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Herr LA, Fiala GJ, Sagar, Schaffer AM, Hummel JF, Zintchenko M, Raute K, Velasco Cárdenas RMH, Heizmann B, Ebert K, Fehrenbach K, Janowska I, Chan S, Tanriver Y, Minguet S, Schamel WW. Kidins220 and Aiolos promote thymic iNKT cell development by reducing TCR signals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj2802. [PMID: 38489359 PMCID: PMC10942104 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Development of T cells is controlled by the signal strength of the TCR. The scaffold protein kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kilodalton (Kidins220) binds to the TCR; however, its role in T cell development was unknown. Here, we show that T cell-specific Kidins220 knockout (T-KO) mice have strongly reduced invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell numbers and modest decreases in conventional T cells. Enhanced apoptosis due to increased TCR signaling in T-KO iNKT thymocytes of developmental stages 2 and 3 shows that Kidins220 down-regulates TCR signaling at these stages. scRNA-seq indicated that the transcription factor Aiolos is down-regulated in Kidins220-deficient iNKT cells. Analysis of an Aiolos KO demonstrated that Aiolos is a downstream effector of Kidins220 during iNKT cell development. In the periphery, T-KO iNKT cells show reduced TCR signaling upon stimulation with α-galactosylceramide, suggesting that Kidins220 promotes TCR signaling in peripheral iNKT cells. Thus, Kidins220 reduces or promotes signaling dependent on the iNKT cell developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz A. Herr
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gina J. Fiala
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Schaffer
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas F. Hummel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Zintchenko
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Raute
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rubí M.-H. Velasco Cárdenas
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beate Heizmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Karolina Ebert
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fehrenbach
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iga Janowska
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susan Chan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV: Nephrology and Primary Care, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Ito E, Inuki S, Izumi Y, Takahashi M, Dambayashi Y, Ciacchi L, Awad W, Takeyama A, Shibata K, Mori S, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Bamba T, Ishikawa E, Nagae M, Rossjohn J, Yamasaki S. Sulfated bile acid is a host-derived ligand for MAIT cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eade6924. [PMID: 38277465 PMCID: PMC11147531 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize bacterial riboflavin-based metabolites as activating antigens. Although MAIT cells are found in tissues, it is unknown whether any host tissue-derived antigens exist. Here, we report that a sulfated bile acid, cholic acid 7-sulfate (CA7S), binds the nonclassical MHC class I protein MR1 and is recognized by MAIT cells. CA7S is a host-derived metabolite whose levels were reduced by more than 98% in germ-free mice. Deletion of the sulfotransferase 2a family of enzymes (Sult2a1-8) responsible for CA7S synthesis reduced the number of thymic MAIT cells in mice. Moreover, recognition of CA7S induced MAIT cell survival and the expression of a homeostatic gene signature. By contrast, recognition of a previously described foreign antigen, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), drove MAIT cell proliferation and the expression of inflammatory genes. Thus, CA7S is an endogenous antigen for MAIT cells, which promotes their development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Dambayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ami Takeyama
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shotaro Mori
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nagae
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Awad W, Ciacchi L, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J. Molecular insights into metabolite antigen recognition by mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102351. [PMID: 37276819 PMCID: PMC11056607 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite-based T-cell immunity is emerging as a major player in antimicrobial immunity, autoimmunity, and cancer. Here, small-molecule metabolites were identified to be captured and presented by the major histocompatibility complex class-I-related molecule (MR1) to T cells, namely mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) and diverse MR1-restricted T cells. Both MR1 and MAIT are evolutionarily conserved in many mammals, suggesting important roles in host immunity. Rational chemical modifications of these naturally occurring metabolites, termed altered metabolite ligands (AMLs), have advanced our understanding of the molecular correlates of MAIT T cell receptor (TCR)-MR1 recognition. This review provides a generalized framework for metabolite recognition and modulation of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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4
