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Lingani M, Cissé A, Ilboudo AK, Yaméogo I, Tarnagada Z. Patterns of Non-influenza Respiratory Viruses Among Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Cases in Burkina Faso: A Surveillance Study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13271. [PMID: 38501305 PMCID: PMC10949177 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although influenza viruses cause only one-fifth of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in Burkina Faso, the other viral causes of SARI remain poorly investigated to inform clinical and preventive decision making. METHODS Between 2016 and 2019, we prospectively enrolled inpatients meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition of SARI in Burkina Faso. Results of viral etiologies among inpatients tested negative for influenza using the Fast Track Diagnostics Respiratory Kits (FTD-33) were reported. RESULTS Of 1541 specimens tested, at least one respiratory virus was detected in 76.1% of the 1231 specimens negative for influenza virus. Human rhinoviruses (hRVs) were the most detected pathogens (476; 38.7%), followed by human adenoviruses (hAdV) (17.1%, 210/1231), human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) (15.4%, 189/1231), enterovirus (EnV) (11.2%, 138/1231), human bocavirus (hBoV) (7.9%, 97/1231), parainfluenza 3 (hPIV3) (6.1%, 75/1231), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (6.0%,74/1321), parainfluenza 4 (hPIV4) (4.1%, 51/1231), human coronavirus OC43 (hCoV-OC43) (3.4%, 42/1231), human coronavirus HKU1(hCoV-HKU1) (2.7%, 33/1231), human coronavirus NL63 (hCoV-NL63) (2.5%, 31/1231), parainfluenza 1 (hPIV1) (2.0%, 25/1231), parainfluenza 2 (hPIV2) (1.8%, 22/1231), human parechovirus (PeV) (1.1%, 14/1231), and human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) (0.9%, 11/1231). Among SARI cases, infants aged 1-4 years were mostly affected (50.7%; 622/1231), followed by those <1 year of age (35.7%; 438/1231). Most detected pathogens had year-long circulation patterns, with seasonal peaks mainly observed during the cold and dry seasons. CONCLUSION Several non-influenza viruses are cause of SARI in Burkina Faso. The integration of the most common pathogens into the routine influenza surveillance system might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Lingani
- Laboratoire National de Référence‐GrippesInstitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (LNRG‐IRSS)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de NanoroInstitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS‐URCN)NanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Assana Cissé
- Laboratoire National de Référence‐GrippesInstitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (LNRG‐IRSS)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
- One Health Association Burkina FasoOuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Kader Ilboudo
- Laboratoire National de Référence‐GrippesInstitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (LNRG‐IRSS)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
- One Health Association Burkina FasoOuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Issaka Yaméogo
- One Health Association Burkina FasoOuagadougouBurkina Faso
- Service de surveillance épidémiologiqueMinistère de la santé et de l'Hygiène publiqueOuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Zekiba Tarnagada
- Laboratoire National de Référence‐GrippesInstitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (LNRG‐IRSS)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
- One Health Association Burkina FasoOuagadougouBurkina Faso
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Lingani M, Cissé A, Tialla D, Ilboudo AK, Savadogo M, Sawadogo C, Gampini S, Tarnagda G, Tao M, Diagbouga S, Bamba S, Tarnagda Z. Coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza virus during the 2019 Coronavirus disease pandemic in Burkina Faso: A surveillance study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1041. [PMID: 36620510 PMCID: PMC9811340 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) particularly the variants of concern coinfections with influenza is a public health concern in Africa. We aimed to characterize the SARS-CoV-2 variants and determine the rate of coinfections with influenza in Burkina Faso. Methods COVID-19 surveillance study was conducted between August 2021 and January 2022 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Positive specimens were further screened for SARS-CoV-2 variants using the multiple variants real-time PCR kits. In addition, influenza virus strains were detected by RT-PCR in SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens using the CDC primers, probes, and protocols. Results Of 324 specimens assessed, the Omicron and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 were the most prevalent with 27.2% [95% confident interval (CI): 22.5-32.4] and 22.2% [95% CI: 17.9-27.2], respectively. The Beta and Gamma variants were detected in 4.3% [95% CI: 2.4-7.1] and 0.3% [95% CI: 0.0-1.7], respectively. Coinfections of Omicron and Beta variants were reported in 21.3% [95% CI: 17.0-26.2], Omicron and Delta variants in 1.2% [95% CI: 0.3-3.1] of specimens, and the Omicron-Gamma variants' coinfections in 0.6% [95% CI: 0.1-2.2]. One COVID-19 specimen with an undetected SARS-CoV-2 variant was also tested positive for the seasonal influenza A (H3N2) virus. No cases of pandemic influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, seasonal A/H1N1, and influenza B were detected. Conclusions The current World Health Organization SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern were prevalent and their coinfections with influenza were uncommon. Continuous surveillance of both pathogens is, however, needed because of their public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Lingani
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)NanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Assana Cissé
