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Díaz FE, McGill JL. Modeling Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection: Recent Contributions and Future Directions Using the Calf Model of Bovine RSV Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1180-1186. [PMID: 37782855 PMCID: PMC10558079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The human orthopneumovirus (human respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in children worldwide and a significant cause of infant mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The natural immune response to the virus has a preponderant role in disease progression, with a rapid neutrophil infiltration and dysbalanced T cell response in the lungs associated with severe disease in infants. The development of preventive interventions against human RSV has been difficult partly due to the need to use animal models that only partially recapitulate the immune response as well as the disease progression seen in human infants. In this brief review, we discuss the contributions of the calf model of RSV infection to understanding immunity to RSV and in developing vaccine and drug candidates, focusing on recent research areas. We propose that the bovine model of RSV infection is a valuable alternative for assessing the translational potential of interventions aimed at the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E. Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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2
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Malinczak CA, Fonseca W, Mire MM, Parolia A, Chinnaiyan A, Rasky AJ, Morris S, Yagi K, Bermick JR, Lukacs NW. Sex-associated early-life viral innate immune response is transcriptionally associated with chromatin remodeling of type-I IFN-inducible genes. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:578-592. [PMID: 37302711 PMCID: PMC10646734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates sex-associated systemic innate immune differences by examining bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). BMDC grown from 7-day-old mice show enhanced type-I interferon (IFN) signaling in female compared to male BMDC. Upon respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of 7-day-old mice, a significantly altered phenotype of BMDC at 4 weeks post-infection is observed in a sex-dependent manner. The alterations include heightened Ifnb/ interleukin (Il12a) and enhanced IFNAR1+ expression in BMDC from early-life RSV-infected female mice that leads to increased IFN-γ production by T cells. Phenotypic differences were verified upon pulmonary sensitization whereby EL-RSV male-derived BMDC promoted enhanced T helper 2/17 responses and exacerbated disease upon RSV infection while EL-RSV/F BMDC sensitization was relatively protective. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing analysis (ATAC-seq) demonstrated that EL-RSV/F BMDC had enhanced chromatin accessibility near type-I immune genes with JUN, STAT1/2, and IRF1/8 transcription factors predicted to have binding sites in accessible regions. Importantly, ATAC-seq of human cord blood-derived monocytes displayed a similar sex-associated chromatin landscape with female-derived monocytes having more accessibility in type-I immune genes. These studies enhance our understanding of sex-associated differences in innate immunity by epigenetically controlled transcriptional programs amplified by early-life infection in females via type-I immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mohamed M Mire
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Arul Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Susan Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Feng Q, Feng Z, Yang B, Han S, Wen S, Lu G, Jin R, Xu B, Zhang H, Xu L, Xie Z. Metatranscriptome Reveals Specific Immune and Microbial Signatures of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0410722. [PMID: 36861979 PMCID: PMC10100699 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04107-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequently detected respiratory virus in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection. Previous transcriptome studies have focused on systemic transcriptional profiles in blood and have not compared the expression of multiple viral transcriptomes. Here, we sought to compare transcriptome responses to infection with four common respiratory viruses for children (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza virus, and human metapneumovirus) in respiratory samples. Transcriptomic analysis showed that cilium organization and assembly were common pathways related to viral infection. Compared with other virus infections, collagen generation pathways were distinctively enriched in RSV infection. We identified two interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), CXCL11 and IDO1, which were upregulated to a greater extent in the RSV group. In addition, a deconvolution algorithm was used to analyze the composition of immune cells in respiratory tract samples. The proportions of dendritic cells and neutrophils in the RSV group were significantly higher than those in the other virus groups. The RSV group exhibited a higher richness of Streptococcus than the other virus groups. The concordant and discordant responses mapped out here provide a window to explore the pathophysiology of the host response to RSV. Last, according to host-microbe network interference, RSV may disrupt respiratory microbial composition by changing the immune microenvironment. IMPORTANCE In the present study, we demonstrated the comparative results of host responses to infection between RSV and other three common respiratory viruses for children. The comparative transcriptomics study of respiratory samples sheds light on the significant roles that ciliary organization and assembly, extracellular matrix changes, and microbial interactions play in the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the recruitment of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DCs) in the respiratory tract is more substantial in RSV infection than in other viral infections. Finally, we discovered that RSV infection dramatically increased the expression of two ISGs (CXCL11 and IDO1) and the abundance of Streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziheng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Vision Medicals Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuaibing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shunhang Wen
