1
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Souza PAF, Kroptavich CR, Zhou S, Kahan TF. Oxidant concentrations and photochemistry in a vehicle cabin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 39058373 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00319e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) in vehicles can be important to people's health, especially for those whose occupations require them to spend extensive time in vehicles. To date, research on vehicle IAQ has primarily focused on direct emissions as opposed to chemistry happening in vehicle cabins. In this work, we conducted time-resolved measurements of the oxidants and oxidant precursors ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrous acid (HONO) inside the cabin of a 2012 Toyota Rav4 under varying ventilation conditions (i.e., car off, car on with passive ventilation, car on with mechanical ventilation via the recirculating fan, and car on with mechanical ventilation via the direct fan). Ozone levels inside the vehicle were significantly lower than outdoors under most conditions, and were approximately half the outdoor levels when the direct fan was in operation. Nitric oxide and NO2 concentrations were very low both inside the vehicle and outdoors. Nitrous acid levels in the vehicle were lower than reported values in other indoor environments, though much higher than expected outdoor levels. We also investigated the potential for photochemical production of radicals in the vehicle. Time- and wavelength-resolved solar irradiance spectra were collected, and steady state hydroxyl radical (OH) and nitrate radical (NO3) concentrations were calculated. Steady state OH concentrations were predicted to be similar to those in air masses in residences illuminated by sunlight, suggesting the importance of HONO photolysis in vehicles. Conversely, nitrate radicals (NO3) were not considered significant indoor oxidants in our study due to rapid titration by NO. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of both air exchange and photochemistry in shaping the composition of air inside vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A F Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | | | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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2
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Fu Z, Guo S, Yu Y, Xie HB, Li S, Lv D, Zhou P, Song K, Chen Z, Tan R, Hu K, Shen R, Yao M, Hu M. Oxidation Mechanism and Toxicity Evolution of Linalool, a Typical Indoor Volatile Chemical Product. ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 2:486-498. [PMID: 39049896 PMCID: PMC11264274 DOI: 10.1021/envhealth.4c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Linalool, a high-reactivity volatile chemical product (VCP) commonly found in cleaning products and disinfectants, is increasingly recognized as an emerging contaminant, especially in indoor air. Understanding the gas-phase oxidation mechanism of linalool is crucial for assessing its impact on atmospheric chemistry and human health. Using quantum chemical calculations and computational toxicology simulations, we investigated the atmospheric transformation and toxicity evolution of linalool under low and high NO/HO2· levels, representing indoor and outdoor environments. Our findings reveal that linalool can undergo the novel mechanisms involving concerted peroxy (RO2·) and alkoxy radical (RO·) modulated autoxidation, particularly emphasizing the importance of cyclization reactions indoors. This expands the widely known RO2·-dominated H-shift-driven autoxidation and proposes a generalized autoxidation mechanism that leads to the formation of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Toxicological analysis shows that over half of transformation products (TPs) exhibited higher carcinogenicity and respiratory toxicity compared to linalool. We also propose time-dependent toxic effects of TPs to assess their long-term toxicity. Our results indicate that the strong indoor emission coupled with slow consumption rates lead to significant health risks under an indoor environment. The results highlight complex indoor air chemistry and health concerns regarding persistent toxic products during indoor cleaning, which involves the use of linalool or other VCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Fu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Lv
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Song
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Tan
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kun Hu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruizhe Shen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Alton MW, Johnson VL, Sharma S, Browne EC. Volatile Methyl Siloxane Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism from a Theoretical Perspective─How is the Siloxanol Formed? J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10233-10242. [PMID: 38011037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite several investigations on the atmospheric fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS), the oxidation chemistry of these purely anthropogenic, high production volume compounds is poorly understood. This led to uncertainties in the environmental impact and fate of the oxidation products. According to laboratory measurements, the main VMS oxidation product is the siloxanol (a -CH3 replaced with an -OH); however, none of the mechanisms proposed to date satisfactorily explain its formation. Motivated by our previous experimental observations of VMS oxidation products, we use theoretical quantum chemical calculations to (1) explore a previously unconsidered