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Dieudonné Tialla
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Kader Ilboudo
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Madi Savadogo
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Catherine Sawadogo
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Sandrine Gampini
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Grissoum Tarnagda
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Maria Tao
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Serge Diagbouga
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
| | - Sanata Bamba
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- National Influenza Reference LaboratoryUnité des Maladies à Potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la SantéNanoroBurkina Faso
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The first epidemiological and virological influenza surveillance in the Republic of Guinea revealed the predominance of influenza A/H3N2 and B Victoria viruses. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e223. [PMID: 34579803 PMCID: PMC8569828 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about respiratory viruses infection in Guinea. Influenza surveillance has not been implemented in Guinea mainly because of the paucity of laboratory infrastructure and capacity. This paper presents the first influenza surveillance data in Guinea.Swabs were obtained from August 2018 through December 2019 at influenza sentinel sites and transported to the Institut National de Santé Publique for testing. Ribonucleic acid was extracted and tested for the presence of influenza A and B by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Positive samples were further characterised to determine the subtypes and lineages of influenza viruses.A total of 862 swabs were collected and tested. Twenty-three per cent of samples tested positive for influenza A and B viruses. Characterisation of positive specimens identified influenza A/H1N1pmd09 (2.5%), influenza A/H3N2 (57.3%), influenza B/Victoria lineage (36.7%) and 7 (3.5%) influenza B with undetermined lineage. Influenza B virus activity clustered in August through November while influenza A/H3N2 displayed two clusters of activities that appeared in May through August and November through December.For the first time in Guinea, the epidemiology, diversity and period of circulation of influenza viruses were studied. The results indicate the predominance and the periods of activities of influenza B Victoria lineage and influenza A/H3N2 which are important information for preventive strategies. It is warranted to extend the influenza surveillance to other parts of Guinea to better understand the epidemiology of the viruses and monitor the emergence of influenza strains with pandemic potential.
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Elhakim MM, Kandil SK, Abd Elaziz KM, Anwar WA. Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) Cases at a sentinel site in Egypt, 2013-15. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 42:525-533. [PMID: 31090911 PMCID: PMC7107553 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel surveillance for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Egypt began in 2006 and occurs at eight sites. Avian influenza is endemic, and human cases of influenza A (H5N1) have been reported annually since 2006. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of SARI at a major sentinel site in the country. METHODS Data included in the study were collected from a major SARI sentinel site in Egypt during three consecutive years (2013-15). RESULTS A total of 1254 SARI patients conforming to the WHO case definition were admitted to the sentinel site, representing 5.6% of admitted patients for all causes and 36.6% of acute respiratory infection patients. A total of 99.7% of the patients were tested, and 21.04% tested positive; 48.7% of cases involved influenza A viruses, while 25% involved influenza B. The predominant age group was under 5 years of age, accounting for 443 cases. The seasonality of the influenza data conformed to the Northern Hemisphere pattern. CONCLUSIONS The present study's results show that SARI leads to substantial morbidity in Egypt. There is a great need for high-quality data from the SARI surveillance system in Egypt, especially with endemic respiratory threats such as influenza A (H5N1) in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elhakim
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar K Kandil
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Abd Elaziz
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wagida A Anwar
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
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Lagare A, Rajatonirina S, Testa J, Mamadou S. The epidemiology of seasonal influenza after the 2009 influenza pandemic in Africa: a systematic review. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1514-1536. [PMID: 34394213 PMCID: PMC8351825 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza infection is a serious public health problem that causes an estimated 3 to 5 million cases and 250,000 deaths worldwide every year. The epidemiology of influenza is well-documented in high- and middle-income countries, however minimal effort had been made to understand the epidemiology, burden and seasonality of influenza in Africa. This study aims to assess the state of knowledge of seasonal influenza epidemiology in Africa and identify potential data gaps for policy formulation following the 2009 pandemic. Method We reviewed articles from Africa published into four databases namely: MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Scientific Research Publishing from 2010 to 2019. Results We screened titles and abstracts of 2070 studies of which 311 were selected for full content evaluation and 199 studies were considered. Selected articles varied substantially on the basis of the topics they addressed covering the field of influenza surveillance (n=80); influenza risk factors and co-morbidities (n=15); influenza burden (n=37); influenza vaccination (n=40); influenza and other respiratory pathogens (n=22) and influenza diagnosis (n=5). Conclusion Significant progress has been made since the last pandemic in understanding the influenza epidemiology in Africa. However, efforts still remain for most countries to have sufficient data to allow countries to prioritize strategies for influenza prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Jean Testa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