- Department of Children’s Respiration disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Guiyang Women and Children Healthcare Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Guiyang Women and Children Healthcare Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases I, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Children’s Respiration disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Churiso G, Husen G, Bulbula D, Abebe L. Immunity Cell Responses to RSV and the Role of Antiviral Inhibitors: A Systematic Review. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7413-7430. [PMID: 36540102 PMCID: PMC9759992 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s387479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells recognize respiratory syncytial virus antigens, and produce cytokines and chemokines that act on immune cells. Dendritic cells play the main role in inflammatory cytokine responses. Similarly, alveolar macrophages produce IFN-β, IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL10, and CCL3, while alternatively activated macrophages differentiate at the late phase, and require IL-13 or IL-4 cytokines. Furthermore, activated NKT cells secrete IL-13 and IL-4 that cause lung epithelial, endothelial and fibroblasts to secrete eotaxin that enhances the recruitment of eosinophil to the lung. CD8+ and CD4+T cells infection by the virus decreases the IFN-γ and IL-2 production. Despite this, both are involved in terminating virus replication. CD8+T cells produce a larger amount of IFN-γ than CD4+T cells, and CD8+T cells activated under type 2 conditions produce IL-4, down regulating CD8 expression, granzyme and IFN-γ production. Antiviral inhibitors inhibit biological functions of viral proteins. Some of them directly target the virus replication machinery and are effective at later stages of infection; while others inhibit F protein dependent fusion and syncytium formation. TMC353121 reduces inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and chemokines, KC, IP-10, MCP and MIP1-α. EDP-938 inhibits viral nucleoprotein (N), while GRP-156784 blocks the activity of respiratory syncytial virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase. PC786 inhibits non-structural protein 1 (NS-1) gene, RANTES transcripts, virus-induced CCL5, IL-6, and mucin increase. In general, it is an immune reaction that is blamed for the disease severity and pathogenesis in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Anti-viral inhibitors not only inhibit viral entry and replication, but also may reduce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Many respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors are proposed; however, only palivizumab and ribavirin are approved for prophylaxis and treatment, respectively. Hence, this review is focused on immunity cell responses to respiratory syncytial virus and the role of antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Churiso
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Gemechu Churiso, Email
| | - Gose Husen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Denebo Bulbula
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Lulu Abebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
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Kitcharoensakkul M, Bacharier LB, Yin-Declue H, Boomer JS, Lew D, Goss CW, Castro M. Increased nasal plasmacytoid dendritic cells are associated with recurrent wheezing following severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13869. [PMID: 36282129 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maleewan Kitcharoensakkul
- The Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Huiqing Yin-Declue
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jonathan S Boomer
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Daphne Lew
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles W Goss
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mario Castro
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Paul K, Sibbertsen F, Weiskopf D, Lütgehetmann M, Barroso M, Danecka MK, Glau L, Hecher L, Hermann K, Kohl A, Oh J, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Sette A, Tolosa E, Vettorazzi E, Woidy M, Zapf A, Zazara DE, Mir TS, Muntau AC, Gersting SW, Dunay GA. Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses to Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 in Children Increase With Age and Show Cross-Reactivity to Beta Variant. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867577. [PMID: 35911689 PMCID: PMC9336222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is still a major burden for global health despite effective vaccines. With the reduction of social distancing measures, infection rates are increasing in children, while data on the pediatric immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is still lacking. Although the typical disease course in children has been mild, emerging variants may present new challenges in this age group. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 51 convalescent children, 24 seronegative siblings from early 2020, and 51 unexposed controls were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2-derived peptide MegaPools from the ancestral and beta variants. Flow cytometric determination of activation-induced markers and secreted cytokines were used to quantify the CD4+ T cell response. The average time after infection was over 80 days. CD4+ T cell responses were detected in 61% of convalescent children and were markedly reduced in preschool children. Cross-reactive T cells for the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant were identified in 45% of cases after infection with an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 variant. The CD4+ T cell response was accompanied most predominantly by IFN-γ and Granzyme B secretion. An antiviral CD4+ T cell response was present in children after ancestral SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was reduced in the youngest age group. We detected significant cross-reactivity of CD4+ T cell responses to the more recently evolved immune-escaping beta variant. Our findings have epidemiologic relevance for children regarding novel viral variants of concern and vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Paul
- University Children’s Research - UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Freya Sibbertsen
- University Children’s Research - UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madalena Barroso
- University Children’s Research - UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta K. Danecka
- University Children’s Research - UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Glau
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Hecher
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Hermann
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aloisa Kohl
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jun Oh
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eik Vettorazzi
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Woidy
- University Children’s Research - UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dimitra E. Zazara
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Division for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Mir
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ania C. Muntau
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Søren W. Gersting
- University Children’s Research - UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabor A. Dunay
- University Children’s Research - UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics - Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gabor A. Dunay,
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Sibbertsen F, Glau L, Paul K, Mir TS, Gersting SW, Tolosa E, Dunay GA. Phenotypic analysis of the pediatric immune response to SARS-CoV-2 by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 101:220-227. [PMID: 34953025 PMCID: PMC9015535 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection is often mild or asymptomatic and the immune responses of children are understudied compared to adults. Here, we present and evaluate the performance of a two-panel (16- and 17 parameter) flow cytometry-based approach for immune phenotypic analysis of cryopreserved PBMC samples from children after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The panels were optimized based on previous SARS-CoV-2 related studies for the pediatric immune system. METHODS PBMC samples from seven SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children from early 2020 and five age-matched healthy controls were stained for analysis of T cells (Panel T), B and innate immune cells (Panel B). Performance of the panels was evaluated in two parallel approaches, namely classical manual gating of known subpopulations and unbiased clustering using the R-based algorithm PhenoGraph. RESULTS Using manual gating we clearly identified 14 predefined subpopulations of interest for Panel T and 19 populations in Panel B in low-volume pediatric samples. PhenoGraph found 18 clusters within the T cell panel and 21 clusters within the innate and B cell panel that could be unmistakably annotated. Combining the data of the two panels and analysis approaches, we found expected differentially abundant clusters in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children compared to healthy controls, underscoring the value of these two panels for the analysis of immune response to SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION We established a two-panel flow cytometry approach that can be used with limited amounts of cryopreserved pediatric samples. Our workflow allowed for a rapid, comprehensive, and robust pediatric immune phenotyping with comparable performance in manual gating and unbiased clustering. These panels may be adapted for large multi-center cohort studies to investigate the pediatric immune response to emerging virus variants in the ongoing and future pandemics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Sibbertsen
- University Children's Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Glau
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Paul
- University Children's Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S Mir
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Søren W Gersting
- University Children's Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabor A Dunay