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Chen J, Li X, Zeng P, Zhang X, Bi K, Lin C, Jiang J, Diao H. Lamina propria interleukin 17 A aggravates natural killer T-cell activation in autoimmune hepatitis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22346. [PMID: 35583908 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101734rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is an interface hepatitis characterized by the progressive destruction of the liver parenchyma, the cause of which is still obscure. Interleukin (IL)-17A is a major driver of autoimmunity, which can be produced by innate immune cells against several intracellular pathogens. Here, we investigated the involvement of IL-17A in a mice model of immune-mediated hepatitis with the intestine exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. Our results showed more severe Concanavalin (Con) A-induced liver injury and gut microbiome dysbiosis when the mice were treated with a gavage of S. typhimurium. Then, the natural killer (NK) T cells were overactivated by the accumulated IL-17A in the liver in the Con A and S. typhimurium administration group. IL-17A could activate NKT cells by inducing CD178 expression via IL-4/STAT6 signaling. Furthermore, via the portal tract, the laminae propria mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT)-cell-derived IL-17A could be the original driver of NKT cell overactivation in intragastric administration of S. typhimurium and Con A injection. In IL-17A-deficient mice, Con A-induced liver injury and NKT cell activation were alleviated. However, when AAV-sh-mIL-17a was used to specifically knock down IL-17A in liver, it seemed that hepatic IL-17a knock down did not significantly influence the liver injury. Our results suggested that, under Con A-induction, laminae propria MAIT-derived IL-17A activated hepatic NKT, and this axis could be a therapeutic target in autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kefan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Seneviratna R, Redmond SJ, McWilliam HE, Reantragoon R, Villadangos JA, McCluskey J, Godfrey DI, Gherardin NA. Differential antigenic requirements by diverse MR1-restricted T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:112-126. [PMID: 34940995 PMCID: PMC9033883 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) presents microbial riboflavin metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells for surveillance of microbial presence. MAIT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) which recognises MR1-antigen complexes in a pattern-recognition-like manner. Recently, diverse populations of MR1-restricted T cells have been described that exhibit broad recognition of tumour cells and appear to recognise MR1 in association with tumour-derived self-antigens, though the identity of these antigens remains unclear. Here, we have used TCR gene transfer and engineered MR1-expressing antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to probe the MR1-restriction and antigen reactivity of a range of MR1-restricted TCRs, including model tumour-reactive TCRs. We confirm MR1 reactivity by these TCRs, show differential dependence on lysine at position 43 of MR1 (K43), and demonstrate competitive inhibition by MR1 ligand 6-formylpterin (6-FP). TCR-expressing reporter lines, however, failed to recapitulate the robust tumour specificity previously reported, suggesting an importance of accessory molecules for MR1-dependent tumour-reactivity. Finally, MR1-mutant cell lines showed that distinct residues on the α1/α2 helices were required for TCR-binding by different MR1-restricted T cells and suggested central but distinct docking modes by the broad family of MR1-restrictd αβ TCRs. Collectively, these data are consistent with recognition of distinct antigens by diverse MR1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Seneviratna
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Samuel J Redmond
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hamish E McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Rangsima Reantragoon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Present address: Immunology Division, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Czaja AJ. Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3705-3733. [PMID: 34321839 PMCID: PMC8291028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Nakajima S, Tanaka R, Yamashiro K, Chiba A, Noto D, Inaba T, Kurita N, Miyamoto N, Kuroki T, Shimura H, Ueno Y, Urabe T, Miyake S, Hattori N. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Are Involved in Acute Ischemic Stroke by Regulating Neuroinflammation. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e018803. [PMID: 33733818 PMCID: PMC8174378 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been associated with inflammation in several autoimmune diseases. However, their relation to ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study attempted to elucidate the role of MAIT cells in acute ischemic stroke in mice. Methods and Results We used MR1 knockout C57BL/6 (MR1-/-) mice and wild-type littermates (MR1+/+). After performing a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), we evaluated the association with inflammation and prognosis in the acute cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, we analyzed the tMCAO C57BL/6 mice administered with the suppressive MR1 ligand and the vehicle control. We also evaluated the infiltration of MAIT cells into the ischemic brain by flow cytometry. Results showed a reduction of infarct volume and an improvement of neurological impairment in MR1-/- mice (n=8). There was a reduction in the number of infiltrating microglia/macrophages (n=3-5) and in their activation (n=5) in the peri-infarct area of MR1-/- mice. The cytokine levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 at 24 hours after tMCAO (n=3-5), and for interleukin-17 at 72 hours after tMCAO (n=5), were lower in the MR1-/- mice. The administration of the suppressive MR1 ligand reduced the infarct volume and improved functional impairment (n=5). Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated there was a reduction of MAIT cells infiltrating into the ischemic brain at 24 hours after tMCAO (n=17). Conclusions Our results showed that MAIT cells play an important role in neuroinflammation after focal cerebral ischemia and the use of MAIT cell regulation has a potential role as a novel neuroprotectant for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Nakajima
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Stroke Center and Division of NeurologyDepartment of MedicineJichi Medical UniversityTochigiJapan
| | - Kazuo Yamashiro
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Urayasu HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Asako Chiba
- Department of ImmunologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Noto
