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Akbari M, Seydavi M, Zahrakar K, Ferrari JR, Griffiths MD. Chronic Procrastination Among Iranians: Prevalence Estimation, Latent Profile and Network Analyses. Psychiatr Q 2024; 95:341-365. [PMID: 38922507 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-024-10076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Procrastination is the deliberate, unjustified postponing of an intended course of action despite its costs or unfavorable effects. The present study used a self-report online survey and collected data from a large convenience sample of the general adult population (N = 2,076; females = 55.73%; Mage = 35.1 years [SD ± 12.7]) with diverse demographics. Following the ring-curve distribution, the results indicated a 15.4% prevalence rate of procrastination among the Iranian community, which was significantly higher among women and divorced individuals and lower among nomadic individuals and those with higher academic degrees. A latent profile analysis demonstrated two distinct profiles, one for procrastinators (high scores on chronic procrastination, psychological distress, neuroticism, and extraversion; and low scores on general self-efficacy, self-esteem, satisfaction with life, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and one for non-procrastinators (demonstrating a reverse pattern compared to procrastinators). Moreover, additional network analysis suggested that the examined networks were invariant across procrastination status and gender. The results indicate that procrastination differs by demographic characteristics and is associated with a unique psychological profile. However, none of the aforementioned key study variables were considered a potential vulnerability for procrastinators due to the finding that all variables were peripheral and none were central in the examined networks. Therefore, relying on the differences in mean scores on psychometric scales does not appear to be an optimal way of determining the most important variables in a therapeutic context when treating procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Akbari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, No.43. South Mofatteh Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Seydavi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, No.43. South Mofatteh Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kianoush Zahrakar
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational and Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joseph R Ferrari
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, 2219 N. Kenmore Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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2
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Zhang PY, Ma WJ. Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14642. [PMID: 38918442 PMCID: PMC11199680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
People procrastinate, but why? One long-standing hypothesis is that temporal discounting drives procrastination: in a task with a distant future reward, the discounted future reward fails to provide sufficient motivation to initiate work early. However, empirical evidence for this hypothesis has been lacking. Here, we used a long-term real-world task and a novel measure of procrastination to examine the association between temporal discounting and real-world procrastination. To measure procrastination, we critically measured the entire time course of the work progress instead of a single endpoint, such as task completion day. This approach allowed us to compute a fine-grained metric of procrastination. We found a positive correlation between individuals' degree of future reward discounting and their level of procrastination, suggesting that temporal discounting is a cognitive mechanism underlying procrastination. We found no evidence of a correlation when we, instead, measured procrastination by task completion day or by survey. This association between temporal discounting and procrastination offers empirical support for targeted interventions that could mitigate procrastination, such as modifying incentive systems to reduce the delay to a reward and lowering discount rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yuan Zhang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, 10003, USA.
| | - Wei Ji Ma
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, 10003, USA
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, 10003, USA
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3
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Huo Z, Zhang R, Chen Z, Xu J, Xu T, Feng T. The neural substrates responsible for punishment sensitivity association with procrastination: Left putamen connectivity with left middle temporal gyrus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110982. [PMID: 38387807 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Procrastination has adverse consequences across cultural contexts. Behavioral research found a positive correlation between punishment sensitivity and procrastination. However, little is known about the neural substrates underlying the association between them. We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) methods to address this issue with two independent samples. In Sample 1, behavioral results found that punishment sensitivity was positively related to procrastination. The VBM analysis showed that punishment sensitivity was negatively correlated with gray matter volume in left putamen. Subsequently, the RSFC results revealed that left putamen - left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) connectivity was positively associated with punishment sensitivity. More crucially, mediation analysis indicated that left putamen - left MTG connectivity mediated the relationship between punishment sensitivity and procrastination. The aforementioned results were validated in Sample 2. Altogether, left putamen - left MTG connectivity might be the neural signature of the association between punishment sensitivity and procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Huo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Experimental Research Center for Medical and Psychological Science (ERC-MPS), School of Psychology, Army Medical University, China
| | - Junye Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
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Sun H, Yu Y, Peng C. Shyness and academic procrastination among Chinese adolescents: a moderated mediation model of self-regulation and self-focused attention. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1352342. [PMID: 38577126 PMCID: PMC10993869 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1352342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Academic procrastination is a common concern among adolescents, but the correlation between shyness and academic procrastination and the internal mechanisms have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Based on a questionnaire survey with 1,279 Chinese middle school students, this study examined the effect of shyness on academic procrastination and its underlying mechanism of self-regulation and self-focused attention. Results revealed that: (1) shyness significantly predicted academic procrastination. (2) Self-regulation mediated the relationship between shyness and academic procrastination. (3) Self-focused attention played a moderating role in the first half of this mediation process. Specifically, higher level of self-focused attention strengthened the predictive effect of shyness on self-regulation. These results underscored the latent risks and protective factors associated with shyness, self-regulation, and self-focused attention in adolescent academic procrastination. In future research and interventions, attention may be directed towards improving individual internal factors to assist adolescents in effectively addressing issues related to academic procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- College of Teacher Education, Taishan University Shandong Province, Tai’an, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Teacher Education, Taishan University Shandong Province, Tai’an, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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5
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Huo Z, Chen Z, Zhang R, Xu J, Feng T. The functional connectivity between right parahippocampal gyrus and precuneus underlying the association between reward sensitivity and procrastination. Cortex 2024; 171:153-164. [PMID: 38000138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Procrastination has adverse effects on personal growth and social development. Behavior research has found reward sensitivity is positively correlated with procrastination. However, it remains unclear that the neural substrates underlie the relationship between reward sensitivity and procrastination. To address this issue, the present study used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses to investigate the neural substrates underlying the association with reward sensitivity and procrastination in two independent samples (N1 = 388, N2 = 330). In Sample 1, the behavioral result indicated reward sensitivity was positively correlated with procrastination. Moreover, the VBM analysis showed that reward sensitivity was positively associated with the gray matter volume (GMV) of the right parahippocampal gyrus. Furthermore, the RSFC result found reward sensitivity was negatively associated with the functional connectivity of the right parahippocampal gyrus-precuneus. Crucially, the mediation analysis revealed that functional connectivity of the right parahippocampal gyrus-precuneus mediated the relationship between reward sensitivity and procrastination. To verify the robustness of the results, confirmatory analysis was carried out in Sample 2. The results of Sample 1 (i.e., the behavioral, VBM, RSFC, and mediation results) can be verified in Sample 2. In brief, these findings suggested that the functional connectivity of the right parahippocampal gyrus-precuneus involved in reward impulsive control could modulate the relationship between reward sensitivity and procrastination, which is the first to reveal the neural underpinning of the association between reward sensitivity and procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Huo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Experimental Research Center for Medical and Psychological Science (ERC-MPS), School of Psychology, Army Medical University, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junye Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
