The synergistic effects also up-regulated inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6. In summary, coexistence of C. albicans and E. faecalis increased periapical lesions by enhanced biofilm virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatrics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangpei Cao
- Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, EI Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Prevalence of Fungi in Primary Endodontic Infections of a Greek-living Population Through Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. J Endod 2021; 48:200-207. [PMID: 34800484 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungi are considered to be opportunistic pathogens that may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of endodontic infections. The main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of 2 selected genera of fungi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp., using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and to compare the findings with the respective ones obtained by a culture-dependent approach, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). A secondary aim was to assess the presence of other bacteria growing under aerobic conditions. METHODS Microbial samples were obtained from the root canals of 60 teeth associated with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. DNA was extracted, and RT-PCR was applied for the detection of C. albicans and Aspergillus spp. pathogenic subtypes. In addition, MALDI-ToF MS was performed to identify microorganisms grown under aerobic conditions. RESULTS Based on RT-PCR, Aspergillus was detected in 8 cases, whereas C. albicans was detected in 4 cases. Using MALDI-ToF MS, no trace of Aspergillus was detected, whereas C. albicans was identified in 2 cases. Significant differences were revealed in the detection potential for Aspergillus spp. between MALDI-ToF MS and RT-PCR (P = .01); conversely, this was not the case for C. albicans (P = .50). After MALDI-ToF MS, 35 samples showed evidence of bacterial growth. The vast majority was colonized by Achromobacter xylosoxidans followed by Lactobacillus spp., Methylobacterium spp., and Enterococcus faecalis. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the presence of fungi in primarily infected canals with apical periodontitis as well as some rarely inspected aerobic bacterial species. A. xylosoxidans was prevalent; however, the clinical relevance of its presence needs to be investigated further.
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Nassar R, Nassar M, Vianna ME, Naidoo N, Alqutami F, Kaklamanos EG, Senok A, Williams D. Antimicrobial Activity of Phytic Acid: An Emerging Agent in Endodontics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:753649. [PMID: 34765567 PMCID: PMC8576384 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.753649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phytic acid (IP6) is a promising and emerging agent, and because of its unique structure and distinctive properties, it lends itself to several applications in dentistry. Recently, IP6 was proposed as a potential chelating agent in endodontics. However, there is limited knowledge regarding its antimicrobial and antibiofilm effectiveness. The aims of this study, were therefore to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of IP6 against a range of microbial species and compare these with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The contact time required for IP6 to exert its bactericidal effect on Enterococcus faecalis was also determined. Methods The inhibitory and biocidal activities of IP6, EDTA and NaOCl were assessed using a broth microdilution assay against 11 clinical and reference strains of bacteria and a reference strain of Candida albicans. The contact time required for various IP6 concentrations to eliminate planktonic cultures of E. faecalis was determined using a membrane filtration method according to BS-EN-1040:2005. IP6 bactericidal activity was also evaluated using fluorescent microscopy, and the antibiofilm activity of the test agents was also determined. Results IP6 was biocidal against all tested microorganisms. At concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, IP6 required 5 min to exert a bactericidal effect on E. faecalis, while 5% IP6 was bactericidal after 30 s. IP6 also eradicated biofilms of the tested microorganisms. In conclusion, IP6 had notable antimicrobial effects on planktonic and biofilm cultures and exhibited rapid bactericidal effects on E. faecalis. This research highlighted, for the first time the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of IP6, which could be exploited, not only in dental applications, but also other fields where novel strategies to counter antimicrobial resistance are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nassar
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Morgana E Vianna
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nerissa Naidoo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatma Alqutami
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Williams
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Wang L, Yang F, Qiu Y, Ye L, Song D, Huang D. The Potential Roles of T Cells in Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2021; 48:70-79. [PMID: 34627784 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periapical lesions are inflammatory diseases mainly caused by microbial infection from the root canal system, affecting the integrity of alveolar bone, periapical cementum, and periodontal ligament. The invasion of pathogenic microorganisms activates local inflammation and host immune response, especially the recruitment and differentiation of T cells. Many studies have discussed the fundamental roles of T cell-related immunological regulation and the possible clinical significance of cytokine disorders in periapical lesions. However, oral pathogen-mediated T cell immune response is far more clarified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to discuss the research status of T cell-related immunology involved in the progression of periapical lesions and potential future directions. METHODS We conducted a literature review focusing on T cell-related immunology in periapical lesions by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect online databases. RESULTS In total 108 articles were involved in this narrative review. During the development of periapical lesions, the infiltrated number of different types of T cells and the secretion of T cell-related cytokines in root apex region reflected the inflammatory status of periapical lesions. In addition, it was also highly correlated with the periapical bone destruction. Future study could attempt to provide a wider and deeper study on the expression profile and regulatory function of T cells in the development of periapical lesions. CONCLUSION This review would help us understand the essence of the T cell-related pathology of periapical lesions and raise the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongzhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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13
