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Vassileff N, Spiers JG, Juliani J, Lowe RGT, Datta KK, Hill AF. Acute neuroinflammation promotes a metabolic shift that alters extracellular vesicle cargo in the mouse brain cortex. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e165. [PMID: 38947878 PMCID: PMC11212288 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is initiated through microglial activation and cytokine release which can be induced through lipopolysaccharide treatment (LPS) leading to a transcriptional cascade culminating in the differential expression of target proteins. These differentially expressed proteins can then be packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs), a form of cellular communication, further propagating the neuroinflammatory response over long distances. Despite this, the EV proteome in the brain, following LPS treatment, has not been investigated. Brain tissue and brain derived EVs (BDEVs) isolated from the cortex of LPS-treated mice underwent thorough characterisation to meet the minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles guidelines before undergoing mass spectrometry analysis to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Fourteen differentially expressed proteins were identified in the LPS brain tissue samples compared to the controls and 57 were identified in the BDEVs isolated from the LPS treated mice compared to the controls. This included proteins associated with the initiation of the inflammatory response, epigenetic regulation, and metabolism. These results allude to a potential link between small EV cargo and early inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Vassileff
- The Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Clear Vision Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Jereme G. Spiers
- The Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Clear Vision Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Juliani Juliani
- The Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rohan G. T. Lowe
- La Trobe University Proteomics and Metabolomics PlatformLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Keshava K. Datta
- La Trobe University Proteomics and Metabolomics PlatformLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- The Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityFootscrayVictoriaAustralia
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2
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Zhu J, Li C, Wang P, Liu Y, Li Z, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wang B, Li X, Yan Z, Liang X, Zhou S, Ao X, Zhu M, Zhou P, Gu Y. Deficiency of salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) promotes immune injury by inhibiting the maturation of lymphocytes. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e366. [PMID: 37706195 PMCID: PMC10495731 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinases of the AMPK/SNF1 family, which has important roles in cell cycle, tumor, melanogenesis, neuronal damage repair and apoptosis. Recent studies showed that SIK2 regulates the macrophage polarization to make a balance between inflammation and macrophage. Macrophage is critical to initiate immune regulation, however, whether SIK2 can be involved in immune regulation is not still well understood. Here, we revealed that the protein of SIK2 was highly expressed in thymus, spleen, lung, and brain. And SIK2 protein content increased in RAW264.7 and AHH1 cells with a time and dose-dependent after-ionizing radiation (IR). Inhibition of SIK2 could promote AHH1 cells apoptosis Moreover, we used the Cre-LoxP system to construct the SIK2+/- mice, and the research on function suggested that the deficiency of SIK2 could promote the sensitivity of IR. The deficiency of SIK2 promoted the immune injury via inhibiting the maturation of T cells and B cells. Furthermore, the TCRβ rearrangement was inhibited by the deficiency of SIK2. Collectively, this study demonstrated that SIK2 provides an essential function of regulating immune injury, which will provide new ideas for the treatment of immune injury-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Life ScienceShihezi University, ShiheziXinjiang ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- Medical SchoolShihezi University, ShiheziXinjiang ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Chen
- PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Medical SchoolShihezi University, ShiheziXinjiang ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Life ScienceShihezi University, ShiheziXinjiang ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Xueping Li
- School of Life ScienceShihezi University, ShiheziXinjiang ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Ziyan Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Shenghui Zhou
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Xingkun Ao
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yongqing Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingP. R. China
- Medical SchoolShihezi University, ShiheziXinjiang ProvinceP. R. China
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceP. R. China
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3
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Cai X, Wang L, Yi Y, Deng D, Shi M, Tang M, Li N, Wei H, Zhang R, Su K, Ye H, Chen L. Discovery of pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives as novel salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) inhibitors for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115469. [PMID: 37178481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) play a crucial role in inflammation process, acting as molecular switches that regulate the transformation of M1/M2 macrophages. HG-9-91-01 is a SIKs inhibitor with potent inhibitory activity against SIKs in the nanomolar range. However, its poor drug-like properties, including a rapid elimination rate, low in vivo exposure and high plasma protein binding rate, have hindered further research and clinical application. To improve the drug-like properties of HG-9-91-01, a series of pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives were designed and synthesized through a molecular hybridization strategy. The most promising compound 8h was obtained with favorable activity and selectivity on SIK1/2, excellent metabolic stability in human liver microsome, enhanced in vivo exposure and suitable plasma protein binding rate. Mechanism research showed that compound 8h significantly up-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, it significantly elevated expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) target genes IL-10, c-FOS and Nurr77. Compound 8h also induced the translocation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 3 (CRTC3) and elevated the expression of LIGHT, SPHK1 and Arginase 1. Additionally, compound 8h demonstrated excellent anti-inflammatory effects in a DSS-induced colitis model. Generally, this research indicated that compound 8h has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cai
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuyao Yi
