1
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Wang HY, Ge W, Liu SQ, Long J, Jiang QQ, Zhou W, Zuo ZY, Liu DY, Zhao HM, Zhong YB. Curcumin Inhibits T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation in Mice with Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:275-293. [PMID: 34931590 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) regulate the differentiation of germinal center B cells and maintain humoral immunity. Notably, imbalances in Tfh differentiation often lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Curcumin, a natural product derived from Curcuma longa, is effective in relieving IBD in humans and animals, and its mechanisms of immune regulation need further elaboration. In this study, dextran sodium sulfate induced ulcerative colitis in BALB/c mice, and curcumin was administered simultaneously for 7 days. Curcumin effectively upregulated the change rate of mouse weight, colonic length, down-regulated colonic weight, index of colonic weight, colonic damage score and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 and TGF-[Formula: see text]1 in colonic tissues of colitis mice. Importantly, curcumin regulated the differentiation balance of Tfh and their subpopulation in colitis mice; the percentages of Tfh (CD4[Formula: see text]CXCR5[Formula: see text]BCL-6[Formula: see text], CD4[Formula: see text]CXCR5[Formula: see text]PD-1[Formula: see text], CD4[Formula: see text]CXCR5[Formula: see text]PD-L1[Formula: see text], CD4[Formula: see text]CXCR5[Formula: see text]ICOS[Formula: see text], Tfh17 and Tem-Tfh were downregulated significantly, while CD4[Formula: see text]CXCR5[Formula: see text]Blimp-1[Formula: see text], Tfh1, Tfh10, Tfh21, Tfr, Tcm-Tfh and Tem-GC Tfh were upregulated. In addition, curcumin inhibited the expression of Tfh-related transcription factors BCL-6, p-STAT3, Foxp1, Roquin-1, Roquin-2 and SAP, and significantly upregulated the protein levels of Blimp-1 and STAT3 in colon tissue. In conclusion, curcumin may be effective in alleviating dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by regulating Tfh differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wang
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Proctology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, 445 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Su-Qing Liu
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.,Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Jian Long
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Jiang
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Yun Zuo
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Mei Zhao
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - You-Bao Zhong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.,Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.,Department of Proctology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, 445 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
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2
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Guthmiller JJ, Utset HA, Wilson PC. B Cell Responses against Influenza Viruses: Short-Lived Humoral Immunity against a Life-Long Threat. Viruses 2021; 13:965. [PMID: 34067435 PMCID: PMC8224597 DOI: 10.3390/v13060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are critical for providing protection against influenza virus infections. However, protective humoral immunity against influenza viruses is limited by the antigenic drift and shift of the major surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Importantly, people are exposed to influenza viruses throughout their life and tend to reuse memory B cells from prior exposure to generate antibodies against new variants. Despite this, people tend to recall memory B cells against constantly evolving variable epitopes or non-protective antigens, as opposed to recalling them against broadly neutralizing epitopes of hemagglutinin. In this review, we discuss the factors that impact the generation and recall of memory B cells against distinct viral antigens, as well as the immunological limitations preventing broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Lastly, we discuss how next-generation vaccine platforms can potentially overcome these obstacles to generate robust and long-lived protection against influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J. Guthmiller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
| | - Henry A. Utset
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.A.U.); (P.C.W.)