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Candida albicans Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Novel Endodontic Solvents. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungi isolated in endodontic infections. In this study, the ability of C. albicans biofilm to tolerate the novel solvent mixtures methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)/tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and MEK/orange oil (OOil) sequentially to the standard irrigation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) was evaluated. Methods: Biofilm cell cultures of C. albicans SC 5314 were treated sequentially with NaOCl and EDTA and exposed to MEK/TCE or MEK/OOil. The effect of the antimicrobial treatment was evaluated using the disk diffusion method for planktonic culture, and the enumeration of colony-forming units (CFUs) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for biofilm cell culture. Results: C. albicans mature biofilm (24 h) was significantly reduced in biomass and cell viability after solvent mixtures’ exposure, compared with the previous NaOCl and EDTA treatments. MEK/OOil combination caused a total reduction of biofilm, while with MEK/TCE, there was a 3-log (CFU/cm2) reduction compared with the sequence NaOCl and EDTA, and a 4-log (CFU/cm2) reduction compared with the control. Conclusions: The additional exposure of a preformed 24 h C. albicans biofilm to novel solvent mixtures MEK/TCE and MEK/OOil caused a positive antibiofilm impact, overcoming the performance of the conventional endodontic irrigating protocol.
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Alberti A, Corbella S, Taschieri S, Francetti L, Fakhruddin KS, Samaranayake LP. Fungal species in endodontic infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255003. [PMID: 34293029 PMCID: PMC8297845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are common on oral mucosae, but their role in other oral sites is ill defined. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the presence of fungi, particularly Candida species in endodontic infections, albeit in relatively small numbers in comparison to its predominant anaerobic bacteriome. Here, we review the fungal biome of primary and secondary endodontic infections, with particular reference to the prevalence and behavior of Candida species. Meta-analysis of the available data from a total of 39 studies fitting the inclusion criteria, indicate the overall weighted mean prevalence (WMP) of fungal species in endodontic infections to be 9.11% (from a cumulative total of 2003 samples), with 9.0% in primary (n = 1341), and 9.3% in secondary infections (n = 662). Nevertheless, WMP for fungi in primary and secondary infections which were 6.3% and 7.5% for culture-based studies, increased to 12.5% and 16.0% in molecular studies, respectively. The most prevalent fungal species was Candida spp. The high heterogeneity in the reported fungal prevalence suggests the need for standardized sampling, and speciation methods. The advent of the new molecular biological analytical platforms, such as the next generation sequencing (NGS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), that enables identification and quantitation of a broad spectrum of hitherto unknown organisms in endodontic infections should radically alter our understanding of the endodontic mycobiome in the future. Candida spp. appear to be co-pathogens with bacteria in approximately one in ten patients with endodontic infections. Hence, clinicians should comprehend the importance and the role of fungi in endodontic infections and be cognizant of the need to eradicate both bacteria and fungi for successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Alberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Corbella
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luca Francetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Bronzato JD, Bomfim RA, Hayasida GZP, Cúri M, Estrela C, Paster BJ, Gomes BPFA. Analysis of microorganisms in periapical lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 124:105055. [PMID: 33588190 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on prevalence of microorganisms and their viability/activity in endodontic periapical lesions. DESIGN Literature research was performed on five electronic biomedical databases from their start dates to June 2020. Only studies evaluating the presence of microorganisms in periapical lesions in human permanent teeth with secondary/persistent infection were included. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility for inclusion, extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias. Meta-analysis and binominal tests were used to analyse the resulting data. RESULTS From the 1,313 records found, 23 full-texts were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The prevalence of microorganisms in endodontic periapical lesions was 87 % (95 % CI, 75-94) and the prevalence of viable/active microorganisms was 82 % (95 % CI, 66-91). There were statistical differences in the geographic area subgroup and between viable bacteria and active viruses. The most common detection method of microorganisms was the molecular one (69 %), and the most prevalent bacteria were the species Actinomyces, Fusobacterium and Prevotella (40 %). Most of the included studies had moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of microorganisms in endodontic periapical lesions was 87 % and the prevalence of viable/active microorganisms was 82 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Bronzato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Bomfim
- Department of Community Health, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Z P Hayasida
- Department of Applied Math and Statistics, Institute of Math and Computing Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cúri
- Department of Applied Math and Statistics, Institute of Math and Computing Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Estrela
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Bruce J Paster
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Abraham SB, Al Marzooq F, Himratul-Aznita WH, Ahmed HMA, Samaranayake LP. Prevalence, virulence and antifungal activity of C. albicans isolated from infected root canals. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:347. [PMID: 33256696 PMCID: PMC7708210 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited data on the prevalence of Candida species in infected root canal systems of human teeth. We attempted to investigate the prevalence, genotype, virulence and the antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from infected root canals of patients with primary and post-treatment infections in a UAE population.