reaction pathway to form the siloxanol from a reaction of a siloxy radical with gas-phase water, (2) investigate differences in reaction rates of radical intermediates in hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) oxidation, and (3) attempt to explain the experimentally observed products. Our results suggest that while the proposed reaction of the siloxy radical with water to form the siloxanol can occur, it is too slow to compete with other unimolecular reactions and thus cannot explain the observed siloxanol formation. We also find that the reaction between the initial D3 peroxy radical (RO2•) with HO2• is slower than previously anticipated (calculated as 3 × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for D3 and 2 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for D4 compared to the general rate of ∼1 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1). Finally, we compare the anticipated fates of the RO2• under a variety of conditions and find that a reaction with NO (assuming a general RO2• + NO bimolecular rate constant of 9 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1) will likely be the dominant fate in urban conditions, while isomerization can be important in cleaner environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell W Alton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Virginia L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Eleanor C Browne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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4
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Barber VP, Goss MB, Franco Deloya LJ, LeMar LN, Li Y, Helstrom E, Canagaratna M, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH. Indoor Air Quality Implications of Germicidal 222 nm Light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15990-15998. [PMID: 37827494 PMCID: PMC10607233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
One strategy for mitigating the indoor transmission of airborne pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is irradiation by germicidal UV light (GUV). A particularly promising approach is 222 nm light from KrCl excimer lamps (GUV222); this inactivates airborne pathogens and is thought to be relatively safe for human skin and eye exposure. However, the impact of GUV222 on the composition of indoor air has received little experimental study. Here, we conduct laboratory experiments in a 150 L Teflon chamber to examine the formation of secondary species by GUV222. We show that GUV222 generates ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), both of which can react with volatile organic compounds to form oxidized volatile organic compounds and secondary organic aerosol particles. Results are consistent with a box model based on the known photochemistry. We use this model to simulate GUV222 irradiation under more realistic indoor air scenarios and demonstrate that under some conditions, GUV222 irradiation can lead to levels of O3, OH, and secondary organic products that are substantially elevated relative to normal indoor conditions. The results suggest that GUV222 should be used at low intensities and in concert with ventilation, decreasing levels of airborne pathogens while mitigating the formation of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P. Barber
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew B. Goss
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lesly J. Franco Deloya
- Department
of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lexy N. LeMar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yaowei Li
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Erik Helstrom
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manjula Canagaratna
- Center
for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne
Research Incorporated, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Reidy E, Bottorff BP, Rosales CM, Cardoso-Saldaña FJ, Arata C, Zhou S, Wang C, Abeleira A, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Goldstein AH, Novoselac A, Kahan TF, Abbatt JPD, Vance ME, Farmer DK, Stevens PS. Measurements of Hydroxyl Radical Concentrations during Indoor Cooking Events: Evidence of an Unmeasured Photolytic Source of Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:896-908. [PMID: 36603843 PMCID: PMC9850917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is the dominant oxidant in the outdoor environment, controlling the lifetimes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and contributing to the growth of secondary organic aerosols. Despite its importance outdoors, there have been relatively few measurements of the OH radical in indoor environments. During the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign, elevated concentrations of OH were observed near a window during cooking events, in addition to elevated mixing ratios of nitrous acid (HONO), VOCs, and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Particularly high concentrations were measured during the preparation of a traditional American Thanksgiving dinner, which required the use of a gas stove and oven almost continually for 6 h. A zero-dimensional chemical model underpredicted the measured OH concentrations even during periods when direct sunlight illuminated the area near the window, which increases the rate of OH production by photolysis of HONO. Interferences with measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) suggest that unmeasured photolytic VOCs were emitted during cooking events. The addition of a VOC that photolyzes to produce peroxy radicals (RO2), similar to pyruvic acid, into the model results in better agreement with the OH measurements. These results highlight our incomplete understanding of the nature of oxidation in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Reidy
