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Wang W, Ye J, Wei Y, Yuan L, Wu J, Xia Z, Huang J, Wang H, Li Z, Guo J, Xiao A. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Post-Traumatic Growth: A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychiatric Nurses Suffering from Workplace Violence in Guangdong China. J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:1291-1302. [PMID: 38524859 PMCID: PMC10961019 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s450347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Workplace violence (WPV) had become an important issue that endangered the occupational safety of psychiatric nurses. A growing number of studies showed positive post-traumatic growth (PTG) resulting from coping with trauma. Objective To investigate the characteristics of PTG in psychiatric nurses who experienced violence in the workplace and analyze its influencing factors. Methods A total of 1202 psychiatric nurses participated in the study. From October 2022 to December 2022, this cross-sectional study collected data on psychiatric nurses from five tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province, China. Twenty-item Chinese version post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI), Jefferson Scale of Empathy Health Professional (JSE-HP), Confidence in Coping with Patient Aggression Instrument (CCPAI), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) measured PTG level, empathy, the confidence in coping with WPV, post-traumatic stress disorder, and resilience, respectively. Bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression explored potential influencing factors of PTG. This study complies with the EQUATOR (STROBE) checklist. Results The sample was composed of a total of 1202 psychiatric nurses suffering from WPV. The average score of PTGI in psychiatric nurses was above average (65.75 points; SD = 20.20). Linear regression analyses showed from single-child family (β=0.052,95% CI=0.342,5.409, P<0.05), education background (β=0.108,95% CI=1.833,5.097, P<0.001), the confidence in coping with patient aggression (β=0.106,95% CI=1.385,4.317, P<0.001), empathy (β=0.057,95% CI=0.312,4.374, P<0.05), and resilience (β=0.484,95% CI=7.737,9.575, P<0.001) were associated with PTG level. Conclusion Psychiatric nurses who were non-single child, had received higher education, had confidence in coping with patient aggression, had good resilience and strong empathy were prone to PTG after experiencing WPV. The study findings could help hospitals and nursing managers identify vulnerable individuals and take early intervention measures against such populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrong Ye
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanheng Wei
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Lexin Yuan
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialan Wu
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichun Xia
- Adult Psychiatry Department, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyun Wang
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Adult Psychiatry Department, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiong Guo
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixiang Xiao
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510370, People's Republic of China
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Du M, Liu M, Wang Y, Qin C, Liu J. Global burden of sleep disturbances among older adults and the disparities by geographical regions and pandemic periods. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101588. [PMID: 38225953 PMCID: PMC10788304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially among older adults. We aimed to evaluate sleep heath during COVID-19 pandemic and assess the differences among geographical regions and pandemic periods. We searched three databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science) to find articles up to March 12, 2023. We included observational studies that reported the prevalence of sleep disturbances among adults aged 60 years or older in any setting. Two researchers independently reviewed the literature and retrieved the data. We used Der Simonian-Laird random effects meta-analyses to pool the data, followed by subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression. A total of 64 studies with 181,224 older adults during the pandemic were included. The prevalence of poor sleep quality, short sleep duration, long sleep duration, and insomnia symptoms were 47.12% (95% CI: 25.97%, 68.27%), 40.81% (95% CI: 18.49%, 63.12%), 31.61% (95% CI: 24.83%, 38.38%), and 21.15% (95% CI: 15.30%, 27.00%), respectively. The prevalence of sleep problems reported by self-constructed items was 26.97% (95% CI: 20.73%, 33.22%). When compared to America (64.13%), Europe (20.23%) and the Western Pacific (21.31%) showed a lower prevalence of sleep problems (all P < 0.0001). The prevalence of worsened sleep problems was 27.88% (95% CI: 11.94%, 43.82%). Compared to 2020 (15.14%), it increased to 47.42% in 2021 (P < 0.05). Eight studies on sleep disturbances among 672 older COVID-19 patients were included. The prevalence of sleep problems and insomnia symptoms among older COVID-19 patients were 41.58% (95% CI: 21.97%, 61.20%) and 41.56% (95% CI: 28.11%, 58.02%), respectively. A significant burden related to poor sleep has been observed among older adults worldwide over the past three years, with variations across different regions and time periods. It is important to make more efforts in prevention and intervention to identify the risk factors, treatment, and rehabilitation of sleep disturbances for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyuan Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, No.5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
- Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