Methods Microbiological samples from 71 subjects with infected root canals were aseptically collected, and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, and C. albicans was identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and the isolates were further subtyped using ABC genotyping system. Their relative virulence was compared using further four archival samples of endodontic origin from another geographical region, and four more salivary isolates, as controls. The virulence attributes compared were biofilm formation, and production of phospholipase and haemolysin, and the susceptibility to nystatin, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluoconazole was also tested. Results 4 out of 71 samples (5.6%) yielded Candida species. On analysis of variance among the groups, the intracanal isolates, mainly Genotype A, possessed a high degree of phospholipase and haemolysin activity (p < 0.05). The UAE and Finland isolates were stronger biofilm formers and had superior phospholipase production capacity compared with the salivary isolates. All isolates were sensitive to the antifungal chemicals used. The salivary isolates were more sensitive to fluoconazole compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of C. albicans in infected root canals of patients attending a dental hospital in UAE is low. The strains isolated were good biofilm formers, possessed strong phospholipase and haemolysin activity and were mostly of the genotype A. The fact that the root canal isolates possessed significant hydrolase activity, imply that they are equipped with virulence attributes necessary for survival within a harsh intracanal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela B Abraham
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farah Al Marzooq
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Wan Harun Himratul-Aznita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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Alshanta OA, Alqahtani S, Shaban S, Albashaireh K, McLean W, Ramage G. Comparison of Three Endodontic Irrigant Regimens against Dual-Species Interkingdom Biofilms: Considerations for Maintaining the Status Quo. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090634. [PMID: 32971912 PMCID: PMC7558056 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infections are often interkingdom biofilms, though current clinical management rarely considers this phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate new and standard endodontic antimicrobial regimens against simple and complex Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis mono- and dual-species biofilms. C. albicans and E. faecalis mono- and dual-species biofilms were grown upon Thermanox™ coverslips and treated for 5 min with 3% NaOCl, 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA, or 9% HEDP dissolved in 3% NaOCl. The number of cells remaining immediately after treatment at 0 h and after 72 h of regrowth were assessed using real-time quantitative PCR. All three treatment arms showed a similar positive antimicrobial effect on C. albicans and E. faecalis in both mono- and dual-species biofilms following initial treatment, resulting in ≥98% reduction in colony forming equivalent (CFE). Regardless of species or biofilm type (mono- or dual- species), the antimicrobial effect of NaOCl:HEDP mixture was comparable to that of NaOCl alone, with both showing significant regrowth after 72 h, whereas sequential treatment with NaOCl and EDTA consistently prevented significant regrowth. Our data suggest that sequential irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA remains the antimicrobial strategy of choice as it significantly reduces biofilm persistence and regrowth in our experimental dual-species biofilm conditions.