- Department of ImmunologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Toshiki Inaba
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Naohide Kurita
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Urayasu HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takuma Kuroki
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hideki Shimura
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Urayasu HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Yuji Ueno
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Urayasu HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of ImmunologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
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8
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Wang H, Chen Z, McCluskey J, Corbett AJ. Mouse models illuminate MAIT cell biology. Mol Immunol 2021; 130:55-63. [PMID: 33360377 PMCID: PMC7855494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of mucosal-associated invariant T cell (MAIT) biology has grown rapidly since the identification of the vitamin-B-based antigens recognised by these specialised T cells. Over the past few years, our understanding of the complexities of MAIT cell function has developed, as they find their place among the other better known cells of the immune system. Key questions relate to understanding when MAIT cells help, when they hinder or cause harm, and when they do not matter. Exploiting mouse strains that differ in MAIT cell numbers, leveraged by specific detection of MAIT cells using MR1-tetramers, it has now been shown that MAIT cells play important immune roles in settings that include bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune diseases and cancer. We have also learnt much about their development, modes of activation and response to commensal microbiota, and begun to try ways to manipulate MAIT cells to improve disease outcomes. Here we review recent studies that have assessed MAIT cells in models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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9
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Matsuoka T, Motozono C, Hattori A, Kakeya H, Yamasaki S, Oishi S, Ohno H, Inuki S. The effects of 5-OP-RU stereochemistry on its stability and MAIT-MR1 axis. Chembiochem 2020; 22:672-678. [PMID: 33034934 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant subset of innate-like T lymphocytes. MAIT cells are activated by microbial riboflavin-derived antigens, such as 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), when presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related protein (MR1). We have synthesized all stereoisomers of 5-OP-RU to investigate the effects of its stereochemistry on the MR1-dependent MAIT cell activation and MR1 upregulation. The analysis of MAIT cell activation by these 5-OP-RU isomers revealed that the stereocenters at the 2'- and 3'-OH groups in the ribityl tail are crucial for the recognition of MAIT-TCR, whereas that of 4'-OH group does not significantly affect the regulation of MAIT cell activity. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of complex formation between the ligands and MR1 suggested that 5-OP-RU forms a covalent bond to MR1 in cells within 1 hour. These findings provide guidelines for designing ligands that regulate MAIT cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Motozono
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Hattori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kakeya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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10
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Awad W, Meermeier EW, Sandoval-Romero ML, Le Nours J, Worley AH, Null MD, Liu L, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Lewinsohn DM, Rossjohn J. Atypical TRAV1-2 - T cell receptor recognition of the antigen-presenting molecule MR1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14445-14457. [PMID: 32817339 PMCID: PMC7573270 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1 presents vitamin B-related metabolites to mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are characterized, in part, by the TRAV1-2+ αβ T cell receptor (TCR). In addition, a more diverse TRAV1-2- MR1-restricted T cell repertoire exists that can possess altered specificity for MR1 antigens. However, the molecular basis of how such TRAV1-2- TCRs interact with MR1-antigen complexes remains unclear. Here, we describe how a TRAV12-2+ TCR (termed D462-E4) recognizes an MR1-antigen complex. We report the crystal structures of the unliganded D462-E4 TCR and its complex with MR1 presenting the riboflavin-based antigen 5-OP-RU. Here, the TRBV29-1 β-chain of the D462-E4 TCR binds over the F'-pocket of MR1, whereby the complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3β loop surrounded and projected into the F'-pocket. Nevertheless, the CDR3β loop anchored proximal to the MR1 A'-pocket and mediated direct contact with the 5-OP-RU antigen. The D462-E4 TCR footprint on MR1 contrasted that of the TRAV1-2+ and TRAV36+ TCRs' docking topologies on MR1. Accordingly, diverse MR1-restricted T cell repertoire reveals differential docking modalities on MR1, thus providing greater scope for differing antigen specificities.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigen Presentation
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/chemistry
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Protein Refolding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Ribitol/analogs & derivatives
- Ribitol/chemistry
- Ribitol/metabolism
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Uracil/analogs & derivatives
- Uracil/chemistry
- Uracil/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Maria L Sandoval-Romero
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aneta H Worley
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Megan D Null
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ligong Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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11