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Dexin Deng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingsong Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haoche Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruijia Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kaiyue Su
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Chengdu Zenitar Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Maeda M, Suzuki M, Fuchino H, Tanaka N, Kobayashi T, Isogai R, Batubara I, Iswantini D, Matsuno M, Kawahara N, Koketsu M, Hamamoto A, Takemori H. Diversity of Adenostemma lavenia, multi-potential herbs, and its kaurenoic acid composition between Japan and Taiwan. J Nat Med 2021; 76:132-143. [PMID: 34510371 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze (Asteraceae) is widely distributed in tropical regions of East Asia, and both A. lavenia and A. madurense (DC) are distributed in Japan. In China and Taiwan, A. lavenia is used as a folk medicine for treating lung congestion, pneumonia, and hepatitis. However, neither phylogenic nor biochemical analysis of this plants has been performed to date. We have reported that the aqueous extract of Japanese A. lavenia contained high levels of ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (11αOH-KA; a kaurenoic acid), which is a potent anti-melanogenic compound. Comparison of chloroplast DNA sequences suggested that A. lavenia is originated from A. madurense. Analyses of kaurenoic acids revealed that Japanese A. lavenia and A. madurense contained high levels of 11αOH-KA and moderate levels of 11α,15OH-KA, while Taiwanese A. lavenia mainly contained 9,11αOH-KA. The diverse biological activities (downregulation of Tyr, tyrosinase, gene expression [anti-melanogenic] and iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase, gene expression [anti-inflammatory], and upregulation of HO-1, heme-oxygenase, gene expression [anti-oxidative]) were associated with 11αOH-KA and 9,11αOH-KA but not with 11α,15OH-KA. Additionally, 11αOH-KA and 9,11αOH-KA decreased Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) protein levels, which was accompanied by upregulation of protein level and transcriptional activity of Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor-2) followed by HO-1 gene expression. 11αOH-KA and 9,11αOH-KA differ from 11α,15OH-KA in terms of the presence of a ketone (αβ-unsaturated carbonyl group, a thiol modulator) at the 15th position; therefore, thiol moieties on the target proteins, including Keap1, may be important for the biological activities of 11αOH-KA and 9,11αOH-KA and A. lavenia extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mayu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Norika Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Isogai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Irmanida Batubara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia.,Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Taman Kencana Campus, Bogor, West Java, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Iswantini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia.,Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Taman Kencana Campus, Bogor, West Java, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Michiyo Matsuno
- The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi, 781-8125, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan.,The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi, 781-8125, Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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5
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Sun Z, Jiang Q, Li J, Guo J. The potent roles of salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) in metabolic homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:150. [PMID: 32788639 PMCID: PMC7423983 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) belong to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, and functions mainly involve in regulating energy response-related physiological processes, such as gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, compared with another well-established energy-response kinase AMPK, SIK roles in human diseases, especially in diabetes and tumorigenesis, are rarely investigated. Recently, the pilot roles of SIKs in tumorigenesis have begun to attract more attention due to the finding that the tumor suppressor role of LKB1 in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) is unexpectedly mediated by the SIK but not AMPK kinases. Thus, here we tend to comprehensively summarize the emerging upstream regulators, downstream substrates, mouse models, clinical relevance, and candidate inhibitors for SIKs, and shed light on SIKs as the potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Sun
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Qiwei Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
| | - Jianping Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
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6
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Salt-inducible kinase inhibition suppresses acute myeloid leukemia progression in vivo. Blood 2020; 135:56-70. [PMID: 31697837 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage-defining transcription factors (TFs) are compelling targets for leukemia therapy, yet they are among the most challenging proteins to modulate directly with small molecules. We previously used CRISPR screening to identify a salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) requirement for the growth of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines that overexpress the lineage TF myocyte enhancer factor (MEF2C). In this context, SIK3 maintains MEF2C function by directly phosphorylating histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a repressive cofactor of MEF2C. In this study, we evaluated whether inhibition of SIK3 with the tool compound YKL-05-099 can suppress MEF2C function and attenuate disease progression in animal models of AML. Genetic targeting of SIK3 or MEF2C selectively suppressed the growth of transformed hematopoietic cells under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Similar phenotypes were obtained when cells were exposed to YKL-05-099, which caused cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in MEF2C-expressing AML cell lines. An epigenomic analysis revealed that YKL-05-099 rapidly suppressed MEF2C function by altering the phosphorylation state and nuclear localization of HDAC4. Using a gatekeeper allele of SIK3, we found that the antiproliferative effects of YKL-05-099 occurred through on-target inhibition of SIK3 kinase activity. Based on these findings, we treated 2 different mouse models of MLL-AF9 AML with YKL-05-099, which attenuated disease progression in vivo and extended animal survival at well-tolerated doses. These findings validate SIK3 as a therapeutic target in MEF2C-addicted AML and provide a rationale for developing druglike inhibitors of SIK3 for definitive preclinical investigation and for studies in human patients.