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Adeel A, Sarminah S, Jie L, Kee DMH, Qasim Daghriri Y, Alghafes RA. When procrastination pays off: Role of knowledge sharing ability, autonomous motivation, and task involvement for employee creativity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19398. [PMID: 37767479 PMCID: PMC10520733 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The prime objective of this research was to investigate procrastination as a prospectively constructive element of the creative process among employees working at different hierarchical levels in a Chinese organization. Building on self-determination theory, this research postulates a connection between procrastination and creativity through the incubation of knowledge absorption, autonomous motivation and task engagement as boundary conditions. Data was collected from 213 individuals from the workforce and their immediate managers belonging to a Chinese furniture company; then analyzed with Mplus for simple regression analysis, mediated moderated analyses, and coefficient estimates of all the study variables. The outcomes of this investigation showed an inverse relationship between procrastination with creativity, while creativity being strongest in the medium levels of procrastination; however, when autonomous motivation and/or task engagement are strong, procrastination depicts an inverted-U-shaped association; however, in scenarios where both autonomous motivation and the task engagement are low, procrastination has a negative linear relationship. With the results of this research, we have shown that moderate procrastination has a causal effect on the generation of creative ideas. This research demonstrated that as long as employees had strong autonomous drive or high task engagement, their supervisors awarded them better ratings when they procrastinated moderately on their assignments. Limitations and future research directions were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Adeel
- Department of Business Education, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
- School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Samad Sarminah
- Department of Business Administration, College of Business and Administration, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Li Jie
- College of Economics & Management, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei, China
| | | | | | - Rsha Ali Alghafes
- College of Business and Administration, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Lardinoix J, Neumann I, Wartberg L, Lindenberg K. Procrastination Predicts Future Internet Use Disorders in Adolescents but Not Vice Versa: Results from a 12-Month Longitudinal Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091274. [PMID: 37174816 PMCID: PMC10178499 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of Internet applications is often associated with postponing real-life obligations. Previous cross-sectional studies have reported a positive association between procrastination and Internet use disorders (IUDs). Further, procrastination is included in theoretical models explaining the development of IUDs. However, little is known about the temporal relationship; thus, longitudinal studies identifying the specific predictive direction are required. METHODS Using a cross-lagged panel design, a total of 240 students who were at high risk for IUDs, aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.17, SD = 1.66) were assessed at baseline (t1) and reassessed one year later (t2) with standardized measures for IUDs and procrastination. RESULTS Our results showed that IUD symptom severity at t2 was significantly predicted both by IUD symptom severity at t1 and procrastination at t1. However, procrastination at t2 was predicted only by procrastination at t1 but not by IUD symptom severity at t1. CONCLUSIONS We could not find a reciprocal relationship between procrastination and IUD symptom severity. Procrastination appears to be a causal risk factor for IUDs, but not a consequence. As a modifiable risk factor, procrastination is a promising starting point for preventive and therapeutic interventions for IUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lardinoix
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ina Neumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Wartberg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katajun Lindenberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
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8
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Exploring different types of procrastination in multinational corporation employees: a latent class analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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9
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González-Brignardello MP, Sánchez-Elvira Paniagua Á. Dimensional Structure of MAPS-15: Validation of the Multidimensional Academic Procrastination Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3201. [PMID: 36833895 PMCID: PMC9965915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Academic procrastination is a complex behavior that hampers the cyclical process of self-regulation in learning, impeding the flow of actions necessary to achieve the goals and sub-goals that students have set out to attain. It has a high frequency of occurrence and has been linked to lessened student performance and a decrease in psychological and physical well-being. The objective of this study is to analyze the psychometric characteristics of a new academic procrastination scale MAPS-15 (Multidimensional Academic Procrastination Scale) applicable in self-regulated learning environments through a cross-validation study (exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis). The sample consisted of 1289 students from a distance/online university, with a wide age range and sociocultural variability. The students completed self-reported online questionnaires on two dates: during the university access and adaptation phase and before the first period of compulsory exams. One-, two- and three-factor structures were tested as well as a second-order structure. The results support a three-dimensional structure of MAPS-15: core procrastination, a pure dimension of procrastinating behavior and difficulty in carrying out the action; poor time management, a dimension related to time organization and perceived control over time; and work disconnection, a dimension conceptually related to lack of persistence, and work interruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Paz González-Brignardello
- Department of Personality Psychology, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Shaw A, Choi J. Big Five personality traits predicting active procrastination at work: When self- and supervisor-ratings tell different stories. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Yang L, Murad M, Mirza F, Chaudhary NI, Saeed M. Shadow of cyber ostracism over remote environment: Implication on remote work challenges, virtual work environment and employee mental well-being during a Covid-19 pandemic. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 225:103552. [PMID: 35255285 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the influence of workplace cyber ostracism on employee online work engagement and employee mental well-being with the mediating roles of remote work challenges such as loneliness, procrastination, work-home interference, and ineffective communication. As amidst lockdown due to COVID-19, the data was collected from 303 respondents through an online questionnaire that was distributed in virtual groups among friends, relatives, and other fellows who were working in the private sector organizations of Pakistan. The hypotheses were tested using the partial least square structural equation modeling PLS-SEM technique. The findings of this study showed that workplace cyber ostracism has a positive and significant impact on employee online work engagement and employee mental well-being. Moreover, results also demonstrated that loneliness, ineffective communication, procrastination, and work-home interference positively and significantly mediate the relationship between workplace cyber ostracism, employee online work engagement, and employee mental well-being. Furthermore, discussion, implications, and limitations were also discussed in this research article.