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Jakovljevic A, Nikolic N, Carkic J, Andric M, Miletic M, Beljic-Ivanovic K, Jovanovic T, Milasin J. Notch - a possible mediator between Epstein-Barr virus infection and bone resorption in apical periodontitis. Acta Odontol Scand 2020; 78:126-131. [PMID: 31570027 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1658896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive periapical lesions exhibited higher mRNA levels of Notch signalling molecules (Notch2 and Jagged1), bone resorption regulators (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)), and proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-6) compared to EBV negative lesions. Additionally, the potential correlation between investigated molecules in periapical lesions was analyzed.Materials and methods: Sixty-four apical periodontitis lesions were obtained subsequent to standard apicoectomy procedure. The presence of EBV was determined using nested PCR. Based on the presence of EBV all periapical lesions were divided into two groups, 29 EBV positive and 35 EBV negative lesions. A reverse transcriptase real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA levels of Notch2, Jagged1, RANKL, OPG, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6.Results: Significantly higher mRNA levels of Notch2, Jagged1, RANKL and IL-1β were observed in EBV positive compared to EBV negative lesions. Significant positive correlation was present between Notch2 and Jagged1, Jagged1 and RANKL, and IL-β and TNF-α in EBV positive periapical lesions.Conclusions: Notch signalling pathway may be involved in alveolar bone resorption in apical periodontitis lesions infected by EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Jakovljevic
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadja Nikolic
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Carkic
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Andric
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Miletic
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Beljic-Ivanovic
- Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Virusology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milasin
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Candida albicans Biofilm Heterogeneity and Tolerance of Clinical Isolates: Implications for Secondary Endodontic Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040204. [PMID: 31671533 PMCID: PMC6963865 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Endodontic infections are caused by the invasion of various microorganisms into the root canal system. Candida albicans is a biofilm forming yeast and the most prevalent eukaryotic microorganism in endodontic infections. In this study we investigated the ability of C. albicans to tolerate treatment with standard endodontic irrigants NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a combination thereof. We hypothesized that biofilm formed from a panel of clinical isolates differentially tolerate disinfectant regimens, and this may have implications for secondary endodontic infections. Methodology: Mature C. albicans biofilms were formed from 30 laboratory and oral clinical isolates and treated with either 3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA or a sequential treatment of 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA for 5 min. Biofilms were then washed, media replenished and cells reincubated for an additional 24, 48 and 72 h at 37 °C. Regrowth was quantified using metabolic reduction, electrical impedance, biofilm biomass and microscopy at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: Microscopic analysis and viability readings revealed a significant initial killing effect by NaOCl, followed by a time dependent significant regrowth of C. albicans, but with inter-strain variability. In contrast to NaOCl, there was a continuous reduction in viability after EDTA treatment. Moreover, EDTA significantly inhibited regrowth after NaOCl treatment, though viable cells were still observed. Conclusions: Our results indicate that different C. albicans biofilm phenotypes grown in a non-complex surface topography have the potential to differentially tolerate standard endodontic irrigation protocols. This is the first study to report a strain dependent impact on efficacy of endodontic irrigants. Its suggested that within the complex topography of the root canal, a more difficult antimicrobial challenge, that existing endodontic irrigant regimens permit cells to regrow and drive secondary infections.
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Maciel Quatrin P, Flores Dalla Lana D, Andrzejewski Kaminski TF, Meneghello Fuentefria A. Fungal infection models: Current progress of
ex vivo
methods. Mycoses 2019; 62:860-873. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Maciel Quatrin
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Daiane Flores Dalla Lana
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
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Moradi Eslami L, Vatanpour M, Aminzadeh N, Mehrvarzfar P, Taheri S. The comparison of intracanal medicaments, diode laser and photodynamic therapy on removing the biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the root canal system (ex-vivo study). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:157-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Candida species in intact in vivo biofilm from carious lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:142-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A new improved graphical and quantitative method for detecting bias in meta-analysis. INT J EVID-BASED HEA 2019; 16:195-203. [PMID: 29621038 DOI: 10.1097/xeb.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Detection of publication and related biases remains suboptimal and threatens the validity and interpretation of meta-analytical findings. When bias is present, it usually differentially affects small and large studies manifesting as an association between precision and effect size and therefore visual asymmetry of conventional funnel plots. This asymmetry can be quantified and Egger's regression is, by far, the most widely used statistical measure for quantifying funnel plot asymmetry. However, concerns have been raised about both the visual appearance of funnel plots and the sensitivity of Egger's regression to detect such asymmetry, particularly when the number of studies is small. In this article, we propose a new graphical method, the Doi plot, to visualize asymmetry and also a new measure, the LFK index, to detect and quantify asymmetry of study effects in Doi plots. We demonstrate that the visual representation of asymmetry was better for the Doi plot when compared with the funnel plot. We also show that the diagnostic accuracy of the LFK index in discriminating between asymmetry due to simulated publication bias versus chance or no asymmetry was also better with the LFK index which had areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74-0.88 with simulations of meta-analyses with five, 10, 15, and 20 studies. The Egger's regression result had lower areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.58-0.75 across the same simulations. The LFK index also had a higher sensitivity (71.3-72.1%) than the Egger's regression result (18.5-43.0%). We conclude that the methods proposed in this article can markedly improve the ability of researchers to detect bias in meta-analysis.