- University Children's Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Heinonen S, Velazquez VM, Ye F, Mertz S, Acero-Bedoya S, Smith B, Bunsow E, Garcia-Mauriño C, Oliva S, Cohen DM, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Peeples ME, Ramilo O, Mejias A. Immune profiles provide insights into respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/540/eaaw0268. [PMID: 32321862 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with major morbidity in infants, although most cases result in mild disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood, especially the determining factors of disease severity. A better characterization of these factors may help with development of RSV vaccines and antivirals. Hence, identification of a "safe and protective" immunoprofile induced by natural RSV infection could be used as a as a surrogate of ideal vaccine-elicited responses in future clinical trials. In this study, we integrated blood transcriptional and cell immune profiling, RSV loads, and clinical data to identify factors associated with a mild disease phenotype in a cohort of 190 children <2 years of age. Children with mild disease (outpatients) showed higher RSV loads, greater induction of interferon (IFN) and plasma cell genes, and decreased expression of inflammation and neutrophil genes versus children with severe disease (inpatients). Additionally, only infants with severe disease had increased numbers of HLA-DRlow monocytes, not present in outpatients. Multivariable analyses confirmed that IFN overexpression was associated with decreased odds of hospitalization, whereas increased numbers of HLA-DRlow monocytes were associated with increased risk of hospitalization. These findings suggest that robust innate immune responses are associated with mild RSV infection in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santtu Heinonen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Victoria M Velazquez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Fang Ye
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Sara Mertz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Santiago Acero-Bedoya
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Bennett Smith
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Eleonora Bunsow
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Cristina Garcia-Mauriño
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Silvia Oliva
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga 29001, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Daniel M Cohen
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel
- Biostatistics Core, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. .,Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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9
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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10
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Early-Life Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, Trained Immunity and Subsequent Pulmonary Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050505. [PMID: 32375305 PMCID: PMC7290378 DOI: 10.3390/v12050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is often the first clinically relevant pathogen encountered in life, with nearly all children infected by two years of age. Many studies have also linked early-life severe respiratory viral infection with more pathogenic immune responses later in life that lead to pulmonary diseases like childhood asthma. This phenomenon is thought to occur through long-term immune system alterations following early-life respiratory viral infection and may include local responses such as unresolved inflammation and/or direct structural or developmental modifications within the lung. Furthermore, systemic responses that could impact the bone marrow progenitors may be a significant cause of long-term alterations, through inflammatory mediators and shifts in metabolic profiles. Among these alterations may be changes in transcriptional and epigenetic programs that drive persistent modifications throughout life, leaving the immune system poised toward pathogenic responses upon secondary insult. This review will focus on early-life severe RSV infection and long-term alterations. Understanding these mechanisms will not only lead to better treatment options to limit initial RSV infection severity but also protect against the development of childhood asthma linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
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11
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Vázquez Y, González L, Noguera L, González PA, Riedel CA, Bertrand P, Bueno SM. Cytokines in the Respiratory Airway as Biomarkers of Severity and Prognosis for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: An Update. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1154. [PMID: 31214165 PMCID: PMC6557983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the most important causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and the main cause of bronchiolitis worldwide. Disease manifestations caused by hRSV may vary from mild to severe, occasionally requiring admission and hospitalization in intensive care units. Despite the high morbidity rates associated to bronchiolitis, treatment options against hRSV are limited and there are no current vaccination strategies to prevent infection. Importantly, the early identification of high-risk patients can help improve disease management and prevent complications associated with hRSV infection. Recently, the characterization of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine patterns produced during hRSV-related inflammatory processes has allowed the identification of potential prognosis biomarkers. A suitable biomarker should allow predicting the severity of the infection in a simple and opportune manner and should ideally be obtained from non-invasive samples. Among the cytokines associated with hRSV disease severity, IL-8, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), and IL-6, as well as the Th2-type cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-3, and IL-33 have been highlighted as molecules with prognostic value in hRSV infections. In this review, we discuss current studies that describe molecules produced by patients during hRSV infection and their potential as biomarkers to anticipate the severity of the disease caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaneisi Vázquez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreani Noguera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Bertrand