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Tialla D, Sausy A, Cissé A, Sagna T, Ilboudo AK, Ouédraogo GA, Hübschen JM, Tarnagda Z, Snoeck CJ. Serological evidence of swine exposure to pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus in Burkina Faso. Vet Microbiol 2019; 241:108572. [PMID: 31928706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvement of human and avian influenza surveillance, swine influenza surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa is scarce and pandemic preparedness is still deemed inadequate, including in Burkina Faso. This cross-sectional study therefore aimed to investigate the (past) exposure of pigs to influenza A viruses. Practices of people with occupational contacts with pigs and their knowledge on influenza A were investigated in order to formulate future prevention guidelines. In 2016-2017, pig nasopharyngeal swabs and sera were collected and screened for the presence of influenza virus by RT-PCR or of anti-influenza antibodies by competitive ELISA. Seropositive samples were further characterized in virus microneutralization assays against human and swine H1N1 virus strains. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from people with occupational contact with pigs and screened similarly. Demographic data as well as practices related to their profession were recorded. No influenza A virus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs in humans (n = 358) or in pigs (n = 600). Seroprevalence in pigs reached 6.8 % (41/600) and seropositive animals were found in 50.0 % of extensive settings (10/20) and 19.0 % of (semi-)intensive farms (4/21). All positive sera reacted against the pandemic H1N1/2009 strain, while seropositivity against two Eurasian avian-like and one American swine H1N1 strains and individual titers were lower. These results suggested exposure to pandemic H1N1/2009 virus and cross-reactivity to other H1N1 strains. Farmers with higher frequency of contact to pigs, absence of protective equipment and lack of knowledge on zoonoses are likely key players in driving human-to-swine virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Tialla
- Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses (UMEMEZ), Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 399, Avenue de la Liberté 01, BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Ecole Nationale de l'Elevage et de la Santé Animale (ENESA), Secteur 28, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Assana Cissé
- Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses (UMEMEZ), Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 399, Avenue de la Liberté 01, BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Tani Sagna
- Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses (UMEMEZ), Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 399, Avenue de la Liberté 01, BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Abdoul Kader Ilboudo
- Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses (UMEMEZ), Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 399, Avenue de la Liberté 01, BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Georges Anicet Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Santé et Biotechnologies Animales (LARESBA), Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 109, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Zékiba Tarnagda
- Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses (UMEMEZ), Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 399, Avenue de la Liberté 01, BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Sitnikov IG, Fazylov VK, Silina EV. [Treatment of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections in patients with diabetes mellitus]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:39-47. [PMID: 32598630 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.10.000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The study of the influenza and ARVI clinical performance, the development of patients with diabetes mellitus, evaluation of the effectiveness and safety application of antiviral therapy, carried out in the framework of routine clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS 126 patients aged from 22 to 83 years (27.8% of men) with ARVI or influenza that occurred with medical care during the first 5 days of the disease (60.3% in the first 48 hours) are included. All patients suffer from diabetes, for the treatment of which oral hypoglycemic agents or insulins were constantly taken. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group received standard symptomatic treatment of ARVI; antiviral drug Kagocel. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Diabetes and other acute respiratory viral infections. There is an increase in the incidence of bacterial complications - 2.2 times, an increase in the frequency of systemic antibiotics - 2.3 times. The purpose of the drug prescription led to a more rapid regression of all the symptoms of influenza and ARVI, but the most striking positive dynamics was observed in the symptoms of general weakness and headache. The prescription of Kagocel was accompanied by a 58% reduction in the number of bacterial complications and a 53% reduction in the use of antibiotics, which led to a reduction in the number of cases of the disease and an improvement in initial diseases, with an frequency increase in 1.8 times. The most significant effect achieved with early treatment and early initiation of antiviral therapy (in the first 48 hours of the disease).