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Negrini TDC, Koo H, Arthur RA. Candida–Bacterial Biofilms and Host–Microbe Interactions in Oral Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1197:119-141. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Prevalence of Candida Species in Endodontic Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod 2018; 44:1616-1625.e9. [PMID: 30241680 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida in endodontic infections has been investigated in a large number of studies, but its role as an endodontic pathogen is still debatable. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of Candida species in root canal infections. METHODS Extensive literature research was performed in the most important electronic biomedical databases, and additional studies have been identified from references from relevant articles. Studies were critically appraised using a modified version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. RESULTS From 2225 unique records, 2118 were excluded on the basis of title and abstract. Of the remaining 107 studies, 50 were excluded after full-text review, and 57 were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The overall prevalence of Candida spp. in root canal infections was 8.20% (95% confidence interval, 5.56%-11.21%). Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species. Significant heterogeneity among studies was observed (P < .001, I2 = 86.07%). Subgroup analyses revealed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. from African samples. All studies considered, a high or unclear risk of bias was prevalent regarding 6 out of the 8 items considered in the critical appraisal. CONCLUSIONS Candida spp. occurred in a small proportion of root canal infections. Further and better designed research is needed to investigate the real contribution of Candida spp. to the microbial ecology in infected root canals.
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Tartari T, Wichnieski C, Bachmann L, Jafelicci M, Silva RM, Letra A, van der Hoeven R, Duarte MAH, Bramante CM. Effect of the combination of several irrigants on dentine surface properties, adsorption of chlorhexidine and adhesion of microorganisms to dentine. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1420-1433. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Tartari
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru SP Brazil
| | - C. Wichnieski
- Department of Endodontics; Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná; Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - L. Bachmann
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - M. Jafelicci
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; São Paulo State University; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - R. M. Silva
- Department of Endodontics; School of Dentistry; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - A. Letra
- Department of Endodontics; School of Dentistry; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences; School of Dentistry; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - R. van der Hoeven
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences; School of Dentistry; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - M. A. H. Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru SP Brazil
| | - C. M. Bramante
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru SP Brazil
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Bandara HMHN, Panduwawala CP, Samaranayake LP. Biodiversity of the human oral mycobiome in health and disease. Oral Dis 2018; 25:363-371. [PMID: 29786923 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The organisms that colonize the human body over a lifetime are diverse, extensive and gargantuan. A fair proportion of the microbiota that constitutes this human microbiome live within our oral cavities mostly as harmonious associates causing only sporadic disease. An important core constituent of the microbiome is the mycobiome, representing various fungal genera. Up until recently, only a few species of fungi, mainly Candida species, were thought to constitute the human oral mycobiome. The reasons for this are manifold, although the uncultivable nature of many fungi in conventional laboratory media, and their complex genetic composition seem to be the major factors which eluded their detection over the years. Nevertheless, recent advances in computing and high-throughput sequencing such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms have provided us a panoramic view of a totally new world of fungi that are human oral cohabitués. Their diversity is perplexing, and functionality yet to be deciphered. Here, we provide a glimpse of what is currently known of the oral mycobiome, in health and disease, with some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chamila P Panduwawala
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Jakovljevic A, Andric M, Nikolic N, Coric V, Krezovic S, Carkic J, Knezevic A, Beljic-Ivanovic K, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Miletic M, Soldatovic I, Radosavljevic T, Jovanovic T, Simic T, Ivanovic V, Milasin J. Levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and bone resorption regulators in apical periodontitis lesions infected by Epstein-Barr virus. Int Endod J 2018; 51:593-604. [PMID: 29315650 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether apical periodontitis lesions infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exhibit higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers [8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] and bone resorption regulators [receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)] compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions and healthy pulp tissues. METHODOLOGY The experimental group consisted of 30 EBV-positive and 30 EBV-negative periapical lesions collected in conjunction with apicoectomy. The pulp tissues of 20 impacted third molars were used as healthy controls. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of EBV was performed by nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. The levels of RANKL and OPG were analysed by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR. The levels of 8-OHdG and GSSG were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's correlation were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The levels of RANKL, OPG, 8-OHdG and GSSG were significantly higher in apical periodontitis lesions compared to healthy pulp controls (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). RANKL and OPG mRNA expression was significantly higher in EBV-positive compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions (P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between EBV copy numbers and levels of RANKL, OPG, 8OH-dG and GSSG in apical periodontitis. CONCLUSION Levels of bone resorption regulators and oxidative stress biomarkers were increased in apical periodontitis compared to healthy pulp tissues. EBV-positive periapical lesions exhibited higher levels of RANKL and OPG compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions. EBV may contribute to progression of apical periodontitis via enhanced production of bone resorption regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jakovljevic