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12
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Rubbab UE, Khattak SA, Shahab H, Akhter N. Impact of Organizational Dehumanization on Employee Knowledge Hiding. Front Psychol 2022; 13:803905. [PMID: 35265008 PMCID: PMC8899186 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge hiding has become an alarming issue for the organizations. Knowledge hiding is an employee's intentional attempt to conceal knowledge requested by others at the workplace. Employee knowledge hiding significantly influences an organization's effective functioning. This research is an attempt to extend previous work on antecedents of knowledge hiding. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, it is proposed that receiving poor treatment by organizations in the form of organizational dehumanization creates psychological distress among employees toward the organization. Distress among workers in turn intervenes the path and increases the likelihood of engaging in knowledge hiding behaviors. An employee's felt obligation for constructive change (FOCC) may moderate the relationship between organizational dehumanization and employee psychological distress. Data for the current study were collected from 245 employees of the telecommunication sector in three-time lags. The results support the direct and indirect effect of organizational dehumanization on employee knowledge hiding behaviors through the mediation of psychological distress. The results also support the moderation of FOCC between organizational dehumanization and psychological distress. Furthermore, the findings of the study may help organizational practitioners and managers about the value of effective organizational climate and practices for better organizational functioning through knowledge sharing and providing insight into undesirable repercussions of organizational dehumanization. Implications for organizations and practitioners are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Um E. Rubbab
- Department of Business Administration, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aroos Khattak
- Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hina Shahab
- Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Akhter
- Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
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13
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The Effect of Social Undermining on Employees’ Emotional Exhaustion and Procrastination Behavior in Deluxe Hotels: Moderating Role of Positive Psychological Capital. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if social undermining as perceived by frontline employees significantly affects their emotional exhaustion and procrastination behavior and to clarify the moderating role of positive psychological capital. A total of 310 deluxe hotel employees in South Korea participated in this study by completing a self-administered questionnaire. The study results showed that social undermining perceived by deluxe hotel employees positively influenced their emotional exhaustion. In addition, when emotional exhaustion became severe, employees’ procrastination behavior, which harmed their organizations, increased. Additionally, the findings suggest a mediating effect, thereby indicating that employees’ procrastination behaviors may increase when they experience emotional exhaustion resulting from social undermining. When employees perform their jobs with a positive attitude in a work situation, the negative influence of social undermining and emotional exhaustion may be partially offset. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.
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14
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Steel P, Taras D, Ponak A, Kammeyer-Mueller J. Self-Regulation of Slippery Deadlines: The Role of Procrastination in Work Performance. Front Psychol 2022; 12:783789. [PMID: 35069365 PMCID: PMC8770981 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the causes and impact of procrastination on "slippery deadlines," where the due date is ill-defined and can be autonomously extended, using the unique applied setting of grievance arbitration across two studies. In Study One, using 3 years of observed performance data derived from Canadian arbitration cases and a survey of leading arbitrators, we examined the effect of individual differences, self-regulatory skills, workloads and task characteristics on time delay. Observed delay here is a critical criterion, where justice is emphasized to be swift and sure. Multilevel Modeling established trait procrastination as a substantive predictor of observed delay, equivalent to the environmental contributors of expediting the arbitration procedure or grievance complexity. Also, despite substantive negative consequence of delay for both arbitrators and their clients, arbitrators who scored one standard deviation above the mean in procrastination took approximately 83 days to write their decisions compared to the 26 days for arbitrators one standard deviation below the mean. In Study Two, we conducted a replication and extension survey with a much larger group of American arbitrators. Consistent with Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT), trait procrastination was largely explained by expectancy, value, and sensitivity to time related traits and skills, which together accounted for majority of the variance in trait procrastination, leaving little left for other explanations. For example, perfectionism connection to procrastination appears to be distal, being largely mediated by each of TMT's core variables. Finally, procrastination was largely synonymous with a deadline pacing style, indicating that observed delay can be used as a proxy for procrastination as long as little or no prior work was done (e.g., a u-shaped pacing style is not synonymous). In all, our results indicate that procrastination is rampant in the workplace and has seriously detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers Steel
- Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daphne Taras
- Ted Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allen Ponak
- Haskayne School of Business, National Academy of Arbitrators, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John Kammeyer-Mueller
- Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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15
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Social factors of procrastination: group work can reduce procrastination among students. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-021-09682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResearch on procrastination covers a variety of individual factors (e.g., conscientiousness) and this focus is reflected in interventions against procrastination. Less emphasis is put on situational and social factors that may help students reduce procrastination, such as social interdependence. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between interdependence with academic procrastination and affective variables. Two vignette studies with student samples (N1 = 320, N2 = 193) were conducted and data was analyzed with regression analyses and analyses of covariance. Results of both studies show lower state procrastination in group work with interdependence compared to individual work, especially in participants with high trait procrastination. This difference is more pronounced when interdependence is accompanied by an active commitment to finish the task on time. Further, interdependent group work is related to increased positive affect and decreased negative affect. The results demonstrate the relevance of situational and social factors for academic procrastination, and point toward new approaches for intervention.