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7
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Khan R, Raza SHA, Schreurs N, Xiaoyu W, Hongbao W, Ullah I, Rahman A, Suhail SM, Khan S, Linsen Z. Bioinformatics analysis and transcriptional regulation of TORC1 gene through transcription factors NRF1 and Smad3 in bovine preadipocytes. Genomics 2020; 112:1575-1587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Khan R, Raza SHA, Junjvlieke Z, Wang H, Cheng G, Smith SB, Jiang Z, Li A, Zan L. RNA-seq reveal role of bovine TORC2 in the regulation of adipogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108236. [PMID: 31893525 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low intramuscular adipose tissue (marbling) continues to be challenge for improving beef quality in Chinese cattle. Highly marbled meat is very desirable; hence, methods to increase IMF content have become a key aspect of improving meat quality. Therefore, research on the mechanism of adipogenesis provides invaluable information for the improvement of meat quality. This study investigated the effect of TORC2 and its underlying mechanism on lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The TORC2 gene was downregulated in bovine adipocytes by siRNA, and RNA sequencing was performed. Downregulation of TORC2 negatively affected bovine adipocyte differentiation. In addition, a total of 577 DEGs were found, containing 146 up-regulated and 376 down-regulated genes. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were linked with neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, calcium signaling pathway, cAMP pathway, chemokine signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis of the DEGs showed that down-regulation of TORC2 gene significantly suppressed the genes regulating important GO terms of adipogenesis-related processes in bovine adipocytes, especially regulation of biological activity, regulation of primary metabolic process, regulation of multicellular organismal process, cell adhesion, lipid metabolic process, secretion, chemical homeostasis, regulation of transport, cell-cell signaling, cAMP metabolic process, cellular calcium ion homeostasis, fat cell differentiation, and cell maturation. In conclusion, our results suggest that TORC2 at least in part regulates lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The results of this study provide a basis for studying the function and molecular mechanism of the TORC2 gene in regulating adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwali Khan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Zainaguli Junjvlieke
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongbao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Anning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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9
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Jin HY, Tudor Y, Choi K, Shao Z, Sparling BA, McGivern JG, Symons A. High-Throughput Implementation of the NanoBRET Target Engagement Intracellular Kinase Assay to Reveal Differential Compound Engagement by SIK2/3 Isoforms. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:215-222. [PMID: 31849250 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219893277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The real-time quantification of target engagement (TE) by small-molecule ligands in living cells remains technically challenging. Systematic quantification of such interactions in a high-throughput setting holds promise for identification of target-specific, potent small molecules within a pathophysiological and biologically relevant cellular context. The salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) belong to a subfamily of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family and are composed of three isoforms in humans (SIK1, SIK2, and SIK3). They modulate the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. Although pan-SIK inhibitors are sufficient to reverse SIK-dependent inflammatory responses, the apparent toxicity associated with SIK3 inhibition suggests that isoform-specific inhibition is required to realize therapeutic benefit with acceptable safety margins. Here, we used the NanoBRET TE intracellular kinase assay, a sensitive energy transfer technique, to directly measure molecular proximity and quantify TE in HEK293T cells overexpressing SIK2 or SIK3. Our 384-well high-throughput screening of 530 compounds demonstrates that the NanoBRET TE intracellular kinase assay was sensitive and robust enough to reveal differential engagement of candidate compounds with the two SIK isoforms and further highlights the feasibility of high-throughput implementation of NanoBRET TE intracellular kinase assays for target-driven small-molecule screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Yong Jin
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanyan Tudor
- Department of Discovery Technologies, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaylee Choi
- Department of Discovery Technologies, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhifei Shao
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Sparling
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph G McGivern
- Department of Discovery Technologies, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antony Symons
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,23andMe Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Salt-inducible kinase 1 regulates bone anabolism via the CRTC1-CREB-Id1 axis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:826. [PMID: 31672960 PMCID: PMC6823377 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New bone anabolic agents for the effective treatment of bone metabolic diseases like osteoporosis are of high clinical demand. In the present study, we reveal the function of salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) in regulating osteoblast differentiation. Gene knockdown of SIK1 but not of SIK2 or SIK3 expression in primary preosteoblasts increased osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix mineralization. SIK1 also regulated the proliferation of osteoblastic precursor cells in osteogenesis. This negative control of osteoblasts required the catalytic activity of SIK1. SIK1 phosphorylated CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1), preventing CRTC1 from enhancing CREB transcriptional activity for the expression of osteogenic genes like Id1. Furthermore, SIK1 knockout (KO) mice had higher bone mass, osteoblast number, and bone formation rate versus littermate wild-type (WT) mice. Preosteoblasts from SIK1 KO mice showed more osteoblastogenic potential than did WT cells, whereas osteoclast generation among KO and WT precursors was indifferent. In addition, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) suppressed both SIK1 expression as well as SIK1 activity by protein kinase A (PKA)–dependent mechanisms to stimulate osteogenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that SIK1 is a key negative regulator of preosteoblast proliferation and osteoblast differentiation and that the repression of SIK1 is crucial for BMP2 signaling for osteogenesis. Therefore, we propose SIK1 to be a useful therapeutic target for the development of bone anabolic strategies.