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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3
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Topham DJ, DeDiego ML, Nogales A, Sangster MY, Sant A. Immunity to Influenza Infection in Humans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a038729. [PMID: 31871226 PMCID: PMC7919402 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the human immune responses to influenza infection with some insights from studies using animal models, such as experimental infection of mice. Recent technological advances in the study of human immune responses have greatly added to our knowledge of the infection and immune responses, and therefore much of the focus is on recent studies that have moved the field forward. We consider the complexity of the adaptive response generated by many sequential encounters through infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Marta L DeDiego
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologia Agraria y Ailmentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Y Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Andrea Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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4
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DiPiazza AT, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection and vaccination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:211-217. [PMID: 33190827 PMCID: PMC7584424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in the human population in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and in a matter of months, spread across the globe resulting in the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and substantial economic fallout. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted between humans via respiratory particles, with infection presenting a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to respiratory failure with multiorgan dysfunction and death in severe cases. Prior experiences with human pathogenic coronaviruses and respiratory virus diseases in general have revealed an important role for cellular immunity in limiting disease severity. Here, we review some of the key mechanisms underlying cell-mediated immunity to respiratory viruses and summarize our current understanding of the functional capacity and role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells following natural infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T DiPiazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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5
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DeGottardi Q, Gates TJ, Yang J, James EA, Malhotra U, Chow IT, Simoni Y, Fehlings M, Newell EW, DeBerg HA, Kwok WW. Ontogeny of different subsets of yellow fever virus-specific circulatory CXCR5 + CD4 + T cells after yellow fever vaccination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15686. [PMID: 32973217 PMCID: PMC7519049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the frequency of circulatory CXCR5+ (cCXCR5+) CD4+ T cells in periphery blood provides a potential biomarker to draw inferences about T follicular helper (TFH) activity within germinal center. However, cCXCR5+ T cells are highly heterogeneous in their expression of ICOS, PD1 and CD38 and the relationship between different cCXCR5 subsets as delineated by these markers remains unclear. We applied class II tetramer reagents and mass cytometry to investigate the ontogeny of different subsets of cCXCR5+ T cell following yellow fever immunization. Through unsupervised analyses of mass cytometry data, we show yellow fever virus-specific cCXCR5 T cells elicited by vaccination were initially CD38+ICOS+PD1+, but then transitioned to become CD38+ICOS-PD1+ and CD38-ICOS-PD1+ before coming to rest as a CD38-ICOS-PD1- subset. These results imply that most antigen-specific cCXCR5+ T cells, including the CD38-ICOS-PD1- CXCR5+ T cells are derived from the CXCR5+CD38+ICOS+PD1+ subset, the subset that most resembles preTFH/TFH in the germinal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn DeGottardi
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa J Gates
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Junbao Yang
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Cs-Bay Therapeutics, Newark, CA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Uma Malhotra
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Virginia Mason Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Yannick Simoni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute At Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201, 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Sant AJ. The Way Forward: Potentiating Protective Immunity to Novel and Pandemic Influenza Through Engagement of Memory CD4 T Cells. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:S30-S37. [PMID: 30715376 PMCID: PMC6452298 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially pandemic strains of influenza pose an undeniable threat to human populations. Therefore, it is essential to develop better strategies to enhance vaccine design and predict parameters that identify susceptible humans. CD4 T cells are a central component of protective immunity to influenza, delivering direct effector function and potentiating responses of other lymphoid cells. Humans have highly diverse influenza-specific CD4 T-cell populations that vary in stimulation history, specificity, and functionality. These complexities constitute a formidable obstacle to predicting immune responses to pandemic strains of influenza and derivation of optimal vaccine strategies. We suggest that more precise efforts to identify and enumerate both the positive and negative contributors of immunity in the CD4 T-cell compartment will aid in both predicting susceptible hosts and in development of vaccination strategies that will poise most human subjects to respond to pandemic influenza strains with protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York
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7
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Heterologous viral protein interactions within licensed seasonal influenza virus vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:3. [PMID: 31934357 PMCID: PMC6954117 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, licensed influenza virus vaccines are designed and tested only for their ability to elicit hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive, neutralizing antibodies. Despite this, the purification process in vaccine manufacturing often does not completely remove other virion components. In the studies reported here, we have examined the viral protein composition of a panel of licensed vaccines from different manufacturers and licensed in different years. Using western blotting, we found that, beyond HA proteins, there are detectable quantities of neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein (NP), and matrix proteins (M1) from both influenza A and influenza B viruses in the vaccines but that the composition differed by source and method of vaccine preparation. We also found that disparities in viral protein composition were associated with distinct patterns of elicited antibody specificities. Strikingly, our studies also revealed that many viral proteins contained in the vaccine form heterologous complexes. When H1 proteins were isolated by immunoprecipitation, NA (N1), M1 (M1-A), H3, and HA-B proteins were co-isolated with the H1. Further biochemical studies suggest that these interactions persist for at least 4 h at 37 °C and that the membrane/intracytoplasmic domains in the intact HA proteins are important for the intermolecular interactions detected. These studies indicate that, if such interactions persist after vaccines reach the draining lymph node, both dendritic cells and HA-specific B cells may take up multiple viral proteins simultaneously. Whether these interactions are beneficial or harmful to the developing immune response will depend on the functional potential of the elicited virus-specific CD4 T cells. Licensed influenza virus vaccines are evaluated for their ability to elicit neutralizing antibodies specific for hemagglutinin (HA), but the manufacturing process does not completely exclude other virion components from the formulations. Andrea Sant and colleagues now report the presence of several viral proteins, such as M1, NA, H3, and HA-B, in licensed formulations from different manufacturers and spanning stocks from several years. These viral proteins form heterologous complexes, and immunization of mice with some of the formulations analyzed elicited antibody responses specific to these viral proteins. These findings reveal heterogeneity across licensed influenza virus vaccine formulations, potentially due to variations in production processes, and raise the possibility that the presence of these additional viral protein complexes could influence the elicited immune responses following immunization, particularly in the context of multivalent strategies involving mixing of different formulations.