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16
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Haesevoets T, De Cremer D, Hirst G, De Schutter L, Stouten J, van Dijke M, Van Hiel A. The Effect of Decisional Leader Procrastination on Employee Innovation: Investigating the Moderating Role of Employees’ Resistance to Change. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/15480518211044166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most prior research has examined procrastination as a type of self-defeating behavior. The present research, however, focused on the social consequences of procrastination, by investigating how decisional leader procrastination as a leader trait affects others in the workplace. We specifically developed the argument that the way in which employees deal with changes plays a critical moderating role in the relationship between leader procrastination and employee innovation. More precisely, we hypothesized that decisional leader procrastination negatively impacts employee innovation, but only so for employees who are low (compared to high) in resistance to change. This prediction was tested in an experimental study (Study 1) and two double-source survey studies (Studies 2 and 3). In support of our prediction, the results showed that an indecisive leader indeed undermines the innovation of those employees who embrace—rather than resist—changes. Critically, however, our findings also illustrated that when being supervised by a decisive leader, these particular employees are actually most likely to bring forward the process of innovation. Theoretical and practical implications of our results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Haesevoets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - David De Cremer
- NUS Business School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giles Hirst
- College of Business and Economics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Leander De Schutter
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Stouten
- Department of Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Marius van Dijke
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Van Hiel
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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17
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Wiesner CD, Meyer J, Lindner C. Detours increase local knowledge-Exploring the hidden benefits of self-control failure. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257717. [PMID: 34597326 PMCID: PMC8486128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-control enables people to override momentary thoughts, emotions, or impulses in order to pursue long-term goals. Good self-control is a predictor for health, success, and subjective well-being, as bad self-control is for the opposite. Therefore, the question arises why evolution has not endowed us with perfect self-control. In this article, we draw some attention to the hidden benefits of self-control failure and present a new experimental paradigm that captures both costs and benefits of self-control failure. In an experiment, participants worked on three consecutive tasks: 1) In a transcription task, we manipulated how much effortful self-control two groups of participants had to exert. 2) In a number-comparison task, participants of both groups were asked to compare numbers and ignore distracting neutral versus reward-related pictures. 3) After a pause for recreation, participants were confronted with an unannounced recognition task measuring whether they had incidentally encoded the distracting pictures during the previous number-comparison task. The results showed that participants who exerted a high amount of effortful self-control during the first task shifted their priorities and attention toward the distractors during the second self-control demanding task: The cost of self-control failure was reflected in worse performance in the number-comparison task. Moreover, the group which had exerted a high amount of self-control during the first task and showed self-control failure during the second task was better in the unannounced third task. The benefit of self-control failure during number comparison was reflected in better performance during the recognition task. However, costs and benefits were not specific for reward-related distractors but also occurred with neutral pictures. We propose that the hidden benefit of self-control failure lies in the exploration of distractors present during goal pursuit, i.e. the collection of information about the environment and the potential discovery of new sources of reward. Detours increase local knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dirk Wiesner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Leibniz-Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (IPN), Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Lindner
- Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Hamburg (UHH), Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Abstract
AbstractIn recent years, the new media have become so attractive that they are used for meetings, entertainment, and work. People more and more often use Facebook or phones instead of doing their work or family duties. The main aim of the present study was to test the mediating role of future anxiety in the relationship between procrastination and problematic new media use. The participants were students (N = 478), aged 18 to 27 (M = 19.93, SD = 1.77); 64% of the sample were women. The General Procrastination Scale, the Decisional Procrastination Scale, the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire, the Adapted Mobile Phone Use Habits, and the Future Anxiety Scale—Short Form were used. The study showed that those students who procrastinated often reported a high tendency to engage in problematic new media use and a high level of future anxiety. The findings of the study have important implications for research on problematic Facebook and mobile phone use. They may be applicable in the work of psychologists, psychiatrists, and therapists, both in prevention and in developing online addiction therapies.
