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Turner A, Ryan PH, Ingram S, Chariter R, Wolfe C, Cho SH. Variability in personal exposure to ultrafine and fine particles by microenvironment among adolescents in Cincinnati. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:173806. [PMID: 38897462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Personal exposure to air pollution is influenced by an individual's time-activity patterns, but data regarding personal exposure to air pollution among children populations is lacking. The objective of this study was to characterize personal exposure to both PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs) using two portable real-time monitors, combined with GPS logging, and describe the relationship between these exposures across time and microenvironments among adolescents with asthma. Participants completed personal exposure monitoring for seven consecutive days and PM2.5 and UFP concentrations experienced in five microenvironments were determined using GPS location and mobility data. Average UFP and PM2.5 exposure varied across microenvironments with the highest average UFP exposure concentrations observed in transit (10,910 ± 27,297 p/cc), though correlations between UFP and PM2.5 concentrations in transit were low (0.24) and did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). We calculated exposure time ratios for each participant. Across participants, UFP exposures within the transit environment demonstrated the highest ratio (average exposure-time ratio = 1.91) though only 3 % of overall sampling time among all participants was monitored in transit (74/2840 h). We did not observe similar trends among PM2.5 exposures. The correlations between UFP and PM2.5 exposures varied throughout the day, with an overall correlation ranging from moderate to high among participants. Identifying microenvironments and activities where high exposure to PM occurs may offer potential targets for interventions to reduce overall exposures among sensitive groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Turner
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.
| | - Patrick H Ryan
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Sherrill Ingram
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Ryan Chariter
- Technology Advancement Commercialization Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Chris Wolfe
- Technology Advancement Commercialization Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Seung-Hyun Cho
- Technology Advancement Commercialization Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
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Gruzieva O, Georgelis A, Andersson N, Johansson C, Bellander T, Merritt AS. Comparison of personal exposure to black carbon levels with fixed-site monitoring data and with dispersion modelling and the influence of activity patterns and environment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:538-545. [PMID: 38388654 PMCID: PMC11222137 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term studies of health effects from ambient air pollution usually rely on fixed site monitoring data or spatio-temporal models for exposure characterization, but the relation to personal exposure is often not known. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore this relation for black carbon (BC) in central Stockholm. METHODS Families (n = 46) with an infant, one parent working and one parent on parental leave, carried battery-operated BC instruments for 7 days. Routine BC monitoring data were obtained from rural background (RB) and urban background (UB) sites. Outdoor levels of BC at home and work were estimated in 24 h periods by dispersion modelling based on hourly real-time meteorological data, and statistical meteorological data representing annual mean conditions. Global radiation, air pressure, precipitation, temperature, and wind speed data were obtained from the UB station. All families lived in the city centre, within 4 km of the UB station. RESULTS The average level of 24 h personal BC was 425 (s.d. 181) ng/m3 for parents on leave, and 394 (s.d. 143) ng/m3 for working parents. The corresponding fixed-site monitoring observations were 148 (s.d. 139) at RB and 317 (s.d. 149) ng/m3 at UB. Modelled BC levels at home and at work were 493 (s.d. 228) and 331 (s.d. 173) ng/m3, respectively. UB, RB and air pressure explained only 21% of personal 24 h BC variability for parents on leave and 25% for working parents. Modelled home BC and observed air pressure explained 23% of personal BC, and adding modelled BC at work increased the explanation to 34% for the working parents. IMPACT Short-term studies of health effects from ambient air pollution usually rely on fixed site monitoring data or spatio-temporal models for exposure characterization, but the relation to actual personal exposure is often not known. In this study we showed that both routine monitoring and modelled data explained less than 35% of variability in personal black carbon exposure. Hence, short-term health effects studies based on fixed site monitoring or spatio-temporal modelling are likely to be underpowered and subject to bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Gruzieva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonios Georgelis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Bellander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sophie Merritt
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Turner A, Wolfe C, Ryan PH. Personal exposure to ultrafine particles in multiple microenvironments among adolescents. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-023-00638-7. [PMID: 38418826 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies suggest ultrafine particles (UFPs), the smallest size fraction of particulate matter, may be more toxic than larger particles, however personal sampling studies in children are lacking. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to examine individual, housing, and neighborhood characteristics associated with personal UFP concentrations as well as the differences in exposures that occur within varying microenvironments. METHODS We measured weekly personal UFP concentrations and GPS coordinates in 117 adolescents ages 13-17 to describe exposures across multiple microenvironments. Individual, home, and neighborhood characteristics were collected by caregiver completed questionnaires. RESULTS Participants regularly exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke had significantly higher indoor concentrations of UFPs compared to participants who were not. We observed that the 'home' microenvironment dominated the relative contribution of overall UFP concentrations and sampling time, however, relative proportion of integrated UFP exposure were higher in 'other' environments. IMPACT STATEMENT In this study, we employed a novel panel study design, involving real-time measurement of UFP exposure within the multiple microenvironments of adolescents. We found a combination of personal sampling and detailed activity patterns should be used in future studies to accurately describe exposure-behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Turner
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Chris Wolfe
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Technology Advancement Commercialization Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patrick H Ryan
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Kalisa E, Clark ML, Ntakirutimana T, Amani M, Volckens J. Exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution in schools in Africa: Current status, knowledge gaps, and a call to action. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18450. [PMID: 37560671 PMCID: PMC10407038 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution is linked to adverse human health impacts worldwide, and in children, these include increased respiratory symptoms, reduced cognitive and academic performance, and absences from school. African children are exposed to high levels of air pollution from aging diesel and gasoline second-hand vehicles, dusty roads, trash burning, and solid-fuel combustion for cooking. There is a need for more empirical evidence on the impact of air pollutants on schoolchildren in most countries of Africa. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review on schoolchildren's exposure to indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm and PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) in Africa. Following PRISMA guidelines, our search strategy yielded 2975 records, of which eight peer-reviewed articles met our selection criteria and were considered in the final analysis. We also analyzed satellite data on PM2.5 and PM10 levels in five African regions from 1990 to 2019 and compared schoolchildren's exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 levels in Africa with available data from the rest of the world. The findings showed that schoolchildren in Africa are frequently exposed to PM2.5 and PM10 levels exceeding the recommended World Health Organization air quality guidelines. We conclude with a list of recommendations and strategies to reduce air pollution exposure in African schools. Education can help to produce citizens who are literate in environmental science and policy. More air quality measurements in schools and intervention studies are needed to protect schoolchildren's health and reduce exposure to air pollution in classrooms across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egide Kalisa
- College of Science and Technology, Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, Kigali, P.O BOX, 4285, Kigali, Rwanda
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Theoneste Ntakirutimana
- University of Rwanda, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, P.O BOX, 4285, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Mabano Amani