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E V Silina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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Preliminary results of official influenza and acute respiratory infection surveillance in two towns of Burkina Faso, 2013-2015. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:330. [PMID: 30012098 PMCID: PMC6048705 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2010, influenza, influenza-like illness (ILI) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) surveillance was established by the government of Burkina Faso. We provide preliminary descriptive results from this surveillance activity. Methods The study period was 2013 through 2015. Two primary healthcare facilities in Bobo-Dioulasso district reported ILI in outpatients. Influenza virology, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), was available for a proportion of ILI patients. One hospital, in the capital Ouagadougou, reported ARI in both outpatients and inpatients (hospitalized). Inpatients admitted with ARI were considered severe ARI (SARI). We estimated the proportion of primary care outpatient visits that were ILI, and the proportion of those that were due to influenza, by age. We estimated the proportion of hospital outpatient visits that were ARI and the proportion of those that were SARI, by age. Results Among combined outpatient visits in the Bobo-Dioulasso facilities, 19.6% were for ILI. One half (49.9%) of outpatient visits in infants and 30.9% in 1–4 year-olds were ILI. Among ILI outpatient visits 14.8% were due to influenza virus and, of these, 58.5% were type A and 41.5% type B. At the Ouagadougou hospital, 6.7% of outpatient visits were ARI, and 22.3% of those were SARI. The highest proportions of ARI were among infants (19.8%) and 1–4 year-olds (16.0%). The proportion of ARI that was SARI was highest among ≥15 year-olds (31.5%) followed by 1–4 year-olds (22.4%). Overall, 4.1% of SARI patients died. Conclusions These preliminary data indicate the importance of respiratory infections among health care attendances in Burkina Faso, and influenza may be an important contributor to these.
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Chittaganpitch M, Waicharoen S, Yingyong T, Praphasiri P, Sangkitporn S, Olsen SJ, Lindblade KA. Viral etiologies of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections in Thailand. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018. [PMID: 29518269 PMCID: PMC6005612 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information on the burden, characteristics and seasonality of non‐influenza respiratory viruses is limited in tropical countries. Objectives Describe the epidemiology of selected non‐influenza respiratory viruses in Thailand between June 2010 and May 2014 using a sentinel surveillance platform established for influenza. Methods Patients with influenza‐like illness (ILI; history of fever or documented temperature ≥38°C, cough, not requiring hospitalization) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI; history of fever or documented temperature ≥38°C, cough, onset <10 days, requiring hospitalization) were enrolled from 10 sites. Throat swabs were tested for influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus (MPV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV) 1‐3, and adenoviruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real‐time reverse transcriptase‐PCR. Results We screened 15 369 persons with acute respiratory infections and enrolled 8106 cases of ILI (5069 cases <15 years old) and 1754 cases of SARI (1404 cases <15 years old). Among ILI cases <15 years old, influenza viruses (1173, 23%), RSV (447, 9%), and adenoviruses (430, 8%) were the most frequently identified respiratory viruses tested, while for SARI cases <15 years old, RSV (196, 14%) influenza (157, 11%) and adenoviruses (90, 6%) were the most common. The RSV season significantly overlapped the larger influenza season from July to November in Thailand. Conclusions The global expansion of influenza sentinel surveillance provides an opportunity to gather information on the characteristics of cases positive for non‐influenza respiratory viruses, particularly seasonality, although adjustments to case definitions may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Prabda Praphasiri
- Influenza Program, Thailand Ministry of Public Health - U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sangkitporn
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim A Lindblade
- Influenza Program, Thailand Ministry of Public Health - U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand.,Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Sanou AM, Wandaogo SCM, Poda A, Tamini L, Kyere AE, Sagna T, Ouedraogo MS, Pauly M, Hübschen JM, Muller CP, Tarnagda Z, Snoeck CJ. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of influenza viruses in Burkina Faso, sub-Saharan Africa. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:490-496. [PMID: 29350841 PMCID: PMC6005621 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of influenza viruses in respiratory infections in sub‐Saharan Africa has been historically overlooked, including in Burkina Faso. Objectives This study therefore aimed at evaluating the prevalence and seasonal occurrence of influenza viruses in children under 5 years old, at risk of influenza‐related complications, presenting with influenza‐like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). The study also aimed at identifying the periods with increased influenza transmission for vaccination recommendations in Burkina Faso. Methods From January 2014 to December 2015, ILI and SARI (2015 only) patients were recruited in six healthcare centers in Burkina Faso. Influenza A and B molecular detection and subtyping were performed. Clade clustering of a subset of A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) strains was deduced by performing phylogenetic analyses on hemagglutinin gene sequences. Weekly surveillance data from FluNet (2011‐2013; 2016) and this study (2014‐2015) were used to identify periods of increased influenza activity. Results Influenza A and B viruses were detected in 15.1% (112 of 743) of ILI and 6.6% (12 of 181) of SARI patients. Overall, influenza A viruses were largely predominant (81 of 124, 65.3%), with 69.1% of A(H3N2) and 30.9% of A(H1N1)pdm09 strains. Four waves of increased transmission were identified in 2014‐2015, each dominated by different influenza subtypes and clades. Between 2011 and 2016, periods of increased influenza activity varied in their frequency, duration, and timing. Conclusion Influenza A and B viruses were detected in a substantial number of ILI and SARI cases in Burkina Faso. Vaccination in September‐October would likely protect the highest number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel M Sanou
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Sampoko Carine M Wandaogo
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Armel Poda
- Hôpital du jour, Service des maladies infectieuses, CHU Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso (UPB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Laure Tamini
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR/SDS), Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Anselme E Kyere
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Tani Sagna
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Macaire S Ouedraogo
- Hôpital du jour, Service des maladies infectieuses, CHU Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso (UPB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Maude Pauly
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claude P Muller
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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11
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Dananché C, Sánchez Picot V, Bénet T, Messaoudi M, Chou M, Wang J, Pape JW, Awasthi S, Bavdekar A, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M, Sylla M, Nymadawa P, Russomando G, Komurian-Pradel F, Endtz H, Paranhos-Baccalà G, Vanhems P, For The Gabriel Network. Burden of Influenza in Less Than 5-Year-Old Children Admitted to Hospital with Pneumonia in Developing and Emerging Countries: A Descriptive, Multicenter Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1805-1810. [PMID: 29663903 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This descriptive 4-year study reports the proportion of detection of influenza viruses in less than 5-year-old children hospitalized for pneumonia in eight developing and emerging countries and describes clinical and microbiological characteristics of influenza-related pneumonia cases. Hospitalized children presenting radiologically confirmed pneumonia aged 2-60 months were prospectively enrolled in this observational standardized study. Mean proportion of isolated influenza virus was 9.7% (95% confidence interval: 7.9-11.8%) among 888 pneumonia children analyzed, with moderate heterogeneity between countries-ranging from 6.2% in Cambodia to 18.8% in Haiti. The clinical characteristics of children with influenza-related pneumonia were not substantially different from those of other pneumonia cases. Influenza A H1N1-related pneumonia cases appeared as more severe than pneumonia cases related to other strains of influenza. Streptococcus pneumoniae was detected more often in blood samples from influenza-related cases than in those without detected influenza viruses (19.7% versus 9.5%, P = 0.018). Influenza-related pneumonia is frequent among children less than 5 years old with pneumonia, living in developing and emerging countries. Influenza might be a frequent etiologic agent responsible for pneumonia or a predisposing status factor for pneumococcal-related pneumonia in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Dananché
- Infection Control and Epidemiology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Valentina Sánchez Picot
- Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bénet
- Infection Control and Epidemiology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Mélina Messaoudi
- Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Monidarin Chou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of the Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jean-William Pape
- Centres GHESKIO (Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Shally Awasthi
- Chatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Florence Komurian-Pradel
- Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Hubert Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Gláucia Paranhos-Baccalà
- Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Vanhems
- Infection Control and Epidemiology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
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12