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11
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Pirie E, Cauntay P, Fu W, Ray S, Pan C, Lusis AJ, Hsiao J, Burel SA, Narayanan P, Crooke RM, Lee RG. Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel Identifies Genetic Architecture Associated with the Acute Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated Inflammatory Response to a 2'- O-Methoxyethyl Antisense Oligonucleotide. Nucleic Acid Ther 2019; 29:266-277. [PMID: 31368839 PMCID: PMC6765210 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2019.0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are well tolerated preclinically and in the clinic, some sequences of ASOs can trigger an inflammatory response leading to B cell and macrophage activation in rodents. This prompted our investigation into the contribution of genetic architecture to the ASO-mediated inflammatory response. Genome-wide association (GWA) and transcriptomic analysis in a hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) were used to identify and validate novel genes involved in the acute and delayed inflammatory response to a single 75 mg/kg dose of an inflammatory 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'MOE) modified ASO. The acute response was measured 6 h after ASO administration, via evaluation for increased plasma production of interleukin 6 (IL6), IL10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β). Delayed inflammation was evaluated by spleen weight increases after 96 h. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosomes 16 and 17 associated with plasma MIP-1β, IL6, and MCP-1 levels, and one on chromosome 8 associated with increases in spleen weight. Systems genetic analysis utilizing transcriptomic data from HMDP strain macrophages determined that the acute inflammatory SNPs were expression quantitative trait locis (eQTLs) for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (Cebpb) and salt inducible kinase 1 (Sik1). The delayed inflammatory SNP was an eQTL for Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10 (Arhgef10). In vitro assays in mouse primary cells and human cell lines have confirmed the HMDP finding that lower Sik1 expression increases the acute inflammatory response. Our results demonstrate the utility of using mouse GWA study (GWAS) and the HMDP for detecting genes modulating the inflammatory response to pro-inflammatory ASOs in a pharmacological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Pirie
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Patrick Cauntay
- Preclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Wuxia Fu
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Shayoni Ray
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aldonis J. Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jill Hsiao
- Preclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | | | - Padma Narayanan
- Preclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
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12
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Function and Transcriptional Regulation of Bovine TORC2 Gene in Adipocytes: Roles of C/EBP, XBP1, INSM1 and ZNF263. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184338. [PMID: 31487963 PMCID: PMC6769628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The TORC2 gene is a member of the transducer of the regulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein gene family, which plays a key role in metabolism and adipogenesis. In the present study, we confirmed the role of TORC2 in bovine preadipocyte proliferation through cell cycle staining flow cytometry, cell counting assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine staining (EdU), and mRNA and protein expression analysis of proliferation-related marker genes. In addition, Oil red O staining analysis, immunofluorescence of adiponectin, mRNA and protein level expression of lipid related marker genes confirmed the role of TORC2 in the regulation of bovine adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the transcription start site and sub-cellular localization of the TORC2 gene was identified in bovine adipocytes. To investigate the underlying regulatory mechanism of the bovine TORC2, we cloned a 1990 bp of the 5’ untranslated region (5′UTR) promoter region into a luciferase reporter vector and seven vector fragments were constructed through serial deletion of the 5′UTR flanking region. The core promoter region of the TORC2 gene was identified at location −314 to −69 bp upstream of the transcription start site. Based on the results of the transcriptional activities of the promoter vector fragments, luciferase activities of mutated fragments and siRNAs interference, four transcription factors (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein C/BEPγ, X-box binding protein 1 XBP1, Insulinoma-associated 1 INSM1, and Zinc finger protein 263 ZNF263) were identified as the transcriptional regulators of TORC2 gene. These findings were further confirmed through Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) within nuclear extracts of bovine adipocytes. Furthermore, we also identified that C/EBPγ, XBP1, INSM1 and ZNF263 regulate TORC2 gene as activators in the promoter region. We can conclude that TORC2 gene is potentially a positive regulator of adipogenesis. These findings will not only provide an insight for the improvement of intramuscular fat in cattle, but will enhance our understanding regarding therapeutic intervention of metabolic syndrome and obesity in public health as well.