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8
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Biswas A, Chakrabarti AK, Dutta S. Current challenges: from the path of “original antigenic sin” towards the development of universal flu vaccines. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 39:21-36. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1685990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Biswas
- Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok K. Chakrabarti
- Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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9
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Knowlden ZAG, Richards KA, Moritzky SA, Sant AJ. Peptide Epitope Hot Spots of CD4 T Cell Recognition Within Influenza Hemagglutinin During the Primary Response to Infection. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040220. [PMID: 31694141 PMCID: PMC6963931 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza virus are critical for protective immunity to infection. Our studies show that CD4 T cells specific for epitopes derived from HA are the most effective in providing help for the HA-specific B cell responses to infection and vaccination. In this study, we asked whether HA epitopes recognized by CD4 T cells in the primary response to infection are equally distributed across the HA protein or if certain segments are enriched in CD4 T cell epitopes. Mice that collectively expressed eight alternative MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) class II molecules, that would each have different peptide binding specificities, were infected with an H1N1 influenza virus. CD4 T cell peptide epitope specificities were identified by cytokine EliSpots. These studies revealed that the HA-specific CD4 T cell epitopes cluster in two distinct regions of HA and that some segments of HA are completely devoid of CD4 T cell epitopes. When located on the HA structure, it appears that the regions that most poorly recruit CD4 T cells are sequestered within the interior of the HA trimer, perhaps inaccessible to the proteolytic machinery inside the endosomal compartments of antigen presenting cells.
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10
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Koutsakos M, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K. With a Little Help from T Follicular Helper Friends: Humoral Immunity to Influenza Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:360-367. [PMID: 30617117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza remains a global and unpredictable threat. Annual vaccination against influenza A and B viruses promotes the induction of Abs and memory B cells, which can provide strain-specific protection against subsequent infections. The formation of effective memory B cell and Ab responses is highly dependent on the germinal center reaction, a well-orchestrated process involving B cells and a specialized CD4+ T cell subset called T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. As Tfh cells predominantly reside within B cell follicles in secondary lymphoid organs, they are challenging to study in humans. Recent identification of a circulating counterpart of Tfh cells has allowed us to better understand the contribution of these circulating Tfh cells during human immune responses. In this article, we summarize the role of human Tfh cells during humoral immune responses and discuss the contribution of Tfh cells in promoting immunity to influenza viruses in healthy cohorts and high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Fox A, Quinn KM, Subbarao K. Extending the Breadth of Influenza Vaccines: Status and Prospects for a Universal Vaccine. Drugs 2019; 78:1297-1308. [PMID: 30088204 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of seasonal influenza vaccines, there is urgent need for a universal influenza vaccine to provide broad, long-term protection. A number of factors underpin this urgency, including threats posed by zoonotic and pandemic influenza A viruses, suboptimal effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines, and concerns surrounding the effects of annual vaccination. In this article, we discuss approaches that are being investigated to increase influenza vaccine breadth, which are near-term, readily achievable approaches to increase the range of strains recognized within a subtype, or longer-term more challenging approaches to produce a truly universal influenza vaccine. Adjuvanted and neuraminidase-optimized vaccines are emerging as the most feasible and promising approaches to extend protection to cover a broader range of strains within a subtype. The goal of developing a universal vaccine has also been advanced with the design of immunogenic influenza HA-stem constructs that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, these constructs are not yet sufficiently immunogenic to induce lasting universal immunity in humans. Advances in understanding how T cells mediate protection, and how viruses are packaged, have facilitated the rationale design and delivery of replication-incompetent virus vaccines that induce broad protection mediated by lung-resident memory T cells. While the lack of clear mechanistic correlates of protection, other than haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies, remains an impediment to further advancing novel influenza vaccines, the pressing need for such a vaccine is supporting development of highly innovative and effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Sánchez-Vargas LA, Mathew A. Peripheral follicular helper T cells in acute viral diseases: a perspective on dengue. Future Virol 2019; 14:161-169. [PMID: 31073324 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are a predominant subset of CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help to B cells in germinal centers and necessary to generate T cell-dependent antibody responses. Peripheral TFH (pTFH) are the counterpart of TFH found in the circulation, which resemble TFH in many aspects of their phenotype and function. The CD4+ pTFH subset has received a lot of interest recently because they are easy to access and have the potential to serve as a biomarker for long-lasting humoral immunity. This review will discuss recent findings of pTFH in human acute viral diseases with a focus on dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Sánchez-Vargas
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology & Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology & Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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13
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Moise L, M Biron B, Boyle CM, Kurt Yilmaz N, Jang H, Schiffer C, M Ross T, Martin WD, De Groot AS. T cell epitope engineering: an avian H7N9 influenza vaccine strategy for pandemic preparedness and response. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2203-2207. [PMID: 30015562 PMCID: PMC6183197 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1495303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The delayed availability of vaccine during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic created a sense of urgency to better prepare for the next influenza pandemic. Advancements in manufacturing technology, speed and capacity have been achieved but vaccine effectiveness remains a significant challenge. Here, we describe a novel vaccine design strategy called immune engineering in the context of H7N9 influenza vaccine development. The approach combines immunoinformatic and structure modeling methods to promote protective antibody responses against H7N9 hemagglutinin (HA) by engineering whole antigens to carry seasonal influenza HA memory CD4+ T cell epitopes – without perturbing native antigen structure – by galvanizing HA-specific memory helper T cells that support sustained antibody development against the native target HA. The premise for this vaccine concept rests on (i) the significance of CD4+ T cell memory to influenza immunity, (ii) the essential role CD4+ T cells play in development of neutralizing antibodies, (iii) linked specificity of HA-derived CD4+ T cell epitopes to antibody responses, (iv) the structural plasticity of HA and (v) an illustration of improved antibody response to a prototype engineered recombinant H7-HA vaccine. Immune engineering can be applied to development of vaccines against pandemic concerns, including avian influenza, as well as other difficult targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- a EpiVax, Inc ., Providence , RI , USA.,b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA.,c Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | | | | | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , UMass Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- e Center for Vaccines and Immunology , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Celia Schiffer
- d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , UMass Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- e Center for Vaccines and Immunology , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,f Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- a EpiVax, Inc ., Providence , RI , USA.,b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA.,c Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
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14
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Trieu MC, Zhou F, Lartey SL, Sridhar S, Mjaaland S, Cox RJ. Augmented CD4 + T-cell and humoral responses after repeated annual influenza vaccination with the same vaccine component A/H1N1pdm09 over 5 years. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:37. [PMID: 30131880 PMCID: PMC6092382 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for high-risk populations and often occupational groups such as healthcare workers (HCWs). Repeated annual vaccination has been reported to either have no impact or reduce antibody responses or protection. However, whether repeated vaccination influences T-cell responses has not been sufficiently studied, despite the increasing evidence of the protective roles of T-cell immunity. Here, we explored the impact of repeated annual vaccination with the same vaccine strain (H1N1pdm09) over multiple seasons in the post-2009 pandemic era and showed that repeated vaccination increased both T-cell and humoral responses. Using the T-cell FluroSpot and intracellular cytokine-staining, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and the memory B-cell (MBC) ELISpot assays, we