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Talla Nzussouo N, Duque J, Adedeji AA, Coulibaly D, Sow S, Tarnagda Z, Maman I, Lagare A, Makaya S, Elkory MB, Kadjo Adje H, Shilo PA, Tamboura B, Cisse A, Badziklou K, Maïnassara HB, Bara AO, Keita AM, Williams T, Moen A, Widdowson MA, McMorrow M. Epidemiology of influenza in West Africa after the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, 2010-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:745. [PMID: 29202715 PMCID: PMC5716025 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last decade, capacity for influenza surveillance and research in West Africa has strengthened. Data from these surveillance systems showed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 circulated in West Africa later than in other regions of the continent. Methods We contacted 11 West African countries to collect information about their influenza surveillance systems (number of sites, type of surveillance, sampling strategy, populations sampled, case definitions used, number of specimens collected and number of specimens positive for influenza viruses) for the time period January 2010 through December 2012. Results Of the 11 countries contacted, 8 responded: Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo. Countries used standard World Health Organization (WHO) case definitions for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) or slight variations thereof. There were 70 surveillance sites: 26 SARI and 44 ILI. Seven countries conducted SARI surveillance and collected 3114 specimens of which 209 (7%) were positive for influenza viruses. Among influenza-positive SARI patients, 132 (63%) were influenza A [68 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 64 influenza A(H3N2)] and 77 (37%) were influenza B. All eight countries conducted ILI surveillance and collected 20,375 specimens, of which 2278 (11%) were positive for influenza viruses. Among influenza-positive ILI patients, 1431 (63%) were influenza A [820 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 611 influenza A(H3N2)] and 847 (37%) were influenza B. A majority of SARI and ILI case-patients who tested positive for influenza (72% SARI and 59% ILI) were children aged 0–4 years, as were a majority of those enrolled in surveillance. The seasonality of influenza and the predominant influenza type or subtype varied by country and year. Conclusions Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 continued to circulate in West Africa along with influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B during 2010–2012. Although ILI surveillance systems produced a robust number of samples during the study period, more could be done to strengthen surveillance among hospitalized SARI case-patients. Surveillance systems captured young children but lacked data on adults and the elderly. More data on risk groups for severe influenza in West Africa are needed to help shape influenza prevention and clinical management policies and guidelines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2839-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndahwouh Talla Nzussouo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,CTS Global Inc., California, El Segundo, USA. .,Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box LG 481, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Jazmin Duque
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Battelle Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adebayo Abel Adedeji
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Daouda Coulibaly
- Institut National d'Hygiene Publique (INHP), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Samba Sow
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte Contre la Maladie (CNAM), Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD), Bamako, Mali
| | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | - Sonia Makaya
- Influenza National Reference Laboratory Lakka, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Paul Alhassan Shilo
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Boubou Tamboura
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte Contre la Maladie (CNAM), Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD), Bamako, Mali
| | - Assana Cisse
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Ahmed Ould Bara
- Institut National Recherche en Sante Publique (INRSP), Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Adama Mamby Keita
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte Contre la Maladie (CNAM), Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD), Bamako, Mali
| | - Thelma Williams
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Moen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
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13
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Epidemiological and Virological Characteristics of Influenza in Chongqing, China, 2011-2015. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167866. [PMID: 27936139 PMCID: PMC5148009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chongqing is the largest municipality and located in Southwestern of China, with over 30 million registered inhabitants. There are few reports regarding the epidemiology of influenza in Chongqing. The objective of the paper is to explore the epidemiology of influenza in Chongqing, in order to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of influenza. Methodology /Principal Findings From 2011 to 2015, we collected information on influenza-like illness (ILI) patients fulfilling the case definition, and took nasalpharyngeal or throat swabs specimens from ILI cases per week at the 7 sentinel hospitals. Specimens were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) for influenza. Descriptive epidemiology was applied to analyze the epidemiology and etiology of influenza. A total of 9,696,212 cases were enrolled, of which 111,589 were ILI. Of those 24,868 samples from ILI cases, 13.3% (3,314/24,868) tested positive for influenza virus (65.7% influenza A, 34.1% influenza B, and 0.2% influenza A and B co-infection). Among the influenza A viruses, 71.3% were seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and 28.7% were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. No cases of seasonal A(H1N1) were detected. The isolation rate was highest in children aged 5–14 years old. Influenza activity consistently peaked during January-March in 2011–2015, and June-July in 2012, 2014 and 2015. Conclusions Influenza is an important public health problem among ILI patients in Chongqing, especially among school-aged children. It might be beneficial to prioritize influenza vaccination for school-aged children and implement the school-based intervention to prevent and mitigating influenza outbreaks in Chongqing, particularly during the seasonal peaks.