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Andric
- Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Nikolic
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Coric
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Krezovic
- Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Carkic
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Knezevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - K Beljic-Ivanovic
- Clinic of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Miletic
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Soldatovic
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Radosavljevic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Jovanovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Simic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Ivanovic
- Clinic of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Milasin
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Sangalli J, Júnior EGJ, Bueno CRE, Jacinto RC, Sivieri-Araújo G, Filho JEG, Cintra LTÂ, Junior ED. Antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum associated with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2273-2279. [PMID: 29318387 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dentin specimens obtained from extracted bovine incisors were infected during 14 days with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and C. albicans ATCC 10231. The specimens were filled with calcium hydroxide pastes prepared with the following vehicles: Psidium cattleianum ethanolic, Psidium cattleianum propylene glycolic, distilled water, and saline as control. After 24 h, 3, 7, and 14 days, the canals were irrigated with sterile saline and dried. Dentin samples were collected from the canals with burs of increasing diameters. To determine the number of colony-forming units (CFU), samples were inoculated onto BHI agar supplemented with yeast extract (0.5%), at 37 °C, for 48 h, in CO2 enriched atmosphere. Comparisons among the groups for the variation factors were performed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Ethanolic and propylene glycolic extracts showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis (p < 0.01) when compared with distilled water. The ethanolic extract exhibited in 24 h the same antibacterial activity that propylene glycolic extract and distilled water after 7 and 14 days. For C. albicans, all were effective in reducing the number of CFU at all periods. CONCLUSION The P. cattleianum ethanolic extract presented the fastest and highest antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, significantly reducing the microbial load in 24 h. All medications were effective against C. albicans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The antibacterial potential of P. cattleianum and its biological compatibility associated with calcium hydroxide indicate promising applications in the field of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgiana Sangalli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Elerson Gaetti Jardim Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Imunology, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Emerenciano Bueno
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Rogério Castilho Jacinto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Sivieri-Araújo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Gomes Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tavares Ângelo Cintra
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Eloi Dezan Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil.
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Effect of a Lactobacillus Salivarius Probiotic on a Double-Species Streptococcus Mutans and Candida Albicans Caries Biofilm. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111242. [PMID: 29135948 PMCID: PMC5707714 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-cariogenic effects of Lactobacillus salivarius by reducing pathogenic species and biofilm mass in a double-species biofilm model. Coexistence of S. mutans with C. albicans can cause dental caries progression or recurrence of the disease in the future. Fifty-nine children with diagnosed early childhood caries (ECC) were recruited onto the study. The condition of the children's dentition was defined according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The participants were divided into children with initial enamel demineralization and children showing dentin damage. The study was performed on the S. mutans and C. albicans clinical strains, isolated from dental plaque of patients with ECC. The effect of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus salivarius on the ability of S. mutans and C. albicans to produce a double-species biofilm was investigated in an in vitro model. The biomass of the formed/non-degraded biofilm was analyzed on the basis of its crystal violet staining. The number of colonies of S. mutans and C. albicans (CFU/mL, colony forming units/mL) forming the biofilm was determined. Microorganism morphology in the biofilm was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In vitro analysis demonstrated that the presence of S. mutans increased the number of C. albicans colonies (CFU/mL); the double-species biofilm mass and hyphal forms produced in it by the yeast. L. salivarius inhibited the cariogenic biofilm formation of C. albicans and S. mutans. Under the influence of the probiotic; the biofilm mass and the number of S. mutans; C. albicans and S. mutans with C. albicans colonies in the biofilm was decreased. Moreover; it can be noted that after the addition of the probiotic; fungi did not form hyphae or germ tubes of pathogenic potential. These results suggest that L. salivarius can secrete intermediates capable of inhibiting the formation of cariogenic S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm; and may inhibit fungal morphological transformation and thereby reduce the pathogenicity of C. albicans; weakening its pathogenic potential. Further research is required to prove or disprove the long-term effects of the preparation and to achieve preventive methods.
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