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19
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De Clercq D, Fatima T, Jahanzeb S. Cronies, procrastinators, and leaders: A conservation of resources perspective on employees’ responses to organizational cronyism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2021.1928076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Clercq
- Goodman School of Business, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Tasneem Fatima
- Faculty of Management Sciences,International Islamic University,Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Jahanzeb
- Goodman School of Business, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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20
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Shimamura M, Matsuyama Y, Morita A, Fujiwara T. Association between procrastination in childhood and the number of remaining teeth in Japanese older adults. J Epidemiol 2021; 32:464-468. [PMID: 33840649 PMCID: PMC9424186 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20200366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procrastination is associated with stress and unhealthy behaviors. The oral condition reflects the long-term history of an individual's stress exposure and oral health behaviors; however, empirical studies on the association of procrastination in childhood with remaining teeth in older age are limited. We investigated the association of procrastination in childhood with the number of remaining teeth among community-dwelling older Japanese adults. METHODS In total, 1616 community-dwelling senior residents of Wakuya City (Miyagi Prefecture, Japan) who were enrolled in the National Health Plan & the Medical Care System for the Elderly completed a self-administered questionnaire on the number of teeth. Procrastination was measured using a single binary question about timing of holiday homework completion in childhood. The number of remaining teeth was assessed via a questionnaire with response options of ≥20, 10-19, 1-9, and 0 teeth. Ordered logistic regression models with potential confounders (sex, age, maternal education, childhood socioeconomic status (SES), childhood maltreatment, conscientiousness trait) and mediators (adulthood SES, smoking history, alcohol use history) were estimated. RESULTS Forty-six percent of participants reported a higher tendency to procrastinate in childhood. The proportions of participants with ≥20, 10-19, 1-9, and 0 teeth were 39.6, 22.7, 24.0, and 13.7%, respectively. After adjusting for all covariates, a higher tendency to procrastinate in childhood was significantly associated with having fewer remaining teeth (odds ratio = 1.28; 95% confidence interval = 1.05-1.57). CONCLUSION A higher tendency to procrastinate in childhood was associated with having fewer remaining teeth in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moemi Shimamura
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Yusuke Matsuyama
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Ayako Morita
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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21
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How decisional and general procrastination relate to procrastination at work: An investigation of office and non-office workers. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Xu T, Sirois FM, Zhang L, Yu Z, Feng T. Neural basis responsible for self-control association with procrastination: Right MFC and bilateral OFC functional connectivity with left dlPFC. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Wessel J, Bradley GL, Hood M. A Low‐Intensity, High‐Frequency Intervention to Reduce Procrastination. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Metin UB, Taris TW, Peeters MCW, Korpinen M, Smrke U, Razum J, Kolářová M, Baykova R, Gaioshko D. Validation of the Procrastination at Work Scale. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Procrastination at work has been examined relatively scarcely, partly due to the lack of a globally validated and context-specific workplace procrastination scale. This study investigates the psychometric characteristics of the Procrastination at Work Scale (PAWS) among 1,028 office employees from seven countries, namely, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. Specifically, it was aimed to test the measurement invariance of the PAWS and explore its discriminant validity by examining its relationships with work engagement and performance. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis shows that the basic factor structure and item loadings of the PAWS are invariant across countries. Furthermore, the two subdimensions of procrastination at work exhibited different patterns of relationships with work engagement and performance. Whereas soldiering was negatively related to work engagement and task performance, cyberslacking was unrelated to engagement and performance. These results indicate further validity evidence for the PAWS and the psychometric characteristics show invariance across various countries/languages. Moreover, workplace procrastination, especially soldiering, is a problematic behavior that shows negative links with work engagement and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Baran Metin
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Toon W. Taris
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C. W. Peeters
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Max Korpinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urška Smrke
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Josip Razum
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Kolářová
- Department of Psychology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Reny Baykova
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Dariia Gaioshko
- Institute of Psychology, South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University, Odesa, Ukraine
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25
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Emotional attitudes towards procrastination in people: A large-scale sentiment-focused crawling analysis. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Goroshit M, Hen M, Ferrari JR. Life-domain regret regarding procrastination (LDR-P): Scale validation in the United States and Israel. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Laybourn S, Frenzel AC, Fenzl T. Teacher Procrastination, Emotions, and Stress: A Qualitative Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2325. [PMID: 31681115 PMCID: PMC6798067 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and negative emotions in teachers can lead to occupational burnout, poor performance in the classroom, and decreased job-satisfaction. Apart from having negative personal and physical effects for the individual teacher, teacher stress and burnout are also thought to have negative effects on the respective students and student achievement. As one potential source of teacher stress, procrastination has been speculated about. However, research on the phenomenology and prevalence of procrastination among teachers, as well as its relevance for their emotional and stress experiences, is very scarce. Further, most of the existing research on teacher procrastination used general self-report scales to obtain results. The present study therefore investigated the phenomenology of teacher procrastination as well as its links with emotional experiences and stress, using a qualitative approach. Twenty-seven male and female teachers from Germany were interviewed personally (Mean age = 35.7, SD = 9.64, Min = 25 years, Max = 67 years). Nine of those teachers reported to never needlessly delay an action concerning their profession or not to perceive their dilatory behavior as negative and stressful. Data from the remaining 16 teachers (Mean age = 35.06, SD = 7.01, Min = 26 years, Max = 48 years) were analyzed on the basis of qualitative content analysis by using deductive as well as inductive category application. Results revealed that these teachers procrastinate on an array of professional tasks, such as administrative and organizational tasks and correcting students' work. The results showed that teachers delayed these tasks for different reasons but mainly due to task aversiveness. Further, teachers reported experiencing mainly negative emotions when procrastinating and perceiving their procrastination behavior as moderately stressful, indicating that procrastination is a potential stressor in the teacher profession. Limitations of the study are discussed and directions for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Laybourn
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Psychology School, Faculty of Economics and Media, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne C Frenzel
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fenzl
- Psychology School, Faculty of Economics and Media, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
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28