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Brandon P. Bottorff
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Colleen Marciel
F. Rosales
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | | | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York13244, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, University
of Texas, Austin, Texas78712, United
States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Tara F. Kahan
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York13244, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5E6, Canada
| | | | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Philip S. Stevens
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
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6
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Abstract
A human-occupied indoor space shares many similarities with Earth and its atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Schoemaecker
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
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7
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Rosales CMF, Jiang J, Lahib A, Bottorff BP, Reidy EK, Kumar V, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Dusanter S, Tomas A, Boor BE, Stevens PS. Chemistry and human exposure implications of secondary organic aerosol production from indoor terpene ozonolysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj9156. [PMID: 35213219 PMCID: PMC8880786 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface cleaning using commercial disinfectants, which has recently increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, can generate secondary indoor pollutants both in gas and aerosol phases. It can also affect indoor air quality and health, especially for workers repeatedly exposed to disinfectants. Here, we cleaned the floor of a mechanically ventilated office room using a commercial cleaner while concurrently measuring gas-phase precursors, oxidants, radicals, secondary oxidation products, and aerosols in real-time; these were detected within minutes after cleaner application. During cleaning, indoor monoterpene concentrations exceeded outdoor concentrations by two orders of magnitude, increasing the rate of ozonolysis under low (<10 ppb) ozone levels. High number concentrations of freshly nucleated sub-10-nm particles (≥105 cm-3) resulted in respiratory tract deposited dose rates comparable to or exceeding that of inhalation of vehicle-associated aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ahmad Lahib
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Emily K. Reidy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Heinz Huber
- RJ Lee Group Inc., Monroeville, PA 15146, USA
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions LLC, Novelty, OH 44072, USA
| | - Sebastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.E.B.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Philip S. Stevens
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.E.B.); (P.S.S.)
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8
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Kalalian C, Depoorter A, Abis L, Perrier S, George C. Indoor heterogeneous photochemistry of molds and their contribution to HONO formation. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12971. [PMID: 34866244 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the impact of molds on indoor air quality, we studied the photochemistry of microbial films made by Aspergillus niger species, a common indoor mold. Specifically, we investigated their implication in the conversion of adsorbed nitrate anions into gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx ), as well as the related VOC emissions under different indoor conditions, using a high-resolution proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a long path absorption photometer (LOPAP). The different mold preparations were characterized by the means of direct injection into an Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer with a heated electrospray ionization (ESI-Orbitrap-MS). The formation of a wide range of VOCs, having emission profiles sensitive to the types of films (either doped by potassium nitrate or not), cultivation time, UV-light irradiation, potassium nitrate concentration and relative humidity was observed. The formation of nitrous acid from these films was also determined and found to be dependent on light and relative humidity. Finally, the reaction paths for the NOx and HONO production are proposed. This work helps to better understand the implication of microbial surfaces as a new indoor source for HONO emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Kalalian
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Antoine Depoorter
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Letizia Abis