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Chen Z, Guo N, Chen T, Liao L, Hu S, Wang L. A latent profile analysis of resilience and the associations with flourishing in emergency nurses exposed to workplace violence in China. Nurs Health Sci 2024; 26:e13085. [PMID: 38356099 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Workplace violence (WPV) exposure has been particularly prevalent in emergency nurses, coupled with negative mental health outcomes. Few explored resilience after WPV exposure using the perspective of positive mental health. We aimed to identify latent profiles of resilience and examine associations with flourishing in emergency nurses with WPV exposure. A total of 1241 Chinese emergency nurses were surveyed on the frequency of WPV exposure, resilience, and flourishing. Eight hundred and twenty five participants (90.1% female, 86.6% aged 20-39) reported WPV exposure at least once in the past 3 months. Latent profile analysis identified profiles of resilience as low resilience (15.0%), moderate decision respond and interpersonal link with low rational thought and flexible adaption (18.0%), moderate resilience (31.0%), high decision respond, interpersonal link, and rational thought with moderate flexible adaption (16.0%), and high resilience (20.0%). Higher flourishing was observed in profiles of moderate resilience, high decision respond, interpersonal link, and rational thought with moderate flexible adaption, and high resilience. We differentiated profiles of resilience and the associations with flourishing in emergency nurses with WPV exposure, which informed targeted interventions for promoting positive mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Chen
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningyuan Guo
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangyu Chen
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwen Liao
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanlian Hu
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Tegegne E, Deml YA, Yirdaw G, Bewket Y. Work motivation and factors associated with it among health professionals in Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2381. [PMID: 38286807 PMCID: PMC10825199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Motivation is the level of a person's willingness to put forth and maintain an effort in support of organizational goals. However, motivation towards task execution is affected by the organization and individual goals. For instance, low morale among the staff can damage the quality of service delivery. Hence, this study was intended to assess the working motivation status and factors associated with it among health professionals at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was employed. Stratified sampling techniques were used to extract sample from each job category proportionally. To make the distribution fair, all health workers were grouped according to their job title and selected by using the lottery method from each group. A standardized, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was checked, coded, and entered into EpiData 3.1 and exported for analysis into SPSS 25. Variable in the multivariable logistic regression model with a p value of < 0.05 at 95% CI were taken as significantly associated to motivation status. A total of 319 people were involved, with a 100% response rate. 20.4% of health professionals were motivated at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Job satisfaction (AOR 6.46, 95% CI 1.72, 24.35), the presence of adequate medical supplies (AOR 5.01, 95% CI 1.23, 25.37), work place security (AOR 6.78, 95% CI 1.498, 30.72), and the presence of training opportunities in health facilities (AOR 2.23, 95% CI 1.01, 4.96) were significant factors associated with motivation status. The proportion of motivated health professionals was very low compared to previous studies in Ethiopia. The presence of security at work, adequate medical equipment, drugs, and supplies, job satisfaction, and the presence of training opportunities were predominant motivational factors. The hospital administration needs to give priority and work to safeguard security, ensure adequate medical supplies, and offer training to improve their satisfaction and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniyew Tegegne
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Yikeber Argachew Deml
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getasew Yirdaw
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yenewa Bewket
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Kabir H, Chowdhury SR, Roy AK, Chowdhury SA, Islam MN, Chomon RJ, Akter M, Hossain A. Association of workplace bullying and burnout with nurses' suicidal ideation in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14641. [PMID: 37669987 PMCID: PMC10480219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicidal ideation is a complex phenomenon influenced by several predisposing, contextual, and mediating factors that seem more common among healthcare workers, especially nurses. We investigated the association of bullying and burnout with suicidal ideation among Bangladeshi nurses and identified the associated factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 1264 nurses in Bangladesh between February 2021 and July 2021. We applied a modified Poisson regression model with robust error variance to determine the association of bullying and burnout with suicidal ideation. Among 1264 nurses, the female was 882 (70.02%), and the mean age was 28.41 (SD = 5.54) years. The prevalence of high levels of suicidal ideation was 13.26%. In the Poison regression model, high risk bullying (RR = 6.22, 95% CI 3.13-12.38), targeted to bullying (RR = 7.61, 95% CI 3.53-16.38), and burnout (RR = 8.95, 95% CI 2.84-28.20) were found to be significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Furthermore, we found significant interaction between workplace bullying and burnout with suicidal ideation (p < 0.05). The high prevalence of bullying, burnout, suicidal ideation, and their association indicate an unsafe workplace for the nurses. Initiatives are needed to make a favorable work environment to improve nurses' overall mental health and reduce suicide ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayun Kabir
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh.
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Saifur Rahman Chowdhury
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh.