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Klein EM, Beutel ME, Müller KW, Wölfling K, Brähler E, Zenger M. Assessing Procrastination. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The short form of the General Procrastination Scale (GPS-K; Klingsieck & Fries, 2012 ; Lay, 1986 ) is a reliable self-report scale measuring general procrastination. The presumed one-dimensional factor structure of the scale, however, has never been examined. Thus, the purposes of this representative study were to examine its dimensionality and factorial invariance across age and sex, and to provide norm values of the German general population. The GPS-K was administered to a representative community sample ( N = 2,527; age range 14–95 years). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. To explore convergent validity, standardized scales of distress and life satisfaction were used. Measurement invariance across sex and age was tested. The CFA revealed an unsatisfactory model fit of the presumed unidimensional factor structure of the GPS-K. Therefore, a 5-item one-dimensional version of the scale was suggested (General Procrastination Scale – Screening; GPS-S). Correlations between GPS-S, distress and reduced life satisfaction provide evidence on its convergent validity. The one-dimensional GPS-S can be assumed to be scalar invariant across sex and for participants older than 29 years. The scale can be administered in only a few minutes providing an economic screening for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Klein
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai W. Müller
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Zenger
- Faculty of Applied Human Studies, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg and Stendal, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases – Behavioral Medicine, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Przepiórka A, Błachnio A, Siu NYF. The relationships between self-efficacy, self-control, chronotype, procrastination and sleep problems in young adults. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1025-1035. [PMID: 31070062 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1607370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of our study was to examine whether there was a relationship between psychological characteristics such as self-efficacy, self-control and chronotype as well as procrastination on the one hand and sleep problems on the other. There were 315 young adults aged between 18 and 27 years (M = 20.57). We used the General Procrastination Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Brief Self-Control Scale, the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Our results indicated that low self-efficacy, low self-control and eveningness were positive predictors of procrastination. The reciprocal relationship exists between procrastination and sleep problems. Procrastination positively contributed to sleep problems, whereas sleep problems were a negative predictor of procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Przepiórka
- a Institute of Psychology , The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Agata Błachnio
- a Institute of Psychology , The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
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30
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Comparing effects of active and passive procrastination: A field study of behavioral delay. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Rozental A, Bennett S, Forsström D, Ebert DD, Shafran R, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Targeting Procrastination Using Psychological Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1588. [PMID: 30214421 PMCID: PMC6125391 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Procrastination can be stressful and frustrating, but it seldom causes any major distress. However, for some people, it can become problematic, resulting in anxiety, lowered mood, physical complaints, and decreased well-being. Still, few studies have investigated the benefits of targeting procrastination. In addition, no attempt has previously been made to determine the overall efficacy of providing psychological treatments. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching for eligible records in Scopus, Proquest, and Google Scholar. Only randomized controlled trials comparing psychological treatments for procrastination to an inactive comparator and assessing the outcomes by a self-report measure were included. A random effects model was used to determine the standardized mean difference Hedge's g at post-treatment. Furthermore, test for heterogeneity was performed, fail-safe N was calculated, and the risk of bias was explored. The study was pre-registered at Prospero: CRD42017069981. Results: A total of 1,639 records were identified, with 12 studies (21 comparisons, N = 718) being included in the quantitative synthesis. Overall effect size g when comparing treatment to control was 0.34, 95% Confidence Interval [0.11, 0.56], but revealing significant heterogeneity, Q(20) = 46.99, p < 0.00, and I2 = 61.14%, 95% CI [32.83, 84.24]. Conducting a subgroup analysis of three out of four studies using cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) found an effect size g of 0.55, 95% CI [0.32, 0.77], and no longer showing any heterogeneity, Q(4) = 3.92, p = 0.42, I2 = 0.00%, 95% CI [0.00, 91.02] (N = 236). Risk of publication bias, as assessed by the Egger's test was not significant, z = −1.05, p = 0.30, fail-safe N was 370 studies, and there was some risk of bias as rated by two independent researchers. In terms of secondary outcomes, the self-report measures were too varied to present an aggregated estimate. Conclusions: Psychological treatments seem to have small benefits on procrastination, but the studies displayed significant between-study variation. Meanwhile, CBT was associated with a moderate benefit, but consisted of only three studies. Recommendations for future research are provided, including the use of more valid and reliable outcomes and a screening interview at intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rozental
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Bennett
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Forsström
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David D Ebert
- Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roz Shafran
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Carlbring
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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32
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Abstract
Teachers in hospitals are a unique phenomenon. Their students are sick, hospitalized children with a range of physical, emotional, and cognitive needs. Teachers are expected to be dynamic, flexible, creative, open-minded, and efficient to function in the most appropriate manner. However, a recent study showed that these teachers tend to procrastinate on some of the most common tasks that teachers perform on a daily basis in the regular school system. The present study was an initial investigation into the reasons for procrastination in teachers who work in two hospitals in Israel. Thirty-two teachers were interviewed. The findings indicated that the primary reason for procrastination among teachers in the hospital was professional role ambiguity, with emotional factors and situational determinants which were identified. Future research should further explore reasons for procrastination in the workplace, in general, and its association with professional role ambiguity specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Hen
- a Tel-Hai Academic College , Kiryat Shmona , Israel
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33
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Metin UB, Peeters MCW, Taris TW. Correlates of procrastination and performance at work: The role of having “good fit”. J Prev Interv Community 2018; 46:228-244. [DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2018.1470187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Baran Metin
- Department of Social Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C. W. Peeters
- Department of Social Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Toon W. Taris
- Department of Social Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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34
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Göncü Köse A, Metin UB. Linking leadership style and workplace procrastination: The role of organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intention. J Prev Interv Community 2018; 46:245-262. [DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2018.1470369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Göncü Köse
- Department of Psychology, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - U. Baran Metin
- Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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35