investigated pre- and postvaccination T cells, antibodies, and MBCs in a cohort of HCWs repeatedly vaccinated with H1N1pdm09 for 5 years (pandemic vaccination in 2009 and subsequently annual seasonal vaccination containing H1N1pdm09 during 2010-2013). We found that the prevaccination H1N1pdm09-specific T cells, antibodies, and MBCs were significantly increased after 3-4 repeated vaccinations and maintained at high levels throughout seasons 2012 and 2013. The cross-reactive IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ cells recognizing conserved viral external or internal epitopes were also maintained throughout 2012 and 2013. Repeated vaccination improved the multifunctional memory CD4+ responses. Particularly, the IFN-γ+TNF-α+CD4+ T cells were boosted following each vaccination. HI antibodies were significantly induced after each vaccination over 5 years. Our findings indicate a broad impact of repeated annual vaccination, even with the same vaccine component, on the influenza-specific T-cell and humoral immunity and support the continuing recommendation of annual influenza vaccination. Despite the widespread implementation of annual influenza vaccination, the effect of repeated vaccinations on the immune response in subsequent seasons is poorly understood. A team led by Rebecca Jane Cox at the University of Bergen examined the humoral and T-cell response elicited by 2009's H1N1pdm09 seasonal vaccine. Since the H1N1pdm09 strain continued to circulate in subsequent years it was included in later vaccine formulations and the authors could therefore examine the effects of repeated annual vaccination over multiple seasons. They observed that H1N1pdm09-specific polyfunctional T-cell responses and antibodies were enhanced by multiple annual vaccinations. In particular, T cells showed progressive skewing to IFN-γ+TNF+ double producers, but the magnitude of the T-cell response tended to plateau after 3-4 repeated vaccinations. The findings suggest that including the same component in subsequent annual vaccines can significantly impact the influenza immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Chi Trieu
- 1The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,2K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fan Zhou
- 1The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,2K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah Larteley Lartey
- 1The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,2K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Saranya Sridhar
- 3Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,6Present Address: Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- 2K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,4Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- 1The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,2K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,5Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Kim SJ, Lee K, Diamond B. Follicular Helper T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1793. [PMID: 30123218 PMCID: PMC6085416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells constitute a subset of effector T cells that participate in the generation of high-affinity humoral responses. They express the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and produce the cytokine IL-21, both of which are required for their contribution to germinal center formation. Uncontrolled expansion of Tfh cells is observed in various mouse models of systemic autoimmune diseases and in patients with these diseases. In particular, the frequency of circulating Tfh is correlated with disease activity and anti-DNA antibody titer in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Recent studies reveal functional diversity within the Tfh population in both humans and mice. We will summarize here the molecular mechanisms for Tfh cell generation, survival and function in both humans and mice, and the relationship between Tfh cells and autoimmune disease in animal models and in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jung Kim
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Sant AJ, Richards KA, Nayak J. Distinct and complementary roles of CD4 T cells in protective immunity to influenza virus. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:13-21. [PMID: 29621639 PMCID: PMC6141328 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a multiplicity of roles in protective immunity to influenza. Included in these functions are help for high affinity antibody production, enhancement of CD8 T cell expansion, function and memory, acceleration of the early innate response to infection and direct cytotoxicity. The influenza-specific CD4 T cell repertoire in humans established through exposures to infection and vaccination has been found to be highly variable in abundance, specificity and functionality. Deficits in particular subsets of CD4 T cells recruited into the response result in diminished antibody responses and protection from infection. Therefore, improved strategies for vaccination should include better methods to identify deficiencies in the circulating CD4 T cell repertoire, and vaccine constructs that increase the representation of CD4 T cells of the correct specificity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA.
| | - Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
| | - Jennifer Nayak
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
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17
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Liu DY, Liu XK, Lu XY, Chen F, Zhao HM. Regulating BCL-6 signaling pathway to control Tfh cell differentiation: A new strategy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:821-826. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i14.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, there has been a great deal of evidence that this cell type is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Different cytokines secreted by different subtypes of Tfh cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, and thus provide an important approach for the targeted treatment of this disease. As a key transcription factor in Tfh cell differentiation, BCL-6 signaling can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of Tfh cells. In the absence of BCL-6 signaling, Tfh cells cannot be produced. BCL-6 signaling can also effectively regulate Tfh cell differentiation through positive regulation, negative regulation, and epigenetics. Abnormal regulation of BCL-6 signaling can induce abnormal differentiation of Tfh and lead to the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, Tfh cell differentiation can be regulated by intervention of BCL-6 signaling, which may be used as a new strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Yong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Ke Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Lu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Mei Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
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18
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Koblischke M, Mackroth MS, Schwaiger J, Fae I, Fischer G, Stiasny K, Heinz FX, Aberle JH. Protein structure shapes immunodominance in the CD4 T cell response to yellow fever vaccination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8907. [PMID: 28827760 PMCID: PMC5566484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The live attenuated yellow fever (YF) vaccine is a highly effective human vaccine and induces long-term protective neutralizing antibodies directed against the viral envelope protein E. The generation of such antibodies requires the help of CD4 T cells which recognize peptides derived from proteins in virus particles internalized and processed by E-specific B cells. The CD4 T helper cell response is restricted to few immunodominant epitopes, but the mechanisms of their selection are largely unknown. Here, we report that CD4 T cell responses elicited by the YF-17D vaccine are focused to hotspots of two helices of the viral capsid protein and to exposed strands and loops of E. We found that the locations of immunodominant epitopes within three-dimensional protein structures exhibit a high degree of overlap between YF virus and the structurally homologous flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus, although amino acid sequence identity of the epitope regions is only 15-45%. The restriction of epitopes to exposed E protein surfaces and their strikingly similar positioning within proteins of distantly related flaviviruses are consistent with a strong influence of protein structure that shapes CD4 T cell responses and provide leads for a rational design of immunogens for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria S Mackroth
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Fae
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Fischer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith H Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Gerna G, Revello MG, Baldanti F, Percivalle E, Lilleri D. The pentameric complex of human Cytomegalovirus: cell tropism, virus dissemination, immune response and vaccine development. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2215-2234. [PMID: 28809151 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Between the 1980s and 1990s, three assays were developed for diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections: leuko (L)-antigenemia, l-viremia and l-DNAemia, detecting viral protein pp65, infectious virus and viral DNA, respectively, in circulating leukocytes Repeated initial attempts to reproduce the three assays in vitro using laboratory-adapted strains and infected cell cultures were consistently unsuccessful. Results were totally reversed when wild-type HCMV strains were used to infect either fibroblasts or endothelial cells. Careful analysis and sequencing of plaque-purified viruses from recent clinical isolates drew attention to the ULb' region of the HCMV genome. Using bacterial artificial chromosome technology, it was shown by both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments that UL131-128 genes are indispensable for virus growth in endothelial cells and virus transfer to leukocytes. In addition, a number of clinical isolates passaged in human fibroblasts had lost both properties (leuko-tropism and endothelial cell-tropism) when displaying a mutation in the UL131-128 locus (referred to as UL128L). In the following years, it was shown that pUL128L was complexed with gH and gL to form the pentameric complex (PC), which is required to infect endothelial, epithelial and myeloid cells. The immune response to PC was studied extensively, particularly its humoral component, showing that the great majority of the neutralizing antibody response is directed to PC. Although anti-HCMV antibodies may act with other mechanisms than mere neutralizing activity, these findings definitely favour their protective activity, thus paving the way to the development of a potentially protective HCMV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gerna
- Experimental Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Experimental Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Herati RS, Muselman A, Vella L, Bengsch B, Parkhouse K, Del Alcazar D, Kotzin J, Doyle SA, Tebas P, Hensley SE, Su LF, Schmader KE, Wherry EJ. Successive annual influenza vaccination induces a recurrent oligoclonotypic memory response in circulating T follicular helper cells. Sci Immunol 2017; 2. [PMID: 28620653 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) CD4 cells are crucial providers of B cell help during adaptive immune responses. A circulating population of CD4 T cells, termed cTfh, have similarity to lymphoid Tfh, can provide B cell help, and responded to influenza vaccination. However, it is unclear whether human vaccination-induced cTfh respond in an antigen-specific manner and whether they form long-lasting memory. Here, we identified a cTfh population that expressed multiple T cell activation markers and could be readily identified by coexpression of ICOS and CD38. This subset expressed more Bcl-6, c-Maf, and IL-21 than other blood CD4 subsets. Influenza vaccination induced a strong response in the ICOS+CD38+ cTfh at day 7, and this population included hemagglutinin-specific cells by tetramer staining and antigen-stimulated Activation Induced Marker (AIM) expression. Moreover, TCRB sequencing identified a clonal response in ICOS+CD38+ cTfh that correlated strongly with the increased circulating ICOS+CD38+ cTfh frequency and the circulating plasmablast response. In subjects who received successive annual vaccinations, a recurrent oligoclonal response was identified in the ICOS+CD38+ cTfh subset at 7 days after every vaccination. These oligoclonal responses in ICOS+CD38+ cTfh after vaccination persisted in the ICOS-CD38- cTfh repertoire in subsequent years, suggesting clonal maintenance in a memory reservoir in the more-stable ICOS-CD38- cTfh subset. These data highlight the antigen-specificity, lineage relationships and memory properties of human cTfh responses to vaccination, providing new avenues for tracking and monitoring cTfh responses during infection and vaccination in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Sedaghat Herati