- División de Pediatría, Unidad de Enfermedades Respiratorias Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Tognarelli EI, Bueno SM, González PA. Immune-Modulation by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Focus on Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 31057543 PMCID: PMC6478035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia in infants and produces a significant burden in the elderly. It can also infect and produce disease in otherwise healthy adults and recurrently infect those previously exposed to the virus. Importantly, recurrent infections are not necessarily a consequence of antigenic variability, as described for other respiratory viruses, but most likely due to the capacity of this virus to interfere with the host's immune response and the establishment of a protective and long-lasting immunity. Although some genes encoded by hRSV are known to have a direct participation in immune evasion, it seems that repeated infection is mainly given by its capacity to modulate immune components in such a way to promote non-optimal antiviral responses in the host. Importantly, hRSV is known to interfere with dendritic cell (DC) function, which are key cells involved in establishing and regulating protective virus-specific immunity. Notably, hRSV infects DCs, alters their maturation, migration to lymph nodes and their capacity to activate virus-specific T cells, which likely impacts the host antiviral response against this virus. Here, we review and discuss the most important and recent findings related to DC modulation by hRSV, which might be at the basis of recurrent infections in previously infected individuals and hRSV-induced disease. A focus on the interaction between DCs and hRSV will likely contribute to the development of effective prophylactic and antiviral strategies against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Dong H, Su H, Chen L, Liu K, Hu HM, Yang W, Mou Y. Immunocompetence and mechanism of the DRibble-DCs vaccine for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:493-501. [PMID: 29588618 PMCID: PMC5858817 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s155914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the high-quality immunogenicity of tumor-derived autophagosomes (DRibbles), we aimed to explore the antitumor ability and mechanism of DRibble-loaded dendritic cells (DRibble-DCs). Materials and methods DRibbles extracted from the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC7 express specific LC3-II and ubiquitination marker. Immunization of mice with the DRibble-DCs vaccine led to the proliferation and differentiation of CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD3+CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells. The expression of proteins in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathways was determined by Western blotting. Additionally, the functional properties of the DRibble-DCs were examined in mice, and regulatory T cells were measured by flow cytometry. Results Excellent biocompatibility was observed in vitro when DCs were loaded with DRibbles. T cells of lymph nodes and spleens from mice immunized with DRibble-DCs had cytotoxic effects on SCC7 cells. DCs homeostasis and ERS-related proteins were affected by DRibbles. Moreover, the DRibble-DCs vaccine achieved significantly better antitumor efficacy than DRibbles and tumor cell lysate-loaded DCs. Conclusion The results validated the antitumor immune responses to the DRibble-DCs vaccine in vivo and in vitro. The ERS pathway can be affected by DRibbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Dong
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Weidong Yang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbin Mou
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
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14
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Hu W, Yang E, Ye J, Han W, Du ZL. Resveratrol protects neuronal cells from isoflurane-induced inflammation and oxidative stress-associated death by attenuating apoptosis via Akt/p38 MAPK signaling. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1568-1573. [PMID: 29434742 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether resveratrol protects neuronal cells from inflammation and isoflurane-induced oxidative stress-associated death via attenuating apoptosis via Akt/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. The PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell line was treated with 2% isoflurane + 21% O2 + 5% CO2 for 6 h and pre-treated with resveratrol (0-1,000 µM) for 0, 24 or 48 h prior to isoflurane treatment. An MTT assay, flow cytometry and ELISA of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase revealed that resveratrol reduced growth inhibition, restrained apoptosis and suppressed inflammation and oxidative stress induced by isoflurane in PC12 cells. Pretreatment with resveratrol effectively reduced caspase-3 activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in isoflurane-induced PC12 cells. In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that resveratrol treatment significantly attenuated isoflurane-induced decreases in the activated phosphorylated (p)-Akt/Akt ratio and increases in the p-p38/p38 MAPK protein ratio in PC12 cells. These findings indicated that resveratrol was able to protect neuronal cells from isoflurane-induced inflammation and oxidative stress-associated death by attenuating apoptosis via Akt/p38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Ei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Weili Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-Li Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Coking Coal Central Hospital of Henan Province, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