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Bouillon L, Gros V, Abboud M, El Hafyani H, Zeitouni K, Alage S, Languille B, Bonnaire N, Naude JM, Srairi S, Campos Y Sansano A, Kauffmann A. NO 2, BC and PM Exposure of Participants in the Polluscope Autumn 2019 Campaign in the Paris Region. TOXICS 2023; 11:206. [PMID: 36976970 PMCID: PMC10051186 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Polluscope project aims to better understand the personal exposure to air pollutants in the Paris region. This article is based on one campaign from the project, which was conducted in the autumn of 2019 and involved 63 participants equipped with portable sensors (i.e., NO2, BC and PM) for one week. After a phase of data curation, analyses were performed on the results from all participants, as well as on individual participants' data for case studies. A machine learning algorithm was used to allocate the data to different environments (e.g., transportation, indoor, home, office, and outdoor). The results of the campaign showed that the participants' exposure to air pollutants depended very much on their lifestyle and the sources of pollution that may be present in the vicinity. Individuals' use of transportation was found to be associated with higher levels of pollutants, even when the time spent on transport was relatively short. In contrast, homes and offices were environments with the lowest concentrations of pollutants. However, some activities performed in indoor air (e.g., cooking) also showed a high levels of pollution over a relatively short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bouillon
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE-IPSL), UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE-IPSL), UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mohammad Abboud
- Laboratoire DAVID, Université Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Hafsa El Hafyani
- Laboratoire DAVID, Université Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Karine Zeitouni
- Laboratoire DAVID, Université Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Stéphanie Alage
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE-IPSL), UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Nicolas Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE-IPSL), UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marc Naude
- Cerema, Île-De-France, Département Mobilité, 78190 Trappes-en-Yvelines, France
| | - Salim Srairi
- Cerema, Île-De-France, Département Mobilité, 78190 Trappes-en-Yvelines, France
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Handika RA, Phairuang W, Amin M, Yudison AP, Anggraini FJ, Hata M, Furuuchi M. Investigation of the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Ultrafine Particles (PM 0.1) during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medium-Sized City in Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2947. [PMID: 36833643 PMCID: PMC9957305 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The health risk of schoolchildren who were exposed to airborne fine and ultrafine particles (PM0.1) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Jambi City (a medium-sized city in Sumatra Island), Indonesia was examined. A questionnaire survey was used to collect information on schoolchildren from selected schools and involved information on personal profiles; living conditions; daily activities and health status. Size-segregated ambient particulate matter (PM) in school environments was collected over a period of 24 h on weekdays and the weekend. The personal exposure of PM of eight selected schoolchildren from five schools was evaluated for a 12-h period during the daytime using a personal air sampler for PM0.1 particles. The schoolchildren spent their time mostly indoors (~88%), while the remaining ~12% was spent in traveling and outdoor activities. The average exposure level was 1.5~7.6 times higher than the outdoor level and it was particularly high for the PM0.1 fraction (4.8~7.6 times). Cooking was shown to be a key parameter that explains such a large increase in the exposure level. The PM0.1 had the largest total respiratory deposition doses (RDDs), particularly during light exercise. The high level of PM0.1 exposure by indoor sources potentially associated with health risks was shown to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizki Andre Handika
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jambi University, Jambi 36364, Indonesia
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Muhammad Amin
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Adyati Pradini Yudison
- Air and Waste Management Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | | | - Mitsuhiko Hata
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masami Furuuchi
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
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Rawat N, Kumar P. Interventions for improving indoor and outdoor air quality in and around schools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159813. [PMID: 36411671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Students spend nearly one third of their typical day in the school environment, where they may be exposed to harmful air pollutants. A consolidated knowledge base of interventions to reduce this exposure is required for making informed decisions on their implementation and wider uptake. We attempt to fill this knowledge gap by synthesising the existing scientific literature on different school-based air pollution exposure interventions, their efficiency, suitability, and limitations. We assessed technological (air purifiers, HVAC - Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning etc.), behavioural, physical barriers, structural, school-commute and policy and regulatory interventions. Studies suggest that the removal efficiency of air purifiers for PM2.5, PM10, PM1 and BC can be up to 57 %, 34 %, 70 % and 58 %, respectively, depending on the air purification technology compared with control levels in classroom. The HVAC system combined with high efficiency filters has BC, PM10 and PM2.5 removal efficiency up to 97 %, 34 % and 30 %, respectively. Citizen science campaigns are effective in reducing the indoor air pollutants' exposure up to 94 %. The concentration of PM10, NO2, O3, BC and PNC can be reduced by up to 60 %, 59 %, 16 %, 63 % and 77 %, respectively as compared to control conditions, by installing green infrastructure (GI) as a physical barrier. School commute interventions can reduce NO2 concentration by up to 23 %. The in-cabin concentration reduction of up to 77 % for PM2.5, 43 % for PNC, 89 % for BC, 74 % for PM10 and 75 % for NO2, along with 94 % reduction in tailpipe emission of total particles, can be achieved using clean fuels and retrofits. No stand-alone method is found as the absolute solution for controlling pollutants exposure, their combined application can be effective in most of the scenarios. More research is needed on assessing combined interventions, and their operational synchronisation for getting the optimum results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Rawat
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Uzun B, Onat B, Ayvaz C, Akın Ö, Alver Şahin Ü. Effect of time-activity patterns and microenvironments on the personal exposure of undergraduate students to black carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:593. [PMID: 35857112 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the personal exposure to and potential dose of black carbon (BC) of undergraduate students (22-27 years old, nonsmokers) were determined. BC was continuously measured by a portable device (microAeth® AE51) for four consecutive days in Istanbul between April and May 2019. The time-activity diaries filled out by each volunteer were assessed to define the activities and microenvironments (home, school, transportation and entertainment) that contributed to daily BC exposure. The overall mean concentration of BC was 2.0 μg/m3, and the mean concentrations on weekdays and weekends were 3.0 μg/m3 and 1.1 μg/m3, respectively. Transportation made the highest contribution to mean BC exposure (42%) and dose (45.8%) on weekdays, while the contributions of home-based activities to BC exposure (66.1%) and dose (63.2%) were higher on weekends. Students had the most intense exposure to (2.8% and 4.6%) and dose (3.1% and 5.8%) of BC in transportation both on weekdays and on weekends, respectively. Between transportation modes, the mean BC concentration was the highest for minibuses (14.8 μg/m3), while walking made the largest contribution to BC exposure (16.8%) on weekdays. Students spent 12.8% of their weekdays at school, and the contributions of the school environment to BC exposure and dose were 8.5% and 7%, respectively. Exposure to BC increased during cooking and eating activities in microenvironments such as the kitchen, cafe and dining hall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Uzun
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Onat
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Ayvaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özcan Akın
- Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Forestry, Düzce University, 81620, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Alver Şahin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
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Maung TZ, Bishop JE, Holt E, Turner AM, Pfrang C. Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Existing Lung Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148752. [PMID: 35886604 PMCID: PMC9316830 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution affects health, but much of the focus to this point has been on outdoor air. Higher indoor pollution is anticipated due to increasingly energy-efficient and less leaky buildings together with more indoor activities. Studies of indoor air pollution focusing on children and people with respiratory disease from the database Web of Science (1991–2021) were systemically reviewed according to the PRISMA guidelines, with 69 studies included in the final selection. Emissions from building materials affected indoor air quality, and ventilation also had an influence. The main indoor air pollutants are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate Matter (PM). PM sources included smoking, cooking, heating, candles, and insecticides, whereas sources of coarse particles were pets, housework and human movements. VOC sources included household products, cleaning agents, glue, personal care products, building materials and vehicle emissions. Formaldehyde levels were particularly high in new houses. Personal exposure related to both indoor and outdoor pollutant levels, highlighting home characteristics and air exchange rates as important factors. Temperature, humidity, educational level, air purifiers and time near sources were also related to personal exposure. There was an association between PM and Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO), lung function, oxygen saturation, childhood asthma and symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. High VOCs were associated with upper airways and asthma symptoms and cancer. Effective interventional studies for PM in the future might focus on human behavior together with air purifiers and increased ventilation, whereas VOC interventions might center more on building materials and household products, alongside purification and ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun Z. Maung