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Anjan Kumar Roy
- Department of Nursing and Health Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Samiul Amin Chowdhury
- Department of Public Health, Leading University, Sylhet, 3112, Bangladesh
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Md Nazrul Islam
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Rifat Jahan Chomon
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Masuda Akter
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Health Services Administration, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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Pan W, Jing FF, Liang Y. Working time variation and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in China. SSM Popul Health 2023; 23:101487. [PMID: 37588764 PMCID: PMC10425393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about a significant shift in labor market dynamics, leading to a notable increase in labor market flexibilization. One prominent aspect of this transformation is the growing variation in working time patterns. The irregular and unpredictable nature of working time may contribute to increased stress levels, difficulty in establishing routines, and challenges in maintaining work-life boundaries. Drawing on China General Social survey 2021, this study aims to examine (1) the relationship between working time variation and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in China; (2) whether the relationship can be mediated by work-family conflict; (3) to what extent the relationship varies across occupations. We find that working time variation is associated with significantly worse mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in China, and around half of the negative effect can be mediated by increased work-family conflict. Moreover, the negative association is more pronounced among non-professional occupations than professional occupations. Overall, these findings shed light on the detrimental impact of working time variation on mental health and its potential mechanism, highlighting how novel work paradigm may interact with existing labor market inequalities to shape workers' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Pan
- School of Public Administration, Hohai University, No.8 West Focheng Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Fenwick Feng Jing
- School of Management, Qufu Normal University, No. 80 North Yantai Road, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Yuhui Liang
- School of Public Administration, Hohai University, No.8 West Focheng Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
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Fei Y, Yang S, Zhu Z, Lv M, Yin Y, Zuo M, Chen Y, Sheng H, Zhang S, Zhang M. Workplace violence and burnout among Chinese nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: does the sense of coherence mediate the relationship? BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:573. [PMID: 37553656 PMCID: PMC10408152 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace violence has always been a critical issue worldwide before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, which can lead to burnout and turnover. In addition, the burnout and mental stress of nurses during the COVID-19 period have been widely described. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the mediating effect of the sense of coherence on the relationship between workplace violence and burnout among Chinese nurses over time. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between workplace violence and burnout among Chinese nurses and how the sense of coherence mediates the association. METHODS Using a convenience sampling method, 1190 nurses from 4 tertiary grade-A comprehensive hospitals were investigated between September 2021 and December 2021 in 3 provinces of China. The Workplace Violence Scale, Burnout Inventory, and Sense of Coherence scale were used to collect data. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis to estimate direct and indirect effects using bootstrap analysis. RESULTS The mean total scores for workplace violence and burnout were 1.67 ± 1.08 and 47.36 ± 18.39, respectively. Workplace violence was significantly negatively correlated with the sense of coherence (r = -0.25) and positively correlated with burnout (r = 0.27). Additionally, a higher level of workplace violence was associated with higher burnout (β = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.68 ~ 1.56). A higher sense of coherence was also associated with lower burnout (β = -0.98, 95% CI: -1.03 ~ -0.92). Workplace violence showed an effect on burnout through a sense of coherence. The direct, indirect and total effects were 1.13, 1.88 and 3.01, respectively. The mediating effect of the sense of coherence accounted for 62.45% of the relationship between workplace violence and burnout. CONCLUSION We found that the sense of coherence mediated most workplace violence on burnout. It is imperative for hospital managers to improve nurses' sense of coherence to reduce the occurrence of burnout during COVID-19. Future intervention studies should be designed to strengthen nurses' sense of coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Fei
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882, Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing City, 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Silan Yang
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882, Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing City, 314000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882, Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing City, 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Lv
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Man Zuo
- Heyuan Hospital of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Sheng
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882, Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing City, 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shenya Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882, Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing City, 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingmin Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1882, Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing City, 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Zhang S, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Xi Z, Xiang K. Workplace violence against healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27317-2. [PMID: 37209334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Workplace violence (WPV) is a prevalent phenomenon, especially in the healthcare setting. WPV against healthcare workers (HCWs) has increased during the COVID-19 epidemic. This meta-analysis determined the prevalence and risk factors of WPV. A database search was conducted across six databases in May 2022, which was updated in October 2022. WPV prevalence among HCWs was the main outcome. Data were stratified by WPV/HCW type, pandemic period (early, mid, late), and medical specialty. WPV risk factors were the secondary outcome. All analyses were conducted through STATA. Newcastle Ottawa Scale evaluated the quality. Sensitivity analysis identified effect estimate changes. A total of 38 studies (63,672 HCWs) were analyzed. The prevalence of WPV of any kind (43%), physical (9%), verbal (48%), and emotional (26%) was high. From mid-pandemic to late-pandemic, WPV (40-47%), physical violence (12-23%), and verbal violence (45-58%) increased. Nurses had more than double the rate of physical violence (13% vs. 5%) than physicians, while WPV and verbal violence were equal. Gender, profession, and COVID-19 timing did not affect WPV, physical, or verbal violence risk. COVID-19 HCWs were more likely to be physically assaulted (logOR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.10: 0.97). Most healthcare employees suffer verbal violence, followed by emotional, bullying, sexual harassment, and physical assault. Pandemic-related workplace violence increased. Nurses were twice as violent as doctors. COVID-19 healthcare employees had a higher risk of physical and workplace violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuisheng Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 1745, Gongnongda Road, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 1745, Gongnongda Road, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Nursing Department, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 1745, Gongnongda Road, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xi
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Ke Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 1745, Gongnongda Road, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.
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