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Momozane T, Kawamura T, Itoh Y, Sanosaka M, Sasaki T, Kanzaki R, Ose N, Funaki S, Shintani Y, Minami M, Okumura M, Takemori H. Carnosol suppresses interleukin-6 production in mouse lungs injured by ischemia–reperfusion operation and in RAW264.7 macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:769-776. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosol is a naturally occurring herbal compound, known for its antioxidative properties. We previously found that carnosol protected mouse lungs from ischemia–reperfusion injury in ex vivo cultures. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning carnosol-mediated lung protection, we analyzed modes of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression, which is associated with lung ischemia–reperfusion injury. Microarray analysis of mouse lungs suggested that IL-6 mRNA levels were elevated in the mouse lungs subjected to clamp-reperfusion, which was associated with elevated levels of other inflammatory modulators, such as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). Carnosol pretreatment lowered the IL-6 protein levels in mouse lung homogenates prepared after the clamp-reperfusion. On the other hand, the ATF3 gene expression was negatively correlated with that of IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. IL-6 mRNA levels and gene promoter activities were suppressed by carnosol in RAW264.7 cells, but rescued by ATF3 knockdown. When RAW264.7 cells were subjected to hypoxia–reoxygenation, carnosol treatment lowered oxygen consumption after reoxygenation, which was coupled with a correlation with a transient production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and following ATF3 gene expression. These results suggest that carnosol treatment could be a new strategy for protecting lungs from ischemia–reperfusion injury by modulating the ATF3–IL-6 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Momozane
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling & Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling & Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yumi Itoh
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling & Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masato Sanosaka
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling & Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryu Kanzaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Ose
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soichiro Funaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Minami
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Meinoshin Okumura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling & Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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14
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Vakoc CR, Kentsis A. Disabling an oncogenic transcription factor by targeting of control kinases. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32276-32277. [PMID: 30190784 PMCID: PMC6122356 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Tarumoto Y, Lu B, Somerville TDD, Huang YH, Milazzo JP, Wu XS, Klingbeil O, El Demerdash O, Shi J, Vakoc CR. LKB1, Salt-Inducible Kinases, and MEF2C Are Linked Dependencies in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29526696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lineage-specific transcription factor (TF) MEF2C is often deregulated in leukemia. However, strategies to target this TF have yet to be identified. Here, we used a domain-focused CRISPR screen to reveal an essential role for LKB1 and its Salt-Inducible Kinase effectors (SIK3, in a partially redundant manner with SIK2) to maintain MEF2C function in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A key phosphorylation substrate of SIK3 in this context is HDAC4, a repressive cofactor of MEF2C. Consequently, targeting of LKB1 or SIK3 diminishes histone acetylation at MEF2C-bound enhancers and deprives leukemia cells of the output of this essential TF. We also found that MEF2C-dependent leukemias are sensitive to on-target chemical inhibition of SIK activity. This study reveals a chemical strategy to block MEF2C function in AML, highlighting how an oncogenic TF can be disabled by targeting of upstream kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tarumoto
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Yu-Han Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Joseph P Milazzo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Xiaoli S Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Genetics Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Sonntag T, Vaughan JM, Montminy M. 14-3-3 proteins mediate inhibitory effects of cAMP on salt-inducible kinases (SIKs). FEBS J 2018; 285:467-480. [PMID: 29211348 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinase (SIK) family regulates cellular gene expression via the phosphorylation of cAMP-regulated transcriptional coactivators (CRTCs) and class IIA histone deacetylases, which are sequestered in the cytoplasm by phosphorylation-dependent 14-3-3 interactions. SIK activity toward these substrates is inhibited by increases in cAMP signaling, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that the protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of SIKs inhibits their catalytic activity by inducing 14-3-3 protein binding. SIK1 and SIK3 contain two functional PKA/14-3-3 sites, while SIK2 has four. In keeping with the dimeric nature of 14-3-3s, the presence of multiple binding sites within target proteins dramatically increases binding affinity. As a result, loss of a single 14-3-3-binding site in SIK1 and SIK3 abolished 14-3-3 association and rendered them insensitive to cAMP. In contrast, mutation of three sites in SIK2 was necessary to fully block cAMP regulation. Superimposed on the effects of PKA phosphorylation and 14-3-3 association, an evolutionary conserved domain in SIK1 and SIK2 (the so called RK-rich region; 595-624 in hSIK2) is also required for the inhibition of SIK2 activity. Collectively, these results point to a dual role for 14-3-3 proteins in repressing a family of Ser/Thr kinases as well as their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sonntag
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joan M Vaughan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marc Montminy
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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Ma L, Manaenko A, Ou YB, Shao AW, Yang SX, Zhang JH. Bosutinib Attenuates Inflammation via Inhibiting Salt-Inducible Kinases in Experimental Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage on Mice. Stroke 2017; 48:3108-3116. [PMID: 29018127 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with highest mortality and morbidity. Pronounced inflammation plays a significant role in the development of the secondary brain injury after ICH. Recently, SIK-2 (salt-inducible kinase-2) was identified as an important component controlling inflammatory response. Here we sought to investigate the role of SIK-2 in post-ICH inflammation and potential protective effects of SIK-2 inhibition after ICH. METHODS Two hundred and ninety-three male CD-1 mice were used. ICH was induced via injection of 30 μL of autologous blood. Recombinant SIK-2 was administrated 1 hour after ICH intracerebroventricularly. SIK-2 small interfering RNA was injected intracerebroventricularly 24 hours before ICH. Bosutinib, a clinically approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor with affinity to SIK-2, was given intranasally 1 hour or 6 hours after ICH. Effects of treatments were evaluated by neurological tests and brain water content calculation. Molecular pathways were investigated by Western blots and immunofluorescence studies. RESULTS Endogenous SIK-2 was expressed in microglia and neurons. SIK-2 expression was reduced after ICH. Exogenous SIK-2 aggravated post-ICH inflammation, leading to brain edema and the neurobehavioral deficits. SIK-2 inhibition attenuated post-ICH inflammation, reducing brain edema and ameliorating neurological dysfunctions. Bosutinib inhibited SIK-2-attenuating ICH-induced brain damage. Protective effects of Bosutinib were mediated, at least partly, by CRTC3 (cyclic amp-response element binding protein-regulated transcription coactivator 3)/cyclic amp-response element binding protein/NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) pathway. CONCLUSIONS SIK-2 participates in inflammation induction after ICH. SIK-2 inhibition via Bosutinib or small interfering RNA decreased inflammation, attenuating brain injury. SIK-2 effects are, at least partly, mediated by CRTC3-cyclic amp-response element binding protein-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.M., S.-X.Y.); Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.-B.O., A.-W.S., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.M., S.-X.Y.); Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.-B.O., A.-W.S., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Yi-Bo Ou
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.M., S.-X.Y.); Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.-B.O., A.-W.S., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - An-Wen Shao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.M., S.-X.Y.); Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.-B.O., A.-W.S., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Shu-Xu Yang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.M., S.-X.Y.); Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.-B.O., A.-W.S., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - John H Zhang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.M., S.-X.Y.); Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.-B.O., A.-W.S., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.).