- UHB NHS Foundation Trust, Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Jack E. Bishop
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.E.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Eleanor Holt
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.E.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Alice M. Turner
- UHB NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Christian Pfrang
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.E.B.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Matthaios VN, Kang CM, Wolfson JM, Greco KF, Gaffin JM, Hauptman M, Cunningham A, Petty CR, Lawrence J, Phipatanakul W, Gold DR, Koutrakis P. Factors Influencing Classroom Exposures to Fine Particles, Black Carbon, and Nitrogen Dioxide in Inner-City Schools and Their Implications for Indoor Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:47005. [PMID: 35446676 PMCID: PMC9022782 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School classrooms, where students spend the majority of their time during the day, are the second most important indoor microenvironment for children. OBJECTIVE We investigated factors influencing classroom exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in urban schools in the northeast United States. METHODS Over the period of 10 y (2008-2013; 2015-2019) measurements were conducted in 309 classrooms of 74 inner-city schools during fall, winter, and spring of the academic period. The data were analyzed using adaptive mixed-effects least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models. The LASSO variables included meteorological-, school-, and classroom-based covariates. RESULTS LASSO identified 10, 10, and 11 significant factors (p<0.05) that were associated with indoor PM2.5, BC, and NO2 exposures, respectively. The overall variability explained by these models was R2=0.679, 0.687, and 0.621 for PM2.5, BC, and NO2, respectively. Of the model's explained variability, outdoor air pollution was the most important predictor, accounting for 53.9%, 63.4%, and 34.1% of the indoor PM2.5, BC, and NO2 concentrations. School-based predictors included furnace servicing, presence of a basement, annual income, building type, building year of construction, number of classrooms, number of students, and type of ventilation that, in combination, explained 18.6%, 26.1%, and 34.2% of PM2.5, BC, and NO2 levels, whereas classroom-based predictors included classroom floor level, classroom proximity to cafeteria, number of windows, frequency of cleaning, and windows facing the bus area and jointly explained 24.0%, 4.2%, and 29.3% of PM2.5, BC, and NO2 concentrations, respectively. DISCUSSION The adaptive LASSO technique identified significant regional-, school-, and classroom-based factors influencing classroom air pollutant levels and provided robust estimates that could potentially inform targeted interventions aiming at improving children's health and well-being during their early years of development. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios N. Matthaios
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack M. Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly F. Greco
- Biostatistics and Research Design Center, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Gaffin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amparito Cunningham
- Boston Children’s Hospital Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carter R. Petty
- Biostatistics and Research Design Center, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joy Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane R. Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Personal Exposure to Black Carbon, Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Dioxide in the Paris Region Measured by Portable Sensors Worn by Volunteers. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10010033. [PMID: 35051075 PMCID: PMC8779195 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Portable sensors have emerged as a promising solution for personal exposure (PE) measurement. For the first time in Île-de-France, PE to black carbon (BC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was quantified based on three field campaigns involving 37 volunteers from the general public wearing the sensors all day long for a week. This successful deployment demonstrated its ability to quantify PE on a large scale, in various environments (from dense urban to suburban, indoor and outdoor) and in all seasons. The impact of the visited environments was investigated. The proximity to road traffic (for BC and NO2), as well as cooking activities and tobacco smoke (for PM), made significant contributions to total exposure (up to 34%, 26%, and 44%, respectively), even though the time spent in these environments was short. Finally, even if ambient outdoor levels played a role in PE, the prominent impact of the different environments suggests that traditional ambient monitoring stations is not a proper surrogate for PE quantification.
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12
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Bista S, Dureau C, Chaix B. Personal exposure to concentrations and inhalation of black carbon according to transport mode use: The MobiliSense sensor-based study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106990. [PMID: 34991251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological evidence suggests that motorized vehicle users have a higher air pollutant exposure (especially from vehicle exhaust) than active (walking or cycling) transport users. However, studies often relied on insufficiently diverse sample and ignored that minute ventilation has an effect on individuals' inhaled dose. This study examined commuters' breathing zone concentration and inhaled doses of black carbon (BC) when travelling by different transport modes in the Grand Paris region. METHODS Personal exposure to BC was continuously measured with MicroAethalometer (MicroAeth AE51) portable monitors strapped on participants' shoulder with tube inlet at the level of the neck (breathing zone), and inhaled doses were derived from several methods estimating ventilation [based on metabolic equivalents from accelerometry [METs], heart rate, and breathing rate]. Trip stages and transport modes were assessed from GPS and mobility survey data. Breathing zone concentrations and inhaled doses of BC were compared across transport modes at the trip stage level (n = 7495 for 283 participants) using linear mixed effect models with a random intercept at individual level. RESULTS Trip stages involving public transport and private motorized transport were associated with a 2.20 µg/m3 (95% CI: 1.99, 2.41) and 2.29 µg/m3 (95% CI: 2.10, 2.48) higher breathing zone concentration to BC than walking, respectively. Trip stages with other active modes had a 0.41 µg (95% CI: 0.25, 0.57) higher inhaled dose, while those involving public transport and private motorized transport had a 0.25 µg (95% CI: -0.35, -0.15) and 0.19 µg (95 %CI: -0.28, -0.10) lower inhaled dose of BC per 30 min than walking. CONCLUSION The ranking of transport modes in terms of personal exposure was markedly different when breathing zone concentrations and inhaled doses were considered. Future studies should take both into account to explore the relationship of air pollutants in transport microenvironments with physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Bista
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Clélie Dureau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Basile Chaix
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
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13
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Tran PTM, Adam MG, Balasubramanian R. Assessment and mitigation of toddlers' personal exposure to black carbon before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study in Singapore. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111711. [PMID: 34280416 PMCID: PMC9749899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), an important indicator of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in urban environments, is receiving increased attention because of its adverse health effects. Personal exposure (PE) of adults to BC has been widely studied, but little is known about the exposure of young children (toddlers) to BC in cities. We carried out a pilot study to investigate the integrated daily PE of toddlers to BC in a city-state with a high population density (Singapore). We studied the impact of urban traffic on the PE of toddlers to BC by comparing and contrasting on-road traffic flow (i.e., volume and composition) in Singapore in 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and in 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic). Our observations indicate that the daily BC exposure levels and inhaled doses increased by about 25% in 2020 (2.9 ± 0.3 μg m-3 and 35.5 μg day-1) compared to that in 2019 (2.3 ± 0.4 μg m-3 and 28.5 μg day-1 for exposure concentration and inhaled dose, respectively). The increased BC levels were associated with the increased traffic volume on both weekdays and weekends in 2020 compared to the same time period in 2019. Specifically, we observed an increase in the number of trucks as well as cars/taxis and motorcycles (private transport) and a decline in the number of buses (public transport) in 2020. The implementation of lockdown measures in 2020 resulted in significant changes in the time, place and duration of PE of toddlers to BC. The recorded daily time-activity patterns indicated that toddlers spent almost all the time in indoor environments during the measurement period in 2020. When we compared different ventilation options (natural ventilation (NV), air conditioning (AC), and portable air cleaner (PAC)) for mitigation of PE to BC in the home environment, we found a significant decrease (>30%) in daily BC exposure levels while using the PAC compared to the NV scenario. Our case study shows that the PE of toddlers to BC is of health concern in indoor environments in 2020 because of the migration of the increased TRAP into naturally ventilated residential homes and more time spent indoors than outdoors. Since toddlers' immune system is weak, technological intervention is necessary to protect their health against inhalation exposure to air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T M Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore; Faculty of Environment, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Max G Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