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Corbett AJ, Awad W, Wang H, Chen Z. Antigen Recognition by MR1-Reactive T Cells; MAIT Cells, Metabolites, and Remaining Mysteries. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32973800 PMCID: PMC7482426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize vitamin B-based antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I related-1 molecule (MR1). Both MAIT T cell receptors (TCR) and MR1 are highly conserved among mammals, suggesting an important, and conserved, immune function. For many years, the antigens they recognize were unknown. The discovery that MR1 presents vitamin B-based small molecule ligands resulted in a rapid expansion of research in this area, which has yielded information on the role of MAIT cells in immune protection, autoimmune disease and recently in homeostasis and cancer. More recently, we have begun to appreciate the diverse nature of the small molecule ligands that can bind MR1, with several less potent antigens and small molecule drugs that can bind MR1 being identified. Complementary structural information has revealed the complex nature of interactions defining antigen recognition. Additionally, we now view MAIT cells (defined here as MR1-riboflavin-Ag reactive, TRAV1-2+ cells) as one subset of a broader family of MR1-reactive T cells (MR1T cells). Despite these advances, we still lack a complete understanding of how MR1 ligands are generated, presented and recognized in vivo. The biological relevance of these MR1 ligands and the function of MR1T cells in infection and disease warrants further investigation with new tools and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Ngiow SF, Young A. Re-education of the Tumor Microenvironment With Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1633. [PMID: 32849557 PMCID: PMC7399169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of cancer immunotherapies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 has ignited a substantial research effort to improve our understanding of tumor immunity. Recent studies have revealed that the immune contexture of a tumor influences therapeutic response and survival benefit for cancer patients. Identifying treatment modalities that limit immunosuppression, relieve T cell exhaustion, and potentiate effector functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is of much interest. In particular, combinatorial therapeutic approaches that re-educate the TME by limiting the accumulation of immunosuppressive immune cells, such as Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), while promoting CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cell activity is critical. Here, we review key approaches to target these immunosuppressive immune cell subsets and signaling molecules and define the impact of these changes to the tumor milieu. We will highlight the preclinical and clinical evidence for their ability to improve anti-tumor immune responses as well as strategies and challenges for their implementation. Together, this review will provide understanding of therapeutic approaches to efficiently shape the TME and reinvigorate the immune response against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Arabella Young
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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13
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Salio M, Awad W, Veerapen N, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Kulicke C, Waithe D, Martens AWJ, Lewinsohn DM, Hobrath JV, Cox LR, Rossjohn J, Besra GS, Cerundolo V. Ligand-dependent downregulation of MR1 cell surface expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10465-10475. [PMID: 32341160 PMCID: PMC7229755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003136117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecule MR1 presents riboflavin-based metabolites to Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells. While MR1 egress to the cell surface is ligand-dependent, the ability of small-molecule ligands to impact on MR1 cellular trafficking remains unknown. Arising from an in silico screen of the MR1 ligand-binding pocket, we identify one ligand, 3-([2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl]formamido)propanoic acid, DB28, as well as an analog, methyl 3-([2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl]formamido)propanoate, NV18.1, that down-regulate MR1 from the cell surface and retain MR1 molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in an immature form. DB28 and NV18.1 compete with the known MR1 ligands, 5-OP-RU and acetyl-6-FP, for MR1 binding and inhibit MR1-dependent MAIT cell activation. Crystal structures of the MAIT T cell receptor (TCR) complexed with MR1-DB28 and MR1-NV18.1, show that these two ligands reside within the A'-pocket of MR1. Neither ligand forms a Schiff base with MR1 molecules; both are nevertheless sequestered by a network of hydrophobic and polar contacts. Accordingly, we define a class of compounds that inhibits MR1 cellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Lopez
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Corinna Kulicke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Research Department, Portland Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Dominic Waithe
- MRC Centre for Computational Biology, The Wolfson Imaging Centre, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anne W J Martens
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Research Department, Portland Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Judith V Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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14