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Muselman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura Vella
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Daniel Del Alcazar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan Kotzin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan A Doyle
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura F Su
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kenneth E Schmader
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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21
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Nellore A, Randall TD. Narcolepsy and influenza vaccination-the inappropriate awakening of immunity. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:S29. [PMID: 27867997 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Troy D Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Division of Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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22
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DiPiazza A, Richards K, Batarse F, Lockard L, Zeng H, García-Sastre A, Albrecht RA, Sant AJ. Flow Cytometric and Cytokine ELISpot Approaches To Characterize the Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Ferrets following Influenza Virus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7991-8004. [PMID: 27356897 PMCID: PMC4988159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01001-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus infections represent a significant socioeconomic and public health burden worldwide. Although ferrets are considered by many to be ideal for modeling human responses to influenza infection and vaccination, efforts to understand the cellular immune response have been severely hampered by a paucity of standardized procedures and reagents. In this study, we developed flow cytometric and T cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) approaches to characterize the leukocyte composition and antigen-specific T cell response within key lymphoid tissues following influenza virus infection in ferrets. Through a newly designed and implemented set of serological reagents, we used multiparameter flow cytometry to directly quantify the frequency of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Ig(+) B cells, CD11b(+) myeloid-derived cells, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive antigen-presenting cells (APCs) both prior to and after intranasal infection with A/California/04/09 (H1N1). We found that the leukocyte composition was altered at 10 days postinfection, with notable gains in the frequency of T cells and myeloid cells within the draining lymph node. Furthermore, these studies revealed that the antigen specificity of influenza virus-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cells was very broad, with recognition of the viral HA, NA, M1, NS1, and NP proteins, and that total reactivity to influenza virus postinfection represented approximately 0.1% of the circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Finally, we observed distinct patterns of reactivity between individual animals, suggesting heterogeneity at the MHC locus in ferrets within commercial populations, a finding of considerable interest in efforts to move the ferret model forward for influenza vaccine and challenge studies. IMPORTANCE Ferrets are an ideal animal model to study transmission, diseases, and vaccine efficacies of respiratory viruses because of their close anatomical and physiological resemblances to humans. However, a lack of reagents has limited our understanding of the cell-mediated immune response following infection and vaccination. In this study, we used cross-reactive and ferret-specific antibodies to study the leukocyte composition and antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses following influenza A/California/04/09 (H1N1) virus infection. These studies revealed strikingly distinct patterns of reactivity between CD4 and CD8 T cells, which were overlaid with differences in protein-specific responses between individual animals. Our results provide a first, in-depth look at the T cell repertoire in response to influenza infection and suggest that there is considerable heterogeneity at the MHC locus, which is akin to that in humans and an area of intense research interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony DiPiazza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Frances Batarse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Laura Lockard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York, USA Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute at Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York, USA Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute at Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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23
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Pillet S, Aubin É, Trépanier S, Bussière D, Dargis M, Poulin JF, Yassine-Diab B, Ward BJ, Landry N. A plant-derived quadrivalent virus like particle influenza vaccine induces cross-reactive antibody and T cell response in healthy adults. Clin Immunol 2016; 168:72-87. [PMID: 26987887 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent issues regarding efficacy of influenza vaccines have re-emphasized the need of new approaches to face this major public health issue. In a phase 1-2 clinical trial, healthy adults received one intramuscular dose of a seasonal influenza plant-based quadrivalent virus-like particle (QVLP) vaccine or placebo. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers met all the European licensure criteria for the type A influenza strains at the 3μg/strain dose and for all four strains at the higher dosages 21days after immunization. High HI titers were maintained for most of the strains 6months after vaccination. QVLP vaccine induced a substantial and sustained increase of hemagglutinin-specific polyfunctional CD4 T cells, mainly transitional memory and TEMRA effector IFN-γ(+) CD4 T cells. A T cells cross-reactive response was also observed against A/Hong-Kong/1/1968 H3N2 and B/Massachusetts/2/2012. Plant-based QVLP offers an attractive alternative manufacturing method for producing effective and HA-strain matching seasonal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pillet
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, 5th Floor, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3H 2R9
| | - Éric Aubin
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
| | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
| | - Diane Bussière
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
| | - Michèle Dargis
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
| | | | - Bader Yassine-Diab
- ImmuneCarta, 201 Avenue du Président-Kennedy, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2X 3Y7
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, 5th Floor, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3H 2R9
| | - Nathalie Landry
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9.