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Feasibility and acceptability of monitoring personal air pollution exposure with sensors for asthma self-management. Asthma Res Pract 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 34482835 PMCID: PMC8420032 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-021-00079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the risk of asthma exacerbations, and thus, monitoring personal exposure to PM2.5 may aid in disease self-management. Low-cost, portable air pollution sensors offer a convenient way to measure personal pollution exposure directly and may improve personalized monitoring compared with traditional methods that rely on stationary monitoring stations. We aimed to understand whether adults with asthma would be willing to use personal sensors to monitor their exposure to air pollution and to assess the feasibility of using sensors to measure real-time PM2.5 exposure. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 adults with asthma to understand their willingness to use a personal pollution sensor and their privacy preferences with regard to sensor data. Student research assistants used HabitatMap AirBeam devices to take PM2.5 measurements at 1-s intervals while walking in Philadelphia neighborhoods in May–August 2018. AirBeam PM2.5 measurements were compared to concurrent measurements taken by three nearby regulatory monitors. Results All interview participants stated that they would use a personal air pollution sensor, though the consensus was that devices should be small (watch- or palm-sized) and light. Patients were generally unconcerned about privacy or sharing their GPS location, with only two stating they would not share their GPS location under any circumstances. PM2.5 measurements were taken using AirBeam sensors on 34 walks that extended through five Philadelphia neighborhoods. The range of sensor PM2.5 measurements was 0.6–97.6 μg/mL (mean 6.8 μg/mL), compared to 0–22.6 μg/mL (mean 9.0 μg/mL) measured by nearby regulatory monitors. Compared to stationary measurements, which were only available as 1-h integrated averages at discrete monitoring sites, sensor measurements permitted characterization of fine-scale fluctuations in PM2.5 levels over time and space. Conclusions Patients were generally interested in using sensors to monitor their personal exposure to PM2.5 and willing to share personal sensor data with health care providers and researchers. Compared to traditional methods of personal exposure assessment, sensors captured personalized air quality information at higher spatiotemporal resolution. Improvements to currently available sensors, including more reliable Bluetooth connectivity, increased portability, and longer battery life would facilitate their use in a general patient population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40733-021-00079-9.
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15
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Lim S, Barratt B, Holliday L, Griffiths CJ, Mudway IS. Characterising professional drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollution: Evidence for reduction strategies from in-vehicle personal exposure monitoring. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106532. [PMID: 33812042 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Professional drivers working in congested urban areas are required to work near harmful traffic related pollutants for extended periods, representing a significant, but understudied occupational risk. This study collected personal black carbon (BC) exposures for 141 drivers across seven sectors in London. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude and the primary determinants of their exposure, leading to the formulation of targeted exposure reduction strategies for the occupation. Each participant's personal BC exposures were continuously measured using real-time monitors for 96 h, incorporating four shifts per participant. 'At work' BC exposures (3.1 ± 3.5 µg/m3) were 2.6 times higher compared to when 'not at work' (1.2 ± 0.7 µg/m3). Workers spent 19% of their time 'at work driving', however this activity contributed 36% of total BC exposure, highlighting the disproportionate effect driving had on their daily exposure. Taxi drivers experienced the highest BC exposures due to the time they spent working in congested central London, while emergency services had the lowest. Spikes in exposure were observed while driving and were at times greater than 100 µg/m3. The most significant determinants of drivers' exposures were driving in tunnels, congestion, location, day of week and time of shift. Driving with closed windows significantly reduced exposures and is a simple behaviour change drivers could implement. Our results highlight strategies by which employers and local policy makers can reduce professional drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; NIHR Environmental Exposure and Health HPRU, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Lois Holliday
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Chris J Griffiths
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK; NIHR Environmental Exposure and Health HPRU, Imperial College London, UK
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16
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Hachem M, Saleh N, Bensefa-Colas L, Momas I. Determinants of ultrafine particles, black carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations inside vehicles in the Paris area: PUF-TAXI study. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:848-859. [PMID: 33350528 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents real-time concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants during 499 trips conducted by 50 Parisian taxi drivers from PUF-TAXI project. Ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2 )/carbon monoxide (CO) were measured inside vehicles by Diffusion Size Classifier Miniature® , microAeth® , and Gas-Pro® , respectively, for nine hours. Vehicle/trip data characteristics were collected by questionnaires and on ambient conditions by monitoring stations. The associations between pollutant levels and their potential determinants were analyzed using generalized estimating equation model. Determinants of in-vehicle pollutants levels were identified: (1) ambient factors (meteorology and ambient pollution)-affecting BC, NO2, and CO; (2) vehicle characteristics-affecting all pollutants; and (3) trip-related driving habits-affecting UFP, BC, and CO. We highlight that commuters can, therefore, avoid high in-vehicle air pollutant concentrations mainly by (1) closing windows and activating air-conditioning under air recirculation mode in congested traffic; (2) smooth driving; and (3) maintaining cabin air filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hachem
- Paris University, CRESS-INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA Team, Paris, France
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, CERIPH, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Saleh
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, CERIPH, Fanar, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health II, Lebanese University, INSPECT-LB, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Lynda Bensefa-Colas
- Paris University, CRESS-INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA Team, Paris, France
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Diseases, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, APHP, Centre - Paris University, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Momas
- Paris University, CRESS-INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA Team, Paris, France
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17
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Osborne S, Uche O, Mitsakou C, Exley K, Dimitroulopoulou S. Air quality around schools: Part I - A comprehensive literature review across high-income countries. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110817. [PMID: 33524334 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Children are particularly vulnerable to the detrimental health impacts of poor air quality. In the UK, recent initiatives at local council level have focussed on mitigating children's air pollution exposure at school. However, an overview of the available evidence on concentration and exposure in school environments - and a summary of key knowledge gaps - has so far been lacking. To address this, we conducted a review bringing together recent academic and grey literature, relating to air quality in outdoor school environments - including playgrounds, drop-off zones, and the school commute - across high-income countries. We aimed to critically assess, synthesise, and categorise the available literature, to produce recommendations on future research and mitigating actions. Our searches initially identified 883 articles of interest, which were filtered down in screening and appraisal to a final total of 100 for inclusion. Many of the included studies focussed on nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM) in both the coarse and fine fractions, around schools across a range of countries. Some studies also observed ozone (O3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) outside schools. Our review identified evidence that children can encounter pollution peaks on the school journey, at school gates, and in school playgrounds; that nearby traffic is a key determinant of concentrations outside schools; and that factors relating to planning and urban design - such as the type of playground paving, and amount of surrounding green space - can influence school site concentrations. The review also outlines evidence gaps that can be targeted in future research. These include the need for more personal monitoring studies that distinguish between the exposure that takes place indoors and outdoors at school, and a need for a greater number of studies that conduct before-after evaluation of local interventions designed to mitigate children's exposure, such as green barriers and road closures. Finally, our review also proposes some tangible recommendations for policymakers and local leaders. The creation of clean air zones around schools; greening of school grounds; careful selection of new school sites; promotion of active travel to and from school; avoidance of major roads on the school commute; and scheduling of outdoor learning and play away from peak traffic hours, are all advocated by the evidence collated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Osborne