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15
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Suginobe H, Nawa N, Ishida H, Kogaki S. Converting everolimus to mycophenolate mofetil ameliorated prolonged respiratory syncytial virus infection in a child after heart transplantation. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-220342. [PMID: 28775087 PMCID: PMC5747614 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunocompromised patients, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are known to be severe and prolonged, and have significant mortality and morbidity. However, little is known about the clinical courses and treatment strategy of RSV infection in heart transplant recipients. Here, we report a 6-year-old female with heart transplantation who had exhibited prolonged respiratory symptoms and shedding of RSV. She had received everolimus as an immunosuppressant. As immunosuppressants could have been responsible for the prolonged activation of RSV, we converted everolimus to mycophenolate mofetil. After the conversion, RSV promptly disappeared, and her symptoms improved. We speculate that converting the immunosuppressant may be effective for prolonged RSV infection due to the different immunosuppressive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Suginobe
- Department of Paeditatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Paeditatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ishida
- Department of Paeditatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Paeditatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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16
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Russell CD, Unger SA, Walton M, Schwarze J. The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:481-502. [PMID: 28179378 PMCID: PMC5355638 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00090-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections, particularly in children. Much information regarding the immune response to RSV comes from animal models and in vitro studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the human immune response to RSV infection, based on a systematic literature review of research on infected humans. There is an initial strong neutrophil response to RSV infection in humans, which is positively correlated with disease severity and mediated by interleukin-8 (IL-8). Dendritic cells migrate to the lungs as the primary antigen-presenting cell. An initial systemic T-cell lymphopenia is followed by a pulmonary CD8+ T-cell response, mediating viral clearance. Humoral immunity to reinfection is incomplete, but RSV IgG and IgA are protective. B-cell-stimulating factors derived from airway epithelium play a major role in protective antibody generation. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has a strongly protective role, and a Th2-biased response may be deleterious. Other cytokines (particularly IL-17A), chemokines (particularly CCL-5 and CCL-3), and local innate immune factors (including cathelicidins and IFN-λ) contribute to pathogenesis. In summary, neutrophilic inflammation is incriminated as a harmful response, whereas CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ have protective roles. These may represent important therapeutic targets to modulate the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Russell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan A Unger
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc Walton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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do Nascimento de Freitas D, Gassen RB, Fazolo T, Souza APDD. Rapamycin increases RSV RNA levels and survival of RSV-infected dendritic cell depending on T cell contact. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:114-119. [PMID: 27466155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The macrolide rapamycin inhibits mTOR (mechanist target of rapamycin) function and has been broadly used to unveil the role of mTOR in immune responses. Inhibition of mTOR on dendritic cells (DC) can influence cellular immune response and the survival of DC. RSV is the most common cause of hospitalization in infants and is a high priority candidate to vaccine development. In this study we showed that rapamycin treatment on RSV-infected murine bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) decreases the frequency of CD8(+)CD44(high) T cells. However, inhibition of mTOR on RSV-infected BMDC did not modify the activation phenotype of these cells. RSV-RNA levels increase when infected BMDC were treated with rapamycin. Moreover, we observed that rapamycin diminishes apoptosis cell death of RSV-infected BMDC co-culture with T cells and this effect was abolished when the cells were co-cultured in a transwell system that prevents cell-to-cell contact or migration. Taken together, these data indicate that rapamycin treatment present a toxic effect on RSV-infected BMDC increasing RSV-RNA levels, affecting partially CD8 T cell differentiation and also increasing BMDC survival in a mechanism dependent on T cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise do Nascimento de Freitas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clinica e Experimental; Centro Infant, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Benedetti Gassen
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clinica e Experimental; Centro Infant, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fazolo
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clinica e Experimental; Centro Infant, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Duarte de Souza
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clinica e Experimental; Centro Infant, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, PUCRS, Brazil.