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Zhou S, Kahan TF. Spatiotemporal characterization of irradiance and photolysis rate constants of indoor gas-phase species in the UTest house during HOMEChem. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12964. [PMID: 34854500 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We made intensive measurements of wavelength-resolved spectral irradiance in a test house during the HOMEChem campaign and report diurnal profiles and two-dimensional spatial distribution of photolysis rate constants (J) of several important indoor photolabile gases. Results show that sunlight entering through windows, which was the dominant source of ultraviolet (UV) light in this house, led to clear diurnal cycles, and large time- and location-dependent variations in local gas-phase photochemical activity. Local J values of several key indoor gases under direct solar illumination were 1.8-7.4 times larger-and more strongly dependent on time, solar zenith angle, and incident angle of sunlight relative to the window-than under diffuse sunlight. Photolysis rate constants were highly spatially heterogeneous and fast photochemical reactions in the gas phase were generally confined to within tens of cm of the region that were directly sunlit. Opening windows increased UV photon fluxes by 3 times and increased predicted local hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations in the sunlit region by 4.5 times to 3.2 × 107 molec cm-3 due to higher J values and increased contribution from O3 photolysis. These results can be used to improve the treatment of photochemistry in indoor chemistry models and are a valuable resource for future studies that use the publicly available HOMEChem measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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10
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Schwartz-Narbonne H, Du B, Siegel JA. Volatile organic compound and particulate matter emissions from an ultrasonic essential oil diffuser. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1982-1992. [PMID: 33905580 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic essential oil diffusers (EODs) are a popular type of indoor scenting source. We performed a chamber study in which we measured the emissions from EODs used with lemon, lavender, eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils. Over the course of 15 min, the most abundant VOCs released from lemon, lavender, eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils were 2.6 ± 0.7 mg of d-limonene, 3.5 ± 0.4 mg of eucalyptol, 1.0 ± 0.1 mg of linalyl acetate, and 0.2 ± 0.02 mg of linalyl acetate, respectively. Each oil had a unique particulate matter (PM) emission profile in terms of size, number density, and rate. The dominant size ranges of the PM were 10-100 nm for lemon oil, 50-100 nm for lavender oil, 10-50 nm for lemon oil, and above 200 nm for grapeseed oil. PM1 emission rates of approximately 2 mg/h, 0.1 mg/h, and 3 mg/h, were observed for lemon, lavender/eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils, respectively. A fivefold increase in PM1 emission was measured when the EOD with eucalyptus oil was filled with tap water as opposed to deionized water. Modeling suggests that reasonable use cases of EODs can contribute substantially to primary and secondary PM in indoor environments, but this potential varies depending on the oil and water types used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bowen Du
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Zhou S, Kowal SF, Cregan AR, Kahan TF. Factors affecting wavelength-resolved ultraviolet irradiance indoors and their impacts on indoor photochemistry. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1187-1198. [PMID: 33373097 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We measured wavelength-resolved ultraviolet (UV) irradiance in multiple indoor environments and quantified the effects of variables such as light source, solar angles, cloud cover, window type, and electric light color temperature on indoor photon fluxes. The majority of the 77 windows and window samples investigated completely attenuated sunlight at wavelengths shorter than 320 nm; despite variations among individual windows leading to differences in indoor HONO photolysis rate constants (JHONO ) and local hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations of up to a factor of 50, wavelength-resolved transmittance was similar between windows in residential and non-residential buildings. We report mathematical relationships that predict indoor solar UV irradiance as a function of solar zenith angle, incident angle of sunlight on windows, and distance from windows and surfaces for direct and diffuse sunlight. Using these relationships, we predict elevated indoor steady-state OH concentrations (0.80-7.4 × 106 molec cm-3 ) under illumination by direct and diffuse sunlight and fluorescent tubes near windows or light sources. However, elevated OH concentrations at 1 m from the source are only predicted under direct sunlight. We predict that reflections from indoor surfaces will have minor contributions to room-averaged indoor UV irradiance. These results may improve parameterization of indoor chemistry models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shawn F Kowal
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Alyssa R Cregan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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12
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Depoorter A, Kalalian C, Emmelin C, Lorentz C, George C. Indoor heterogeneous photochemistry of furfural drives emissions of nitrous acid. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:682-692. [PMID: 33020975 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
People spend approximately 80% of their time indoor, making the understanding of the indoor chemistry an important task for safety. The high surface-area-to-volume ratio characteristic of indoor environments leads the semi-volatile organic compounds (sVOCs) to deposit on the surfaces. Using a long path absorption photometer (LOPAP), this work investigates the formation of nitrous acid (HONO) through the photochemistry of adsorbed nitrate anions and its enhancement by the presence of furfural. Using a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS), this work also investigates the surface emissions of VOCs from irradiated films of furfural and a mix of furfural and nitrate anions. Among the emitted VOCs, 2(5H)-furanone/2-Butenedial was observed at high concentrations, leading to maleic anhydride formation after UV irradiation. Moreover, the addition of potassium nitrate to the film formed NOx and HONO concentrations up to 10 ppb, which scales to ca. 4 ppb for realistic indoor conditions. This work helps to understand the high levels of HONO and NOx measured indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Kalalian