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Awad W, Ler GJM, Xu W, Keller AN, Mak JYW, Lim XY, Liu L, Eckle SBG, Le Nours J, McCluskey J, Corbett AJ, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J. The molecular basis underpinning the potency and specificity of MAIT cell antigens. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:400-411. [PMID: 32123373 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are activated by microbial riboflavin-based metabolite antigens when presented by MR1. How modifications to the potent antigen 5-OP-RU affect presentation by MR1 and MAIT cell activation remains unclear. Here we design 20 derivatives, termed altered metabolite ligands (AMLs), to dissect the impact of different antigen components on the human MAIT-MR1 axis. Analysis of 11 crystal structures of MAIT T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-MR1-AML ternary complexes, along with biochemical and functional assays, shows that MR1 cell-surface upregulation is influenced by ribityl and non-ribityl components of the ligand and the hydrophobicity of the MR1-AML interface. The polar ribityl chain of the AML strongly influences MAIT cell activation potency through dynamic compensatory interactions within a MAIT TCR-MR1-AML interaction triad. We define the basis by which the MAIT TCR can differentially recognize AMLs, thereby providing insight into MAIT cell antigen specificity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geraldine J M Ler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xin Yi Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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15
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Kelly J, Minoda Y, Meredith T, Cameron G, Philipp MS, Pellicci DG, Corbett AJ, Kurts C, Gray DH, Godfrey DI, Kannourakis G, Berzins SP. Chronically stimulated human MAIT cells are unexpectedly potent IL-13 producers. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:689-699. [PMID: 31323167 PMCID: PMC6790710 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells that recognize antigens derived from riboflavin biosynthesis. In addition to anti‐microbial functions, human MAIT cells are associated with cancers, autoimmunity, allergies and inflammatory disorders, although their role is poorly understood. Activated MAIT cells are well known for their rapid release of Th1 and Th17 cytokines, but we have discovered that chronic stimulation can also lead to potent interleukin (IL)‐13 expression. We used RNA‐seq and qRT‐PCR to demonstrate high expression of the IL‐13 gene in chronically stimulated MAIT cells, and directly identify IL‐13 using intracellular flow cytometry and multiplex bead analysis of MAIT cell cultures. This unexpected finding has important implications for IL‐13‐dependent diseases, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), that occur in mucosal areas where MAIT cells are abundant. We identify MAIT cells near CRC tumors and show that these areas and precancerous polyps express high levels of the IL‐13 receptor, which promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Our data suggest that MAIT cells have a more complicated role in CRC than currently realized and that they represent a promising new target for immunotherapies where IL‐13 can be a critical factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kelly
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Yosuke Minoda
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Tobias Meredith
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie-Sophie Philipp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Hd Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart P Berzins
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Gherardin NA, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI. The Diverse Family of MR1-Restricted T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:2862-2871. [PMID: 30397170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are characterized by a semi-invariant TCR that recognizes vitamin B metabolite Ags presented by the MHC-related molecule MR1. Their Ag restriction determines a unique developmental lineage, imbuing a tissue-homing, preprimed phenotype with antimicrobial function. A growing body of literature indicates that MR1-restricted T cells are more diverse than the MAIT term implies. Namely, it is increasingly clear that TCR α- and TCR β-chain diversity within the MR1-restricted repertoire provides a potential mechanism of Ag discrimination, and context-dependent functional variation suggests a role for MR1-restricted T cells in diverse physiological settings. In this paper, we summarize MR1-restricted T cell biology, with an emphasis on TCR diversity, Ag discrimination, and functional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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17
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Karamooz E, Harriff MJ, Narayanan GA, Worley A, Lewinsohn DM. MR1 recycling and blockade of endosomal trafficking reveal distinguishable antigen presentation pathways between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and exogenously delivered antigens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4797. [PMID: 30886396 PMCID: PMC6423294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The MHC-Ib molecule MR1 presents microbial metabolites to MR1-restricted T cells (MR1Ts). Given the ubiquitous expression of MR1 and the high prevalence of human MR1Ts, it is important to understand the mechanisms of MR1-dependent antigen presentation. Here, we show that MR1-dependent antigen presentation can be distinguished between intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and exogenously added antigens. Although both Mtb infection and exogenously added antigens are presented by preformed MR1, only exogenously added antigens are capable of reusing MR1 that had been bound to the folic acid metabolite 6-formylpterin (6-FP). In addition, we identify an endosomal trafficking protein, Syntaxin 4, which is specifically involved in the presentation of exogenously delivered antigens but not Mtb-dependent antigen presentation. These data reveal there are multiple ways that MR1 can sample antigens and that MR1-mediated sampling of intracellular Mtb infection is distinguishable from the sampling of exogenously added antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karamooz
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, 97239, Oregon, USA.