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18
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Vilander LM, Kaunisto MA, Vaara ST, Pettilä V. Genetic variants in SERPINA4 and SERPINA5, but not BCL2 and SIK3 are associated with acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with septic shock. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2017; 21:47. [PMID: 28270177 PMCID: PMC5341446 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a multifactorial syndrome, but knowledge about its pathophysiology and possible genetic background is limited. Recently the first hypothesis-free genetic association studies have been published to explore individual susceptibility to AKI. We aimed to replicate the previously identified associations between five candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in apoptosis-related genes BCL2, SERPINA4, SERPINA5, and SIK3 and the development of AKI, using a prospective cohort of critically ill patients with sepsis/septic shock, in Finland. Methods This is a prospective, observational multicenter study. Of 2567 patients without chronic kidney disease and with genetic samples included in the Finnish Acute Kidney Injury (FINNAKI) study, 837 patients had sepsis and 627 patients had septic shock. AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, considering stages 2 and 3 affected (severe AKI), stage 0 unaffected, and stage 1 indecisive. Genotyping was done using iPLEXTM Assay (Agena Bioscience). The genotyped SNPs were rs8094315 and rs12457893 in the intron of the BCL2 gene, rs2093266 in the SERPINA4 gene, rs1955656 in the SERPINA5 gene and rs625145 in the SIK3 gene. Association analyses were performed using logistic regression with PLINK software. Results We found no significant associations between the SNPs and severe AKI in patients with sepsis/septic shock, even after adjustment for confounders. Among patients with septic shock (252 with severe AKI and 226 without AKI (149 with KDIGO stage 1 excluded)), the SNPs rs2093266 and rs1955656 were significantly (odds ratio 0.63, p = 0.04276) associated with stage 2–3 AKI after adjusting for clinical and demographic variables. Conclusions The SNPs rs2093266 in the SERPINA4 and rs1955656 in the SERPINA5 were associated with the development of severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2–3) in critically ill patients with septic shock. For the other SNPs, we did not confirm the previously reported associations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1631-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Vilander
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mari A Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi T Vaara
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Pettilä
- Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Inhibition of SIK2 and SIK3 during differentiation enhances the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages. Biochem J 2016; 474:521-537. [PMID: 27920213 PMCID: PMC5290485 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) control a novel molecular switch regulating macrophage polarization. Pharmacological inhibition of the SIKs induces a macrophage phenotype characterized by the secretion of high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-10, and the secretion of very low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor α. The SIKs, therefore, represent attractive new drug targets for the treatment of macrophage-driven diseases, but which of the three isoforms, SIK1, SIK2 or SIK3, would be appropriate to target remains unknown. To address this question, we developed knock-in (KI) mice for SIK1, SIK2 and SIK3, in which we introduced a mutation that renders the enzymes catalytically inactive. Characterization of primary macrophages from the single and double KI mice established that all three SIK isoforms, and in particular SIK2 and SIK3, contribute to macrophage polarization. Moreover, we discovered that inhibition of SIK2 and SIK3 during macrophage differentiation greatly enhanced the production of IL-10 compared with their inhibition in mature macrophages. Interestingly, macrophages differentiated in the presence of SIK inhibitors, MRT199665 and HG-9-91-01, still produced very large amounts of IL-10, but very low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, even after the SIKs had been reactivated by removal of the drugs. Our data highlight an integral role for SIK2 and SIK3 in innate immunity by preventing the differentiation of macrophages into a potent and stable anti-inflammatory phenotype.