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Emmelin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Liu J, Deng H, Li S, Jiang H, Mekic M, Zhou W, Wang Y, Loisel G, Wang X, Gligorovski S. Light-Enhanced Heterogeneous Conversion of NO 2 to HONO on Solid Films Consisting of Fluorene and Fluorene/Na 2SO 4: An Impact on Urban and Indoor Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11079-11086. [PMID: 32598136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as constituents of urban grime and indoor surfaces can impact the photochemical conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to nitrous acid (HONO) thereby impacting the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. In this study we investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH%), light intensity, and NO2 concentrations on uptake coefficients (γ) of NO2 on solid film consisting of fluorene (FL) and a mixture of FL and Na2SO4 as a proxy for urban and indoor grime at ambient pressure and temperature. γ(NO2) on solid FL increased markedly from (5.7 ± 1.7) × 10-7 at 0% RH to (4.6 ± 1.0) × 10-6 at 90% RH. The NO2 to HONO conversion yield, (ΔHONO/ΔNO2)%, increases with RH from 40% at 0% RH up to 80% at 60-90% RH, indicating that the water molecules favor the formation of HONO up to 60% RH. These results suggest that the heterogeneous photochemical reaction of NO2 on FL and FL/Na2SO4 can be an important source of HONO in the urban environment and indoor atmosphere and should be considered in photochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Majda Mekic
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
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Fu Z, Xie HB, Elm J, Guo X, Fu Z, Chen J. Formation of Low-Volatile Products and Unexpected High Formaldehyde Yield from the Atmospheric Oxidation of Methylsiloxanes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7136-7145. [PMID: 32401014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With stricter regulation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originating from fossil fuel-based vehicles and industries, the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs) and the transformation mechanism of VCPs have become increasingly important to quantify air quality. Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS) are an important class of VCPs and high-production chemicals. Using quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling, we investigated the reaction mechanism of peroxy radicals of VMS, which are key intermediates in determining the atmospheric chemistry of VMS. L2-RSiCH2O2• and D3-RSiCH2O2• derived from hexamethyldisiloxane and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, respectively, were selected as representative model systems. The results indicated that L2-RSiCH2O2• and D3-RSiCH2O2• follow a novel Si-C-O rearrangement-driven autoxidation mechanism, leading to the formation of low volatile silanols and high yield of formaldehyde at low NO/HO2• conditions. At high NO/HO2• conditions, L2-RSiCH2O2• and D3-RSiCH2O2• react with NO/HO2• to form organic nitrate, hydroperoxide, and active alkoxy radicals. The alkoxy radicals further follow a Si-C-O rearrangement step to finally form formate esters. The novel Si-C-O rearrangement mechanism of both peroxy and alkoxy radicals are supported by available experimental studies on the oxidation of VMS. Notably, the high yield of formaldehyde is estimated to significantly contribute to formaldehyde pollution in the indoor environment, especially during indoor cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xirui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2R3, Canada
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Won Y, Waring M, Rim D. Understanding the Spatial Heterogeneity of Indoor OH and HO 2 due to Photolysis of HONO Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14470-14478. [PMID: 31693359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoor photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) generates hydroxyl radicals (OH), and since OH is fast reacting, it may be confined within the HONO-photolyzing indoor volume of light. This study investigated the HONO-photolysis-induced formation of indoor OH, the transformation of OH to hydroperoxy radicals (HO2), and resulting spatial distributions of those radicals and their oxidation products. To do so, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model framework was established to simulate HONO photolysis in a room and subsequent reactions associated with OH and HO2 under a typical range of indoor lighting and ventilation conditions. The results showed that OH and HO2 were essentially confined in the volume of HONO-photolyzing light, but oxidation products were relatively well distributed throughout the room. As the light volume increased, more total in-room OH was produced, thereby increasing oxidation product concentrations. Spatial distributions of OH and HO2 varied by the type of artificial light (e.g., fluorescent versus incandescent), due to differences in photon flux as a function of light source and the distance from the source. The HO2 generation rate and air change rate made notable impacts on product concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Won