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Onyekachi Uche
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Christina Mitsakou
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Karen Exley
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Sani Dimitroulopoulou
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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18
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Boniardi L, Dons E, Longhi F, Scuffi C, Campo L, Van Poppel M, Int Panis L, Fustinoni S. Personal exposure to equivalent black carbon in children in Milan, Italy: Time-activity patterns and predictors by season. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116530. [PMID: 33516956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a global threat to public health, especially when considering susceptible populations, such as children. A better understanding of determinants of exposure could help epidemiologists in refining exposure assessment methods, and policy makers in identifying effective mitigation interventions. Through a participatory approach, 73 and 89 schoolchildren were involved in a two-season personal exposure monitoring campaign of equivalent black carbon (EBC) in Milan, Italy. GPS devices, time-activity diaries and a questionnaire were used to collect personal information. Exposure to EBC was 1.3 ± 1.5 μg/m3 and 3.9 ± 3.3 μg/m3 (mean ± sd) during the warm and the cold season, respectively. The highest peaks of exposure were detected during the home-to-school commute. Children received most of their daily dose at school and home (82%), but the highest dose/time intensity was related to transportation and outdoor environments. Linear mixed-effect models showed that meteorological variables were the most influencing predictors of personal exposure and inhaled dose, especially in the cold season. The total time spent in a car, duration of the home-to-school commute, and smoking habits of parents were important predictors as well. Our findings suggest that seasonality, time-activity and mobility patterns play an important role in explaining exposure patterns. Furthermore, by highlighting the contribution of traffic rush hours, transport-related microenvironments and traffic-related predictors, our study suggests that acting on a local scale could be an effective way of lowering personal exposure to EBC and inhaled dose of children in the city of Milan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Boniardi
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Evi Dons
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Francesca Longhi
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Scuffi
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luc Int Panis
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Milan, Italy.
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Bos B, Lim S, Hedges M, Molden N, Boyle S, Mudway DI, Barratt DB. Taxi drivers' exposure to black carbon and nitrogen dioxide in electric and diesel vehicles: A case study in London. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110736. [PMID: 33484720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and black carbon (BC) concentrations were measured inside London taxicabs across 40 work shifts in a real-world occupational study. The shifts were measured across five plug-in hybrid range-extender electric taxicabs (TXe City) and five diesel taxicabs (TX4 Diesel). The aim of this study was to characterise the impact of fuel and cabin design on professional drivers' air pollution exposures. Personal exposure was monitored using portable BC, NO2 and GPS devices. A controlled study replicating a typical taxi drivers' route in central London was conducted. Simultaneous inside and outside BC concentrations were measured to assess infiltration rates. The drivers were instructed to keep the BC devices with them at all times, providing a comparison of exposures at work and outside of work. The driver's average BC and NO2 exposure while working was nearly twice as high for diesel taxicab drivers (6.8 ± 7.0 μg/m³, 101.9 ± 87.8 μg/m³) compared with electric drivers (3.6 ± 4.9 μg/m³, 55.3 ± 53.0 μg/m³, respectively). The exposure to BC while not working was 1.6 μg/m³ for diesel drivers and 1.1 μg/m³ for electric drivers, highlighting the very high exposures experienced by this occupational sector. The analysis of vehicle type on BC concentrations showed that the airtight cabin design and presence of an in-built filter in the electric TXe City reduced the exposure to BC substantially; indoor to outdoor ratios being 0.63 on the electric taxi compared to 0.99 on the diesel taxi with recirculate ventilation mode off and 0.07 to 0.44 with recirculate on. These findings provide important evidence for occupational health of professional drivers through exposure reduction measures in vehicle design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Bos
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Hedges
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Molden
- Emissions Analytics, High Wycombe, HP14 3PD, UK
| | - Sam Boyle
- Emissions Analytics, High Wycombe, HP14 3PD, UK
| | - Dr Ian Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dr Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Hachem M, Bensefa-Colas L, Lahoud N, Akel M, Momas I, Saleh N. Cross-sectional study of in-vehicle exposure to ultrafine particles and black carbon inside Lebanese taxicabs. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1308-1316. [PMID: 32496613 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Taxi drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollutants inside their vehicles has been reported in different countries but not yet in Lebanon. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional study on 20 Lebanese taxi drivers to (1) assess their exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) and black carbon (BC) inside their vehicles and (2) identify determinants of this exposure. UFP and BC were measured using Diffusion Size Classifier Miniature® and microAeth® Model AE51, respectively, for 5 hours. Data on characteristics of vehicles and trips were collected by face-to-face interviews. Associations between pollutant levels and their determinants were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The mean of UFP count (35.2 ± 17.6 x 103 particles cm-3 ) and BC (5.2 ± 1.9 μg m-3 ) concentrations in-taxis was higher in the morning measurements compared with those in the afternoon measurements. UFP count increased in-taxis by 60% for every 10 minutes spent in blocked traffic and by 84% starting from two trips with smokers compared to trips without smokers. Conversely, UFP count decreased by 30% for every 10 minutes under both air-conditioning and air recirculation mode with windows closed. BC was not affected by any of these factors. Our findings suggest easy ways to reduce UFP exposure inside vehicles for all commuters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hachem
- CRESS - INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA team, Paris University, Paris, France
- Faculty of Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, CERIPH, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Lynda Bensefa-Colas
- CRESS - INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA team, Paris University, Paris, France
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Diseases, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, APHP, Centre - Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lahoud
- Faculty of Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, CERIPH, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health II, INSPECT-LB, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- Faculty of Public Health II, INSPECT-LB, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
- Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Momas
- CRESS - INSERM UMR_1153, INRAE, HERA team, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Saleh
- Faculty of Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, CERIPH, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health II, INSPECT-LB, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