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Prem R, Scheel TE, Weigelt O, Hoffmann K, Korunka C. Procrastination in Daily Working Life: A Diary Study on Within-Person Processes That Link Work Characteristics to Workplace Procrastination. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1087. [PMID: 30026712 PMCID: PMC6042014 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is a form of self-regulation failure characterized by the irrational delay of tasks despite potentially negative consequences. Previous research on procrastination was mainly conducted in academic settings, oftentimes combined with a focus on individual differences. As a consequence, scholarly knowledge about how situational factors affect procrastination in work settings is still scarce. Drawing on job stress literature, we assumed that work characteristics go along with cognitive appraisals of the work situation as a challenge and/or hindrance, that these cognitive appraisals affect employees' self-regulation effort to overcome inner resistances, and that self-regulation effort should in turn be related to workplace procrastination. In our study, we focused on three specific work characteristics that we expected to trigger both challenge and hindrance appraisal simultaneously: time pressure, problem solving, and planning and decision-making. We hypothesized serial indirect effects of these work characteristics on workplace procrastination via cognitive appraisal and self-regulation processes that unfold within individuals over short periods of time. Consequently, we conducted a diary study with three measurement occasions per workday over a period of 12 days. Overall, 762 day-level datasets from 110 employees were included in Bayesian multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM; controlled for sleep quality and occupational self-efficacy). Our results revealed negative serial indirect effects of all three work characteristics on workplace procrastination via increased challenge appraisal and subsequently reduced self-regulation effort. Further, our results showed a positive serial indirect effect of time pressure (but not of problem solving or planning and decision making) on workplace procrastination via increased hindrance appraisal and subsequently increased self-regulation effort. Overall, our study showed that work characteristics are linked to workplace procrastination via within-person processes of cognitive appraisal and self-regulation. Because not all work characteristics triggered hindrance appraisal, we argue that it may make sense to further differentiate challenge stressors in the future. Moreover, cognitive appraisals affected self-regulation effort only on the within-person level. On the between-person level self-regulation effort was strongly negatively related with occupational self-efficacy. Thus, we conclude that depending the perspective on procrastination (e.g., differential psychology perspective vs. situational perspective) different variables will be considered relevant to explain the emergence of procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Prem
- Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education, Economy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Informatics, Communication and Media, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Hagenberg im Mühlkreis, Austria
| | - Tabea E Scheel
- Department of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, International Institute of Management and Economic Education, Europa-Universitaet Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Weigelt
- Department of Organizational and Personnel Psychology, Institute of Management, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Katja Hoffmann
- Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Christian Korunka
- Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education, Economy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Hen M, Goroshit M. General and Life-Domain Procrastination in Highly Educated Adults in Israel. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1173. [PMID: 30022965 PMCID: PMC6039828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is usually perceived as a general behavioral tendency, and was studied mostly in college students in academic settings. Recently there is a growing body of literature to support the study of procrastination in older adults and in different life-domains. Based on these advances in the literature, the present study examined procrastination in 430 highly educated adults in Israel. Findings showed that respondents reported significantly higher procrastination in maintaining health behaviors and spending leisure time rather in other life-domains. Forty percent of participants reported high procrastination in health behaviors, while only 9.5% reported this level of procrastination in parenting and 1% in the general tendency to procrastinate. Further findings suggested that 25% of respondents reported high procrastination in four or more life-domains, and 40%-in one to three life-domains. The general tendency to procrastinate was moderately associated with procrastination in finance, education, and career life-domains and weekly with other life-domains. Fourteen percent of participants reported that procrastination influenced their life the most in health behaviors, 12% in career and education and 11% in romance and family life. These initial findings contribute to the overall perspective of life-domain specificity of procrastination in adults, and emphasize the importance to further study and develop a life-span perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Hen
- Department of Psychology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
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Baran Metin U. Introduction: Towards a wider understanding of workplace procrastination. J Prev Interv Community 2018; 46:213-214. [DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2018.1470368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Baran Metin
- Social, Health, and Organisational Psychology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Reinecke L, Meier A, Beutel ME, Schemer C, Stark B, Wölfling K, Müller KW. The Relationship Between Trait Procrastination, Internet Use, and Psychological Functioning: Results From a Community Sample of German Adolescents. Front Psychol 2018; 9:913. [PMID: 29942268 PMCID: PMC6004405 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents with a strong tendency for irrational task delay (i.e., high trait procrastination) may be particularly prone to use Internet applications simultaneously to other tasks (e.g., during homework) and in an insufficiently controlled fashion. Both Internet multitasking and insufficiently controlled Internet usage may thus amplify the negative mental health implications that have frequently been associated with trait procrastination. The present study explored this role of Internet multitasking and insufficiently controlled Internet use for the relationship between trait procrastination and impaired psychological functioning in a community sample of N = 818 early and middle adolescents. Results from multiple regression analyses indicate that trait procrastination was positively related to Internet multitasking and insufficiently controlled Internet use. Insufficiently controlled Internet use, but not Internet multitasking, was found to partially statistically mediate the association between trait procrastination and adolescents’ psychological functioning (i.e., stress, sleep quality, and relationship satisfaction with parents). The study underlines that adolescents with high levels of trait procrastination may have an increased risk for negative outcomes of insufficiently controlled Internet use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Reinecke
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrian Meier
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E Beutel
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Schemer
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Birgit Stark
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai W Müller
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Van Hooft EAJ, Van Mierlo H. When Teams Fail to Self-Regulate: Predictors and Outcomes of Team Procrastination Among Debating Teams. Front Psychol 2018; 9:464. [PMID: 29674991 PMCID: PMC5895703 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of team development have indicated that teams typically engage in task delay during the first stages of the team’s life cycle. An important question is to what extent this equally applies to all teams, or whether there is variation across teams in the amount of task delay. The present study introduces the concept of team procrastination as a lens through which we can examine whether teams collectively engage in unplanned, voluntary, and irrational delay of team tasks. Based on theory and research on self-regulation, team processes, and team motivation we developed a conceptual multilevel model of predictors and outcomes of team procrastination. In a sample of 209 student debating teams, we investigated whether and why teams engage in collective procrastination as a team, and what consequences team procrastination has in terms of team member well-being and team performance. The results supported the existence of team procrastination as a team-level construct that has some stability over time. The teams’ composition in terms of individual-level trait procrastination, as well as the teams’ motivational states (i.e., team learning goal orientation, team performance-approach goal orientation in interaction with team efficacy) predicted team procrastination. Team procrastination related positively to team members’ stress levels, especially for those low on trait procrastination. Furthermore, team procrastination had an indirect negative relationship with team performance, through teams’ collective stress levels. These findings add to the theoretical understanding of self-regulatory processes of teams, and highlight the practical importance of paying attention to team-level states and processes such as team goal orientation and team procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A J Van Hooft