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20
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SIK2 Restricts Autophagic Flux To Support Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Survival. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:3048-3057. [PMID: 27697861 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00380-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous disease with multiple, distinct molecular subtypes that exhibit unique transcriptional programs and clinical progression trajectories. Despite knowledge of the molecular heterogeneity of the disease, most patients are limited to generic, indiscriminate treatment options: cytotoxic chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. To identify new intervention targets in TNBC, we used large-scale, loss-of-function screening to identify molecular vulnerabilities among different oncogenomic backgrounds. This strategy returned salt inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) as essential for TNBC survival. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SIK2 leads to increased autophagic flux in both normal-immortalized and tumor-derived cell lines. However, this activity causes cell death selectively in breast cancer cells and is biased toward the claudin-low subtype. Depletion of ATG5, which is essential for autophagic vesicle formation, rescued the loss of viability following SIK2 inhibition. Importantly, we find that SIK2 is essential for TNBC tumor growth in vivo Taken together, these findings indicate that claudin-low tumor cells rely on SIK2 to restrain maladaptive autophagic activation. Inhibition of SIK2 therefore presents itself as an intervention opportunity to reactivate this tumor suppressor mechanism.
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21
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Sundberg TB, Liang Y, Wu H, Choi HG, Kim ND, Sim T, Johannessen L, Petrone A, Khor B, Graham DB, Latorre IJ, Phillips AJ, Schreiber SL, Perez J, Shamji AF, Gray NS, Xavier RJ. Development of Chemical Probes for Investigation of Salt-Inducible Kinase Function in Vivo. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2105-11. [PMID: 27224444 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are promising therapeutic targets for modulating cytokine responses during innate immune activation. The study of SIK inhibition in animal models of disease has been limited by the lack of selective small-molecule probes suitable for modulating SIK function in vivo. We used the pan-SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 as a starting point to develop improved analogs, yielding a novel probe 5 (YKL-05-099) that displays increased selectivity for SIKs versus other kinases and enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Well-tolerated doses of YKL-05-099 achieve free serum concentrations above its IC50 for SIK2 inhibition for >16 h and reduce phosphorylation of a known SIK substrate in vivo. While in vivo active doses of YKL-05-099 recapitulate the effects of SIK inhibition on inflammatory cytokine responses, they did not induce metabolic abnormalities observed in Sik2 knockout mice. These results identify YKL-05-099 as a useful probe to investigate SIK function in vivo and further support the development of SIK inhibitors for treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Sundberg
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yanke Liang
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Huixian Wu
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- Chemical
Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, 136-791
| | - Liv Johannessen
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Adam Petrone
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bernard Khor
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Daniel B. Graham
- Program
in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Isabel J. Latorre
- Program
in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew J. Phillips
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jose Perez
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alykhan F. Shamji
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Program
in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Gastrointestinal
Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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22
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Pterosin B has multiple targets in gluconeogenic programs, including coenzyme Q in RORα–SRC2 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:415-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Malm HA, Mollet IG, Berggreen C, Orho-Melander M, Esguerra JLS, Göransson O, Eliasson L. Transcriptional regulation of the miR-212/miR-132 cluster in insulin-secreting β-cells by cAMP-regulated transcriptional co-activator 1 and salt-inducible kinases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 424:23-33. [PMID: 26797246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are central players in the control of insulin secretion, but their transcriptional regulation is poorly understood. Our aim was to investigate cAMP-mediated transcriptional regulation of the miR-212/miR-132 cluster and involvement of further upstream proteins in insulin secreting β-cells. cAMP induced by forskolin+IBMX or GLP-1 caused increased expression of miR-212/miR-132, and elevated phosphorylation of cAMP-response-element-binding-protein (CREB)/Activating-transcription-factor-1 (ATF1) and Salt-Inducible-Kinases (SIKs). CyclicAMP-Regulated Transcriptional Co-activator-1 (CRTC1) was concomitantly dephosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus. Silencing of miR-212/miR-132 reduced, and overexpression of miR-212 increased, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Silencing of CRTC1 expression resulted in decreased insulin secretion and miR-212/miR-132 expression, while silencing or inhibition of SIKs was associated with increased expression of the microRNAs and dephosphorylation of CRTC1. CRTC1 protein levels were reduced after silencing of miR-132, suggesting feed-back regulation. Our data propose cAMP-dependent co-regulation of miR-212/miR-132, in part mediated through SIK-regulated CRTC1, as an important factor for fine-tuned regulation of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Anna Malm
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept. Clinical Sciences in Malmö, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Unit of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Dept. Clinical Sciences in Malmö, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Inês G Mollet
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept. Clinical Sciences in Malmö, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Unit of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Dept. Clinical Sciences in Malmö, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christine Berggreen
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Protein Phosphorylation Research Unit, Dept. Experimental Medical Science, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Unit of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Dept. Clinical Sciences in Malmö, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Lou S Esguerra
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept. Clinical Sciences in Malmö, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olga Göransson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Protein Phosphorylation Research Unit, Dept. Experimental Medical Science, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Dept. Clinical Sciences in Malmö, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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24