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Ma X, Longley I, Gao J, Salmond J. Evaluating the Effect of Ambient Concentrations, Route Choices, and Environmental (in)Justice on Students' Dose of Ambient NO 2 While Walking to School at Population Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12908-12919. [PMID: 32966051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The commuting microenvironment accounts for a large part of students' diurnal exposure to air pollution, especially in cities in developed countries where air pollution is caused predominantly by vehicle traffic. Accurate quantification of students' exposure and pollution dose during their commute from home to school requires their home addresses and details of the schools they attend. Such details are usually inaccessible or difficult to obtain at population scales due to privacy issues. Therefore, estimates of students' exposure to, and dose of, air pollution at population scales have to rely on simulated origins and destinations, which may bias the results. This contribution overcomes this limitation by quantifying students' terrain-based dosage of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during their commute from home to school while walking along (a) the shortest-distance routes and (b) an alternative lowest-dose route. This is determined at population scales for students in Auckland, New Zealand using a rich dataset of observed home addresses and schools attended for 14,091 walking students. This study also determines the bias introduced when using simulated addresses (as opposed to observed data) to calculate the same result. Finally, we examine exposure inequalities among students of different socioeconomic backgrounds at school, at home, and during walking commutes. Results show that only 17.48% of students in the whole of Auckland can find alternative lowest-dose routes. The portion is higher (26%) in central Auckland because of its better road network connectivity. The trade-off analysis identifies that for only about 30% of students, a 1% increase in route length is associated with a >1% reduction in dosage if using the alternative lowest-dose route. Greater benefits were observed in suburban Auckland (a less-polluted area) than in central Auckland, which highlights the importance of taking an alternative lowest-dose route, especially for students whose shortest-distance routes overlap with or run parallel to an arterial road. The use of simulated addresses resulted in underestimates of both the length and reduced dosage of the alternative routes by up to a quarter in comparison with the results derived from the observed data. Limited evidence of exposure inequality based on commuter exposure was found, but patterns in the central city were opposite to those in the suburbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Ma
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ian Longley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jay Gao
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Salmond
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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22
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Zhou Y, Shao Y, Yuan Y, Liu J, Zou X, Bai P, Zhan M, Zhang P, Vlaanderen J, Vermeulen R, Downward GS. Personal black carbon and ultrafine particles exposures among high school students in urban China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114825. [PMID: 32474339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major public health challenge in the highly urbanized megacities of China. However, knowledge on exposure to ambient unregulated air pollutants such as black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP) among the Chinese population, especially among urban high school students who may have highly variable time-activity patterns, is scarce. To address this, the personal exposures to BC and UFP of high school students (aged 17 to 18) in Chengdu, China were measured at 1-min intervals via portable samplers. Monitoring lasted for 2 consecutive 24-h periods with days classified as "school days" or "non-school days". Time-activity diaries and measurements were combined to explore spatial, temporal, and behavioral factors that contribute to different exposure profiles. The overall geometric means of BC and UFP were 3.60 μg/m3 and 1.83 × 104p/cm3, respectively with notable spatiotemporal variation in exposures observed. In general, the household and transport microenvironments were the predominant contributors to total BC (74.5%) and UFP (36.5%) exposure. However, the outdoor public microenvironment was found to have significantly higher overall average levels of BC than the household and transport microenvironments (p < 0.001) while also presenting the greatest exposure dose intensity (EDI - a measure of exposure in a microenvironment in proportion to time spent in that environment) of 4.79. The largest overall average level of UFP occurred in the indoor public microenvironment followed by transport. The outdoor public microenvironment also presented the greatest EDI of UFP (4.17). This study shows notable spatiotemporal variety in exposure patterns and will inform future exposure and population health studies. The high EDI outdoors may mean that health positive activities, such as exercise, may be being undermined by ambient pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yijun Shao
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Inspection, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Chengdu Shude High School, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pinqing Bai
- Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands
| | - George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands.
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Ma X, Longley I, Gao J, Salmond J. Assessing schoolchildren's exposure to air pollution during the daily commute - A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:140389. [PMID: 32783874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is mostly caused by emissions from human activities, and exposure to air pollution is linked with numerous adverse human health outcomes. Recent studies have identified that although people only spend a small proportion of time on their daily commutes, the commuter microenvironment is a significant contributor to their total daily air pollution exposure. Schoolchildren are a particularly vulnerable cohort of the population, and their exposure to air pollution at home or school has been documented in a number of case studies. A few studies have identified that schoolchildren's exposure during commutes is linked with adverse cognitive outcomes and severe wheeze in asthmatic children. However, the determinants of total exposure, such as route choice and commute mode, and their subsequent health impacts on schoolchildren are still not well-understood. The aim of this paper is to review and synthesize recent studies on assessing schoolchildren's exposure to various air pollutants during the daily commute. Through reviewing 31 relevant studies published between 2004 and 2020, we tried to identify consistent patterns, trends, and underlying causal factors in the results. These studies were carried out across 10 commute modes and 12 different air pollutants. Air pollution in cities is highly heterogeneous in time and space, and commuting schoolchildren move through the urban area in complex ways. Measurements from fixed monitoring stations (FMSs), personal monitoring, and air quality modeling are the three most common approaches to determining exposure to ambient air pollutant concentrations. The time-activity diary (TAD), GPS tracker, online route collection app, and GIS-based route simulation are four widely used methods to determine schoolchildren's daily commuting routes. We found that route choices exerted a determining impact on schoolchildren's exposure. It is challenging to rank commute modes in order of exposure, as each scenario has numerous uncontrollable determinants, and there are notable research gaps. We suggest that future studies should concentrate on examining exposure patterns of schoolchildren in developing countries, exposure in the subway and trains, investigating the reliability of current simulation methods, exploring the environmental justice issue, and identifying the health impacts during commuting. It is recommended that three promising tools of smartphones, data fusion, and GIS should be widely used to overcome the challenges encountered in scaling up commuter exposure studies to population scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Ma
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Ian Longley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jay Gao
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Salmond
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Zhou H, Lin J, Shen Y, Deng F, Gao Y, Liu Y, Dong H, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Fang J, Tang S, Wang Y, Du Y, Cui L, Ruan S, Kong F, Liu Z, Li T. Personal black carbon exposure and its determinants among elderly adults in urban China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105607. [PMID: 32142915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to air pollution is affected by its concentration in the microenvironment and individual time-activity patterns. To investigate personal black carbon (BC) exposure levels and identify their potential determinants, we conducted a panel study among 67 elderly residents aged 60-69 years in Jinan, China. Personal BC exposure was measured using portable real-time monitors, while corresponding ambient BC concentrations and meteorological conditions were also collected from the local central site. Time-activity and household characteristics were recorded. A linear mixed-effects model was used to identify potential determinants of personal BC exposure. The daily average personal BC exposure concentration was 4.1 ± 2.0 μg/m3 (±standard deviation, SD), which was significantly lower than the ambient concentration (4.6 ± 2.5 μg/m3) (p < 0.001). Strong correlation (Spearman's r = 0.63, p < 0.001) was found between personal and ambient BC concentrations. The fixed-site monitoring ambient concentration cannot fully reflect the actual personal exposure concentration. Ambient BC concentration, ambient temperature, relative humidity, education level and air purifier use were significant determinants of personal BC exposure. Our findings highlight the need for detailed assessment of personal exposure on health risk assessment of BC and also help develop strategies for targeted risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichan Zhou
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Shandong Provincial Eco-environmental Monitoring Center, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Shen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Dong
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Du
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Cui
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shiman Ruan
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Fanling Kong
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaorong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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25