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heleen Van Mierlo
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Steel P, Svartdal F, Thundiyil T, Brothen T. Examining Procrastination Across Multiple Goal Stages: A Longitudinal Study of Temporal Motivation Theory. Front Psychol 2018; 9:327. [PMID: 29666590 PMCID: PMC5891720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is among the most common of motivational failures, putting off despite expecting to be worse off. We examine this dynamic phenomenon in a detailed and realistic longitudinal design (Study 1) as well as in a large correlational data set (N = 7400; Study 2). The results are largely consistent with temporal motivation theory. People’s pacing style reflects a hyperbolic curve, with the steepness of the curve predicted by self-reported procrastination. Procrastination is related to intention-action gaps, but not intentions. Procrastinators are susceptible to proximity of temptation and to the temporal separation between their intention and the planned act; the more distal, the greater the gap. Critical self-regulatory skills in explaining procrastination are attention control, energy regulation and automaticity, accounting for 74% of the variance. Future research using this design is recommended, as it provides an almost ideal blend of realism and detailed longitudinal assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers Steel
- Human Resources & Organizational Behaviour, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Frode Svartdal
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tomas Thundiyil
- Human Resources & Organizational Behaviour, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Thomas Brothen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Schödl MM, Raz A, Kluger AN. On the Positive Side of Avoidance Motivation: An Increase in Avoidance Motivation Reduces Procrastination among Students. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aharon Raz
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Israel
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Steel P, Taras V, Uggerslev K, Bosco F. The Happy Culture: A Theoretical, Meta-Analytic, and Empirical Review of the Relationship Between Culture and Wealth and Subjective Well-Being. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2017; 22:128-169. [PMID: 28770649 PMCID: PMC5892848 DOI: 10.1177/1088868317721372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Do cultural values enhance financial and subjective well-being (SWB)? Taking a multidisciplinary approach, we meta-analytically reviewed the field, found it thinly covered, and focused on individualism. In counter, we collected a broad array of individual-level data, specifically an Internet sample of 8,438 adult respondents. Individual SWB was most strongly associated with cultural values that foster relationships and social capital, which typically accounted for more unique variance in life satisfaction than an individual’s salary. At a national level, we used mean-based meta-analysis to construct a comprehensive cultural and SWB database. Results show some reversals from the individual level, particularly masculinity’s facet of achievement orientation. In all, the happy nation has low power distance and low uncertainty avoidance, but is high in femininity and individualism, and these effects are interrelated but still partially independent from political and economic institutions. In short, culture matters for individual and national well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasyl Taras
- 2 University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
| | | | - Frank Bosco
- 4 Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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Przepiorka A, Błachnio A, Díaz-Morales JF. Problematic Facebook use and procrastination. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Metin UB, Taris TW, Peeters MC. Measuring procrastination at work and its associated workplace aspects. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Svartdal F, Pfuhl G, Nordby K, Foschi G, Klingsieck KB, Rozental A, Carlbring P, Lindblom-Ylänne S, Rębkowska K. On the Measurement of Procrastination: Comparing Two Scales in Six European Countries. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1307. [PMID: 27630595 PMCID: PMC5005418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is a common problem, but defining and measuring it has been subject to some debate. This paper summarizes results from students and employees (N = 2893) in Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, and Sweden using the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS) and the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS; Steel, 2010), both assumed to measure unidimensional and closely related constructs. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated inadequate configural fit for the suggested one-factor model for PPS; however, acceptable fit was observed for a three-factor model corresponding to the three different scales the PPS is based on. Testing measurement invariance over countries and students-employees revealed configural but not strong or strict invariance, indicating that both instruments are somewhat sensitive to cultural differences. We conclude that the PPS and IPS are valid measures of procrastination, and that the PPS may be particularly useful in assessing cultural differences in unnecessary delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Svartdal
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway, TromsøNorway
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway, TromsøNorway
| | - Kent Nordby
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway, TromsøNorway
| | - Gioel Foschi
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway, TromsøNorway
| | - Katrin B. Klingsieck
- Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften, Fach Psychologie, Universität Paderborn, PaderbornGermany
| | | | - Per Carlbring
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, StockholmSweden
| | - Sari Lindblom-Ylänne
- Centre for Research and Development of Higher Education, University of Helsinki, HelsinkiFinland
| | - Kaja Rębkowska
- Department of Psychology, University of Warszawa, WarszawaPoland
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Procrastination and Depression from a Cognitive Perspective: An Exploration of the Associations Among Procrastinatory Automatic Thoughts, Rumination, and Mindfulness. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-016-0235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Beutel ME, Klein EM, Aufenanger S, Brähler E, Dreier M, Müller KW, Quiring O, Reinecke L, Schmutzer G, Stark B, Wölfling K. Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range - A German Representative Community Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148054. [PMID: 26871572 PMCID: PMC4752450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing the lack of population-based data the purpose of this representative study was to assess procrastination and its associations with distress and life satisfaction across the life span. A representative German community sample (1,350 women; 1,177 men) between the ages of 14 and 95 years was examined by the short form of the General Procrastination Scale (GPS-K; 1) and standardized scales of perceived stress, depression, anxiety, fatigue and life satisfaction. As hypothesized, procrastination was highest in the youngest cohort (14–29 years). Only in the youngest and most procrastinating cohort (aged 14 to 29 years), men procrastinated more than women. As we had further hypothesized, procrastination was consistently associated with higher stress, more depression, anxiety, fatigue and reduced satisfaction across life domains, especially regarding work and income. Associations were also found with lack of a partnership and unemployment. Findings are discussed with regard to potential developmental and cohort effects. While procrastination appears to be a pervasive indicator for maladjustment, longitudinal analyses in high-risk samples (e.g. late adolescence, unemployment) are needed to identify means and mechanisms of procrastinating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred E. Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva M. Klein
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Aufenanger
- Institute of Education, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Dreier
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai W. Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Quiring
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leonard Reinecke
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schmutzer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birgit Stark
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Lyons M, Rice H. Thieves of time? Procrastination and the Dark Triad of personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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