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Chen T, Moore TM, Ebbert MTW, McVey NL, Madsen SR, Hallowell DM, Harris AM, Char RE, Mackay RP, Hancock CR, Hansen JM, Kauwe JS, Thomson DM. Liver kinase B1 inhibits the expression of inflammation-related genes postcontraction in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:876-88. [PMID: 26796753 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00727.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle-specific liver kinase B1 (LKB1) knockout mice (skmLKB1-KO) exhibit elevated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling after treadmill running. MAPK activation is also associated with inflammation-related signaling in skeletal muscle. Since exercise can induce muscle damage, and inflammation is a response triggered by damaged tissue, we therefore hypothesized that LKB1 plays an important role in dampening the inflammatory response to muscle contraction, and that this may be due in part to increased susceptibility to muscle damage with contractions in LKB1-deficient muscle. Here we studied the inflammatory response and muscle damage with in situ muscle contraction or downhill running. After in situ muscle contractions, the phosphorylation of both NF-κB and STAT3 was increased more in skmLKB1-KO vs. wild-type (WT) muscles. Analysis of gene expression via microarray and RT-PCR shows that expression of many inflammation-related genes increased after contraction only in skmLKB1-KO muscles. This was associated with mild skeletal muscle fiber membrane damage in skmLKB1-KO muscles. Gene markers of oxidative stress were also elevated in skmLKB1-KO muscles after contraction. Using the downhill running model, we observed significantly more muscle damage after running in skmLKB1-KO mice, and this was associated with greater phosphorylation of both Jnk and STAT3 and increased expression of SOCS3 and Fos. In conclusion, we have shown that the lack of LKB1 in skeletal muscle leads to an increased inflammatory state in skeletal muscle that is exacerbated by muscle contraction. Increased susceptibility of the muscle to damage may underlie part of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Timothy M Moore
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Mark T W Ebbert
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Natalie L McVey
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Steven R Madsen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - David M Hallowell
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Alexander M Harris
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Robin E Char
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Ryan P Mackay
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Chad R Hancock
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; and
| | - Jason M Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - John S Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - David M Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah;
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25
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Webb GJ, Hirschfield GM. Using GWAS to identify genetic predisposition in hepatic autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016; 66:25-39. [PMID: 26347073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) represent the three major hepatic autoimmune conditions. Patient morbidity and mortality remain high across these three diseases, and an unmet need for rational therapy exists. Disease understanding has focused on combining clinical and laboratory based science to provide better insights into the joint host and environmental factors necessary for the initiation, and perpetuation, of hepato-biliary inflammation. Twin studies, family studies, population studies and an inter-relationship with other autoimmune phenomena suggest a genetic component to risk for each disease. Until recently, understanding of this genetic risk has been limited to HLA haplotypes. Associations with risk-conferring and protective HLA haplotypes are present in all three diseases. Over the last few years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and related genetic association studies, have greatly increased understanding of the genetic risk signature of these three diseases and autoimmunity in general. Here we consider the rationale for GWAS in general and with specific reference to hepatic autoimmunity. We consider the process of GWAS, and highlight major findings to date. Potential functional implications of key findings are discussed including the IL-12/STAT4 pathway in PBC and the CD28/IL-2 pathway in PSC. We describe the marked pleiotropy demonstrated by PBC and PSC, which is consistent with other autoimmune diseases. Further, we focus on specific gene associations including SH2B3, which is common to all three diseases, and FUT2 in PSC, which represents a link between environment and genetics. We review attempts to translate GWAS findings into basic laboratory models including in vivo systems and highlight where clinical observations relate to genetics. Finally we describe deficiencies in GWAS to date and consider future study of genetics in hepatic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Webb
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G M Hirschfield
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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26
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Lombardi MS, Gilliéron C, Dietrich D, Gabay C. SIK inhibition in human myeloid cells modulates TLR and IL-1R signaling and induces an anti-inflammatory phenotype. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:711-21. [PMID: 26590148 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0715-307r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization into a phenotype producing high levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and low levels of proinflammatory IL-12 and TNF-α cytokines plays a pivotal role in the resolution of inflammation. Salt-inducible kinases synergize with TLR signaling to restrict the formation of these macrophages. The expression and function of salt-inducible kinase in primary human myeloid cells are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrated that the differentiation from peripheral blood monocytes to macrophages or dendritic cells induced a marked up-regulation of salt-inducible kinase protein expression. With the use of 2 structurally unrelated, selective salt-inducible kinase inhibitors, HG-9-91-01 and ARN-3236, we showed that salt-inducible kinase inhibition significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-12p40) and increased IL-10 secretion by human myeloid cells stimulated with TLR2 and-4 agonists. Differently than in mouse cells, salt-inducible kinase inhibition did not enhance IL-1Ra production in human macrophages. Salt-inducible kinase inhibition blocked several markers of proinflammatory (LPS + IFN-γ)-polarized macrophages [M(LPS + IFN-γ)] and induced a phenotype characterized by low TNF-α/IL-6/IL-12p70 and high IL-10. The downstream effects observed with salt-inducible kinase inhibitors on cytokine modulation correlated with direct salt-inducible kinase target (CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 3 and histone deacetylase 4) dephosphorylation in these cells. More importantly, we showed for the first time that salt-inducible kinase inhibition decreases proinflammatory cytokines in human myeloid cells upon IL-1R stimulation. Altogether, our results expand the potential therapeutic use of salt-inducible kinase inhibitors in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stella Lombardi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corine Gilliéron
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Damien Dietrich
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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