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García-Hernández C, Ferrero A, Estarlich M, Ballester F. Exposure to ultrafine particles in children until 18 years of age: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:7-23. [PMID: 31692140 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Airborne ultrafine particles (UFP) have been related to adverse health effects, but exposure in vulnerable population groups such as children is still not well understood. We aim to review the scientific literature regarding personal exposure to UFP in different microenvironments in populations until 18 years of age. The bibliographical search was carried out in July 2019 using the online database PubMed and was completed with references in articles found in the search. We selected the studies that used continuous counters and measured UFP levels in both specific microenvironment (houses, schools, transport, etc) and personal exposure. Finally, 32 studies fulfilled the criteria: of these, 10 analyzed personal exposure and 22 examined UFP levels in the microenvironment (especially in schools or nurseries (18/22)) and five in various microenvironments (including dwellings and means of transport, where exposure levels were higher). The characteristics of the microenvironments with the greatest levels of UFP were being close to heavy traffic or near cooking and cleaning activities. This review revealed the wide differences in exposure assessment methodologies that could lead to a lack of uniform and comparable information about the real UFP exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia García-Hernández
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Ferrero
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Estarlich
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Nursing School, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Nursing School, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Hachem M, Saleh N, Paunescu AC, Momas I, Bensefa-Colas L. Exposure to traffic air pollutants in taxicabs and acute adverse respiratory effects: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133439. [PMID: 31374502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Taxi drivers could be at risk regarding their respiratory health due to their constant exposure to traffic related air pollutants (TRAP) inside their vehicles. Therefore, we aimed to review pollutants exposure inside taxi vehicles and its determinants as well as its acute adverse respiratory effects. METHODS The literature search was done in Pubmed and in Embase. For additional resources we searched manually articles from the reference lists of the selected papers and from Google Scholar. We included only studies in French or in English language meeting the following eligibility criteria: design: observational and quasi-experimental; study population: taxi drivers or taxi commuters, outcome: pollutants levels in taxicabs and/or acute adverse respiratory effects. Data was extracted using tabulation according to the type of the study (exposure or epidemiological). RESULTS Out of 1753 articles, 21 studies were included. Exposure studies underlined that TRAP concentrations inside taxicabs were higher than their urban background levels and even exceeded those recorded in buses, in trains and when commuting by active transport modes. Overall, their concentrations varied widely between studies depending on the characteristics of the urban environment and the vehicle fleet of each location. Meteorological parameters and ventilation settings appeared to influence pollutants concentrations inside each vehicle. Otherwise, deficiency in epidemiological studies and inconsistencies in their findings restrain our ability to determine the association between acute respiratory effects and exposure to TRAP inside taxicabs. CONCLUSION Although studies are heterogeneous, results have shown a high but variable occupational exposure of taxi drivers to TRAP inside their vehicles. However, future researches are required to study short respiratory impact of taxi drivers' exposure to TRAP inside their vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hachem
- Health Environmental Risk Assessment, INSERM UMRS_1153, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; CERIPH, Center for Research in Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Saleh
- CERIPH, Center for Research in Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon; INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Public, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Faculty of Public Health II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Alexandra-Cristina Paunescu
- Health Environmental Risk Assessment, INSERM UMRS_1153, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Momas
- Health Environmental Risk Assessment, INSERM UMRS_1153, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Lynda Bensefa-Colas
- Health Environmental Risk Assessment, INSERM UMRS_1153, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Occupational and Environmental Diseases, University Hospital of Centre of Paris, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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27
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Paunescu AC, Casas M, Ferrero A, Pañella P, Bougas N, Beydon N, Just J, Lezmi G, Sunyer J, Ballester F, Momas I. Associations of black carbon with lung function and airway inflammation in schoolchildren. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104984. [PMID: 31301585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the 24-hour respiratory health effects of personal black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP) exposure in schoolchildren. The objective of this study was to investigate these associations with the lung function in children 10-years old with and without persistent respiratory symptoms. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in 305 children (147 and 158 with and without persistent respiratory symptoms, respectively) from three European birth-cohorts: PARIS (France) and INMA Sabadell and Valencia (Spain). Personal 24-hour measurements of exposure concentrations to BC and UFP were performed by portable devices, before lung function testing. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were determined. RESULTS There was no association of UFP with lung function parameters or FeNO whereas the increase in 24-hour BC exposure concentrations was related to a statistically significant decrease in lung function parameters only among children with persistent respiratory symptoms [-96.8 mL (95% Confidence Interval CI: -184.4 to -9.1 mL) in FVC, and -107.2 mL (95% CI: -177.5 to -36.9 mL) in FEV1 for an inter-quartile range of 1160 ng/m3 exposure increase]. A significant positive association between BC and FeNO was observed only in children with persistent respiratory symptoms with current wheezing and/or medication to improve breathing [FeNO increases with +6.9 ppb (95% CI: 0.7 to 13.1 ppb) with an inter-quartile range BC exposure increase]. CONCLUSION Children suffering from persistent respiratory symptoms appear to be more vulnerable to BC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Amparo Ferrero
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Pau Pañella
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Nicolas Bougas
- Inserm U1153-CRESS HERA Team, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Nicole Beydon
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Just
- Service d'Allergologie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lezmi
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Spain; School of Nursing, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabelle Momas
- Inserm U1153-CRESS HERA Team, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, France; Ville de Paris, Direction de l'Action Sociale, de l'Enfance et de la Santé, Cellule Cohorte PARIS, Paris, France.
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28
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Paunescu AC, Gabet S, Bougas N, Beydon N, Amat F, Lezmi G, Momas I. Short-term exposure to ultrafine particles is associated with bronchial inflammation in schoolchildren. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019; 30:657-661. [PMID: 30985975 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Gabet
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Inserm U1153-CRESS HERA Team, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bougas
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Inserm U1153-CRESS HERA Team, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Beydon
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Flore Amat
- Service d'Allergologie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lezmi
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Momas
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Inserm U1153-CRESS HERA Team, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Ville de Paris, Direction de l'Action Sociale, de l'Enfance et de la Santé, Cellule Cohorte PARIS, Paris, France
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29
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Is a Land Use Regression Model Capable of Predicting the Cleanest Route to School? ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/environments6080090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Land Use Regression (LUR) modeling is a widely used technique to model the spatial variability of air pollutants in epidemiology. In this study, we explore whether a LUR model can predict home-to-school commuting exposure to black carbon (BC). During January and February 2019, 43 children walking to school were involved in a personal monitoring campaign measuring exposure to BC and tracking their home-to-school routes. At the same time, a previously developed LUR model for the study area was applied to estimate BC exposure on points along the route. Personal BC exposure varied widely with mean ± SD of 9003 ± 4864 ng/m3. The comparison between the two methods showed good agreement (Pearson’s r = 0.74, Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient = 0.6), suggesting that LUR estimates are capable of catching differences among routes and predicting the cleanest route. However, the model tends to underestimate absolute concentrations by 29% on average. A LUR model can be useful in predicting personal exposure and can help urban planners in Milan to build a healthier city for schoolchildren by promoting less polluted home-to-school routes.