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24
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Bruno F, Fornara C, Zelini P, Furione M, Carrara E, Scaramuzzi L, Cane I, Mele F, Sallusto F, Lilleri D, Gerna G. Follicular helper T-cells and virus-specific antibody response in primary and reactivated human cytomegalovirus infections of the immunocompetent and immunocompromised transplant patients. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1928-1941. [PMID: 27113912 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infection in immunocompetent (n=40) and immunocompromised transplant patients (n=20) revealed that the median peak antibody titre neutralizing infection of epithelial cells was 16-fold higher in immunocompromised patients. The mechanism of this finding was investigated by measuring: (i) HCMV DNAemia; (ii) HCMV neutralizing antibodies; (iii) ELISA IgG antibody titre to HCMV glycoprotein complexes gHgLpUL128L, gHgLgO and gB; and (iv) HCMV-specific (IFN-γ+) CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Circulating CXCR5+ CD4+ (memory T follicular helper - TFH-cells) were identified as activated TFH (ICOS+PD-1++CCR7lo) and quiescent cells. In the early stages of primary infection, activated TFH cells increased in number. Concomitantly, both neutralizing and IgG antibodies to HCMV glycoproteins reached a peak, followed by a plateau. A stop in antibody rise occurred upon appearance of HCMV-specific CD4+ T-cells, HCMV clearance and progressive reduction in activated TFH cells. The main differences between healthy and transplant patients were that the latter had a delayed DNA peak, a much higher DNA load and delayed activated TFH cells and antibody peaks. Similar events were observed in clinically severe HCMV reactivations of transplant patients. A preliminary analysis of the specificity of the activated TFH cell response to viral proteins showed a major response to the pentamer gHgLpUL128L and gB. In conclusion, in the absence of T-cell immunity, one of the first lines of defence, during primary infection, is conferred by antibodies produced through the interaction of TFH cells and B-cells of germinal centres, resulting in differentiation of B-cells into antibody producing plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bruno
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fornara
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Zelini
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Milena Furione
- Struttura Semplice Virologia Molecolare, Struttura Complessa Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Carrara
- Divisione di Cardiochirurgia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Scaramuzzi
- Divisione di Nefrologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cane
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Mele
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gerna
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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DiPiazza A, Richards KA, Knowlden ZAG, Nayak JL, Sant AJ. The Role of CD4 T Cell Memory in Generating Protective Immunity to Novel and Potentially Pandemic Strains of Influenza. Front Immunol 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 26834750 PMCID: PMC4725218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent events have made it clear that potentially pandemic strains of influenza regularly pose a threat to human populations. Therefore, it is essential that we develop better strategies to enhance vaccine design and evaluation to predict those that will be poor responders to vaccination and to identify those that are at particular risk of disease-associated complications following infection. Animal models have revealed the discrete functions that CD4 T cells play in developing immune response and to influenza immunity. However, humans have a complex immunological history with influenza through periodic infection and vaccination with seasonal variants, leading to the establishment of heterogeneous memory populations of CD4 T cells that participate in subsequent responses. The continual evolution of the influenza-specific CD4 T cell repertoire involves both specificity and function and overlays other restrictions on CD4 T cell activity derived from viral antigen handling and MHC class II:peptide epitope display. Together, these complexities in the influenza-specific CD4 T cell repertoire constitute a formidable obstacle to predicting protective immune response to potentially pandemic strains of influenza and in devising optimal vaccine strategies to potentiate these responses. We suggest that more precise efforts to identify and enumerate both the positive and negative contributors within the CD4 T cell compartment will aid significantly in the achievement of these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony DiPiazza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Katherine A Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Zackery A G Knowlden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Jennifer L Nayak
- Department of Pediatrics, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , USA
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