- Department of Architectural Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Michael Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Department of Architectural Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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16
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Zhang J, Chen J, Xue C, Chen H, Zhang Q, Liu X, Mu Y, Guo Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Li J, Qu Y, An J. Impacts of six potential HONO sources on HO x budgets and SOA formation during a wintertime heavy haze period in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 681:110-123. [PMID: 31102812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model updated with six potential HONO sources (i.e., traffic, soil, biomass burning and indoor emissions, and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces) was used to quantify the impact of the six potential HONO sources on the production and loss rates of OH and HO2 radicals and the concentrations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei (BTH) region of China during a winter heavy haze period of Nov. 29-Dec. 3, 2017. The updated WRF-Chem model well simulated the observed HONO concentrations at the Wangdu site, especially in the daytime, and well reproduced the observed diurnal variations of regional-mean O3 in the BTH region. The traffic emission source was an important HONO source during nighttime but not significant during daytime, heterogeneous reactions on ground/aerosol surfaces were important during nighttime and daytime. We found that the six potential HONO sources led to a significant enhancement in the dominant production and loss rates of HOx on the wintertime heavy haze and nonhaze days (particularly on the heavy haze day), an enhancement of 5-25 μg m-3 (75-200%) in the ground SOA in the studied heavy haze event, and an enhancement of 2-15 μg m-3 in the meridional-mean SOA on the heavy haze day, demonstrating that the six potential HONO sources accelerate the HOx cycles and aggravate haze events. HONO was the key precursor of primary OH in the BTH region in the studied wintertime period, and the photolysis of HONO produced a daytime mean OH production rate of 2.59 ppb h-1 on the heavy haze day, much higher than that of 0.58 ppb h-1 on the nonhaze day. Anthropogenic SOA dominated in the BTH region in the studied wintertime period, and its main precursors were xylenes (42%), BIGENE (31%) and toluene (21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Danyun Wang
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China.
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17
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Blocquet M, Guo F, Mendez M, Ward M, Coudert S, Batut S, Hecquet C, Blond N, Fittschen C, Schoemaecker C. Impact of the spectral and spatial properties of natural light on indoor gas-phase chemistry: Experimental and modeling study. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:426-440. [PMID: 29377266 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of indoor light (intensity, spectral, spatial distribution) originating from outdoors have been studied using experimental and modeling tools. They are influenced by many parameters such as building location, meteorological conditions, and the type of window. They have a direct impact on indoor air quality through a change in chemical processes by varying the photolysis rates of indoor pollutants. Transmittances of different windows have been measured and exhibit different wavelength cutoffs, thus influencing the potential of different species to be photolysed. The spectral distribution of light entering indoors through the windows was measured under different conditions and was found to be weakly dependent on the time of day for indirect cloudy, direct sunshine, partly cloudy conditions contrary to the light intensity, in agreement with calculations of the transmittance as a function of the zenithal angle and the calculated outdoor spectral distribution. The same conclusion can be drawn concerning the position within the room. The impact of these light characteristics on the indoor chemistry has been studied using the INCA-Indoor model by considering the variation in the photolysis rates of key indoor species. Depending on the conditions, photolysis processes can lead to a significant production of radicals and secondary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blocquet
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - F Guo
- CNRS, Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Mendez
- Octopus Lab, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - M Ward
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - S Coudert
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - S Batut
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - C Hecquet
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - N Blond
- CNRS, Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Fittschen
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - C Schoemaecker
- PC2A, UMR 8522 CNRS/Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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18