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30
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Merritt AS, Georgellis A, Andersson N, Bero Bedada G, Bellander T, Johansson C. Personal exposure to black carbon in Stockholm, using different intra-urban transport modes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:279-287. [PMID: 31004903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The traffic microenvironment has been shown to be a major contributor to the total personal exposure of black carbon (BC), and is key to local actions aiming at reducing health risks associated with such exposure. The main aim of the study was to get a better understanding of the determinants of traffic-related personal exposure to BC in an urban environment. Personal exposure to ambient levels of BC was monitored while walking, cycling and traveling by bus or car along four streets and while cycling alternative routes simultaneously. Monitoring was performed during morning and afternoon peak hours and at midday, with a portable aethalometer recording one-minute mean values. In all, >4000 unique travel passages were performed. Stepwise Linear Regression was used to assess predictors to personal exposure levels of BC. The personal BC concentration ranged 0.03-37 μg/m3. The average concentrations were lowest while walking (1.7 μg/m3) and highest traveling by bus (2.7 μg/m3). However, only 22% of the variability could be explained by travel mode, urban background BC and wind speed. BC concentrations measured inside a car were on average 33% lower than measured simultaneously outside the car. Choosing an alternative bicycle route with less traffic resulted in up to 1.4 μg/m3 lower personal exposure concentrations. In conclusion, traveling by bus rendered the highest personal BC concentrations. But when taking travel time and inhalation rate into account, the travel-related exposure dose was predicted to be highest during walking and cycling. It is however probable that the benefits from physical activity outweigh health risks associated with this higher exposure dose. It is clear that road traffic makes an important contribution to personal exposure to BC regardless of mode of intra-urban transport. Our data suggest that commuting along routes with lower BC levels would substantially decrease commuter's exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Merritt
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antonis Georgellis
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Environmental Health, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Getahun Bero Bedada
- Unit of Environmental Health, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Bellander
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Donaire-Gonzalez D, Curto A, Valentín A, Andrusaityte S, Basagaña X, Casas M, Chatzi L, de Bont J, de Castro M, Dedele A, Granum B, Grazuleviciene R, Kampouri M, Lyon-Caen S, Manzano-Salgado CB, Aasvang GM, McEachan R, Meinhard-Kjellstad CH, Michalaki E, Pañella P, Petraviciene I, Schwarze PE, Slama R, Robinson O, Tamayo-Uria I, Vafeiadi M, Waiblinger D, Wright J, Vrijheid M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Personal assessment of the external exposome during pregnancy and childhood in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 174:95-104. [PMID: 31055170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The human exposome affects child development and health later in life, but its personal external levels, variability, and correlations are largely unknown. We characterized the personal external exposome of pregnant women and children in eight European cities. Panel studies included 167 pregnant women and 183 children (aged 6-11 years). A personal exposure monitoring kit composed of smartphone, accelerometer, ultraviolet (UV) dosimeter, and two air pollution monitors were used to monitor physical activity (PA), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon, traffic-related noise, UV-B radiation, and natural outdoor environments (NOE). 77% of women performed the adult recommendation of ≥150 min/week of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), while only 3% of children achieved the childhood recommendation of ≥60 min/day MVPA. 11% of women and 17% of children were exposed to daily PM2.5 levels higher than recommended (≥25μg/m3). Mean exposure to noise ranged from Lden 51.1 dB in Kaunas to Lden 65.2 dB in Barcelona. 4% of women and 23% of children exceeded the recommended maximum of 2 Standard-Erythemal-Dose of UV-B at least once a week. 33% of women and 43% of children never reached the minimum NOE contact recommendation of ≥30 min/week. The variations in air and noise pollution exposure were dominated by between-city variability, while most of the variation observed for NOE contact and PA was between-participants. The correlations between all personal exposures ranged from very low to low (Rho < 0.30). The levels of personal external exposures in both pregnant women and children are above the health recommendations, and there is little correlation between the different exposures. The assessment of the personal external exposome is feasible but sampling requires from one day to more than one year depending on exposure due to high variability between and within cities and participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ariadna Curto
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antònia Valentín
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Bont
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Audrius Dedele
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Berit Granum
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Sarah Lyon-Caen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | | | | | - Rosemary McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (BTHFT), Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pau Pañella
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inga Petraviciene
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Rémy Slama
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Oliver Robinson
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ibon Tamayo-Uria
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra and "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA)", Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (BTHFT), Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (BTHFT), Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Guilbert A, De Cremer K, Heene B, Demoury C, Aerts R, Declerck P, Brasseur O, Van Nieuwenhuyse A. Personal exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and relationships with respiratory symptoms and oxidative stress: A pilot cross-sectional study among urban green space workers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:620-628. [PMID: 30176473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with various adverse health effects including respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Exposure data for some specific pollutants and settings are however still insufficient and mechanisms underlying negative health outcomes are not fully elucidated. This pilot study aimed to assess individual exposure to three traffic-related air pollutants, black carbon (BC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, and the relationship with respiratory and oxidative stress outcomes in a cross-sectional sample of 48 green space workers in Brussels, Belgium. Participants were followed during four consecutive working days in 2016-2017 during which their individual exposure to BC, PAHs, benzene and more generally air pollution was measured using aethalometers, urinary biomarkers (1-hydroxypyrene, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, S-phenylmercapturic acid) and questionnaires. Data on respiratory health and oxidative stress were collected using questionnaires and respiratory/urinary biomarkers (exhaled nitric oxide [NO], 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]). Associations between exposure and health outcomes were investigated using comparison tests and linear regression models, after stratification by present-day smoking status. Spatial variation in BC exposure was high, with concentrations varying between 0.26 and 5.69 μg/m3. The highest levels were recorded during transport and, to a lesser extent, in green spaces located in the vicinity of roads with high traffic intensity. Concentrations of PAHs and benzene biomarkers did not systematically exceed the limits of detection. Among smokers, respiratory inflammation increased linearly with exposure to BC measured over the four days of follow-up (β = 8.73, 95% CI: 4.04, 13.41). Among non-smokers, oxidative stress increased linearly with BC measured on the fourth day (β = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.52, 4.24). Despite some limitations, this work supports the hypothesis that BC induces respiratory inflammation and oxidative stress. It also highlights the value of this compound as well as exhaled NO and urinary 8-OHdG biomarkers to detect early/mild effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Guilbert
- Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Koen De Cremer
- Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Billie Heene
- SST/ELI/ELIE-Environmental Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.16, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Claire Demoury
- Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Raf Aerts
- Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E-2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Priscilla Declerck
- Laboratory and Air Quality Department, Brussels Environment, Avenue du Port 86c-3000, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Brasseur
- Laboratory and Air Quality Department, Brussels Environment, Avenue du Port 86c-3000, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35D-7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Rue Louis Rech 1, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg.
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