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14
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Kiemde F, Spijker R, Mens PF, Tinto H, Boele M, Schallig HDFH. Aetiologies of non-malaria febrile episodes in children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:943-955. [PMID: 27159214 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the most frequent aetiologies found in febrile episodes of children under 5 years from sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for publications in English and French on non-malaria fever episodes in African children under 5 years of age, which were published between January 1990 and July 2015. Case reports and conference abstracts were excluded. RESULTS In total, 3851 titles and abstracts were reviewed, and 153 were selected for full screening of which 18 were included in the present review. Bloodstream infection (BSI) was most commonly investigated (nine of 18) followed by urinary tract infection (UTI) (four of 18) and respiratory tract infection (RTI) (two of 18). Few studies investigated BSI and UTI in the same children (two of 18), or BSI and gastrointestinal infection (GII) (one of 18). As for BSI, the most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli (four of 12), Streptococcus pneumonia (four of 12), Salmonella spp (three of 12) and Staphylococcus aureus (two of 12) with a positive identification rate of 19.7-33.3%, 5.2-27.6%, 11.7-65.4% and 23.5-42.0%, respectively. As for UTI, the main bacteria isolated were E. coli (six of six) and Klebsiella spp (six of six) with a positive rate of 20.0-72.3% and 10.0-28.5%, respectively. No bacterium was isolated in RTI group, but Human influenzae A and B were frequently found, with the highest positive identification rate in Tanzania (75.3%). Dengue virus (two of 12) was the most frequently reported viral infection with a positive identification rate of 16.7-30.8%. Finally, only rotavirus/adenovirus (69.2% positive identification rate) was found in GII and no bacterium was isolated in this group. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of treatable causes of non-malaria fever episodes requires a proper diagnosis of the origin of fever followed by an appropriate treatment, thereby reducing the under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and preventing the overprescription of antibiotics and thus circumventing the rise of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Kiemde
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanaro, Burkina Faso.,Parasitology Unit, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Spijker
- Medical Library, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra F Mens
- Parasitology Unit, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanaro, Burkina Faso
| | - Michael Boele
- Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Lagare A, Maïnassara HB, Issaka B, Sidiki A, Tempia S. Viral and bacterial etiology of severe acute respiratory illness among children < 5 years of age without influenza in Niger. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:515. [PMID: 26567015 PMCID: PMC4644278 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, with the highest burden experienced in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. However, there is a dearth of information on the etiology of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in Africa, including Niger. Methods We implemented a retrospective study as part of national influenza sentinel surveillance in Niger. We randomly selected a sample of nasopharyngeal specimens collected from children <5 years of age hospitalized with SARI from January 2010 through December 2012 in Niger. The samples were selected from individuals that tested negative by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for influenza A and B virus. The samples were analyzed using the Fast Track Diagnostic Respiratory Pathogens 21plus Kit (BioMérieux, Luxemburg), which detects 23 respiratory pathogens including 18 viral and 5 bacterial agents. Results Among the 160 samples tested, 138 (86 %) tested positive for at least one viral or bacterial pathogen; in 22 (16 %) sample, only one pathogen was detected. We detected at least one respiratory virus in 126 (78 %) samples and at least one bacterium in 102 (64 %) samples. Respiratory syncytial virus (56/160; 35 %), rhinovirus (47/160; 29 %) and parainfluenza virus (39/160; 24 %) were the most common viral pathogens detected. Among bacterial pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae (90/160; 56 %) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (20/160; 12 %) predominated. Conclusions The high prevalence of certain viral and bacterial pathogens among children <5 years of age with SARI highlights the need for continued and expanded surveillance in Niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Bld de la Nation, BP:10887, YN034-, Niamey, Niger.
| | - Halima Boubacar Maïnassara
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Bld de la Nation, BP:10887, YN034-, Niamey, Niger.
| | - Bassira Issaka
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Bld de la Nation, BP:10887, YN034-, Niamey, Niger.
| | - Ali Sidiki
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Bld de la Nation, BP:10887, YN034-, Niamey, Niger.
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia, Atlanta, USA. .,Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa.
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