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Wells JR, Schoemaecker C, Carslaw N, Waring MS, Ham JE, Nelissen I, Wolkoff P. Reactive indoor air chemistry and health-A workshop summary. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1222-1229. [PMID: 28964679 PMCID: PMC6388628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of indoor air changes due to the reactive nature of the indoor environment. Historically, only the stable parent compounds were investigated due to their ease of measurement by conventional methods. Today, however, scientists can better characterize oxidation products (gas and particulate-phase) formed by indoor chemistry. An understanding of occupant exposure can be developed through the investigation of indoor oxidants, the use of derivatization techniques, atmospheric pressure detection, the development of real-time technologies, and improved complex modeling techniques. Moreover, the connection between exposure and health effects is now receiving more attention from the research community. Nevertheless, a need still exists for improved understanding of the possible link between indoor air chemistry and observed acute or chronic health effects and long-term effects such as work-related asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Wells
- NIOSH/HELD/EAB, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | | | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - M S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J E Ham
- NIOSH/HELD/EAB, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - I Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - P Wolkoff
- National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Carslaw N, Fletcher L, Heard D, Ingham T, Walker H. Significant OH production under surface cleaning and air cleaning conditions: Impact on indoor air quality. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:1091-1100. [PMID: 28493625 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy (HO2 ) radicals made by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a computer classroom (i) in the absence of indoor activities (ii) during desk cleaning with a limonene-containing cleaner (iii) during operation of a commercially available "air cleaning" device. In the unmanipulated environment, the one-minute averaged OH concentration remained close to or below the limit of detection (6.5×105 molecule cm-3 ), whilst that of HO2 was 1.3×107 molecule cm-3 . These concentrations increased to ~4×106 and 4×108 molecule cm-3 , respectively during desk cleaning. During operation of the air cleaning device, OH and HO2 concentrations reached ~2×107 and ~6×108 molecule cm-3 respectively. The potential of these OH concentrations to initiate chemical processing is explored using a detailed chemical model for indoor air (the INDCM). The model can reproduce the measured OH and HO2 concentrations to within 50% and often within a few % and demonstrates that the resulting secondary chemistry varies with the cleaning activity. Whilst terpene reaction products dominate the product composition following surface cleaning, those from aromatics and other VOCs are much more important during the use of the air cleaning device.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - L Fletcher
- Institute of Public health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - T Ingham
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - H Walker
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Now at the Institute of Climate and Academic Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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20
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Mendez M, Blond N, Amedro D, Hauglustaine DA, Blondeau P, Afif C, Fittschen C, Schoemaecker C. Assessment of indoor HONO formation mechanisms based on in situ measurements and modeling. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:443-451. [PMID: 27410050 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The photolysis of HONO has been found to be the oxidation driver through OH formation in the indoor air measurement campaign SURFin, an extensive campaign carried out in July 2012 in a classroom in Marseille. In this study, the INCA-Indoor model is used to evaluate different HONO formation mechanisms that have been used previously in indoor air quality models. In order to avoid biases in the results due to the uncertainty in rate constants, those parameters were adjusted to fit one representative day of the SURFin campaign. Then, the mechanisms have been tested with the optimized parameters against other experiments carried out during the SURFin campaign. Based on the observations and these findings, we propose a new mechanism incorporating sorption of NO2 onto surfaces with possible saturation of these surfaces. This mechanism is able to better reproduce the experimental profiles over a large range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mendez
- Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement - LIVE UMR 7362 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, UMR 7356 CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - N Blond
- Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement - LIVE UMR 7362 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - D Amedro
- CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - D A Hauglustaine
- Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement - LIVE UMR 7362 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UMR 8212, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement - LSCE, Gif sur, Yvette, France
| | - P Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, UMR 7356 CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - C Afif
- Unité Environnement, Génomique Fonctionnelle et Études Mathématiques, Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques - LISA UMR 7583 CNRS, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Créteil, France
| | - C Fittschen
- CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - C Schoemaecker
- CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, Lille, France
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