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18
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Farrag MA, Almajhdi FN. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Role of Innate Immunity in Clearance and Disease Progression. Viral Immunol 2015; 29:11-26. [PMID: 26679242 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections have worldwide records. The virus is responsible for bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma in humans of different age groups. Premature infants, young children, and immunocompromised individuals are prone to severe HRSV infection that may lead to death. Based on worldwide estimations, millions of cases were reported in both developed and developing countries. In fact, HRSV symptoms develop mainly as a result of host immune response. Due to inability to establish long lasting adaptive immunity, HRSV infection is recurrent and hence impairs vaccine development. Once HRSV attached to the airway epithelia, interaction with the host innate immune components starts. HRSV interaction with pulmonary innate defenses is crucial in determining the disease outcome. Infection of alveolar epithelial cells triggers a cascade of events that lead to recruitment and activation of leukocyte populations. HRSV clearance is mediated by a number of innate leukocytes, including macrophages, natural killer cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Regulation of these cells is mediated by cytokines, chemokines, and other immune mediators. Although the innate immune system helps to clear HRSV infection, it participates in disease progression such as bronchiolitis and asthma. Resolving the mechanisms by which HRSV induces pathogenesis, different possible interactions between the virus and immune components, and immune cells interplay are essential for developing new effective vaccines. Therefore, the current review focuses on how the pulmonary innate defenses mediate HRSV clearance and to what extent they participate in disease progression. In addition, immune responses associated with HRSV vaccines will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farrag
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Martikainen MV, Kääriö H, Karvonen A, Schröder PC, Renz H, Kaulek V, Dalphin JC, von Mutius E, Schaub B, Pekkanen J, Hirvonen MR, Roponen M. Farm exposures are associated with lower percentage of circulating myeloid dendritic cell subtype 2 at age 6. Allergy 2015; 70:1278-87. [PMID: 26119336 DOI: 10.1111/all.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life farm exposures have been shown to decrease the risk of allergic diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) may mediate asthma-protective effect of farm exposures as they play an important role in the development of immunity and tolerance. Our aim was to investigate whether the numbers and phenotypes of circulating DCs at age 6 are associated with farming, asthma, and atopy in a selected sample of French and Finnish children from the PASTURE study. METHODS We studied 82 farm and 86 nonfarm children with and without asthma. Using flow cytometry, BDCA1+ CD11c+ myeloid DC1s (mDC1), BDCA3+(high) mDC2s and BDCA2+ plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) were identified and expressions of CD86, immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3) and ILT4 were analyzed. Questionnaires were used to assess prenatal and lifetime patterns of farm exposures and to define asthma. Atopic sensitization was defined by specific IgE measurements. RESULTS The percentage of mDC2 cells was lower in farm children (0.033 ± 0.001) than in nonfarm children (0.042 ± 0.001; P = 0.008). Similar associations were found between mDC2 percentage and prenatal (P = 0.02) and lifetime exposure to farm milk (P = 0.03) and stables (P = 0.003), but these associations were not independent from farming. Asthma was positively associated with ILT4 + mDCs (P = 0.04) and negatively with CD86 + pDCs (P = 0.048) but only in nonfarm children. CONCLUSIONS Inverse association between farm exposure and mDC2 percentage suggest that this DC subset may play a role in farm-related immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.-V. Martikainen
- Department of Environmental Science; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - H. Kääriö
- Department of Environmental Science; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Karvonen
- Department of Health Protection; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Kuopio Finland
| | - P. C. Schröder
- Department of Allergy and Pulmonary; University Children's Hospital; Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; LMU Munich; Munich Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich; Germany
| | - H. Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Philipps University; Marburg Germany
| | - V. Kaulek
- Department of Respiratory Disease; UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment; University Hospital of Besançon; Besançon France
| | - J.-C. Dalphin
- Department of Respiratory Disease; UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment; University Hospital of Besançon; Besançon France
| | - E. von Mutius
- Department of Allergy and Pulmonary; University Children's Hospital; Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; LMU Munich; Munich Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich; Germany
| | - B. Schaub
- Department of Allergy and Pulmonary; University Children's Hospital; Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; LMU Munich; Munich Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich; Germany
| | - J. Pekkanen
- Department of Public Health; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M.-R. Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental Science; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Health Protection; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Roponen
- Department of Environmental Science; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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