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA.
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, 97239, Oregon, USA
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Gitanjali A Narayanan
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Aneta Worley
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, 97239, Oregon, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, 97239, Oregon, USA.
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA.
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18
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Braganza CD, Shibata K, Fujiwara A, Motozono C, Sonoda KH, Yamasaki S, Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. The effect of MR1 ligand glyco-analogues on mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8992-9000. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01436e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glyco-analogues of MR1 ligands can bind MR1 and activate MAIT cells at levels similar to 5-OP-RU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Aisa Fujiwara
- Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Chihiro Motozono
- Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases
- Osaka University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
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19
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Jiang J, Natarajan K, Margulies DH. MHC Molecules, T cell Receptors, Natural Killer Cell Receptors, and Viral Immunoevasins-Key Elements of Adaptive and Innate Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1172:21-62. [PMID: 31628650 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9367-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecules encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) bind self or foreign peptides and display these at the cell surface for recognition by receptors on T lymphocytes (designated T cell receptors-TCR) or on natural killer (NK) cells. These ligand/receptor interactions govern T cell and NK cell development as well as activation of T memory and effector cells. Such cells participate in immunological processes that regulate immunity to various pathogens, resistance and susceptibility to cancer, and autoimmunity. The past few decades have witnessed the accumulation of a huge knowledge base of the molecular structures of MHC molecules bound to numerous peptides, of TCRs with specificity for many different peptide/MHC (pMHC) complexes, of NK cell receptors (NKR), of MHC-like viral immunoevasins, and of pMHC/TCR and pMHC/NKR complexes. This chapter reviews the structural principles that govern peptide/MHC (pMHC), pMHC/TCR, and pMHC/NKR interactions, for both MHC class I (MHC-I) and MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules. In addition, we discuss the structures of several representative MHC-like molecules. These include host molecules that have distinct biological functions, as well as virus-encoded molecules that contribute to the evasion of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Jiang
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D07, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA.
| | - Kannan Natarajan
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D07, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA
| | - David H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D12, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA
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20
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Godfrey DI, Le Nours J, Andrews DM, Uldrich AP, Rossjohn J. Unconventional T Cell Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immunity 2018; 48:453-473. [PMID: 29562195 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on the immunotherapeutic potential of T cells have focused on CD8 and CD4 T cells that recognize peptide antigens (Ag) presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II molecules, respectively. However, unconventional T cells, which interact with MHC class Ib and MHC-I like molecules, are also implicated in tumor immunity, although their role therein is unclear. These include unconventional T cells targeting MHC class Ib molecules such as HLA-E and its murine ortholog Qa-1b, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γδ T cells. Here, we review the current understanding of the roles of these unconventional T cells in tumor immunity and discuss why further studies into the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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21
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Ellis-Connell AL, Kannal NM, Balgeman AJ, O'Connor SL. Characterization of major histocompatibility complex-related molecule 1 sequence variants in non-human primates. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:109-121. [PMID: 30353260 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule, MR1, presents vitamin B metabolites from bacteria and yeast to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Despite the evolutionary conservation of MR1, we do not know whether different allele variants of MR1 exist within the nonhuman primate (NHP) populations that are commonly used for biomedical research. In this study, we identified 21 distinct MR1 nucleotide sequences representing 32 different alleles across five different NHP populations. The majority of the alleles conferring amino acid changes (allele variants) were found in or near the alpha-1 domain of the mature MR1 protein. We expressed four of the most commonly observed MR1 allele variants in 293T cells, and we found that each variant could present bacterial metabolites on the cell surface. We successfully induced cytokine production in macaque MAIT cells stimulated with 293T cells expressing the four most common MR1 allele variants, demonstrating the usefulness of these cell lines to study MAIT cell activity. Our data suggests that MR1 is not monomorphic, but that there are multiple MR1 alleles in NHPs. The materials we describe here will be valuable for characterizing differences in MR1 antigen presentation and MAIT cell function in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Ellis-Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Nadean M Kannal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Alexis J Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53711, USA. .,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
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22
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Pellicci DG, Klenerman P. MAIT cells: the end of the beginning? Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:562-563. [PMID: 29860721 PMCID: PMC6563425 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
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